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  • 8/13/2019 CPB 6 From Nucleotides to Proteins

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    CPB6 From Nucleotides to Proteins

    Describe the key structural features of nucleotides

    Nucleotides are made up of a nitrogenous base, sugar and a phosphate DNA --transcription--> RNA --translation--> Protein

    Phosphate interacts with the 5' of ribose and 3' of Purines: Adenine (A) 2 hydrogen bonds and Guanine (G) 3 hydrogen bonds Pyrimidines: Thymine (T) and Cytosine (C) RNA can be used in the regulation of gene expression. RNA= single stranded, ribose sugar, and thymine replaced by uracil

    Explain the functions of nucleotides

    Structural role as precursors in DNA and RNA Intermediates in biosynthesis (UDP-glucose, used to make glycogen) Sources of chemical energy to drive biochemical reactions (ATP, GTP) Coenzymes components (NAD, FAD, CoA) Metabolic regulators /second messengers (cAMP)

    Describe the biosynthetic pathway of nucleotidesPurines - derive from amino acids (Aspartate, glycine, glutamine)

    de novo biosynthesis Salvage

    Pyrimidines - derive from amino acids (Aspartic acid)

    de novo synthesis

    Describe the degradation of nucleotidesPyrimidines (single ring)

    Bases broken down to simple carbon skeletons:o (b-alanine or b-aminoisobutyrate) and degraded

    Purines (two rings)

    Bases are either reused (salvage) or degradedo Purine bas es → Xanthine → Uric acid → Excretion

  • 8/13/2019 CPB 6 From Nucleotides to Proteins

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    Describe the key structural features of DNAExplain DNA replication

    Occurs in nucleus, DNA needs to be unwound RNA primer is synthesized ( primase ) DNA binding and replication occurs ( DNA polymerase ) Proof reading mistakes (3' - 5', exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase subunit)

    o DNA synthesis can only take place in 5' - 3' directiono Continuous ( leading ) and discontinous ( lagging ) strands occuro Okazaki fragments form and DNA gyrase fills these

    Each parent strand is a template for synthesis of a new strand.

    Explain transcription and translation

    Transcription

    Initiation - RNA polymerase binds to DNA and unwinds a 17-18 bp segement of promoter.

    Elongation - RNA polymerase moves along template synthesizing RNA until itreaches the terminator region.

    Termination - Transcribed terminator seq causes RNA polymerase to pause anddisassociate

    Translation

    Ribosome reads the mRNA in a 5' to 3' direction (coordinates translation) and mRNAis translated to amino acids.

    Protein grows from N-terminus to C-terminus Aminoacyl-tRNAs coupled to amino acids via energy rich bonds, bringing amino

    acids to ribosome Small and large ribosome subunits assemble around the mRNA (small, tRNA, large) The first initiator tRNA (AUG or Methionine) binds to the ribosome. Aminoacyl-tRNA binds to the ribosome Enzyme peptidyltransferase reaction: forms bond between the previous and incoming

    amino acids, forming a peptide chain.

    Continues 3 bases at a time until a end codon is reached.


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