course layout ae-664: lighter-than-air systems
TRANSCRIPT
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AE-664 Lighter-Than-Air Systems Chapter-00
Course Layout AE-664: Lighter-Than-Air Systems
Prof. Rajkumar S. Pant Aerospace Engineering Department
IIT Bombay
© Prof. Rajkumar S. Pant, All Rights Reserved
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AE-664 Lighter-Than-Air Systems Chapter-00
COURSE DESCRIPTION
P G Elective Course in Aerospace Engineering Institute Elective Course
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AE-664 Lighter-Than-Air Systems Chapter-00
1. Introduction & Historical Perspectives
2. Principles of Aerostatics
3. Airship Technology
4. Aerostat Technology
5. Remotely Controlled Airships & Tethered Aerostats
6. Current Developments & Future Trends
Six Capsules
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AE-664 Lighter-Than-Air Systems Chapter-00
Introduction to LTA Systems
Historical Developments
Key Subsystems and Components of LTA Systems
1: Introduction & Historical Perspectives
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Variation of Atmospheric Properties
Static Lift Prediction
Effect of ambient conditions on Static Lift
Climb, Descent and Pressure Height
2: Principles of Aerostatics
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Methodology for airship conceptual design
Aerodynamics & Stability analysis of Airships
Ground Handling and Mooring systems
Case Studies in Airship Operations
Design & Development of Remotely Controlled
Airships
3: Airship Technology
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Methodology for sizing of Aerostat sub-systems
Equilibrium and Stability analysis of aerostats
Design and Development of Tethered Aerostats
4: Aerostat Technology
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Challenges in design of LTA Systems
Hybrid LTA Systems
Stratospheric Airships
Current Trends and Recent Developments
6. Current and Future Developments
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At the end of the course, you should be able to
Understand the differences between HTA and LTA systems
Estimate the static lift generated by an LTA system, given its type, size
and operating scenario
Carry out conceptual layout and sizing of an LTA system
Comment on the technological challenges in design, development and
operation of an LTA system
Comment on current developments and future trends of LTA systems
Anticipated Outcomes
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AE-664 Lighter-Than-Air Systems Chapter-00
In-Semester: 60%
Attendance 10%
Assignment s 20%
Moodle Participation: 10%
Quizzes: 20%
Examinations: 40%
Mid-Sem examination: 20%
End-Sem examination: 20%
Evaluation Scheme
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Course Material on Moodle after class Most communication by e-mail from Moodle
No attendance to latecomers beyond 11:10 Unless they have a genuine reason !
Mobile Phones to be switched off (not mute) Or else I get to answer !
Audit requirements ≥ 80% attendance Submission of all Assignments
Questions and Interruptions most welcome !
Course Policies
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Students with attendance < 50% : Zero marks Bonus marks for attendance > 50% ≥ 55% = 1 ≥ 60% = 2 ≥ 65% = 3 ≥ 70% = 4 ≥ 75% = 5 ≥ 80% = 6 ≥ 85% = 7 ≥ 90% = 8 ≥ 95% = 9 Missed none or only one class = 10
10 Marks for Attendance
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Extn: 7127
208-F, First Floor, Aero. Engg. Deptt.
Last Room near CASDE backdoor
Meetings by prior appointments
Open Door policy for quick doubts
My Contact Details
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Pant, R. S., Course Material for Design and Development of LTA systems,
Curriculum Development Program, IIT Bombay, 2010.
Taylor, J. A., Principles of Aerostatics, The Theory of Lighter-Than-Air
Aircraft, ISBN13:978-1-49481-053-5, 2014.
Khoury, G., Ed., Airship Technology, 2nd Edition, Cambridge Aerospace
Series, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1107019706, 2012.
Carichner, G. E., and Nicolai, L. M., Fundamentals of Aircraft and Airship
Design, Volume 2 – Airship Design and Case Studies, AIAA Education
Series, ISBN: 978-1-60086-898-6, 2013, DOI: 10.2514/4.868986
Recommended Books
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WHAT IS A LIGHTER-THAN-AIR SYSTEM ? Lets check out !
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AE-664 Lighter-Than-Air Systems Chapter-01
Introduction to Lighter-Than-Air Systems Prof. Rajkumar S. Pant
Aerospace Engineering Department IIT Bombay Spherical Aerostat
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AE-664 Lighter-Than-Air Systems Chapter-01
Aerostatic lift + Dynamic Lift
Highly fuel efficient
Less complex operating mechanisms
Slow
More susceptible to weather changes
Heavier than Air Systems
No Aerostatic Lift
Fuel inefficient
Complex mechanisms
Fast
Less susceptible to weather changes
Lighter Than Air Systems
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Airship
• Lift: LTA Gas • Powered • Directional Control
Aerostat
• Lift: LTA Gas • Unpowered • Only stabilizing surfaces
Hot Air Balloon
• Lift: Hot Air • No Directional Control • Balloon Direction
depends on wind
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Hot Air Balloon = simplest form of LTA System! Pix: Courtesy Wikipedia
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AE-664 Lighter-Than-Air Systems Chapter-01
Airships
Thrust
Lift
Weight
Drag
Enclosed volume of Helium provides the aerostatic lift without any use of additional energy
LB = V(ρa - ρg)
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Components of an Airship
CONTROL SURFACES
ENVELOPE
GONDOLA
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Types of Airships
Rigid
Non Rigid
Semi Rigid
Hot air
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Hindenburg…Start of Hibernation @ Hindenburg
Largest airship ever built & launched in 1936 1,200-H.P. V-16 Mercedes-Benz Diesel engines 813 ft. long 16 bags of Hydrogen acquires 7,200,000 Cu. ft. ~ 10,000 miles, 5 - 6 days at cruise speed. Two 30-kW onboard diesel-powered generators Cruising across the Atlantic; 50- 60 hours Completed10.5 Germany-USA round trips
@ Disaster Lakehurst/New Jersey, 6th May 1937, 7 pm Dashed tower during landing ignited the gas 35 people died (22 crew, 13 pax)
o 62 people survived !
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Revival by Skyship
Skyship 600
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Modern Manned Airship
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AE-664 Lighter-Than-Air Systems Chapter-01
Ability to operate from open fields
Extremely high endurance capability
Stationary / low-speed flight allows on-board surveillance
systems to operate in high-clutter environment
Large cabin space and low vibrations reduces crew fatigue
Low noise, low environment pollution, unobtrusive vehicle
Varied applications as an aerial platform
USP of Airships
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Advertisement & Product Promotion
Aerial Observation & Surveillance
Tourism and Corporate Hospitality
Landmine Counter Measures
Law Enforcement
Existing Applications of Airships
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Advertisement & Product Promotion
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Aerial Observation
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Tourism
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Sports Tracking from A60+ operated by Metlife
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Corporate Hospitality
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MINESEEKER in KOSAVO
21/12/2006
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Police Surveillance
1996 Olympics, Atlanta
2004 Olympics, Athens
Time Lapse Video Olympics 2012
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Tethered Aerostat Systems
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Aerostat: Introduction
Aerodynamically shaped tethered LTA platform
Payload: communication and surveillance equipment
Desired Features: Higher payload capacity Ability to maintain specified
altitude Stability in ambient wind
conditions Envelope shape affects all
these
Source: http://www.wsgi.com/
Wpay : 10 – 15 lb H : 700 – 2000 ft W : 500 – 750 lb L : 20 – 30 ft E : < 48 hours V : < 45 kt Ncrew
: 1
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Envelope (He chamber) LTA Lifting gas
Air ballonet Pressure and Buoyancy control
Tail fins Static and Dynamic stability
Tether Attachment to the ground
Payload Radar, camera, transponders, ..
Ground station Winching Mooring
Parts of Aerostat
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Moored Aerostat
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Akashdeep Aerostat of DRDO, India
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Why Aerostats ??
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Aerostat Aircraft Needs good weather Can work in bad weather Remains Stationary Can achieve high speeds Zero fuel consumption Massive fuel Consumption Max. Endurance ~30 days Max. Endurance ~16 hours
Can be launched from any terrain
Requires specific terrain to be launched
Aerostat v/s Aircraft
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Aerostats are highly cost effective
Aerostats are portable and can be re-located
Aerostats provide greater detail as they are closer
to the surveillance area
Aerostat v/s Satellite
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Surveillance & Communication Border, Wide Area Land & Event Coverage Sea-Based Deployment, Military Intelligence Wireless, Long Range, High Speed, Last mile
Local aerial surveillance Aerodrome protection Balloon Barrage System Communications platform during emergencies Airborne Early Warning Radar System
Various Applications of aerostats
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Joint Land Attack Cruise Missile Defense Elevated Netted Sensor system
Raytheon JLENS Aerostat
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Used by meteorological department
Other Examples of aerostat
Source: British Meteorology Centre
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World’s Largest Aerostat Used during Commonwealth Games 2010, New Delhi
40m X 80m X 12m
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AE-664 Lighter-Than-Air Systems Chapter-01 3
www.ltascorp.com/bib.html
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Oblate Spheroid with Sail
Picture: Courtesy ALTAVE, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil, www.altave.com.br
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Rapid Elevated Aerostat Platform
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