Training

Subject matter to be coveredMathematics and Study MethodsHuman PerformanceMeteorologyAircraft Technical and GeneralRadio AidsInstrumentsLaw and ProceduresFlight PlanningNavigation and Plotting

CPL/ATP Ground School Overview What else.200 hours total flying time100 hours Pilot-in-Command50 hours Cross-country flying10 hours night flyingIF Rating (40 hours single engine and 50 hours twin engine)

Your course facilitator for this Ground School

Brand WesselsCell: 073-591 3907Email: brandwessels@yahoo.com Comments received from Jason Alexander (CPL course):Cellphone: Excellent all round knowledge explanations simple and easy to understandVery helpful methodologiesWould recommend it to anyoneStudent CommentaryStudent CommentaryFrans PretoriusCellphone: 072-252 8832 Comments received from Frans(CPL): Very entertaining, no spoon feeding here, worth it and money well spent, great tempo and passed 6 subjects in one sitting Student CommentaryTjaart Janse van RensburgCellphone: 083-240 7614 Comments received from Tjaart(CPL): Great results, very comprehensive, learnt a hell of a lot, very satisfied.Student CommentaryRuan van VurenCellphone: 072-179 6902 Comments received from Ruan(CPL): Very educational, well worth it, much better than comparable courses I tried Comments received from Sean Kenny (ATP course):

Great pace, good discussionWell informed on subject matterExcellent communication processGreat course thank you very much!Student Commentary Comments received from Martin van Eeden (ATP course):

So I was not the only student struggling.Application focused helped me a lot.Good people skills by facilitator.Arranged in such a way that we could learn from each other.Student CommentaryCourse Highlights.Mathematic Review..Some triangles do not always have a 90 angle, therefore the normal trig functions do not always apply. The following formula is used to solve the RNAV questions.

The SIN Rule : a

SIN A b

SIN B c

SIN C==The COSINE Rule :a = b + c - 2bc x COS Ab = a + c - 2ac x COS Bc = a + b - 2ab x COS CTrigonometry

The Right Angled TriangleTrigonometric functions are commonly defined as ratios of two sides of a right triangle containing the angle

SIN B =SIN B =At 1205, aircraft A and B are 75 nm's apart and are on a collision course. Aircraft A 330 Kts. Aircraft B 360 Kts. The relative bearing from A to B is 075. What angle needs to be closed by aircraft B to intercept aircraft A?SIN B =0.885 B = 62.3Example:An Equation is like a balance scale. Everything must be equal on both sides.

105 + 5=Cross MultiplicationMoving the variable around in a function, until the unknown variable is isolated.Example: Ina = b + c, if we have to solve for c we have to isolate it on one side of the equal sign. Important: What you do on one side of the equation has to be done on the other side.Thus: a = b + c - b leaves c isolated, but then we have to subtract b on the left side of the equation as well:

a - b = cPercents Have Equivalents in Decimals and Fractions20%.202010015

===Decimal

Fraction

FractionSimplified

Percent

Included %When asked to work out the % of reserve fuel when its already included in the total given, care must be taken with the mathematics:Example:We have 11 500 Lt of fuel which include 15% reserve how much fuel do we have available without using the reserve fuel?

If we started with 10 000 Lt and then had to add 15% reserve it means:10 000 x 15% = 1500 + 10 000 = 11 500 Lt total fuel.

To reverse the calculation (how much fuel do we have without the 15%), we have to divide the total with 1.15.Or 11 500 1.15 = 10 000 LtInterpolation: 1. to insert between or among others2. to change by putting in new material3. to estimate a missing value by taking an average of known values at neighboring points

Interpolate one series at a time:PALT14 00016 000AUW 12 000 LBS1237126815 5001268 1237 = 31/2000 X 1500 = 2,25 (+1237)= 12601260AUW 10 000 LBS109811201120 1098 = 22/2000 X 1500 = 16,5 (+1098)= 1114.51115AUW 10 750 LBS1260 1115 = 124/2000 X 750 = 54,37 (+1115)= 11691169

Two aircraft flying at the same Flight Level, Aircraft A has a Mach Number of 0.815 and a TAS of 500 Knots, Aircraft B has a Mach Number of 0.76. At what Flight Level are the aircraft flying and what is the TAS of aircraft B?

20

1 In 60 Rule.A VOR DME defines the centre of an airway 10 Nautical Miles wide. An aircraft at distance 180 Nautical Miles has a two dot fly right indication on a 5 dot CDI. What is the distance from the airway?.

Track Error 60=Distance OffDistance To GoGGV5 Nautical Miles5 Nautical Miles4180 NM460=Distance Off180 NM72060=Distance Off=12 NMA ) Distance from centre = 12 NM

B ) Distance from boundary = 7 NMDME Calculations.

An aircraft at FL 410 has a DME range of 14 NM. What is the ground range From the DME station.Using Pythagoras C = A + BVOR DME JSV.CAB14 NM DME Slant Line Range.Ground Range.FL410.( 14 ) =( 41000 \ 6080 ) +B 196 =45.468 +B B =12.269 NM

The maximum error is when the aircraft is close to the DME and high altitude.Problem Solving is easy if you follow these steps

UnderstandtheproblemStep 1 Understand the problemRead the problem carefully.Find the important information.Write down the numbers.Identify what the problem wants you to solve.Ask if your answer is going to be a larger or smaller number compared to what you already know.Step 2 - Decide how youre going to solve the problemChoose a methodUse a graphUse formulasWrite an equationMake a listFind a patternWork backwardsUse reasoningDraw a pictureMake a tableAct it outStep 3 - Solve the problem

Example:Step 4 - Look Back & Check

Reread the problem Substitute your new number Did your new number work?

Push this button just before you choose a 2nd function buttonInverse ButtonSquare RootForce of 2Force of 310 to the force

Degree, minutes, seconds also hours, minutes, seconds% ButtonBracketsTrig Example: You are taking off from a runway, with a hill 300 high, 6000 from the threshold. What angle of climb must you maintain to clear the hill? tan x = y/xAnd y=300 and x=6000Tan x = 0.05Divide by tan same as inverse (or cot, or tan)Thus x = 2,86Know your calculator!

Study MethodsMind MapsMemory TrainingHow to create SummariesTime ManagementStudy TipsHabits to AcquireMind Mapping.

Study Methods

The 7 Habits of Highly Effective PeopleHabit 1: Be ProactiveHabit 2: Begin with the End in MindHabit 3: Put First Things FirstHabit 4: Think Win-WinHabit 5: Seek First to Understand, then to be UnderstoodHabit 6: SynergizeHabit 7: Sharpen the SawThe Time Management QuadrantCrisesPressing ProblemsDeadline driven projects, meetings, preparationsInterruptions, phone callsSome mail, some reportsSome meetingsMany popular activitiesPreparationPreventionValues clarificationPlanningRelationship buildingEmpowermentTrivia, busyworkSome telephone callsTime wastersEscape activitiesExcessive TVNOT URGENTURGENTIMPORTANTNOT IMPORTANT1432Cardio-respiratory System -The Lungs and the transport of Oxygen

Air enters through the nose and mouth and passes down the trachea to the bronchial tree.

Human PerformanceWhen you inhale, air is drawn into the lungs due to a reduction in pressure inside the chest. This reduction in pressure can be ascribed to the outward movement of the chest wall and the downward movement of the diaphragm.

When exhaling the air is expelled from the lungs by the generally passive process of muscular relaxation allowing the chest wall to fall and the diaphragm to relax. The ever dividing passageways in your lungs terminate at the alveoli (very fine sac-like structures) where the blood in the alveolar capillaries is brought into very close proximity with oxygen molecules.

Under the influence of a pressure gradient, oxygen diffuses across the capillary membrane from the alveolar sac into the blood. From there it is taken up by the protein molecule hemoglobin for transport around the body.

Breathing provides an exchange of respiratory gases between the environment and the blood. The rate and depth of breathing are adjusted to meet the enormous changes in the consumption of oxygen and the elimination of carbon dioxide.

Meteorology.The Atmosphere

Most flying here..Most cloud and precipitation herePosition of Jet Streams

Types of Airframe Icing

Glazed/Clear/Rain ice

Rime Ice Hoar Frost Most dangerous type of ice!

When the South Easterly winds are forced to rise up over Table Mountain, the famous "table cloth" cloud forms The descending air on the other side of the mountain is warmed, and any moisture present is absorbed by the air as water vapour.Both sides of the mountain will be clear of cloud, while the summit is cloud covered.CLOUD INDICATING WINDLOCAL WINDSCaused by steep pressure gradients when the anti-cyclone flow of air from a high pressure system to the south west of the country The sudden dramatic change of this south westerly wind, which replaces the prevailing north easter is a common feature of the Buster. During the summer months there is frequently a strong south easterly wind prevalent over the Cape Peninsula. Cloud Classification

Stratus (St). Layered clouds that form in stable air near the surface due to cooling from below Cumulus (Cu). Cumulus clouds form when convective currents from the earths radiation exist. They usually have flat bottoms, and dome shaped tops Aircraft Technical and General

The Main Flight Controls in Action

Critical engine

Engine overview

Relative Wind

Fuel Injection

Each Cylinder provided with correct mixture from individual fuel lines.Advantages:Free from evaporation ice.More uniform fuel delivery.Improved fuel/air ratio control

CrankshaftPistonsTo Propeller

Turbo Charging

CompressorturbineGas Turbine Engines

The Turbo prop

Radio Aids

The ADFRelative bearing information can be displayed on either a RMI (radio magnetic indicator) or on the older RBI (relative bearing indicator). The difference between the two indicators is that the RBI does not display compass heading information but remains on a constant heading as selected by the pilot.Signal Characteristics

NDB's transmit vertically polarised signals in the medium freqency (MF) band. The signal is radiated equally in all directions and aircraft equipped with receiving equipment (ADF) can measure the direction of the incoming waves.

RBIRMIADF Interception Calculations. Magnetic HeadingRelative BearingQDM040060100+Station.120 Intercept QDM -A ) Intercept Heading50 Angle= 070 B ) Change In Aircraft HeadingAC Heading 040 Went To 070 = 30 Right C ) Relative Bearing Of NDB 50100QDM

50120 Intercept TRK070 An aircraft heading 040 M has an ADF reading of 060 Relative from an NDB. ATC instructs the pilot to Intercept the NDB 120 QDM at an angle of 050. Calculate the Intercept Heading, the change in aircraft heading and the Relative Bearing of the NDB.

Surface WaveSky wave1st Sky ReturnDead SpaceSkip DistanceThe area between the limit of the surface wave and the point of reception of the first sky wave, is termed dead space The distance between the transmitter and the point on the surface where the first sky wave return arrives is called the skip distance

Carrier Wave (A)Audio Wave (B)

Where the audio wave is positive the amplitude is increased.Where the audio wave is negative the amplitude is decreased.Resultant WaveAmplitude of A X 100Amplitude of BAmplitude Modulation (AM).Amplitude modulation may be used to transmit coded messages at audio frequencies (AF) or to transmit speech and music. The audio signal gets impressed on the radio frequency by changing the amplitude of the Carrier wave (CW). This change in amplitude is carried out by morphing the carrier wave to the audio signal. During this process the frequency remains constant.

This is a measure of the modulation depth, which is a percentage measurement of the degree to which the wave is modulated. It is the ratio:

Maximum Theoretical Range Calculation.If an aircraft ( RX ) is at FL 100 what is the maximum range that the signal can be received from a transmitter ( TX ) a 100 feet high?

Primary Radar.TXRXBeam OutBeam OutBeam ReturnAntenna.Range =S 2XTInstruments

The DRMC is in essence a compass card with numeric directions, on a freely suspended bar magnet66

Airspeed Indicator (ASI)AltimeterVertical Speed Indicator (VSI)Pitot Static ProbeStatic Pressure LinePitot Pressure LineDrainDrain67Airspeed Indicator ( ASI ) Colour CodingVsoStall speed in the landing configVs1Stall speed cleanWhite ArcFlap operatingbandVfeMaximumflap extendedspeedGreen ArcNormal operatingspeed bandVnoMaximum normaloperating speedYellow ArcCautionary speedband. In still aironlyVneVelocity neverexceeded

68Pressure Altimeter ConstructionStatic pressure is measured at the Static port.As the aircraft climbs the Static pressure decreases and the capsule expands.This expansion shows an increase in altitude.As the aircraft descends the Static pressure increases and the capsule will contract.This contraction shows a decrease in altitude.The Baro correction is used to compensate for any deviation in ISA conditions.

Static VentCapsuleStatic PortSealed CaseAltimeter ScaleLinkagesBaro CorrectionPointer69

Detect the Magnetic Field and convert to electrical current.Electrical current interpreted by instrumentation, and represents a magnetic heading. In order to overcome the problems associated with the placing of the compass on the aircraft, the magnets could be placed outside of the cockpit, in an area where they where least affected. The problem now however would be how the pilot would see the instrument. One solution would be to convert the magnetic field (flux), into electric energy which could be interpreted by cockpit instrumentation as heading references. This is the role of the fluxvalve.

Fluxvalve TheoryIf instead of using a magnet, a highly permeable soft metal bar is fixed to an aircraft from fore to aft, and the aircraft is placed within the earths magnetic field, the bar will itself will acquire flux (become magnetized). The degree to which this flux will develop depends upon two factors:The latitude of the aircraftThe position of the bar in relation to the meridians of the magnetic field

"Whenever there is a change of flux linked with a circuit, an Electromagnetic Field is induced in the circuit."70

ABBHorizon BarDATTITUDE : Climb and Left Bank Attitude IndicatorThe aircraft's attitude relative to the natural horizon is shown by the aircraft symbol (A) and flight command bars (B). The horizon bar is carried on a flexible tape with the upper and lower sections coloured to represent the sky and ground. It also has to indicate the pitch angles.The roll angle is displayed by a pointer (D) that rotates with the flexible tape and is referenced against a fixed scale. (Freedom of movement for the flexible tape is: Pitch 90 and Roll 360)Pitch and Bank CommandsWhen armed the Pitch and Bank Commands provide the pilot with Fly to commands. Glide SlopeCommand BarsAoADecision HeightTurn and Slip IndicatorFlight Director Indicator71Mach Meter CalculationsSea LevelTotal Drop 50.5celcius Flight Level = 50.5C / 2 x 1000 15c0c15 degree temperature DropFlight Level = -35.5C35.5 degree temperature Drop-35.5cFL 252 or 25200 Feet

Calculate the altitude in ISA where a TAS of 465 Knots equals a Mach Number of 0.80.72A series of predetermined maneuvers by reference to flight instruments, with specified protection from obstacles, from the initial approach fix (or where applicable, from the beginning of a defined arrival route) to a point from which a landing can be completed and thereafter, if a landing cannot be completed, to a position at which holding or en-route obstacle clearance limits apply.

Procedures

The Heading SectionThe approach Plan View SectionThe approach Profile View SectionThe Landing Minima Section

The Plate

Holding SideAbeam PositionInbound TurnOutbound LegInbound LegHolding FixFix EndHolding CourseOutbound TurnNon-Holding SideStandard Holding Pattern Terminology 4 min below 14 0005min above 14 000

30301 3 minutes451 minute (CAT A & B aircraft)1 minute 15 seconds (CAT C, D & E aircraft)Inbound Track180A timed outbound track from the facility, followed by,A 45 turn away from the outbound track (for a given time), followed by,A turn through 180 in the opposite direction to intercept the inbound track.

The Procedure Turn Approach (45/180)

Turn to the leftAircraft turns onto outbound headingSector 1 Parallel EntryThe sector 1 (parallel) entry, is carried out as follows:

On arrival overhead the beacon, the aircraft is turned onto the outbound heading (to fly parallel to the inbound track), for the necessary period of time.The aircraft is turned to the left, into the holding side of the pattern, to intercept the inbound track or fly directly to the beacon (as shown).On arrival overhead the beacon a second time, the aircraft is turned to the right to follow the holding pattern.

CARs Civil Aviation Regulations Part 1:DefinitionsPart 11:CARCOM, exemptions, changes to regulatorsPart 12:Accidents and IncidentsPart 61:Pilot LicensingPart 64:Cabin CrewPart 67:Medical certificationPart 91:General Operating and Flight RulesPart 121:Air Transport - Large Aeroplanes (> 5 700kg)Part 127:Air Transport HelicoptersPart 135:Air Transport Small Aeroplanes (