creating a barrier against both gas and water€¦ · the principles of waterproofing british...

NEWTON TECHNICAL ARTICLE

Creating a BarrierAgainst Both Gas

and Water

Designing a Structurefor Complianceand Protection

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© Newton Waterproofing Systems (a trading name of John Newton & Co. Ltd.)

Newton House, 17-20 Sovereign Way, Tonbridge, Kent, TN9 1RHT: +44 (0)1732 360 095 W: www.newtonwaterproofing.co.uk E: [email protected]

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NEWTON TECHNICAL ARTICLE

Creating a Barrier to Gas and WaterDesigning for Both Compliance and Protection

Contents1. Introduction 33

2. ThePrinciplesofWaterproofing 442.1.2.1. HowDoesWaterproofingBestPracticeApproachGasProofing? 44

3. Protecting Against Radon 55

4. Protecting Against Methane & Carbon Dioxide 664.1.4.1. AssessingtheGasCapabilitiesofaWaterproofingDesign 66

5. UtilisingWaterproofingProductsforGasProofing 885.1.5.1. Designing for Defects 995.2.5.2. Issues of Ventilation 99

6. The ‘Positive Air Curtain’ Solution 1010

7. Summary 1111

8. References 1212




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1. Introduction1. Introduction

Whenitcomestothechallengeofwaterproofingandgasproofingabelow-groundstructure,howdomodernwaterproofingproductsperformasaneffectivegasprotectionoffering?

Theanswertothisquestiondependsonseveralaspects,includingthetypesofgroundgasesorcontaminantsthatarepresent,aswellasthecontaminationlevelsthatareoutlinedinthesitereportthatshouldbeperformedon any such project.

Sayingthishowever,groundgasandcontaminationisanexpansivesubjectandcanbequitedifferenttothewaterproofingindustry.

Forinstance,waterproofingdesignerstendtoformabarrieragainstthewaterandthendepressuriseanywaterthatstillentersthestructure.Thatis,wetrytostopthewaterusingTypeAand/orTypeBwaterproofingproducts,andthen,expectingdefects,wemanagethepossibilityofanyremainingwateringressbydepressurising it with a Type C cavity drain membrane system internally. Incontrast,thegasproofingindustrytendstobaseitssolutionsontheidentifiedcircumstancesatgroundlevel(notbelowground).Thestandardpracticeisthereforetodepressurisethegassesfirst,theninstallabarriertothe gasses internally. Whilstthisisfineaboveground,withbelow-groundscenarios,thenormalexternalventilationtechniquesthatareusedwithingasproofingdesignswillnotwork.Thisisbecausewehavetoassumethatthestructurewillbesubjecttoafullheadofhydrostaticpressureatsomepointinitslife,whichwouldresultintheventilationsystembeingfilledwithgroundwater.

Unfortunately,thisisonlyoneexampleofwheretheindustrystandardsforgasprotection,suchasBR211-2015andBS8485:2015,donotcorrelateverywellwiththeindustrystandardforUKwaterproofingBS8102:2009.Theydo,however,containsomeusefulinformationthatwecanbaseourrecommendationson.




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2. 2. ThePrinciplesofWaterproofing

British Standard 8102:2009 is the ‘Code of practice for protection of below ground structures against waterfromtheground’,anditdefinesthree“Grades”ofwaterproofingdependingonthedesiredinternalenvironment: • Grade1-Carparking/plantrooms-wheresomeseepageanddampareasaretolerabledependentupon

intended use.• Grade2-PlantroomsandworkshopsrequiringadrierenvironmentthanGrade1(thisincludesstorage

areas)-Nowaterpenetrationacceptable.Dampareastolerable.Ventilationmayberequired.• Grade3-Ventilatedresidentialandcommercialareas-Nowaterpenetrationacceptable.Ventilation,

dehumidificationorairconditioningnecessaryappropriatetotheintendeduse. TheBritishStandardalsooutlinesthree“Types”ofwaterproofingsystemthatcanbeused,eitherstandaloneorincombination,inordertoachievetheseGrades:

• Type A (barrier protection)• Type B (structurally integral protection)• Type C (drained protection)

ConsiderationshouldbegiventocombiningtheseTypesofwaterproofinginanyscenariowheretheassessedrisksaredeemedtoohigh,orwheretheconsequencesoffailureareunacceptable. Asaresult,wemostcommonlytrytokeepthewateroutusingTypeAand/orTypeBsystems,andwheretheconsequencesoffailureareunacceptable,suchaswhenaGrade3environmentisrequired,wealleviatetheriskofanywateringresswhatsoeverbyalsousinganinternalTypeCsystem.

Thereasonwecombineproductslikethisisdowntothefactthat,aswaterproofingdesigners,wemustthinkaheadandanticipatepotentialdefectsandfailuresinthestructureorthewaterproofing–anotherrecommendation of Section 4.3.2 of the British Standard.

2.1. HowDoesWaterproofingBestPracticeApproachGasProofing?2.1. HowDoesWaterproofingBestPracticeApproachGasProofing?

Whenitcomestoconsideringprotectionagainstbothwaterandgas,thefirstparagraphofSection4ofthe British Standard states that:

“itisessentialforthesuccessofanyprojectinvolvingbelowgroundstructuresthatstrategiesfordealingwithgroundwater,soilgasesandcontaminantsareconsidered.”

Consideration of gasses and contaminants should be considered at the earliest stages of a waterproofingdesign.

Consequently,whererequired,Newtonwillalwaysrecommendwaterproofingproductsthatpossesstherequiredlevelofthird-partytestedgasresistance.Inturn,thesesystemsmayalsobeverifiedbyanindependent specialist depending on the gasses that are present. Fromawaterproofingperspective,thesafestdesignswillalwaysseektocombinetwoormoreformsofwaterproofing,withoneofthoseformsalwaysbeingaTypeCcavitydrainmembranesystem,supported by the Type A and Type B products.




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Furthermore,thestructureitselfcanalsobeconsideredastheprimarybarriertowaterandgas-mostinsurerswillsupportaspecificationthatincludesareinforcedconcretestructuredesignedtoBSEN1992-Part3asaformofTypeBwaterproofing,providedthatitminimisesthrough-sectioncrackwidthsto0.2mm,andthatalsousesTypeCasaninternalsystemforextraprotection.

Whendesigningacombinedwaterproofingandgasproofingsystemthen,theimportantnextstepistobe able to accurately assess the level of gas protection that each element of your design provides.

3. 3. Protecting Against Radon

ThemostimportantdocumenttoconsiderforradonprotectionistheBR211“Radon:Guidanceonprotectivemeasuresfornewbuildings”.

Inpreviouseditions,BR211statedthatifabasementstructurewas“tanked”withaproductofequalperformancetoa1200-gaugeDPMthenitwouldprovidesufficientprotectionagainstradon.Asaresult,Newtonevenhasthird-partytestresultsforRadonresistanceonsomeofourexternalwaterproofingmembranes.

However,inSection6.12ofthemostrecent2015edition,BR211nowrecognisesthat:

“Below-groundwaterproofingandradonmanagementarespecialistactivitiesthatcanconflict.Itisrecommended that dual protection systems are designed and installed by specialists who are suitably qualifiedinbothwaterproofingandradonmanagement.”

ThestandardalsomakestwoimportantpointsregardingTypeCcavitydrainsystems,namely:

1. That cavity drain systems used in scenarios requiring radon management will need to be completely sealed:

“using[cavitydrainmembranesystems]tolinetheinternalsurfacesofabasementcouldcausethegastobesimplydisplacedupthecavityintothegroundflooraccommodation.Itisthereforeimportanttoensurethat the basement wall membrane fully closes the cavity at its head where it meets the radon barrier within thegroundfloororexternalcavitywallaboveground.”

2. Andfurthermore,thatsuchTypeCsystemscanalsoprovidetheopportunitytocreateventilation:

“Thecavitybehindthemembranecouldbeusedlateraspartofasubfloordepressurisationsystem.”

Withpointtwoinmind,Newtonhavehadourcavitydrainmembranesthird-partytestedforradonresistance,and we developed the patented NewtonPAC-500systemforhigh-riskradonsites(discussedinSection6).BypartneringwithgasprotectionspecialistsPrestigeAir,thePAC-500systemcombinesTypeCwaterproofingwithapressurised,positiveaircurtain(PAC)ventilationsystemthatsuccessfullycontrolsbothwaterandgaswithinanybelow-groundorearth-retainingstructure,whetheritisneworexisting,domesticorcommercial.

https://www.newtonwaterproofing.co.uk/products-systems/products/cavity-drain-waterproofing/ground-gas-vapour-mitigation/




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4. Protecting Against Methane & Carbon Dioxide

BritishStandard8485:2015isthe“Codeofpracticeforthedesignofprotectivemeasuresformethaneandcarbondioxidegroundgasesfornewbuildings”,andwhenitcomestoconsideringbasementstructures,inSection A4 it states:

“Ingeneralterms,abasementconstructedofdense,castinsituconcreteappropriatelydesignedtoBSEN1992 to provide integral waterproof protection normally represents the most impermeable of structural forms.Combiningthiswithawaterproofmembranetocreateafullytankedbasementprovidesthebestbasementsolutionforpreventingtheingressofgroundgases.”

AswiththepreviouseditionsofBR211wecanseethat“tanking”isalsobeingusedhereasarathercatch-alltermforwaterproofing.Inthiscasehowever,thewordisintendedtoindicatewhatwewouldcallanexternalorinternalTypeAwaterproofingmembrane.

However,aswaterproofingdesigners,wemustconsiderthegasprotectioncapabilitiesofourentiredesign,includingallthreeTypesofwaterproofingandthestructureitself.

4.1. AssessingtheGasCapabilitiesofaWaterproofingDesign4.1. AssessingtheGasCapabilitiesofaWaterproofingDesign

British Standard 8485:2015 provides us with all the tools we need in order to accurately assess the gas capabilities of our waterproofingdesigns,providedthatweknowthe Characteristic Situation (CS) value of our site.

The CS value is a score that ranges from CS1 (verylowrisk)toCS6(suchhighriskthatsome sites cannot be built on) and will be established during your site investigation. Once youhavethisvalue,you can then start using Tables 3 and 4 of BS 8485:

1. Table 3 (right) outlines four different building types with the identifiersA,BCand D. Once we have categorised our structure into oneofthesetypes,we can move on to Table 4.




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2. Table4(below)cross-referencestheCSvalueofthestructurewiththebuildingtypethatwasestablishedinTable3,inordertocalculatetheminimumgasprotectionscorethatmustbeachievedby both the structure and its protective measures.

Nowthattherequiredgasprotectionscorehasbeenestablished,wecanuseTables5(below)and7ofBS8485todeterminewhetherourstructuraldesignincombinationwithourwaterproofingdesignisable to meet this minimum score or not.

AsyoucanseeinTable5,anystructuralwaterproofingdesignwhichmeetsthecriteriaforaGrade3basementwillachieve2.5points.Inouropinion,andintheopinionofmanyprofessionalwaterproofingdesignspecialists(eitherCSSWand/orWDSqualified)thisisonlyachievableifaTypeC cavity drain membrane system is included as part of the design.

However,withthetitleofTable5being“GasprotectionScoresforaStructuralBarrier”,thesuggestionis that a Grade 3 basement is achievable with just the concrete structure. It is also assumed that the differencebetweenaGrade2andaGrade3structuralbarrieristhewidthofanystructuralcracks,therefore it is essential that the concrete is designed to Part 1 or Part 3 of British Standard EN 1992.




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Usingthislogic,ifitisagreedthataconcretestructuredesignedto0.2mmcrackwidthscanachieveaGrade3internalenvironment,thenourdesigncanachieve2gasprotectionpointsfromTable5justbyusingthethird-partycertifiedNewton 315 Polymer Waterbar in the construction joints of a concrete structure. We could also upgrade this design to achieve 2.5 points by using the NewtonHydroTankSystem,whichusesinjectablewaterbars,toprotectanengineer-designed0.2mmcrackwidthstructure.

Anotheralternativetoachieve2.5pointsfromTable5withjustourconcretewouldbetousethethird-partycertifiedNewtonRASCOtankSystem,anengineeredwaterproofingapproachwhichguaranteesthattheconcreteactsasboththestructureandthewaterproofing. Finally,oncethegasprotectionscoreofthestructurehasbeendetermined,Table7ofBS8485(below)canbeusedtogiveusanadditional2pointsthroughtheuseofagas-resistantmembranethatmeetsall of the necessary criteria.

5. UtilisingWaterproofingProductsforGasProofing

There are several products within the Newton range that have undergone the necessary testing and meet the necessarystandardsforuseasprotectionagainstgasinbelow-groundscenarios.However,aswewillgoontoexplain,withgasproofingasinwaterproofing,themosteffectivedesignscombinemultipleformsofprotection,and always include a Type C cavity drain membrane system.

Tobeginwith,thethird-partycertifiedNewton403HydroBond-GB (gas barrier) meets with Section C2 ‘AvailableMembranes’ofBritishStandard8485,andexceedstheperformancelevelsofthe0.4mmpolythenesheetwhichisrecommendedbythestandardforabove-groundscenarios(notsuitableforbelow-grounduse).

Themembranehasalsobeentestedinaccordancewiththemanometricvapourpressuretestingmethod,asrequiredinSection7.2.4ofBritishStandardISO15015-1,andfarexceedstherequiredmethanepermeabilityfigureforthemembrane.

https://www.newtonwaterproofing.co.uk/products-systems/products/concrete-joint-and-leak-sealing/high-grade-hydrophilic-waterbar/

https://www.newtonwaterproofing.co.uk/products-systems/systems/integral-waterproofing-type-b/

https://www.newtonwaterproofing.co.uk/products-systems/systems/integral-waterproofing-type-b/

https://www.newtonwaterproofing.co.uk/products-systems/partnerships/guaranteed-waterproof-concrete/

https://www.newtonwaterproofing.co.uk/products-systems/products/external-waterproofing-and-drainage-membranes/waterproofing-membrane-gas-barrier/




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Newton403HydroBond-GBisalsocurrentlyundergoingamoreadvancedlaptestformethane,andthedatasectionofthe3rdpartycertificateiscurrentlypendingwithregardstospecificresults.Inthemeantime,wehavea letter of comfort from Kiwawhichconfirmsthecurrentgasresistancetestfiguresboththroughthebodyofthemembraneandatthejoints.Thisletterhasbeensufficientproofofperformanceonrecentprojectswithhigh‘CharacteristicSituation’values,inorderfortheproducttobeacceptedbytheprojects’verificationspecialists.

5.1. Designing for Defects5.1. Designing for Defects

Inwaterproofing,thelegalprecedentsetbythe‘OutwingvsWeatherald’highcourtcasestatesthat:

“overlappingself-adhesivemembranescannotbeexpectedtoachieveatotalorabsolutewatertightbondcapableofresistingpenetrationbywaterpressure.”

Therefore,regardlessofaproducts’laboratorytesting,wemuststillexpectdefectsinsuchmembranesandensurethatourwaterproofingdesignaccountsforthis.Itisforthisreasonthatbestpracticeinthewaterproofingindustryistocombinesystems,andthesafestdesignsemphasisetheimportanceofbothacorrectlydesignedreinforcedconcretestructureandaninternalTypeCwaterproofingsystem. Incontrast,basedonthegasprotectionstandardsthatwehavediscussedsofar,intheorywecouldemployonlyTypeAandTypeBwaterproofingproducts,suchas403Hydrobond-GBandtheRASCOtankSystem,inordertoachieve4.5gasprotectionpoints(asperTable5ofBS8485).ThisistheoreticallysufficienttoprovidetherequiredlevelofgasprotectiontoresidentialprojectswithaCS3rating,orcommercialprojectswithaCS4rating(asperTable4ofBS8485).

However,inabelow-groundscenarioatriskfrombothwaterandgas,wemustconsiderthatthereisariskthatthisdesignwillleak.Andifabelow-groundstructureiscapableofleakingwater,thenitisdefinitelycapableofleakinggas,eitherinaperiodofdrygroundconditionsorbytransmissionofwater soluble gasses which then evaporate once inside the building.

Therefore,aswithwaterproofingbestpractice,forthebestlevelsofprotectionwerecommendthataTypeCcavitydrainmembranesystemisincluded,whichisactuallysaferandbetterthanthesolutionscurrently allowed by the gas protection standards.

5.2. Issues of Ventilation5.2. Issues of Ventilation

Table 6 of British Standard 8485 outlines how additional gas protection points can be achieved by usingvariousformsofexternalventilation.However,thisclasheswithbelow-groundwaterproofingbest-practice,wherewedesigntoaccountforafullheadofgroundwaterpressurecomingtobearagainstthe structure at some point in its design life.

Suchascenariowouldmeanthatventilationthatisexternaltothestructurewillfillwithwater,andyetdespitethisobviousdiscrepancy,itisstilltheoreticallypossibleforabelow-groundconcretecarparkwithjustaRASCOtankTypeBwaterproofingsysteminstalledtoachieve6.5gasprotectionpoints(accordingtoTable5andPart(e)ofTable6,asshownonthefollowingpage).

AlthoughacarparkwouldgenerallyonlybeexpectedtoattaineitheraGrade1orGrade2internalenvironmentasperBS8102:2009,inareaswhereaGrade3environmentisexpectedthewaterproofingstrategywilllikelyincludebothTypeBandthefailsafeTypeCwaterproofingsystem.However,suchadesignshouldnotbeusedtogainmoregasprotectionpointsbybeingtechnicallyconsistentwiththerecommendationsofBS8485,asinrealityallotherventilationtechniques(otherthanPart(e)ofTable6)aresubfloorandwouldbesubjecttoflooding.

https://www.kiwa.com/gb/en/products/bda-agrement/




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Inwaterproofingterms,NewtonwouldalwaysspecifyaTypeCsystemwheretheconsequencesoffailureareunacceptable,andinouropinionthegasprotectionpointsavailableforaGrade3basementinTable5ofBS8485definitelyshouldnotbeattributedwithouttheuseofaTypeCsystem. Despitethis,inSectionA4ofBS8485itspecificallystatesthat:

“BasementsusingTypeCprotection(i.e.drainedcavities)mightposeanunacceptablyhighriskonsitesaffectedbygroundgas.Infiltratingwatermightcontaindissolvedgasand/orcontainorganiccompoundsthatcandegradetoformmethaneand/orcarbondioxide.”

ThisisdespitethefactthatTypeCsystemsarethemostfailsafewaterproofingmethod,andwithoutoneabelow-groundstructurewouldbevulnerabletotheexactsamerisksfromdissolvedgasasaresultofwater penetrating through potential defects in the Type A and Type B systems.

6. 6. The ‘Positive Air Curtain’ Solution

DespitethepotentiallyproblematicstatementswithinBS8485:2015,generallyspeakingonewouldnotnormallyspecifyasingleformofwaterproofing,especiallyininstanceswherethereisbothwaterandgaspresent.

ForaTypeCsystemtoformaneffectivegasbarrier,itwouldneedallofthelapstobesealedandthecondensationstripremoved,whichwouldalsoplacemuchgreaterimportanceontheinternaldehumidificationand ventilation systems.

Athird-partytestedTypeCmembranewouldalsoberequired,suchasNewton508R,whichhasbeentestedformethane,carbondioxideandradonresistance.

Wherethehighestlevelofprotectionisrequired,theNewtonTypeCSystemcanbeupgradedintoaNewton PAC-500 positive air curtain system.

TheNewtonPAC-500Systemisapatented,serviceableandhigh-performancesolutionthatcombinesbothTypeCbasementwaterproofingandgroundgasmitigation,andwhichcanbeacceptedbythedesignteamtoachieve further gas protection points from Table 6 of British Standard 8485.






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NewtonworksdirectlywithgasprotectionspecialistPrestige Air Technology to install a positive air pressure deliverysystembehindtheTypeCmembranes,whicharefully sealed and undergo comprehensive integrity testing beforetheentireinstallationcanbepassedasfitforpurpose.

Asaresultofthisinnovativesolution,PrestigeAirhavesuccessfully attributed 2.5 gas protection points to these installations from Part (d) of Table 6 on numerous projects todate,inrecognitionoftheexceptionalperformanceofthePAC-500system.Thisisdespitethefactthatthetableitself states that such systems are for below the basement slab.

7. 7. Summary

Overall,oneofthemainconclusionsthatcanbetakenfromthisreportisthattheBritishStandardrecommendations and requirements for gas protection andwaterproofing(asoutlinedbyBS8485:2015andBS 8102:2009) must be viewed and considered in combination.

WhilsttherequirementsofBS8485areperfectlydesignedforabove-groundscenarios,therearewaysinwhichtheserecommendationsfallshortwhenviewedfromthecontextoftryingtoprotectabelow-groundstructure (that is subject to a full head of hydrostatic pressure) against both gas and water ingress.

Despitethis,forthosewishingtoprotecttheirbelow-groundstructure,therestillremainsmultipleoptionsbywhichtheycanachievetherequiredlevelofprotection,inaccordancewithboththegasprotectionscoresofBS8485andtheGradesofinternalenvironmentdefinedbyBS8102–whethertheyplanonusingexternal,gas-testedmembranes,acorrectlydesignedconcretestructure,aninternalPAC-500positiveaircurtain,oracombination of these methods.

Regardlessofthechosenmethodhowever,itisanabsolutenecessitythattheinstallationisverifiedbyanindependentgasspecialist,asoutlinedbyCIRIA735,‘Goodpracticeonthetestingandverificationofprotection systems for buildings against hazardous ground gases’.

Fortunately,thegasspecialistwhowrotethesitereportisoftenabletoundertakethisroleaswell,andNewtoncanalsosupplyalistofverificationcompaniesfromtheBritishVerificationCouncilwhocanfulfilthisimportantresponsibility.

Finally,aswellasallofthegasconsiderationsthathavebeendiscussedinthispaper,itisimportantnottoforget potential contaminants in the ground such as VOCs (volatile organic compounds).

Withthisinmind,Newtonhasathird-partytestingletterthatoutlinesthesuitabilityofNewton403HydroBond-GBforresistancetoVOCs.AndwhilstwehavenotspecificallyundertakensubmersionandvapourtestingforthechemicalsoutlinedintheCIRIA748document,‘GuidanceontheuseofplasticmembranesasVOCvapourbarriers’,thesolutionsthathavebeenoutlinedanddiscussedinthispaperarestillsuitable.




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8. 8. References

• British Standards Institution. (2009). BS 8102:2009 Code of practice for protection of below ground structures against water from the ground. Available: https://shop.bsigroup.com/ProductDetail?pid=000000000030168198. Last accessed 15th April 2020.

• British Standards Institution. (2019). BS 8485:2015+A1:2019 Code of practice for the design of protective measures for methane and carbon dioxide ground gases for new buildings. Available: https://shop.bsigroup.com/ProductDetail?pid=000000000030377237. Last accessed 15th April 2020.

• BREBookshop.(2015).BR211-2015Radon:Guidanceonprotectivemeasuresfornewbuildings.Available: https://www.brebookshop.com/details.jsp?id=327585. Last accessed 15th April 2020.

• BritishStandardsInstitution.(2014).BSEN1992-1-1:2004+A1:2014Eurocode2:Designofconcretestructures. General rules and rules for buildings. Available: https://shop.bsigroup.com/ProductDetail/?pid=000000000030286962. Last accessed 15th April 2020.

• BritishStandardsInstitution.(2011).BSENISO15015:2011Plastics.Extrudedsheetsofimpact-modifiedacrylonitrile-styrenecopolymers(ABS,AEPDSandASA).Requirementsandtestmethods.Available:https://shop.bsigroup.com/ProductDetail?pid=000000000030219099. Last accessed 15th April 2020.

• Construction Industry Research and Information Association. (2014). CIRIA C735 Good practice on the testingandverificationofprotectionsystemsforbuildingsagainsthazardousgroundgases.Available:https://www.ciria.org/ItemDetail?iProductcode=C735&Category=BOOK. Last accessed 15th April 2020.

• Construction Industry Research and Information Association. (2014). CIRIA C748 Guidance on the use of plastic membranes as VOC vapour barriers. Available: https://www.ciria.org/ItemDetail?iProductCode=C748&Category=BOOK&WebsiteKey=3f18c87a-d62b-4eca-8ef4-9b09309c1c91. Last accessed 15th April 2020.

https://shop.bsigroup.com/ProductDetail?pid=000000000030168198




https://www.brebookshop.com/details.jsp?id=327585

https://shop.bsigroup.com/ProductDetail/?pid=000000000030286962

https://shop.bsigroup.com/ProductDetail/?pid=000000000030286962


https://www.ciria.org/ItemDetail?iProductcode=C735&Category=BOOK

https://www.ciria.org/ItemDetail?iProductCode=C748&Category=BOOK&WebsiteKey=3f18c87a-d62b-4eca-8ef4-9b09309c1c91

https://www.ciria.org/ItemDetail?iProductCode=C748&Category=BOOK&WebsiteKey=3f18c87a-d62b-4eca-8ef4-9b09309c1c91

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creating a barrier against both gas and water€¦ · the principles of waterproofing british...

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