Created by: Susan M. Pojer & Mark TempleCreated by: Susan M. Pojer & Mark Temple

Trends in Antebellum America: 1810-1860Trends in Antebellum America: 1810-1860

1.New intellectual and religious movements.

2.Social reforms.

3.Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution in America.

4.Re-emergence of a second party system and morepolitical democratization.

5.Increase in federal power Marshall Ct. decisions.

6.Increase in American nationalism.

7.Further westward expansion.

1.New intellectual and religious movements.

2.Social reforms.

3.Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution in America.

4.Re-emergence of a second party system and morepolitical democratization.

5.Increase in federal power Marshall Ct. decisions.

6.Increase in American nationalism.

7.Further westward expansion.

Manifest Destinyan overview

Even in colonial times, Americans eagerly Even in colonial times, Americans eagerly looked at lands further west. Throughout the looked at lands further west. Throughout the 1800s however, the U.S. 1800s however, the U.S. purchasedpurchased some some landland, , acquired someacquired some of it of it by warby war, , gained some gained some throughthrough tough tough negotiationsnegotiations, and simply , and simply seized seized the restthe rest of it. All to fulfill the “manifest destiny” of it. All to fulfill the “manifest destiny” of expanding from sea to sea.of expanding from sea to sea.

“Manifest Destiny”“Manifest Destiny”

First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federaltive development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth."

".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federaltive development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth."

A myth of the West as a land of romance and adventure emerged.

A myth of the West as a land of romance and adventure emerged.

“American Progress” by John Gast, 1872

“American Progress” by John Gast, 1872

American Progress

Westward Ho!

Emigrants Attacked by Indians

1) Economic Factors1) Economic Factors-Exhaustion of good lands east of the Mississippi R.-Exhaustion of good lands east of the Mississippi R.-Effects of Panic of 1837 (MVB) - 5 year depression-Effects of Panic of 1837 (MVB) - 5 year depression

2) Psychological Factors2) Psychological Factors-”Manifest Destiny”-”Manifest Destiny”

3) Attractive regions3) Attractive regions-OR, TX, and CA-OR, TX, and CA-Americans feared English interest in these areas-Americans feared English interest in these areas

4) Advertising the West4) Advertising the West-Mountain men / 49ers - fur trappers and traders-Mountain men / 49ers - fur trappers and traders-Time was right to trade with the Far East-Time was right to trade with the Far East

Causes of American Expansion1830s and 1840s

Aroostook “War,” 1839Aroostook “War,” 1839

The only war ever declared by a state.

Between the Canadian region of New Brunswick and the state of Maine.

Cause: The expulsion of Canadian lumberjacks in the disputed area of Aroostook by Maine officials.

Congress called up 50,000 men and voted for $10,000,000 to pay for the “war.”

General Winfield Scott arranged a truce, and a border commission was convened to resolve the issue.

The only war ever declared by a state.

Between the Canadian region of New Brunswick and the state of Maine.

Cause: The expulsion of Canadian lumberjacks in the disputed area of Aroostook by Maine officials.

Congress called up 50,000 men and voted for $10,000,000 to pay for the “war.”

General Winfield Scott arranged a truce, and a border commission was convened to resolve the issue.

Maine Boundary Settlement, 1842Maine Boundary Settlement, 1842

Texas Declaration of Independence

Texas Declaration of Independence

Surrendered to Spain in FL treaty Surrendered to Spain in FL treaty (1819)(1819) 1. American colonization encouraged by Mexicans in 1. American colonization encouraged by Mexicans in 1820s1820s and led by Stephen and led by Stephen

Austin Austin (30,000 settlers by 1835)(30,000 settlers by 1835)2. Mexican independence 2. Mexican independence (1821)(1821) and liberal land laws led eventually to and liberal land laws led eventually to

restrictions in restrictions in 1830s1830s (land contracts suspended, immigration restricted, and (land contracts suspended, immigration restricted, and slavery prohibitions frustrated Texans)slavery prohibitions frustrated Texans)

3. Santa Anna becomes dictator of Mexico and raises army 3. Santa Anna becomes dictator of Mexico and raises army (1834-35)(1834-35)4. Texans declare their independence4. Texans declare their independence (early 1836) (early 1836)5. “Remember the Alamo” -200 / “Remember Goliad” -400 5. “Remember the Alamo” -200 / “Remember Goliad” -400 (March 1836)(March 1836)6. Texas revolution ends at San Jacinto 6. Texas revolution ends at San Jacinto (April 1836)(April 1836)7. Jackson recognized TX as a nation but refused annexation 7. Jackson recognized TX as a nation but refused annexation (election year - 1836)(election year - 1836)8. TX annexation was issue of 8. TX annexation was issue of 18441844 election (along with OR) election (along with OR)9. Congress acccepts TX as a state 9. Congress acccepts TX as a state (1845)(1845) - Mexico severed relations with the - Mexico severed relations with the

U.S.U.S.

Key Figures in Texas Independence, 1836Key Figures in Texas Independence, 1836

Sam Houston(1793-1863)Sam Houston(1793-1863)

Steven Austin(1793-1836)

Steven Austin(1793-1836)

The Republic of TexasThe Republic of Texas

Remember the Alamo!Remember the Alamo!

Davey Crockett’s Last Stand

Davey Crockett’s Last Stand

The Battle of the Alamo

The Battle of the Alamo

General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna Recaptures the Alamo

General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna Recaptures the Alamo

Trails WestwardTrails Westward

Overland Immigration to the West

Overland Immigration to the West

Between 1840 and 1860, more than 250,000 people made the trek westward.

Between 1840 and 1860, more than 250,000 people made the trek westward.

The Oregon Trail – Albert Bierstadt, 1869

The Oregon Trail – Albert Bierstadt, 1869

France (1803), Spain (1819), Russia (1824), France (1803), Spain (1819), Russia (1824), England (joint-occupational treaty - 1818)England (joint-occupational treaty - 1818)

1. Expansionists urged seizure of OR 1. Expansionists urged seizure of OR territory from Englandterritory from England

Based onBased on::a. 1792 voyage of Capt. Gray to the Columbia R.a. 1792 voyage of Capt. Gray to the Columbia R.

b. Lewis and Clark expedition (1804-06)b. Lewis and Clark expedition (1804-06)““54°40’ or fight” - Polk’s campaign slogan (1844)54°40’ or fight” - Polk’s campaign slogan (1844)

2. 2. OR treaty (1846) set boundary at the 49th OR treaty (1846) set boundary at the 49th parallelparallel

-By 1846, 5,000 Americans in OR territory-By 1846, 5,000 Americans in OR territory

The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 40º or Fight!

The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 40º or Fight!

By the mid-1840s, “Oregon Fever” was spurred on by the promise of free land.

By the mid-1840s, “Oregon Fever” was spurred on by the promise of free land. The joint British-U. S. occupation ended in 1846.

The joint British-U. S. occupation ended in 1846.

The Slidell Mission: Nov., 1845

The Slidell Mission: Nov., 1845

Mexican recognition of the Rio Grande River as the TX-US border.

US would forgive American citizens’ claims against the Mexican govt.

US would purchase the New Mexico area for $5,000,000.

US would buy California at any price.

Mexican recognition of the Rio Grande River as the TX-US border.

US would forgive American citizens’ claims against the Mexican govt.

US would purchase the New Mexico area for $5,000,000.

US would buy California at any price.

John SlidellJohn Slidell

Wilmot Proviso, 1846Wilmot Proviso, 1846

Provided, territory from that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted.

Provided, territory from that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted.

Congr. David Wilmot(D-PA)

Congr. David Wilmot(D-PA)

The Mexican War (1846-1848)

The Mexican War (1846-1848)

The Bear Flag RepublicThe Bear Flag Republic

John C. FrémontJohn C.

Frémont

The Revolt June 14, 1846

The Revolt June 14, 1846

General Zachary Taylor at Palo Alto

General Zachary Taylor at Palo Alto

“Old Rough and Ready”

“Old Rough and Ready”

The Bombardment of Vera Cruz

The Bombardment of Vera Cruz

General Scott Enters Mexico City

General Scott Enters Mexico City

“Old Fuss and Feathers”

“Old Fuss and Feathers”

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848

Nicholas Trist,American

Negotiator

Nicholas Trist,American

Negotiator

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848

Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River.

Mexico gave the U. S. California and New Mexico.

U. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico (over $3,500,000).

Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River.

Mexico gave the U. S. California and New Mexico.

U. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico (over $3,500,000).

The Treaty was basically forced on Mexico!

The Treaty was basically forced on Mexico!

Results of the Mexican War?

Results of the Mexican War?

1. The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+American lives (mostly of disease).

2. New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics. * Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl. TX)

3. These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South.

4. Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President.

5. Manifest Destiny was partially realized.

1. The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+American lives (mostly of disease).

2. New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics. * Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl. TX)

3. These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South.

4. Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President.

5. Manifest Destiny was partially realized.

The Mexican CessionThe Mexican Cession

1. Ceded to U.S. in Treaty of 1. Ceded to U.S. in Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848)Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848)

-End of Mexican War-End of Mexican War

2. 2. GoldGold discovered - Sutter’s Mill discovered - Sutter’s Mill (1848)(1848)

-Brought more settlers westward (including -Brought more settlers westward (including Chinese immigrants)Chinese immigrants)

3. By 1850, CA requesting 3. By 1850, CA requesting admittance to the Unionadmittance to the Union

The Doomed Donner PartyThe Doomed Donner Party

April, 1846 – April, 1847

April, 1846 – April, 1847

The Doomed Donner Party

The Doomed Donner Party

James Reed & Wife

James Reed & Wife

Margaret Patrick John Breen Breen Breen

Margaret Patrick John Breen Breen Breen

Of the 83 members of the Donner Party, only 45 survived to get to California!

Of the 83 members of the Donner Party, only 45 survived to get to California!

CANNIBALISM ! !

CANNIBALISM ! !

GOLD! At Sutter’s Mill, 1848

GOLD! At Sutter’s Mill, 1848

John A. Sutter John A. Sutter

California Gold Rush, 1849

California Gold Rush, 1849

49er’s49er’s

Two Views of San Francisco, Early 1850s

Two Views of San Francisco, Early 1850s

By 1860, almost 300,000 people had traveled the Oregon & California Trails to the Pacific coast.

By 1860, almost 300,000 people had traveled the Oregon & California Trails to the Pacific coast.

Territorial Growth to 1853Territorial Growth to 1853

Westward the Course of Empire

Emmanuel Leutze, 1860

Westward the Course of Empire

Emmanuel Leutze, 1860

Overview:Overview:Controversies over slavery in the territories along

with the influx of immigrants in America contributed to the splintering of old political parties (Whigs) and the emergence of new parties (Republicans / American).

Political Parties were forming and Political Parties were forming and dissolving in the 1840s and 1850sdissolving in the 1840s and 1850sParties (1840s Parties (1840s and 1850s)and 1850s)

Section of Section of country where country where most livedmost lived

Slavery in exist. Slavery in exist. States?States?

Slavery in terr.?Slavery in terr.? Popular Popular sovereignty?sovereignty?

Immigration?Immigration?

WhigWhig Mainly Mainly EasternersEasterners

Split on this Split on this issueissue

NONO NONO Not a party Not a party policypolicy

DemocrDemocratat

Mixed at first, Mixed at first, mainly mainly Southerners by Southerners by 1850s1850s

Split at first, Split at first, then proslavery then proslavery as it became as it became southernsouthern

YESYES YESYES Not a party Not a party concern at this concern at this timetime

AmericaAmericann

““Know-Know-NothingNothing””

All sectionsAll sections Split (but anti-Split (but anti-Black)Black)

NOT A FOCUSNOT A FOCUS NOT A FOCUSNOT A FOCUS Anti-Anti-immigration immigration and anti-and anti-CatholicCatholic

Repub.Repub. North, EastNorth, East Anti-, but not Anti-, but not abolitionistabolitionist

(Northern party)(Northern party)

NONO NONO Liberal PolicyLiberal Policy

Angered by the tactics employed by defenders of Angered by the tactics employed by defenders of slavery, anti-slavery factions emergedslavery, anti-slavery factions emerged

ELECTION OF 1844 - “Territorial Expansion” OR/TX/CAELECTION OF 1844 - “Territorial Expansion” OR/TX/CA

Whigs: Henry Clay vs. Democrat: James K. PolkWhigs: Henry Clay vs. Democrat: James K. Polk Liberty PartyLiberty Party

(Universal emancipation achieved gradually by law)(Universal emancipation achieved gradually by law)1844: James G. Birney1844: James G. Birney-Drew votes from Whigs (NY)-Drew votes from Whigs (NY)

ELECTION OF 1848 - “Slavery issue” - New terr.ELECTION OF 1848 - “Slavery issue” - New terr.Whigs: Zachary Taylor “Old Rough and Ready” vs. Whigs: Zachary Taylor “Old Rough and Ready” vs. Democrat: Lewis CassDemocrat: Lewis Cass

Free Soil PartyFree Soil Party(Not abolitionist - opposed terr. expansion of slavery)(Not abolitionist - opposed terr. expansion of slavery) 1848: Martin Van Buren1848: Martin Van Buren““Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men!”Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men!”-Drew votes from Democrats-Drew votes from Democrats