craft and design your need to know. change the shape of the chair. circles, triangles, curves....
TRANSCRIPT
Craft and Design
Your need to know
Change the shape of the chair. Circles, triangles, curves.
Change the colour of the chair. Bright, dull, contrasting.
Change the texture of the chair. Rough, smooth, furry.
Change the material of the chair. Wood, metal, plastic, concrete.
Design Aesthetics. What things look like.
If a designer wants to change the Aesthetics of this chair, they could try some the following things
Aesthetics. What things look like.
If a designer wants to change the Aesthetics of this chair, they could try some the following things
Investigation/research
Evaluation
Analysis of brief
Design brief
Specification
Idea generation
Planning for manufacture
Manufacture
Design process
Design process
Anthropometrics.Measuring and recording the sizes of people.
Anthropometrics.Measuring and recording the sizes of people.
Anthropometric data table.You can use this instead of doing all the measuring yourself.
Ergonomics.How things are designed to suit the sizes of the human body
Ergonomics.How things are designed to suit the sizes of the human body
If you measure the height of the whole population you will get a few small people, a few big people, and a lot in between. We cant design for everyone, so we forget about the smallest 5% and tallest 5% of the people.So we design for people between the 5th and 95th percentile.If you want to design something for small people use the 5th percentile sizes. If you want to design something for tall people use the 95th percentile. If you want to design for the average size use the 50th percentile.
Smallest people
Tallestpeople
Ergonome.When a designer is working on a product they might use an ergonome. This is a model of a person of average size (50th percentile)
An ergonome being used to design a desk.
Butt joint
Wood Wood joints
Wood joints
Rebate joint
Dowel joint
Housing joint
Stopped housing joint
Dovetail joint
Mortice and tenon
Cross halving
Knock down fitting.Used so that customer can build their furniture at home. Means furniture can be transported flat instead of built up
Types of wood.There are two families of wood;SoftwoodThese come from trees which have needles. They do not have leaves to fall.Softwoods include; Red pine, Cedar, Douglas fir
HardwoodThese come from trees which loose their leaves in the autumn. Hardwoods include Oak, Beech & Mahogany
Manmade boardsThese are made from wood, but usually cheap or unsightly pieces that cant be used on their own.
Plywood Blockboard Chipboard MDF
Types of wood.There are two families of wood;SoftwoodThese come from trees which have needles. They do not have leaves to fall.Softwoods include; Red pine, Cedar, Douglas fir
HardwoodThese come from trees which loose their leaves in the autumn. Hardwoods include Oak, Beech & Mahogany
Manmade boardsThese are made from wood, but usually cheap or unsightly pieces that cant be used on their own.
Plywood Blockboard Chipboard MDF
Wood glueThe main glue used with wood is PVA. A joint glued with PVA need to be tightly clamped and left for 9-12 hours to get to full strength.
Wood glueThe main glue used with wood is PVA. A joint glued with PVA need to be tightly clamped and left for 9-12 hours to get to full strength.
G-Clamp
Sash cramp
Mortice machine: Used to cut the mortice (hole) in a mortice and tenon joint. If you cut it by hand, then you would use a mortice chisel.
Hand routerUsed to make a flat bottom in a housing joint.
Wood
Smoothing Plane:Used for taking small cuts from wood to shape it.
Jack Plane:Used for smoothing long edges of wood.
Mortice chisel:Used to hand cut a mortice hole.
Bevel edged chisel:Multi-purpose workshop chisel. Bradawl:
Used to make pilot hole in wood to allow screw to start.
WoodscrewsHow to prepare for putting in a wood screw
WoodscrewsHow to prepare for putting in a wood screw
Clearance hole
Countersink
Pilot hole
With screw in placeHoles to be drilled
Finishing wood:Wood must have a finish put onto it to keep it looking good, and to protect it from rain.
Finishing wood:Wood must have a finish put onto it to keep it looking good, and to protect it from rain.
Varnish:This is usually clear, so it protects the wood from rain, but you can still see the wood underneath.
Paint:This covers up the wood.It protects the wood, but you would use it on cheaper woods or man made boards.
Cutting woodCutting wood
Tenon saw
Coping saw Jig saw
Wood Shaping Wood 1
Shaping Wood 1
Wood turning. Making cylinder shaped objects in wood.
Wood turning. Making cylinder shaped objects in wood.
Headstock Tailstock
Tool rest
Driving centre. Has teeth which bite into wood. This makes the wood spin round
Live centre. Spins on ball bearings, and supports the other end of the wood. Dead centre could have been used but this does not spin, so burns the wood.
Draw diagonals on each end. Saw down 3mm on each diagonal with tenon saw.
Draw circle on each end using dividers.
Use smoothing plane to take off the corners to make an octogan.
Increase the speed of the lathe for the last cut to improve surface finish.
Getting readyGetting ready
Try square
Marking gauge
Cross pein (Warrington) hammer
Mortice gauge
Claw hammer
1. 2. 3.
Gouge
Parting tool
Outside callipers:Used to measure the diameter of the wood you are turning.
Woodworking hand tools.
Woodworking hand tools.
Spur
Stem
Stock
Nail punch
Steel rule
Metal Ferrous metals contain iron Non ferrous don’t.e.g. Cast Iron, Mild steel. e.g. Aluminium, Brass, Copper, Tin.
Ferrous metals contain iron Non ferrous don’t.e.g. Cast Iron, Mild steel. e.g. Aluminium, Brass, Copper, Tin.
Shaping Metal 1
Shaping Metal 1
FilesFiles
Forge work.Where metal is heated and beaten into shape using a large ball pein hammer against the anvil.
Forge work.Where metal is heated and beaten into shape using a large ball pein hammer against the anvil.
File card. Used to clean teeth of file.
Anvil
Brazing hearth
Tongs. Used to hold hot metal
DrillingDrilling
Pillar Drill
Twist drill bit
Countersink bit
Hand Drill
Machine vice
Hand vice. For holding thin sheet metal while drilling
Sheet metal work
Sheet metal workTins snips.
For cutting out shapes in thin metal
Folding bars. For holding sheet metal while it is being bent.
Hide Mallet. For hammering sheet metal to shape.
Sawing metal
Sawing metal
HacksawJunior Hacksaw
GuardChuckChuck key to tighten drill bitTableSafetyTie hair backWear gogglesNo loose clothing
Heat treatment. We can change the strength of metal by heating it up and cooling it down in different ways.
Annealing. Steel is heated up to a dull red colour and left to cool.This makes the steel easier to bend or hammer into shapeHardening. Steel is heated up to deep red and cooled immediatelyThis makes the steel hard but brittle.Tempering. Steel is heated up gently and left to cool.This makes the steel not quite as hard, but much less brittle.
Heat treatment. We can change the strength of metal by heating it up and cooling it down in different ways.
Annealing. Steel is heated up to a dull red colour and left to cool.This makes the steel easier to bend or hammer into shapeHardening. Steel is heated up to deep red and cooled immediatelyThis makes the steel hard but brittle.Tempering. Steel is heated up gently and left to cool.This makes the steel not quite as hard, but much less brittle.
Metal Shaping Metal 2
Shaping Metal 2
Metal latheMetal lathe
Tailstock
Chuck
Bed
Guard
SaddleTool post
Headstock
Cross slide
Compound slide.Can be set to any angle. Used to cut tapers.
Facing off
Facing off
Cutting tool is passed across the end face of the work piece to produce a mirrored flat surface.
Parallel turningParallel turning
Cutting tool is passed along the length of the work piece to reduce the diameter.
Parting offParting off
Thin parting tool is passed through the work piece to cut it off from the bar.
KnurlingKnurling
Lathe is set to slow speed. Knurling tool leaves criss cross print on metal to give it better grip.
Taper turning
Taper turning
Cutting a cone shape. COMPOUND SLIDE ONLY must be used.
DrillingDrilling
Use Jacobs chuck in tailstock.Start with centre drill to make pilot hole, then use twist drills to work up to finished size.
Centre drill
If cutting tool is too low you will be left with a small piece in the middle when you have made a cut. This is called a pip. If this happens adjust the height of the cutting tool up and continue.
Safety.•Wear goggles•Tie hair and clothing back•Make sure chuck key is removed•Make sure guard is in place
Safety.•Wear goggles•Tie hair and clothing back•Make sure chuck key is removed•Make sure guard is in place
MeasuringMeasuring
Micrometer:Used to very accurately measure sizes when using the metalwork lathe.
Metal
Joining Metal
Joining Metal
WeldingPermanent joint
WeldingPermanent joint
Electricity is passed between 2 pieces to be joined. This generates a lot of heat, melting the edges to be joined making a strong permanent joint. Riveting
Permanent joint
RivetingPermanent joint
Nut and boltCan be taken apart
Nut and boltCan be taken apart
Pop Rivet.Quick and easy rivet to form. They can be formed from only one side of the job.
1 2 3
Rivet set
Riveted Joint.Snap head both sides
Tap wrench
Cutting a screw thread. An inside thread (nut) is cut with taps. An outside thread (bolt) is cut with a die.
Use taps in this order1. Taper tap2. Intermediate tap3. Plug tap
Die Die stock
Using the die.For first cut tighten middle screw and loosen outside ones. Second cut. Loosen middle one and tighten both outside ones.
Types of rivet head
GluingPermanent joint
GluingPermanent joint
An epoxy resin glue can be used to glue metal together,
Metal Shaping Metal 3
Shaping Metal 3
Casting.A hole is formed in sand using a mould. The mould is removed, and The hole left behind is filled with molten aluminium (650 – 700 °C).
Used to make irregular shapes in metal.
Casting.A hole is formed in sand using a mould. The mould is removed, and The hole left behind is filled with molten aluminium (650 – 700 °C).
Used to make irregular shapes in metal.
RunnerRiser
Crucible
Marking out Metal
Marking out Metal
Measuring
MeasuringOutside callipers Inside callipers Micrometer
Marking out
Marking out
Engineers squareBall pein hammer
Odd leg callipers
Dividers
Steel rule
Centre punch Scriber
Plastics THERMO PLASTICS can be heated up and reshaped many times. They have plastic memory; this means they remember they were made in big flat sheets, and will try to go back to this flat shape when heated.Acrylic is a Thermo plastic.
THERMOSETTING PLASTICS cannot be heated up and reshaped. They will stay in the shape they were made in permanently. Melamine is a Thermosetting Plastic
THERMO PLASTICS can be heated up and reshaped many times. They have plastic memory; this means they remember they were made in big flat sheets, and will try to go back to this flat shape when heated.Acrylic is a Thermo plastic.
THERMOSETTING PLASTICS cannot be heated up and reshaped. They will stay in the shape they were made in permanently. Melamine is a Thermosetting Plastic
Vacuum formingThis is a process where you heat thin Thermoplastics up and place it over a mould. You then suck out the air (a vacuum) and the plastic takes up the exact shape of the mould. Click on the picture of the Vacuum forming machine below to see a Youtube video of it. You will not be able to watch this in school!
Vacuum formingThis is a process where you heat thin Thermoplastics up and place it over a mould. You then suck out the air (a vacuum) and the plastic takes up the exact shape of the mould. Click on the picture of the Vacuum forming machine below to see a Youtube video of it. You will not be able to watch this in school!
Oven. Used to heat up the whole of a piece of plastic
Oven. Used to heat up the whole of a piece of plastic
Strip heater. Used to heat a thin area of the plastic to make precise line bends.
Strip heater. Used to heat a thin area of the plastic to make precise line bends.
Cutting
Cutting
Coping saw
Edge finishing.1. Cross file2. Draw file3. Draw file with wet and
dry.4. Polish with metal polish
Edge finishing.1. Cross file2. Draw file3. Draw file with wet and
dry.4. Polish with metal polish
Dip coating. Puts a plastic coating onto metal. It makes metal tools more comfortable to use, and stops steel from rusting.
Dip coating. Puts a plastic coating onto metal. It makes metal tools more comfortable to use, and stops steel from rusting.
Fluidising tank (Dip coating machine.)
Vacuum forming mould.Must have sloping sides to allow the mould to be removed from the plastic this is called draw. It must also have rounded corners to stop the plastic splitting as it stretches over the mould.
Marking outMarking out
Pen or pencil