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Acknowledgements
This guide was compiled by:
Shirlene Neerputh, David Thomas, Segarani Naidoo and Sara Mitha,
with input from the DUT Academics and Subject Librarian Unit.
The electronic version of this guide is available at http://library.dut.ac.za
© Durban University of Technology Library March 2012
Disclaimer
Please be advised that there are many variations to the Harvard referencing style. This guide attempts
to capture the latest trends and is customised for DUT. As this is a generic guide, please confirm
faculty/departmental preferences.
Kindly note that many of the examples used in this guide are fictional, and were used to merely
illustrate the referencing technique.
Table of Contents
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 1
What is referencing? ............................................................................................................................... 1
Why use a referencing system? .............................................................................................................. 1
Plagiarism ................................................................................................................................................ 1
Turnitin .................................................................................................................................................... 1
EndNote .................................................................................................................................................. 1
Steps involved in ensuring academic integrity ....................................................................................... 2
Tips for referencing ................................................................................................................................. 2
Definitions ............................................................................................................................................... 3
Format for books (print and online) ....................................................................................................... 4
Single author .............................................................................................................................. 4
Multiple authors ......................................................................................................................... 4
Editor ......................................................................................................................................... 4
Author unknown ........................................................................................................................ 5
Corporate author ........................................................................................................................ 5
Books with no publication date .................................................................................................. 5
Secondary sources ...................................................................................................................... 6
Chapters in a book ..................................................................................................................... 6
Foreign title ................................................................................................................................ 6
Book reviews ............................................................................................................................. 7
Translated work ......................................................................................................................... 7
Reports ....................................................................................................................................... 8
E-books ...................................................................................................................................... 8
Chapters in an e-book ................................................................................................................ 9
Electronic encyclopaedias .......................................................................................................... 9
Format for journals and periodicals (print and online) .......................................................................... 9
Journals with volume and part/issue number ............................................................................. 9
Journals with no volume number ............................................................................................. 10
Journals: Special issues (supplementary issue) ........................................................................ 10
Journal articles from Internet sources or databases.................................................................. 11
Journals (reference to more than one publication by same author in the same year) .............. 11
Newspapers .............................................................................................................................. 12
Online newspapers ................................................................................................................... 12
Papers in conference proceedings ............................................................................................ 12
Format for unpublished works (print and online) ............................................................................... 13
Lecture notes and study guides ................................................................................................ 13
Lecture notes on a Learning Management Software (LMS) Platform ..................................... 13
Meeting minutes ...................................................................................................................... 13
Theses and Dissertations .......................................................................................................... 14
Theses and dissertations from an Institutional Repository ...................................................... 14
Format for electronic sources ............................................................................................................... 14
Internet sources with author/s .................................................................................................. 14
Internet sources without an author/s ........................................................................................ 15
Personal communications (telephone conversation, interviews and e-mail) ........................... 15
Blogs (weblogs) ....................................................................................................................... 15
Social networking sites (Facebook, Twitter, Bebo, etc.) ......................................................... 16
Computer programs ................................................................................................................. 16
Format for government publications .................................................................................................... 17
Commissions with a chairperson ............................................................................................. 17
Commissions without a chairperson ........................................................................................ 17
Councils (as issuing bodies)..................................................................................................... 17
Government departments (as issuing bodies) .......................................................................... 18
Government gazettes ................................................................................................................ 18
Government gazettes (electronic format) ................................................................................. 18
Green papers ............................................................................................................................ 18
Green papers (electronic format) ............................................................................................. 19
White papers ............................................................................................................................ 19
White papers (electronic format) ............................................................................................. 19
Laws or Acts ............................................................................................................................ 19
Laws or Acts (electronic format) ............................................................................................. 20
Law cases ................................................................................................................................. 20
Tax cases .................................................................................................................................. 20
Patents ...................................................................................................................................... 20
Standards .................................................................................................................................. 21
Format for images, artwork, video recordings ..................................................................................... 21
Images ...................................................................................................................................... 21
Online images .......................................................................................................................... 22
Art works (photographs, paintings) ......................................................................................... 22
TV programme / broadcast ...................................................................................................... 22
Film / Video recordings ........................................................................................................... 23
Online video (YouTube, Vimeo) ............................................................................................. 23
Live performances ................................................................................................................... 23
Useful websites ........................................................................................................................ 24
Example of a Reference List .................................................................................................................. 24
1
Introduction
The Durban University of Technology (DUT) aims to promote academic integrity and
honesty. Referencing ensures academic integrity and prevents plagiarism. As a student it is
important to acknowledge the work of an author and the most accepted way is to use a
referencing system.
This guide outlines the Harvard Referencing system which most faculties at the university
expect students to use. While there are variations on the “Harvard” system, this guide is
compiled to suit the needs of both DUT staff and students. The guide will assist in proper
referencing techniques when using the various reference sources. It shows you how to insert
references in the text of your work (in-text reference) and how to compile a reference list or
bibliography. This guide may be used in the absence of a departmental referencing guide.
Consult a Subject Librarian for more information on referencing.
What is referencing?
Referencing is a method of acknowledging the sources of ideas, thoughts, opinions and
information that have been used to compile assignments, projects, theses and dissertations.
Why use a referencing system?
It is good academic practice and is important for academic writing because:
it facilitates the tracing of the original source or verification of quotations
it shows the breadth and depth of the literature you have read or consulted
plagiarism is avoided by correctly referencing the various sources of information.
Plagiarism
Plagiarism is the theft of a person's ideas or writing. It occurs when work is submitted
without the acknowledgement of the original source. Plagiarism is an academic and legal
offence.
Turnitin
The University has recently introduced a software program that can assist you in identifying
where you have used original material so that you can ensure it is correctly referenced in your
submission. Turnitin is a software program used as an originality checker to detect
plagiarism. DUT subscribes to Turnitin. It is software used by educational institutions
worldwide. The web-based service enables one to manage the process of submitting and
tracking papers electronically with quick feedback. More information is available at
http://www.turnitin.com.
EndNote
EndNote is a bibliographic management package available to registered DUT staff and
students. EndNote is used to store and organise references, to search online bibliographic
databases, retrieve full text articles and to create bibliographies. Detailed information on how
to download and use EndNote is available on the DUT Library website http://library.dut.ac.za
2
Steps involved in ensuring academic integrity
Tips for referencing
Ensure that what is cited within your in-text reference has a corresponding record in your
reference list and what is in your reference list has a corresponding record in your in-text
reference.
Check spelling and punctuation carefully.
Be consistent in your style of referencing especially in the use of punctuation and spacing.
Use the Internet with discretion and always state the date on which the site was accessed.
The use of ellipsis (…) indicates that words have been omitted from a quotation or that the
sentence continues.
In the reference list, the title is usually in italics. If you are handwriting your reference list you
may underline the title instead.
Use author initial/s rather than full names and if an author has more than one initial, please
indicate all initials.
There are two key aspects to referencing:
1. In-text referencing: This refers to citing references within the body or text of your work. For
the in-text reference, you need the following information:
Author‟s surname
Year of publication
Page number (if available)
2. The reference list: This is an alphabetical list arranged by author‟s surname at the end of the
assignment, project, thesis or dissertation which contains full details of the sources cited.
•books
•journals
•websites
•lecture notes
Step 1: Consult different information
sources to find the information you need
•generate manually
•cite while you write
•import from source (EndNote)
Step 2: Keep records of sources consulted
(bibliographic details)
•in text (reference within the text or body of the work)
•reference list (alphabetical listing by author's surname at the end of the work, of all sources cited)
Step 3: Include references in
document
3
Definitions
Author any person or entity responsible for a particular piece of work. This includes editors,
compilers, composers, persons interviewed or with whom there was personal
communication.
Bibliography list of sources, arranged in alphabetical order, that have been consulted to compile your
assignment, project, etc., but which are not necessarily cited in the written document.
Note: In academic writing one usually submits a “Reference list” rather than a
“Bibliography”.
Citation a written reference to a specific work or portion of a work.
Citing to mention, quote by way of an example or bring forward as support, illustration, proof
or authority.
Copyright a legal right that gives the author of an original work exclusive rights for a certain time
period in relation to that work, including its publication, distribution and adaptation.
Corporate
author an organisation or group of persons (associations, institutions, companies, etc.) that is
identified by a corporate or group name and acts as an entity responsible for a particular
body or piece of work, e.g. Durban University of Technology (DUT).
Direct
quotation a phrase or paragraph or part of the original text which has been repeated in exactly the
same way as the original piece of work.
In-text
referencing the insertion of brief references, in the appropriate places in the text, to sources that are
being cited by the academic work.
Journal,
serials or
periodicals
sources which are published periodically, i.e. weekly, monthly, yearly, etc. Examples are
newspapers, magazines and yearbooks.
Online
database
collection of information arranged in a systematic way to make the search easy and fast.
The University subscribes to different databases such as EBSCOhost, ProQuest, Sabinet,
etc., in order to meet research requirements.
Paraphrasing expressing someone else‟s ideas, thoughts or work in your own words.
Published
source any information source, whether in print or electronic format, that is made available to
the public.
Reference list an alphabetical list (by author‟s surname or corporate author) of books, articles, websites
or any other sources, that have been consulted during the writing of your assignments,
projects, research papers, dissertation, thesis, etc. In the absence of author‟s surname, use
the title.
Source a person or group, a book, an article, a thesis, or any other work that provides
information.
Summarising expressing someone else‟s ideas, thoughts or work in your own words, in a short or
abbreviated form.
Unpublished
source any information source that has not been published.
4
Editions are only noted from the 2nd edition onwards.
Single author
In-text Surname (year of publication: page
number/s)
or
(Surname Year of publication: page
number/s)
Reference list Author‟s Surname, Initial/s. Year of Publication. Title: subtitle. Edition.
Place of publication: Publisher.
According to Babbie (2004: 78)
validity refers to the extent…
Babbie, E. 2004. The practice of social research. 2nd
ed. Cape
Town: Thomson Learning.
“Our state‟s capacity problems are
exacerbated by the choice of a Rolls
Royce model of governance”
(Ramphele 2008: 147).
Ramphele, M. M. 2008. Laying ghosts to rest: dilemmas of
the transformation. Cape Town: Macmillan.
Editor
In-text Surname (year of publication: page
number/s)
or
(Surname Year of publication: page
number/s)
Reference list Editor‟s Surname, Initial/s. ed. Year of Publication. Title: subtitle. Edition.
Place of publication: Publisher.
Mellon (2006: 53) argues that
quantitative approach is incomplete
without the qualitative paradigm.
Mellon, A. ed. 2006. The relationship between the
quantitative and qualitative paradigms. New York:
Macmillan.
Multiple authors
If there are two to three authors, all authors have to be cited and should be listed in the order that they appear.
If there are more than three authors, use the surname of the first author, followed by „et al.‟ which means „and
others‟.
The surnames of the other authors must be captured in the Reference list.
In-text Surname and Surname (year of publication:
page number/s)
or
(Surname Year of publication: page
number/s)
Reference list Author‟s Surname, Initial/s. and Author‟s Surname, Initial/s. Year of
Publication. Title: subtitle. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher.
A novice in the research field…
(Leedy and Omrod 2005: 77).
Leedy, P. and Omrod, J. 2005. Practical research: planning
and design. 8th ed. New Jersey: Merrill Prentice Hall.
Mouton et al. (1990: 80) interpret
research as...
Mouton, J., Marais, H. Patton, M. and McRoy, R. 1990.
Basic concepts in the methodology of the social sciences.
Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council.
Format for books
(print and online)
5
Author unknown
This will apply to most dictionaries and encyclopaedias.
Where the author is unknown or authorship cannot be established, the title of the work is used, followed by the
date of publication. The title can be used in the reference list or Anonymous can be used for an unknown author.
Every effort should be made to establish the authorship if you intend to use this work in an academic submission.
In-text Title (year of publication: page number/s)
or
(Title Year of publication: page number/s)
Reference list Title: subtitle. Year of Publication. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher.
According to The concise South
African dictionary (2007: 54)...
The concise South African dictionary. 2007. 3rd
ed. Cape
Town: Macmillan.
Computer engineering is a growing
discipline in Africa (Encyclopaedia
of software engineering 2002: 100).
Encyclopaedia of software engineering. 2002. Johannesburg:
Wiley and Sons.
Corporate author
In-text Name of corporate author (year of
publication: page number/s)
or
(Name of corporate author Year of
publication: page number/s)
Reference list Name of corporate author. Department. Year of Publication. Title: subtitle.
Edition. Place of publication: Publisher.
According to South African Institute
of Chartered Accountants (2011:
12)…
South African Institute of Chartered Accountants (SAICA).
2011. Johannesburg Stock Exchange equity markets play safe.
Johannesburg: Pearson Education.
South African Maritime Safety
Authority (2012: 2) investigates
historic change in the way…
South African Maritime Safety Authority. Department of Sea
Watch and Response. 2012. Maritime safety adopts historic
ship construction regulations. Cape Town: McGraw Hill.
Books with no publication date
In-text Surname (n.d.: page number/s)
or
(Surname n.d.: page number/s)
Reference list Author‟s Surname, Initial/s. n.d. Title: subtitle. Edition. Place of
publication: Publisher.
Human resources have reached new
heights (Grobler n.d.: 34).
Grobler, P. A. n.d. Human resources management in South
Africa: a new perspective. 4th ed. Johannesburg: McGraw-
Hill.
6
Secondary sources
Secondary referencing is found in a book or journal article whose author uses facts or information cited in research
done by someone else. This is regarded as a secondary source as the researcher does not have the original source.
Every attempt should be made to cite from the original source.
In-text Surname (year of publication cited in
Surname year of publication: page number/s)
or
(Surname Year of publication cited in
Surname year of publication: page number/s)
Reference list Author‟s Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication. Title: subtitle. Place of
publication: Publisher.
Sentoo and Mhlongo (1989 cited in
Smith 2009: 15) argue that…
Smith, J. P. 2009. Library and information profession in
South Africa: a student perspective. Durban: Juta.
Chapters in a book
In-text Surname (year of publication: page
number/s)
or
(Surname Year of publication: page
number/s)
Reference list Author‟s Surname, Initial/s. Year of Publication. Chapter title: subtitle. In:
Surname, Initial/s. ed. Title of book: subtitle. Edition. Place of publication:
Publisher, page numbers.
Mixed methods research is the latest
research trend (Cooke and Philip
2001: 8).
Cooke, D. J. and Philip, L. 2001. To treat or not to treat? an
empirical perspective. In: Hollin, C. R. ed. Handbook of
offender assessment and treatment. Chichester: Wiley, 3-15.
Foreign title
If your assignment, theses, dissertation or project is in the English language but you are referring to sources which
are written in other languages, give the source title exactly as it appears in the original language or give an English
translation of it in square brackets with a language descriptor at the end.
In-text Surname (year of publication: page
number/s)
(Surname Year of publication: page
number/s)
Reference list Author‟s Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication. Original title [Translated
title]. Place of publication: Publisher.
Author‟s Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication. Original title. Place of
publication: Publisher.
Candegabe (1997: 25) revealed
that...
Candegabe, E. F. 1997. Materia medica comparada
[Comparative medical material]. Buckinghamshire:
Beaconsfield Publishers.
or
Candegabe, E. F. 1997. Materia medica comparada.
Buckinghamshire: Beaconsfield Publishers.
7
Book reviews
In-text Surname (year of publication: page
number/s)
or
(Surname Year of publication: page
number/s)
Reference list Reviewer‟s Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication of review. Title of book
being reviewed by Author(s) of book, reviewed in Title of Journal/Newspaper
containing the review, volume(issue), page.
Reviewer‟s Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication of review. Title of review
(Review of the book Title of book). Title of Journal/Newspaper containing the
review (format). Available: web address. Accessed date.
Time is a contributing factor…
(Raju 2005).
Raju, R. 2005. The Project Management Toolkit by Kendrick, T.,
reviewed in Engineering, 57(5), 25.
Parfit (1997) commented that… Parfit, M. 1997. Breathless (Review of the book The climb:
tragic ambitions on Everest). New York Times on the Web
(online). Available:
http://search.nytimes.com/books/reviews/971207.07parfitt.html
(Accessed 7 October 1999).
Translated work
For works which have been translated the reference should include details of the translator and for major historical
works the date of the original work may be included.
In-text Surname (year of publication: page
number/s)
or
(Surname Year of publication: page
number/s)
Reference list Author‟s Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication. Title: subtitle. Translated
from original Language by Surname, Initial/s of Translator. Place of
publication: Publisher
A recent study indicated that...
(Richter and Hebgen 2009: 23).
Richter, P. and Hebgen, E. 2009. Trigger points and muscle
chains in osteopath. Translated from German by Wilms, S.
Stuttgart: Thieme Verlag.
8
Reports
In-text Surname (year of publication: page
number/s)
or
(Surname Year of publication: page
number/s)
Reference list Organisational reports:
Author‟s Surname, Initial/s / Organisation. Year. Title of report. Place:
Publisher.
E-reports:
Author‟s Surname, Initial/s / Organisation. Year. Title of report (format). Place:
Publisher. Available: website address (Accessed date).
The report (Department of Health
2001) suggests…
…is key to a healthy work
environment (Coulter and Collins
2011).
Department of Health. 2001. National service framework for
older people. London: Department of Health.
Coulter, A. and Collins, A. 2011. Making shared decision-
making a reality: no decision about me, without me. London: The
King's Fund.
The report (Department of Health
2001) suggests…
…is key to a healthy work
environment (Coulter and Collins
2011).
Department of Health. 2001. National service framework for
older people (online). London: Department of Health. Available:
http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/
documents/digitalasset/dh_4071283.pdf (Accessed 2 May 2011).
Coulter, A. and Collins, A. 2011. Making shared decision-
making a reality: no decision about me, without me (online).
London: The King's Fund. Available:
http://www.kingsfund.org.uk/nhs_decisionmaking.html
(Accessed 12 September 2011).
E-books
In-text Surname (year of publication: page
number/s)
or
(Surname Year of publication: page
number/s)
Reference list
Author‟s Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication. Title (format). Place of
publication: Publisher. Available: website address (Accessed date).
Appannaiah and Ramanath (2009)
discuss the importance of industrial
management...
Appannaiah, H. R. and Ramanath, H. R. 2009. Perspective
management (online). Mumbai, India: Global Media.
Available: http://www.ebrary.com (Accessed 20 January
2012).
9
Chapters in an e-book
In-text Surname (year of publication: page
number/s)
or
(Surname Year of publication: page
number/s)
Reference list Author‟s Surname, Initial/s. Year of Publication. Chapter title: subtitle. In:
Surname, Initial/s. Title of book: subtitle (format). Edition. Place of
publication: Publisher. Available: website address (Accessed date).
According to Johnson (2002: 2)… Johnson, D. 2002. A man‟s perspective. In: Peter, C. Women
are from Jupiter (online). Durban, South Africa: Global
Media. Available: http://www.ebrary.com (Accessed 20
January 2010).
Electronic encyclopaedias
Wikipedia is not considered an academic source
In-text Title (year of publication: page number/s)
(Title Year of publication: page number/s)
Reference list Title of encyclopaedia. Subject (format). Year of publication. Available:
website address (Accessed date).
Plastic surgery is a speciality…
(Mosby‟s encyclopaedia of anatomy,
2009: 67).
Mosby’s encyclopaedia of anatomy. Plastic surgery (online).
2009. Available: http://mosby.org/Plastic_surgery.htm
(Accessed 11 December 2009).
To distinguish between the article title and the journal title – the journal title is either
underlined or put in italics.
Some journals indicate seasons of the year (Autumn / Fall, Winter, Spring, Summer),
or parts of the year (First quarter, Second quarter, Third quarter, Fourth quarter) or
just the names of the month in which they are published (January, February, March,
etc.) to identify the different parts.
Journals with volume and part/issue number
In-text
Surname (year of publication: page number/s)
or
(Surname Year of publication: page number/s)
Reference list Author‟s Surname, Initial/s. Year of Publication. Article title:
subtitle. Journal title, volume number(part/issue number): page
number/s.
Simelane (2009: 87) stated that natural
resources have been conserved …
Simelane, T. 2009. African traditional knowledge
systems and biodiversity management. Africa insight,
39(3): 84-93. “The conservation of natural resources has
long been practiced by African
communities” (Simelane 2009: 87).
Format for journals and periodicals
(print and online)
10
Journals with no volume number
Use the date or any other descriptor e.g. Summer.
Where there is no volume or issue number, a comma (not a colon) is placed after the title of the journal. This
shows that the page numbers follow.
In-text Surname (year of publication: page
number/s)
(Surname Year of publication: page
number/s)
Reference list
Author‟s Surname, Initial/s. Year of Publication. Article title: subtitle.
Journal title, Part name/descriptor: page numbers.
Walton (2011: 12) recommends that
you prepare an argument…
Walton, S. B. 2011. A good response to a bad idea:
disagreeing with management confidently and effectively.
Public relations strategist, Fall: 12-14.
“Responding effectively to a bad
idea requires making your response
business-relevant and constructing a
supported case” (Walton 2011: 12).
Journals: Special issues (supplementary issue)
In-text
Surname (year of publication: page
number/s)
(Surname Year of publication: page
number/s)
Reference list Author‟s Surname, Initial/s. Year of Publication. Article title: subtitle.
Journal title, volume number(Supplement): page number/s.
According to Mapesela and Hay
(2006: 720) staff is discouraged
about…
Mapesela, M. and Hay, D. H. 2006. The effect of change and
transformation on academic staff and job satisfaction: a case
of a South African university of higher education. The
international journal of higher education and educational
planning, 37(Suppl.): 711-747.
11
Journal articles from Internet sources or databases
In-text Surname (year of publication: page
number/s)
or
(Surname Year of publication: page
number/s)
Reference list Author‟s Surname, Initials. Year of publication. Title of article. Journal title
(format), volume number(issue number): pages. Available: website address
(Accessed date).
Mapesela and Hay (2006: 712)
state that...
Mapesela, M. and Hay, D. H. 2006. The effect of change and
transformation on academic staff and job satisfaction: a case of
a South African university. Higher education: the international
journal of higher education and educational planning (online),
52(4): 711-747. Available: http://search.epnet.com (Accessed 10
December 2009).
According to Ibiyemi, Adenuga
and Odusami (2009: 26)...
Ibiyemi, A. O., Adenuga, A. O., and Odusami, K. T. 2009.
Comparative analysis of traditional procurement methods in
Lagos, Nigeria. Journal of construction (online), 2(2): 26.
Available: http://www.asocsa.org/JOC2009Vol2No2content.pdf
(Accessed 10 December 2009).
Journals (reference to more than one publication by same author in the same
year)
If referencing sources which are written by the same author and published in the same year, use letters a, b, c, etc.
after the publication year (without a space) to distinguish between them. Each source would require a separate entry in the reference list.
In-text Surname (year of publication{indication of
sequence}): page number/s)
or
(Surname Year of publication{indication
of sequence}: page number/s)
Reference list Author‟s Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication{indication of sequence}. Title
of article. Journal title (format), volume number(issue number): pages.
Available: website address (Accessed date).
Reynolds (2010a: 165) suggested
that…
Reynolds (2010b: 1056) explained
that…
Reynolds, A. J. 2010a. Predicting adult criminal behaviour from
juvenile delinquency. Advances in life course research (online),
15: 161-170. Available: http://www.elsevier.com/locate
(Accessed 19 January 2012).
Reynolds, A. J. 2010b. Preschool education, educational
attainment and crime prevention. Children and youth services
review (online), 32: 1054-1063. Available:
http://www.elsevier.com/locate/childyouth (Accessed 19
January 2012).
12
Newspapers
In-text Surname (year of publication: page
number/s)
or
(Surname Year of publication: page
number/s)
Reference list Author‟s Surname, Initials. Year of publication. Title of article. Title of
Newspaper, Date of newspaper issue: page numbers.
Begley (2012: 11) reports that full-
genome sequencing could help
decide …
Begley, S. 2012. Genomes: the future has arrived: a new DNA
reader is set to bring genetics into everyday medicine – but
how many advantages will this in fact bring? The Witness, 23
January: 11.
“Full-genome sequencing could
provide real benefits in determining
which patients will benefit from a
drug.” (Begley 2012: 11)
Online newspapers
In-text Surname (year of publication: page
number/s)
(Surname Year of publication: page
number/s)
Reference list Author‟s Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication. Title of article. Title of
Newspaper (format), Month and day: page number/s. Available: website
address (Accessed date).
According to Gontsana (2009: 3)... Gontsana, M. 2009. Residents clean up after fire. Cape Times
(online), December 11: 3. Available:
http://www.capetimes.co.za (Accessed 11 December 2009).
Papers in conference proceedings
In-text Surname (year of publication: page
number/s)
or
(Surname Year of publication: page
number/s)
Reference list Author‟s Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication. Title of conference
paper/contribution. In: Editor Surname, Initial/s., ed. Title of Conference
Proceedings. Place of conference, date of conference. Place of publication
(if known): Publisher, page numbers.
Huxham (2009: 26) argue that
through-put rates…
Huxham, M. 2009. Learning in lectures: do interactive
windows help? In: Shakya, G. ed. JISC Conference on
Learning Online. England, 6-9 August 2009. Liverpool:
Open University, 25-28.
13
Lecture notes and study guides
The title of an unpublished work is not written in italics
In-text Surname (year of publication: page
number/s)
(Surname Year of publication: page
number/s)
Reference list Lecturer‟s Surname, Initial/s. Year. Title. Name of issuing body, date
received.
Mkhize (2011: 17) argues that …
Mkhize, M. 2012. Community health nursing practice 3,
lecture notes distributed in the department of nursing, Durban
University of Technology, 20 January 2012.
Lecture notes on a Learning Management Software (LMS) Platform
[Blackboard, Moodle]
In-text Surname (year of publication: page
number/s)
or
(Surname Year of publication: page
number/s)
Reference list Lecturer‟s Surname, Initial/s. Year. Lecture title, from LMS course code
{capitalised} Title of course. Teaching organisation, location and date of
presentation. Available: LMS name. (Accessed date).
Naidoo (2010) recommends… Naidoo, S. 2010. Using the discovery service, from IL102
Information literacy 102. Durban University of Technology,
Durban on 6 June. Available: Blackboard (Accessed 29 July
2010).
Meeting minutes
In-text Committee name (year of publication:
page number/s)
or
(Committee name Year of publication:
page number/s)
Reference list Name of Committee. Year. Title. Organisation, Location
The members (Information
Services Committee 2006) put
forward a motion to …
Information Services Committee. 2006. Minutes of the meeting
held on 8th November 2006. Durban University of Technology,
Durban, South Africa.
Format for unpublished works
(print and online)
14
Theses and Dissertations
The title of an unpublished work is not written in italics
In-text Surname (year of publication: page
number/s)
or
(Surname Year of publication: page
number/s)
Reference list Author‟s Surname, Initial/s. Year. Title. Degree, Name of institution.
According to Perumal (2010: 18)
higher education…
Perumal, R. 2010. The development of universities of
technology in the higher education landscape in South Africa.
D.Tech, Durban University of Technology.
Theses and dissertations from an Institutional Repository
In-text Surname (year of publication: page
number/s)
or
(Surname Year of publication: page
number/s)
Reference list
Author‟s Surname, Initial/s. Year. Title (format). Degree, Name of
institution. Available: website address (Accessed date).
Shacksnovis (2005: 11) argues…
Shacksnovis, R. 2005. The relative effectiveness of
myofascial manipulation versus ischaemic compression in the
treatment of myofascial trigger points of the upper trapezius
muscle (online). M.Tech, Durban University of Technology.
Available: http://ir.dut.ac.za/handle/10321/167 (Accessed 20
January 2012).
Internet sources with author/s
In-text Surname (year of publication: page
number/s)
or
(Surname Year of publication: page
number/s)
Reference list
Author‟s Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication. Title (format). Available:
website address (Accessed date).
Smith (2009: 712) states... Smith, P. 2009. Transformation critical to higher education
and training (online). Available:
http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/higher-education-
under-construction-2009-07-17 (Accessed 10 December
2009).
Format for electronic sources
15
Internet sources without an author/s
Items that have no author or date should be evaluated to determine their authenticity or suitability for academic
purposes.
In-text Title (year of publication: page number/s)
(Title year of publication: page number/s)
Reference list Title (format). Year the website was updated. Available: website address
(Accessed date).
Leadership issues were discussed
(Providing leadership for libraries
2009).
Providing leadership for libraries (online). 2009. Available:
http://www.diglib.org/ (Accessed 10 December 2009).
Personal communications (telephone conversation, interviews and e-mail)
Personal communications are noted in the in-text reference but are not included in the reference list.
It is important to get permission from the person referred to in the in-text reference, to use this information.
In-text …communication method on date, Name of person
Reference list
In an e-mail communication on 10 June 1995, the Director of
Siemens, Wren indicated that…
No entries in the Reference list
In a telephone conversation on 17 July 2011, the Kwazulu-
Natal Director of Nursing, Dr Petty highlighted…
Evidence given by the Director of Nursing, Dr. Petty (1999,
pers. comm. 17 July)
when interviewed on 12 December 2009, Gouden (DUT
student) stated that…
Blogs (weblogs)
In-text Surname (year of publication: page
number/s)
or
(Surname Year of publication: page
number/s)
Reference list Author‟s Surname, Initial/s / alias). Year of post. Title of the posting. Title
of the site (format). Available: blog address. (Accessed date)
According to Frank (2009)… Frank, R. 2009. The future of environment. About our country
(online). Available: http://www.ourcountry.blogger.com
(Accessed 22 May 2009).
16
Social networking sites (Facebook, Twitter, Bebo, etc.)
In-text Surname (year of publication)
or
(Surname Year)
Reference list
Author‟s Surname, Initial/s / alias). Year of post. Title of page. (Title of
website) Day month of posted message. Available: web address
(Accessed date).
According to Jones (2009)… Jones, S. 2009. Referencing group. (Facebook) 5 May.
Available:
http://www.facebook.com/#!/profile.php?id=10004524134
(Accessed 5 May 2009).
Communication is key… (Dr Phil
2009).
Dr Phil. 2009. Rules of engagement. (Facebook) 20 February.
Available:
http://www.facebook.com/#!/profile.php?id=1087656
(Accessed 20 February 2009).
Computer programs
In-text Surname (year of publication: page
number/s)
or
(Surname Year of publication: page
number/s)
Reference list
Creator‟s Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication. Title of program (format).
Available: website address (Accessed date).
This software will revolutionise…
(Thomson Reuters 2010).
Thomson Reuters. 2010. EndNote x4: advance your research
and publish instantly (computer software and manual).
Available: http://www.endnote.com/ (Accessed 21 July
2010).
The results (Schwarzer 1989)
revealed…
Schwarzer, R. 1989. Statistics software for meta-analysis
(computer software and manual). Available:
http://www.yorku.ca/faculty/academic/schwarze/meta_e.htm
(Accessed 13 May 2010).
17
Commissions with a chairperson
In the title of a Commission of Inquiry, the significant words of the title should begin with capital letters.
In-text Surname (year of publication: page
number/s)
(Surname Year of publication: page
number/s)
Reference list Chairperson‟s Surname, Initial/s., Chairperson. Year of publication. Title of
Inquiry. Place of publication: Publisher.
In the Commission of Inquiry into
Racism (Grey 2009: 78), it was
stated…
Grey, D. S., Chairperson. 2009. Commission of Inquiry into
Racism. Pretoria: Government Printer.
Commissions without a chairperson
In-text Commission‟s name (year of publication:
page number/s)
or
(Commission‟s name Year of publication:
page number/s)
Reference list Place of inquiry. Title of Inquiry. Year of publication. Place of publication:
Publisher.
It was reported in the Commission of
Inquiry into the Public Health Sector
(2007: 45) that most…
South Africa. Commission of Inquiry into the Public Health
Sector. 2007. Final Report. Pretoria: Government Printer.
Councils (as issuing bodies)
In-text Council name (year of publication: page
number/s)
or
(Council name Year of publication: page
number/s)
Reference list Name of Council. Year of publication. Title. Place of publication: Publisher.
The South African Geographical
Names Council (2008: 55) has
researched the meaning…
The South African Geographical Names Council. 2008. Annual
Report. Pretoria: Department of Arts, Culture, Science and
Technology.
Format for government publications (print and online)
18
Government gazettes
In-text Country (year of publication: page number/s)
or
(Country Year of publication: page number/s)
Reference list Name of Country. Year of publication. Title. Government Gazette
number: Day Month.
It was stated in the policy (South Africa
2009: 54-56) that…
South Africa. 2009. Environmental policy for South Africa
(Notice 2093 of 2009). Government Gazette number
19862: 18 April.
Government gazettes (electronic format)
In-text Country (year of publication: page number/s)
or
(Country Year of publication: page number/s)
Reference list Name of Country. Year of publication. Title. Government Gazette
number: Day Month (format). Available: website address (Accessed
date).
It was stated in the policy (Republic of
South Africa 2009: 54-56) that…
Republic of South Africa. 2009. Environmental policy for
South Africa (Notice 2093 of 2009). Government Gazette
number 19862: 18 April (online). Available:
http://jutalaw.co.za (Accessed 01 January 2010).
Green papers
In-text Country (year of publication: page number/s)
or
(Country Year of publication: page number/s)
Reference list
Name of Country. Date. Title. Place of Publication: Publisher.
It was stated (South Africa 2009: 23)
that…
South Africa. 2009. Green paper on national strategic
planning. Pretoria: Government Printer.
Government departments (as issuing bodies)
In-text Department name (year of publication: page
number/s)
or
(Department name Year of publication: page
number/s)
Reference list Name of Country. Name of Department. Year of Publication. Title.
Place of Publication: Publisher.
According to the latest figures
(Department of Health 2008: 11)…
South Africa. Department of Health. 2008. Nursing strategy
for South Africa. Pretoria: Government Printer.
19
Green papers (electronic format)
In-text Country (year of publication: page number/s)
or
(Country Year of publication: page number/s)
Reference list Name of Country. Year of Publication. Title (format). Available:
website address (Accessed date).
South Africa (2009: 23)… South Africa. 2009. Green paper on national strategic
planning (online). Available: http://jutalaw.co.za
(Accessed 01 January 2010).
White papers
In-text Country (year of publication: page number/s)
or
(Country Year of publication: page number/s)
Reference list Name of Country. Department. Year of publication. Title. Government
Gazette number: Day Month.
As reported in the White Paper (South
Africa 2009: 54) the results show…
South Africa. Department of Education. 2009. White paper
on e-education. Government Gazette number 17564: 17
May.
White papers (electronic format)
In-text Country (year of publication: page number/s)
(Country Year of publication: page number/s)
Reference list Name of Country. Department. Year of publication. Title. Government
Gazette number: Day Month (format). Available: website address
(Accessed date).
As reported in the White Paper (South
Africa 2009: 98) the results show…
South Africa. Department of Education. 2009. White paper
on e-education. Government Gazette number 17564: 17
May (online). Available: http://jutalaw.co.za (Accessed 01
January 2010).
Laws or Acts
In-text Country (year of publication: page number/s)
or
(Country Year of publication: page number/s)
Reference list Name of Country. Year. Title of Act. Place of publication: Publisher.
The declaration of human rights by
South Africa (2010) state that…
South Africa. 2010. Human Rights Act 43 of 2010.
Pretoria: Government Printer.
20
Laws or Acts (electronic format)
In-text Country (year of publication: page number/s)
(Country Year of publication: page number/s)
Reference list Name of Country. Year. Title of Act (format). Available: website
address (Accessed date).
South Africa Parliament (2010)...
South Africa. 2010. Human Rights Act 4 of 2010 (online).
Available: http://sahrc.org.za (Accessed 6 November
2010).
Law cases
In-text
Name v. Name (date)
Reference list Name of the parties involved in the law case. Year of reporting. The law
reporting series abbreviated part number/case number, page reference if
available.
In the recent case of Royal v. White
(2011), the defense noted...
Royal v. White. 2011. SALR 842/11240, 190.
Tax cases
In-text Name v. Name (date)
Reference list Name vs. Name. Year of publication. (Volume), Source page begins.
(Court).
Avex Air (Pty) Ltd. v. Borough of
Vryheid (1973) revealed that…
Avex Air (Pty) Ltd. v. Borough of Vryheid. 1973. (70),
SATC 223. (SCA).
Patents
In-text Surname (year of publication: page number/s)
or
(Surname Year of publication: page number/s)
Reference list
Name of author/inventor. Year of publication. Title of patent. Country
of patent, patent number.
Smith (2009: 20) discovered that… Smith, D. T. 2009. Heat regulator. SA patent, 333371.
21
Standards
In-text Corporate author (year of publication: page
number/s)
or
(Corporate author Year of publication: page
number/s)
Reference list Corporate author. Year of publication. Title, number. Place of
publication: Publisher.
Corporate author. Year of publication. Title, number (format).
Available: website address (Accessed date).
According to the South African Bureau
of Standards (2010: 11)…
South African Bureau of Standards. 2010. Code of practice
[for] the installation, inspection and maintenance of
equipment used in explosive atmospheres. Part 1,
Installations including surface installations on mines,
SABS 86-1:2001. Pretoria: South African Bureau of
Standards.
South African Bureau of Standards. 2010. Code of practice
for the installation, inspection and maintenance of
equipment used in explosive atmosphere. Part 1,
Installation including surface installations of mines, SABS
86-1:2001 (online).
Available: ftp://libresources/SANS%20-
%20SABS/Catalogue%20SANS%20-%20SABS%20-
%20%20Nov%202007/CatalogueNov2007.pdf (accessed
22 November 2009).
Images
In-text Surname (year of publication: page number/s)
or
(Surname Year of publication: page number/s)
Reference list Originator‟s Surname, Initial/s. Date. Title (format). Place of
Publication: Publisher.
Title (format). Year of publication. Place of publication: Publisher.
The picture (Pillay 2009) illustrates
that…
Image with author:
Pillay, S. 2009. Table mountain at night (image). Durban:
ABC Publishing.
Dragons Peak (2009: 3) illustrates… Image without author:
Dragons Peak (image). 2009. Durban: ABC Publishing.
Format for images, artwork, video recordings
(print and online)
22
Online images
In-text Surname (year of publication: page number/s)
(Surname year of publication: page number/s)
Title (year of publication)
Reference list Originator‟s Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication. Title (format).
Available: website address (Accessed date).
Title of Image (format). Year of publication. Available: website address
(Accessed date).
The ship was clearly too close to the
shore as is depicted in the photo
(Thomas 2012).
Image with author:
Thomas, D. 2012. The sinking Costa Concordia (image).
Available:
http://www.flickr.com/search/?q=costa+concordia&f=hp
(Accessed 20 January 2012).
When looking at the image Mary of
Modena, fleeing with her son James
Francis Edward Stewart (1688), it is
obvious that…
Image without author:
Mary of Modena, fleeing with her son James Francis
Edward Stewart (image).1688. Available:
http://www.scran.ac.uk (Accessed 02 February 2006).
Art works (photographs, paintings)
In-text Surname (year of publication: page number/s)
or
(Surname Year of publication: page number/s)
Reference list Originator‟s Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication. Title (format), size,
location.
or
Originator‟s Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication. Title of the work
(format). In: Author/Editor of book. Year. Title. Place of publication:
Publisher.
Horan (2002) demonstrates… Horan, D. 2002. Kipper in the cat’s mouth (painting),
20x30 cm, National Gallery, London.
Masolino painting (1427) illustrates… Masolino, T. 1427. The Temptation of Adam and Eve
(painting). In: Brucwmitford, M. 1996. The illustrated
book of signs and symbols. London: Dorling Kindersley.
TV programme / broadcast
If you are accessing the programme online, e.g. via SABC iplayer, then you would amend the reference as
indicated in the second example
In-text Programme title (year of publication)
or
(Programme title year of publication)
Reference list Title of programme (format). Date of production. Channel, date of
transmission, time of broadcast.
Sir Alan Sugar (The Apprentice 2008)
exemplifies…
The Apprentice (broadcast). 2008. SABC 1, 14 June,
1500hrs.
The Apprentice (broadcast). 2008. SABC 1, 14 June.
Available: http://www.sabc.co.za/iplayer (Accessed 14
June 2008).
23
Film / Video recordings
In-text Film title (year of publication)
or
(Film title year of publication)
Reference list Title of Film (format). Year. Directed by Director‟s name, place of
production: Production company.
The animation of the Ents (Lord of the
rings: the two towers 2003) is a good
example of…
Lord of the Rings: the two towers (film). 2003. Directed by Peter
Jackson. New York: Newline Productions Inc.
Online video (YouTube, Vimeo)
In-text Surname (year of publication)
or
(Surname Year of publication)
Reference list Screen name of contributor. Year of publication. Video Title, Series
Title (if relevant) (format). Available: website address (Accessed date).
Mrgeorged (2009) discusses…
Mrgeorged. 2009. Top Gear, The stig revealed (video
online). Available:
http://www.youtube.com/watch#!v=eTapK5dRaw4
(Accessed 23 June 2009).
Live performances
In-text Surname (year of performance)
or
(Surname Year of performance)
Reference list Dance:
Composer/Choreographer. Year of premiere. Title. Company
{optional}. (Location. Date seen).
Play:
Title by Author. Year of performance. Directed by Company {optional}.
(Location. Date seen).
Ashton (1994) captured…
Priestly (2009) illustrated…
Ashton, F. 1994. Cinderella. (Royal Opera House,
London. 13 January 2004).
An inspector calls by Priestley, J. B. 2009. Directed by
Daldry, S. Arts Theatre. (Cambridge. 11 May).
24
Useful websites
This booklet is not a comprehensive guide. For additional information please consult the following
useful sites on Harvard referencing:
http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/pdf/harvard.pdf
http://www.swinburne.edu.au/lib/researchhelp/harvard_system.htm
http://www.turnitin.com
http://www.lib.uct.ac.za/infolit/bibl.htm
http://utas.libguides.com/referencing
http://web.up.ac.za/sitefiles/file/40/753/referencing_2009.pdf
Example of a Reference List
Callison, D. and Preddy, L. 2006. The blue book on information age, inquiry, instruction and literacy.
Westport, Conn: Libraries Unlimited.
Cronje, M., Murdoch, N. and Smit, R. (eds). 2003. Reference techniques: Harvard method and APA
style (online). Available: http://www.uj.ac.za/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=iMfpK7IpJSM%3D&tabid
(Accessed 05 December 2009).
Denscombe, M. 2003. The good research guide for small-scale social research projects. 2nd
ed.
Philadelphia: Open University Press.
Queen Margaret University. 2001. How to reference using the Harvard system of referencing (online).
Available: http://healthsciences.qmuc.ac.uk/RESOURCES/Documents/Harvard_referencing.htm
(Accessed 05 December 2009).
University of South Australia. 2007. Referencing using the Harvard author-date system: developed
using the Commonwealth of Australia style manual for authors, editors and printers of 2002 (online).
Available: http://www.unisa.edu.au/ltu/students/study/referencing/harvard.pdf (Accessed 05 February
2010).