created by jim deschenes1 8th grade: do you remember!

Created by Jim Deschenes 1

8th Grade: Do You Remember!


Columbia ExchangeThe movement of live things

between hemispheres.

Page 74


Triangular Trade

The transatlantic system in which goods, including slaves were exchanged between Africa, England (Europe) and the colonies in North America.

Middle passage is the part of the triangle that brought slaves to the Americas.

Page 111


Great Awakening

A religious movement that swept through the colonies in the 1740’s.

Jonathan Edwards preached against the sins of man.

It encouraged democratic Ideals and thoughts of independence.

Page 139


Physical Features of the 13 Colonies

New England colonies short growing season, many rivers becomes the strongest economically.

Middle colonies good area for raising cattle.

Southern colonies are the warmest and was best suited for large farms.

Page 100-102


Declaration of Independence

Written by Thomas Jefferson.

July 4th, 1776 It declared the new

nation was free and independent of England.

Gives the power to rule, to the people.

“all men are created equal”

“unalienable rights”

Page 180


Magna Carta

Written in 1215 Provided the

basis for establishing self-government.

King John Limited the

power of the King.

Page 141


Mayflower Compact

Was the first known type of government in America.

November 11th 1620

Expresses the ideals of self-government.

Document signed on the Mayflower ship.

Page 93


English Bill of Rights

An agreement signed by William and Mary to respect the rights of English citizens and of Parliament, including the right to free elections.

The year was 1689.

Page 144


Parliament 8.1.4

Located in England Two house’s

1. House of Commons2. House of Lords

United States copied this system for our Legislative branch.

Page 142


French and Indian War

A conflict in North America from 1754-1763.

It was a world-wide struggle between England and France.

George Washington fought in this war on the side of the British.

Page 147


Salutary Neglect

After the French and Indian War England realized it need money to help pay for the cost of that war.

After years of ignoring (salutary neglect) the colonies, the British government started to impose taxes on its American colonies

King George III Page 144


Events Leading to Revolution

The Quartering Act Sugar Act Stamp Act Townshend Acts Boston Massacre Boston Tea Party Intolerable Acts Lexington and

Concord.

Page 159-173


Revolutionary War 1775-1783

The war last 8 years.

French helps America in the war effort.

George Washington leads his troops to victory over Lord Cornwallis of England.

Page 174-215


French Revolution

The French were inspired by America’s Revolution and their experiment with democracy.

1789-1799 Though France

helped us in our revolution America did not help France in theirs.

Sometimes it is not good to be the King!

Page 301-302


New State Governments

All 13 newly formed states including the 14th state of Vermont had state constitutions by 1777.

Some shared characteristics are:

No tax dollars for churches

Branches of government

Weak executive branch

All had a republic form of government

Some had a Bill of Rights.


Articles of Confederation

First government of the United States. 1777-1787

No Chief Executive No power to tax No national currency Shay’s Rebellion

showed that the Articles of Confederation had a weak central (federal) government.

Page 222


Northwest Territory

Territory covered by the Land Ordinance of 1785

States included: Ohio Indiana Michigan Illinois Wisconsin

Michigan

Ohio Indiana

Illinois

Wisconsin

Page 223


Northwest Ordinance 1787

It described how the Northwest Territory would be governed.

There would be no slavery in this territory.

It was one of the successes under the Articles of Confederation.

Page 223


Preamble to the Constitution 8.2.2

The Founding Fathers'

intentions regarding the

Constitution's meaning

and what they hoped

the Constitution would

achieve.

Is a brief introductory

statement of the

Constitution's

fundamental purposes

and guiding

principles.

Page 248


Constitutional Convention

Summer of 1787 Held in Philadelphia Washington presided

over the convention. Got rid of Articles of

Confederation and created a new document. (U.S. Constitution)

Page 228


Seven Principles of the Constitution

Republicanism Popular

Sovereignty Separation of

Powers Federalism Limited

Government Checks and

Balances Individual Rights

Page 244


The Great Compromise

A bicameral legislature, two houses. (borrowed from England’s Parliament)

Equal representation for the states in one house (Senate) and representation based on population in another. (House of Representatives)

1


Three-Fifths Compromise

Each slave counted as 3/5th

of a person.

For the purpose of levying taxes and the number

of representatives.

Page 232


Checks and Balances

Delegates were concerned that one branch of government would have more power than the other 2.

The ability for each branch to check or control over the other branches.

Page 246


Federalism

A system in which the state and federal (national) government share power.

Page 234-239


Federalists v. Anti-Federalists

Federalist favored ratification of the constitution.

Anti-federalists opposed ratification of the constitution.

Page 305-316


Federalists Papers

Written by John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton.

Written 1787-1788 They’re a series

of essay's that attempt to convince people to ratify the constitution.

Jay--Madison--HamiltonPage 235


Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the constitution.

A few states would not ratify the new constitution without a Bill of Rights.

Page 236,247


1st Amendment to the Constitution

Freedom of Religion

Freedom of Speech

Freedom of the Press

Freedom to peacefully assemble

Freedom to petition the government.

Page 266


2nd Amendment

The right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.

This is the right for Americans to own guns with a permit.

Page 267


4th Amendment

Protects the right to

privacy and forbids

unlawful searches and

seizures.

Page 267


5th Amendment

No person shall be

deprived of life, liberty or

property without due process of

law.

Page 267


Separation of Church and State

It supported the Establishment Clause and Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment, and freedom of conscience.

The government shall not interfere with the church and the church will have no influence on the government.

Keep Separate

Jefferson’s Statute for Religious Freedom


Creation Two Party Political System

The disagreements between Jefferson and Hamilton in Washington’s administration led to the 2 party system.

Hamilton favored a strong federal government.

Jefferson favored more power to the states.

Jefferson & Hamilton Page 295


Whiskey Rebellion

Was a revolt of Pennsylvania corn

farmers who wanted to overturn a high

tax placed on whiskey.

1791

(The first and only time a sitting

President lead troops in the field). Washington on his horse

“Nelson” Page 300


A Bill

A bill is a proposed law under consideration by a legislature.

A bill does not become law until it is passed by the congress (2/3) and signed by the President.

Page 252-253


Political Process

Citizens can participate in the political process by 1. Voting 2. Help getting people elected.3. Join political parties.


Alien and Sedition Acts

It gave power to the President to deport any alien he thought was dangerous.

Prohibited printing anything malicious against the government.

It posed a threat to 1st amendment guarantees.

1791Page 306


Marbury v. Madison Marbury v. Madison is

a landmark case in United States law.

It formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review.

It was also the first time in the world that a court invalidated a law by declaring it "unconstitutional."

Page 317


Free Press

Free press prohibits the government from suppressing embarrassing information.

The Free Press encourages open debate and discussion on public issues.

Page 266


George Washington’s Farewell Address 8.4.2

Washington warned the United States1. Avoid foreign

entanglements2. Political parties

that split the nation

3. A military that was too powerful.

September 19th 1796Page 303


Election of 1800

There was a tie between Jefferson and Aaron Burr.

The House of Representatives vote to break the tie.

After 35 votes, Hamilton who did not like Jefferson or Burr decided Jefferson would be best and threw his support for him and on the 36th vote Jefferson became President. “we are all federalists we are all

republicans”Page 313


Louisiana Purchase

Bought from France for 15 million dollars.

Gave America control of the port of New Orleans.

1803 Doubled the size

of the United States.

3 cents acre! Page 319


Lewis and Clark

The main purpose of the expedition was to explore the lands of the Louisiana Purchase.

Sacagawea was their Native American guide.

1804-1806Page 320


Chief Tecumseh

In 1809 he tried to unite Native Americans to stop expansion into their lands from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico.

Page 328


President James Monroe

His presidency was known as the “Era of good feelings.”

Economy was growing

Manufacturing was growing

Industrial Revolution was developing.

1817-1825

Page 356


Monroe Doctrine

The United States would not allow any European colonization in the Western hemisphere.

September 2, 1823

Page 360


Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

Poet Wrote Hiawatha,

Paul Reveres’ Ride and the Courtship of Miles Standish.

Page 430


James Fenimore Cooper

Writer Wrote The Last

of the Mohicans. Wrote about life

on the American frontier.

Page 429


Washington Irving Writer Wrote Rip Van

Winkle and the Legend of Sleepy Hollow.

Hudson River School is a style of painting. Artists painted lush natural landscapes.

Page 430


War Hawks 8.5.1

John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay were in favor of going to war with Britain.

They wanted British aid to Native Americans stopped and they wanted the British out of Canada.

John C. Calhoun

Henry Clay Page 329


Causes of the War of 1812

Impressments of U.S. citizens.

Interference with American shipping.

British support of Native resistance.

Andrew “Old Hickory” Jackson was the Hero of the Battle of New

Orleans. Page 329


Effects of the War of 1812

Increased American Patriotism.

Weakened Native American resistance.

U.S. manufacturing grew.

Page 333


Star Spangled Banner

Written by Francis Scott Key.

While Fort McHenry was under fire, Key while being held aboard a British ship was inspired to write our national anthem.

1812 Flag

Oh say can you see, by the dawns early

light…

Page 332


Andrew Jackson

His presidency saw the rise of the “common man” in the political process.

Introduced the “spoils system.”

Did not like Second National Bank.

His policy of Native Americans centered around removal from their homelands.

1829-1837Page 369-387


Trail of Tears

In 1831, Cherokee appeal to the Supreme Court.

Court rules in favor of the Cherokee.

Jackson refuses to obey the law.

He forces thousands of Native Americans off their land.To the Oklahoma Territory.

Page 377


Manifest Destiny

The belief that the United States was meant to spread across the continent.

From “sea to shinning sea”

“Our manifest destiny is to overspread the continent.” - John L. O’Sullivan.

1848

Page 407


Industrial Revolution

Starts in late 18th century in England.

It is when factory machines replaced hand-tools.

When people began to leave their farms and work in factories.

Page 341


Texas Revolution 8.8.6

Stephen Austin leads 300 families to the Texas area.

After 10 years Texans want independence from Mexico.

After the battles of the Alamo and San Jacinto, Santa Ana is forced to surrender.

1835-1836

Page 400-405


Causes: War with Mexico

Annexation of Texas to the United States.

Disagreement of the border.

Manifest Destiny War 1846 to 1848

Page 406-411


Results of the War with Mexico

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends the war.

Mexico ceded land to the United States for 15 million.

U.S. pays claims citizens had against Mexico.

U.S. Promises to protect 80,000 Mexicans living in Texas.

Page 406-411


Northeasterners Between 1790 and

1840 the U.S. doubled its size.

Population went from 4 million to 17 million.

In 1790 90% worked on farms.

In 1840 60% worked on farms.

Urbanization of the Northeast can be contributed to run by water power.

The first mills were built in the early 1800’s.

Northeast

Midwest

Northwest

West

SouthSouthwest


Henry Clay’s American System

Establish a protective tariff.

Establish a national bank.

Improve the country’s transportation systems.

Page 354-356


Erie Canal

Created a water route from New York City and Buffalo, New York.

The canal opened up the Ohio valley and Great Lakes region.

Made transportation of goods much easier.

Completed in 1825

Page 338


Transportation Revolution The transportation revolution of the 1800’s

included canals, steamboats, and railroads.

It provided great economic boost to the entire country.

Page 591


Ireland Potato Famine

Occurred in the 1840’s.

Over one million people died.

Another one million Irish immigrated to the United States.

Page 426


Free Blacks in the North

Frederick Douglas was a slave who escaped to the North.

He published the abolitionists newspaper the North Star.

In 1810 75% of blacks were free in the North, compared to 4% in the South.

Though there were free blacks in the North they still suffered from discrimination. Frederick Douglass

Page 350-351


Horace Mann

Called for free public schools to promote a educated population.

Thought it would prevent social ills like crime and poverty.

1835 Page 435


Women’s Suffrage

Noted suffragists:1. Lucretia Mott2. Elizabeth Cady Staton3. Susan B. Anthony.

They all worked for suffrage, the passage for the right for women to vote.

1 2

3

Page 443-444


Transcendentalism

Was a philosophy and literary movement that emphasized the unity of human beings with nature and the importance of self-reliance and individual conscience.

Henry David Thoreau Page 430


Cotton Gin

Invented by Eli Whitney in 1794.

Could clean cotton 50 times faster.

The cotton gin also extended slavery. Once invented more farmers turned to cotton to make money and more slaves were needed.

Page 348


Plantations of the South

The majority of wealth and land in the south was concentrated in the hands of very few plantation owners.

Approximately 30% of Southerners owned slaves.

The other 70% of people believed they should still have slavery because their economy would collapse without it.

Page 473


Slavery

Started in 1610 ended in 1865, that’s 255 years of slavery in North America.

Most slaves we re held in Southern states.

Slavery was a billion dollar business.

There were around 4 million slaves set free in 1865.

Page 77-79


Nat Turner

In Virginia in 1831 Turner and 70 followers killed 55 white men women and children.

Turner was captured and hanged.

State legislatures passed strict laws limiting the movement of slaves.

Page 353


Abolitionists

Were people who argued that slavery was wrong and made attempts to end it.

It went against the American political principle, “all men are created equal.” John Brown went to the gallows

fighting to end slavery.

Page 465


Harriet Tubman

Was called the Moses of the South.

Was a “conductor” on the Underground Railroad.

Made 19 trips to the south freeing more than 300 slaves.

Page 442


Missouri Compromise

A series of laws enacted to maintain the balance of free and slaves states.

Missouri comes in as slave state, Maine comes in as a free state.

No slavery above the 36º parallel.

Page 359-359


William Lloyd Garrison

Abolitionist Editor of the

newspaper, The Liberator

Founded the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Page 440


Underground Railroad

It was neither underground nor was it a railroad.

It was a series a secret routes that led escaped slaves to the North.

They often followed the North Star.

1850-1860

Page 442


Gold Discovered in California

Gold discovered in 1848 near Sacramento.

One year later 49’s arrived to make their fortune.

Of the 300,000 who came to the area only a few made money.

Those who sold materials, shovels, picks, pans made the most money.

Page 412


Pioneer Women Pioneer women were

given more freedom than their eastern counterparts.

Some slave women gained freedom in the west

.

In 1869 women were allowed to vote in Wisconsin. Laura Ingalls Wilder wrote of pioneer life with her “Little House on the Prairie” series

Page 571


California Becomes a State in 1850

California’s petition for admission to the Union led to the Compromise of 1850.

California admitted as a free state.

Page 416


Compromise of 1850

A series of laws intended to settle the differences between free states and slave states.

The North gets Calif. as a free state and slavery is abolished in Washington D.C.

South gets promise congress would allow slavery in territories won in the Mexican war. Also they get the Fugitive Slave Act. Page 461


Henry Clay

Known as the “Great Compromiser.”

Was involved with both the 1820 and 1850 compromises.

Instrumental in the Nullification Crisis.

American System

Page 369, 358, 460


Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

Allowed slaveholders to recapture runaway slaves in the North.

This law backfires on the South.

This law brought it to the spotlight, now more Northerners become abolitionists.

Page 462


The Kansas-Nebraska Act 8.9.5

A law that established the territories of Kansas and Nebraska and allowed their citizens to decided if they wanted slavery, also known as popular sovereignty.

1854

Page 463


Dred Scott v. Sanford

The Supreme Court ruled that slaves were property and could be taken anywhere.

Dred Scott remained a slave until is owner died a few years later.

This court decision also stated that Congress could not ban slavery in the new territories.

1857Page 467


Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Were a series of seven debates between Abraham Lincoln, and Stephen Douglas for the Senate in Illinois. (1858)

The main issue for all of the debates was slavery.

Lincoln lost the Senate seat to Douglas.

Douglas

Page 467-469


John C. Calhoun and States Rights

A theory that says that states had the right to judge whether a federal law was unconstitutional.

John C. Calhoun argued on many occasions that’s states had the right to refuse to obey a federal law.

Page 262


Lincoln’s House Divided Speech

His speech was delivered June 16th 1858 as he was running for the Senate.

“A house divided against itself cannot stand." I believe this government cannot endure, permanently, half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved — I do not expect the house to fall — but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing or all the other.”


Doctrine of Nullification

The right of the state to reject a federal it considered unconstitutional.

Calhoun argued that congress had no right to impose a tariff to one section of the country. John C. Calhoun

Page 381


Daniel Webster

Northern Senator Fought against the

Doctrine of Nullification.

Felt it was the people not the states that made the Union.

Wanted to keep states from seceding from the Union.

Daniel Webster

Page Page 459-461


Antebellum

This term refers to the time before the Civil War.

The North’s economy is based on manufacturing, businesses and factories.

The South’s economy was based on slavery.


Lincoln elected President 1860

Lincoln wins the election carrying all the Northern states, plus Oregon and California. (180 votes electoral college)

Breckenridge carries the southern states. (72 votes electoral college)

Southern states promise to secede from the Union if Lincoln is elected.

Lincoln left of star

Page 517


Secession

7 states seceded from the Union before Lincoln took office March 4, 1861. South Carolina, Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas.

April 12th 1861 4 more states seceded, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina.

The Confederate States of America is formed.

Page 473-475


Jefferson Davis Davis is elected

President of the Confederate States of America.

He was Secretary of War under Democratic President Franklin Pierce. (1853-57)

Resigned from the senate in 1861 to focus on Southern rebellion.

Page 484


Robert E. Lee

Lincoln asked Lee to lead the Union army but Lee who is from Virginia could not go against his home state.

Lee accepts to lead the Southern Army.

Page 496-497


Ulysses S. Grant

After going through 7 generals Lincoln picks Grant because “he fights.”

Grant defeats Lee’s army in April of 1865.

Grant is later elected the 18th President of the United States.

Page 493-497


North’s advantages during the Civil War

Larger population More industrial

resources More money More railroads in

miles. The United States

was more recognized by foreign governments.

Page 483


South’s advantages: Civil War

Main advantage most of the battles were in the Southern states.

They just had to fight long enough to convince the North that it could not conquer the South.

1861-1865Page 484


Fort Sumter

Lincoln wanted the South to fire the first shot of the war. So he tried to send supplies to the fort but they were turned back.

General Beauregard of the South asked the Fort to surrendered but the Union soldiers refused.

So on April 12th 1861 Confederate batteries opened fire on Fort Sumter.

Page 481


Emancipation Proclamation

Lincoln issues the Proclamation January 1st 1863.

It only free slaves in rebellion states and not in border states.

It is not until 1865 and the passage of the 13th amendment that all slaves are set free.

Page 504


Gettysburg Address

Lincoln’s speech was 267 words long.

Lincoln thought his speech bombed.

It was reprinted in many newspapers and has gone done in history as one of the best speeches ever given.

After Gettysburg the momentum of the war turned in favor of the North. Lincoln is right here.

November 19th 1863 Page 513


54th Massachusetts Regiment 8.10.7

Approximately 200,000 free African Americans fought for the North.

The 54th gained glory in an attempt to take Fort Wagner in Charlestown South Carolina.

Page 506


Civil War Battles

Shiloh 23,000 deaths. Antietam 26,000 Second Manassas

25,000 Chancellorsville

28,000. A total of 640,000

deaths from both sides.


Civil War Technology

Cannons and bullets were improved.

More accurate rifles.

Ironclad warships that could withstand a cannon shot.

Page 492


Sherman’s March

William Tecumsheh Sherman cut a path of destruction through the state of Georgia.

He waged “total war.” He destroyed

everything that could help support or sustain the South’s war effort.

Page 516


Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address

The war would end a month later and instead of punishing the South, Lincoln looked to forgive.

“With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.”

Speech given March 4th 1865

Page 525


The North Wins the Civil War

Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Court House.

The South was physically, economically and spiritually devastated.

Hatred between the North and South lasts for decades.

Southern aristocracy was stripped of its power and wealth.

Grant LeePage 519


Reconstruction

Lasted from 1865 to 1877.

Rebuild the South Give African

Americans their freedoms.

There was a process that the United States used to re-admit Southern states back into the Union.

Charlestown, South Carolina. It took the South 40 years to recover.

Page 535


To be re-admitted to the Union Southern men must take a loyalty oath. Southern state governments constitutions

must ban slavery. States must provided free education to

blacks.

Back into the Union


Radical Republicans

A group of congressmen who favored using the government to create a new order in the South.

Give African Americans full citizenship.

And, the right to vote. Thaddeus Stevens

Page 534-536


Freedman’s Bureau

A federal agency set up to help former slaves after the Civil War.

It set up schools Hospitals Distributed food,

clothes and fuel

Page 540


After the Civil War

Most ex-slaves became sharecroppers.

Many moved North Black Codes: laws

passed that limited freedom of former slaves.

Those who stayed in the South suffered extreme racism.

Page 543


Civil War Amendments

The 13th amendment to the U.S. constitution abolished slavery.

The 14th stated all citizens born within the U.S. are protected by the constitution.

The 15th gave African American males the right to vote.

Page 535, 546


Black Codes

Poll tax Literacy test Grandfather

clause

All meant to deprive blacks the right to vote.

Page 560


Jim Crow Laws

Laws meant to enforce the separation of white and black people in public places in the South.

Page 621


Ku Klux Klan

A group that formed in 1866 that wanted to restore democratic control of the South and to keep former slaves powerless.

Many African Americans were killed by the KKK.

Page 545


Native American Lands

Major Events of the Indian Wars. – 1. Sand Creek

Massacre – 2. Fetterman

Massacre– 3. Battle of Little

Bighorn – Wounded Knee

Massacre.By 1890 the way of life

for Native Americans comes to an end.

1850-1890Page 563


Railroads 8.12.5

The search for gold, silver and copper and the building of railroads led to the demise of the buffalo and the way of life for Plains Indians.

Promontory Point Utah is where the railroad being built west and the one being built east meet.

Page 591


Dawes Act

This Act passed in 1887 was intended to encourage Native Americans to give up their traditional ways and become farmers.

It was an attempt to “Americanize” their culture.

Page 567


Populist Party 1891-1896

This party wanted a policy that would raise crop prices.

The terms "populist" and "populism" are commonly used for anti-elitist appeals in opposition to established interests and mainstream parties.

William Jennings Bryan ran for President in 1896 with the

support of the populist Party. Page 577


The Grange

The groups main purpose was to meet the needs of farm families.

They formed cooperatives. That is a business organization owned and operated by a group of individuals for their mutual benefit. 1870’s

Page 577


Industrialization

The Bessemer steel process used less coal in order to produce steel. More products were now being made of steel rather than iron.

These listed below continued to fuel the Industrial Revolution.

Plentiful Resources Growing Population Improved transportation High Immigration New Inventions Investment capital Government assistance

Page 598


Inventors

From 1860 to 1909 inventions went from 75 a year to 350 a year.

Alexander Graham Bell invented the

telephone in 1875.

Alexander Graham Bell invented the

telephone in 1875.

Thomas Edison invented the light bulb

and phonograph in 1879.


Robber Barons

A robber baron is a person who becomes wealthy through dishonest means.

Andrew Carnegie made his money in the steel industry.

John D. Rockefeller made his money in the oil business.Page 594


Immigrants

Between 1865 and 1900 immigrants from western and northern Europe contributed the growth of America’s major cities.

Page 614


The Gilded Age

The name refers to the process of gilding an object with a superficial layer of gold.

Two photo’s of the Gilded Age which is accurate?

Andrew Carnegie’s Home Tenement building New York City

Page 596


Workers Organize

Early Unions: – 1. Knights of Labor– 2. American

Federation of Labor (AFL).

These unions fight for safer working conditions, higher wages and child labor laws.

Page 601

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