creative collaboration in the implementation of presidential act on regulating, revitalising and...

8/9/2019 Creative Collaboration in the Implementation of Presidential Act on Regulating, Revitalising and Building Synergy of

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Arte-Polis 3 International Con ference on Creat ive Collaboration and the Making of Plac e 1

Creative Collaboration in the Implementation of Presidential Act on Regulating, Revitalising and

Building Synergy of the Traditiona l Markets, Shopping Centres and Mode rn Markets in Indonesia,Gunawan TANUWIDJAJA, et. all.

Creative Collaboration in the Implementation of

Presidential Act on Regulating, Revitalising and

Building Synergy of the Traditional Markets, Shopping

Centres and Modern Markets in Indonesia

Gunawan TANUWIDJAJA

Urban Planner & ResearcherGreen Impact Indonesia, Integrated Urban, Drainage and Environmental - Planning andDesign ConsultantINDONESIA

[email protected]://greenimpactindo.wordpress.com/

MustakimSenior Architect

[email protected]

Maman HidayatWANGSADIRJACommunity Based Development Expert

[email protected]

Dwi SugiartoCommunity Based Development Expert

[email protected]

Septian Hornas LUMENOIT Engineer

[email protected]

WONG Chun YieIT Engineer

[email protected]

Kamelia Oktaviani

[email protected]

Agus S UDARMANResearch [email protected]

Roni KurniawanResearch [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Creative processes play important part in urban economy. The collaboration isneeded because of importance of constructive interactions between economic player, the market and the regulator. On the other hand, the creativity is often

challenged by reality and market demand. And in order to achieve sustainablecities economy, the municipalities must plan and provide sustainable market

places, including markets (including traditional markets), industrial areas andoffices for catering creative economic activities. One good example of successful

economy development in the cities is Singapore. And for better understanding, this paper will discuss the Singapore and Jakarta effort in providing sustainable

commercial centres.

Due to our interests in the informal economy, this paper will discuss more on thetraditional market as the centre of informal economy of Indonesia. Traditional

markets, which largely were illegal, unplanned and unmanaged, were reported


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supporting at least 12 millions traders and possible 33 millions workforces, inrelated sectors. Catering for approximately 43% population in Indonesia,

traditional markets could be seen as strategic economic strength of the cities aswell as chaotic economic battlefields. The battle between the traditional market

and modern market became clearly feasible in major cities of Indonesia in recentyears.

National Government and Local Municipalities actually should collaborate with

other cities stakeholders. We believe that the creative collaboration in regulating,revitalising and generating mutual symbiosis between traditional and modern

markets are the key important efforts in producing sustainable market places inthe creative cities of Indonesia. This paper was written with intention to share the

importance of creative collaboration in Integrated Sustainable CommercialPlanning and Development.

Keywords: Sustainable Market Places, Sustainable Traditional Market, MutualCollaboration between Traditional Markets and Modern Markets, Integrated

Sustainable Commercial Planning & Development.

INTRODUCTION

The creative process can be defined as the discovery of new ideas which makebetter and colourful li fe. The creativity also could be defined as a new way o fimplementing of the existing ideas or concepts in the new territories. GrahamWallas (1926) presented the model of creative process consisting of: preparation,incubation, intimation, illumination and verification.[1]

1The creativity can be

incorporated in synergistic effort of improving human life or creativecollaboration where two or more people or organizations work together in anintersection of common goals by sharing knowledge, learning and buildingconsensus. This ensures our sustainability. [2]

2

Creative collaboration plays important part of human life especially in economicsystem. The economic system is formed by the collaborations of people,merchants, investors and governments. The collaboration is needed because of theenormous amount of resources required for building the system. Two economy

theories on creative process in the economic system are Romer (1986) and Florida(2002). Romer explained that, The creativity is needed in process of producingnew technologies and products. And it was essential in achieving economicgrowth. Florida (2002) in the The Creative Class Theory stated that, Regionswith Technology, Talent and Tolerance or 3T will consequently draw numbersof creative professionals, and the area would have an excellent economicdevelopment. [3]

3This actually enforces the notion that the creative

collaboration is substantial for economic developments. R esulting from creativecooperation, the economic activities emerge in the urban landscape such as trades,industries, and services. And they have to be facilitated with excellent planning,land acquisition, construction and facilities management.

Due to our interests in the informal economy sector and the current crisis oftraditional markets, w e further decided to discuss the implementation o f


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Presidential Act No 112 Year 2007. This program is very strategic to implementbecaus e at least 12 millions traders and possible 33 millions workforces depend on

the sustainability of traditional market. T he role of provision o f the sustainablecommercials (including traditional market ) actually lies in the hand o f Trade

Authority and Urban Planning Authority in collaboration with other stakeholders.This actually shows how the creative economy influences the collaborative nature

of commercial-place-making.

One excellent example of Sustainable Commercial Planning & Development isSingapore. The case study shows the 40-years-collaboration in commercialplanning between Government, Private Sector and Peopl e achi eving theSustainable Economy of the City-State Singapore. On the other hand, we aregoing to depict Jakarta Metro Regions less sustainable economic pattern. JakartaMetro was selected to illustrate the indefensible economy with degradingenvironmental condition, depleting natural resources, increasing pollution as wellas unsustainable urban planning and development control pattern.

SINGAPORES STORY OF CREATIVE COLLABORATION

IN COMMERCIAL PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT

Transforming from simple village in nineteenth century, Singapore has become a

strong economic country-state capitalising on its creativity for the internationalmarket demand (Yuen, Belinda, 2000). [4]4

With annual growth of 2-10% andGross National Income (GNI) $ 250,387.9 M, the city has proven itsresourcefulness to b ecome the Global City (2008). And this show how creativecommercial planning & development process generated The SustainableInternational Shopping Hub. [5]

5

The revolution of Singapore from undeveloped island to modern urbanised citywith thriving commercial areas was initiated by Ministry of National Development(MND). And Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) under MND plays role asUrban Planning Authority, who formulates long term plans accommodating thesocial and economic needs of a growing population of Singapore (MND, 2001;DBJ Report, 2004). [6]

6Since then, the integrated urban and economic - planning

and development were conducted with collaboration of Urban Redevelopment

Authority (URA), Economic Development Board (EDB), Singapore TourismBoard (STB), Jurong Town Corporation (JTC/ Industrial Land Authority),Housing Development Board (HDB), Land Transport Authority (LTA), NationalParks Board (NParks) and Public Utilities Board (PUB/Integrated WaterManagement Authority). And this creative collaboration resulted in SustainableUrban Development (Wong T. C. et.all.,2008).[7]

7

The effort on creating sustainable commercial was continued including ConceptPlan 2001. The Concept Plan 2001 brought creative concept of creating athriving, world-class city in the 21st Century. And the plan proposed the RingConcept plan with Expressways and a Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system as themain ring connectivity of the island. Adjacent to the ring some high-density-high-rise towns and several lower-density housings were located. This ringstructure actually circles the cent ral water c atchment area which designated as


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Conservation Park and Open Spaces. Lastly, the commercial areas were plannedin the core area of each new town for more conveni ent and sustainable marketing.

The collaboration aspect in the making of Concept Plan 2001 was found in thegathering public aspiration, such as: two focus group discussions, a publicconsultation and internet feedback. Incorporating the inputs o f people and privatesectors the fin al Concept Plan 2001 was later gazetted. [8]

8

Figu re 1. The Ring Concept Plan in 2001 Figu re 2. The Concept Plan 2001

Source: Urban Rede velopment Authority of Singapore, http://www.ura.gov.sg

The key proposals of the Concept Plan were translated into detailed DevelopmentGuide Plans or DGPs for the 55 planning areas in Singapore. And later these plans

were converted into Master Plan 2003. The Master Plan was used as the detailedguide for the citys physical development for the next 10-15 years. The latest

master plan gazetted was Master Plan 2008. [9]9

Discussing further the Commercial Planning, Singapore Creative Collaborationwas implemented with several strategies. First, the rational commercial planning

was conducted by URA in the Concept and Master Plan. The Commercialhierarchy was set up following study from other developed countries in the

following table.Table 1. Commercial Typology of Singapore

Source: Concept Plan 2001

NoCommercial

Centres

AverageCatchment Radius

(km)

AverageCatchment Area

(ha)

CatchmentPopulation

(Person)

CatchmentPopulation

(Density Unit) or

Up to

1 Metropo litan Serving Nation al Population

2 Regional Centres 5 14.000 500.000 166.667

3Sub-regional

Centres Type 13 3.000 200.000 66.667

4Town Centres(TC) Typ e 1

1.5 700 20.000 60.000

5Neighbourhood

Centres (NC)Type 1

0.4 50 2.000 6.000

6 Amenity Centre 0.5 50 15.000 5.000


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Table 2. Detail of Commercial Typo logy of SingaporeSource: Concept Plan 2001

NoCommercial

Centres

Gross Commercial Floor Area (sqm) approximation only

an

rea

er

Centre(Gross

Siteincluding

roads

a

rox

IntensityxPlot

Ratio(approx)

Office RetailEntertain-

mentHotel Total

1 Metropo litan 7.000.000 5.000.000 3.000.000 15.000.000 2.000

2RegionalCentres

800.000 4 00.000 20.000 200.000 1.420.000 70 1.7

3Sub-regional

Centres Type 161.000 178.000 89.000 328.000 30

4Town Centres(TC) Typ e 1

39.000 34.000 13.000 0 86.000 32 0.82

5Neighbour-

hood Cen tres

(NC) Type 1

- 8.000 0 0 8.000 6.0 0.6

6 Amenity Centre 0 840 0 0 840 0.8 0.24

Table 3. Detail of Facili ties provided in the Singapore s New Town CommercialSource: Concept Plan 2001

No Facilities

Optimum

Area Re-quired (sqm)

Catchment

Population(Person)

Percen-tage

in TC

Percen-tage

in NC

Percentage

in Ame-nityCenter

1 Shops 400 23 20% 50% 30%2 Kiosks 15 200 30% 70%3 Emporium 6.500 20 .000 10 0%

4 Sup ermarket 1.200 20 .000 10 0%5 Eating Houses 450 250 7% 23% 70%

6 Restaurants 2.000 333 30% 70%7 Office Space 60 15 0 70 % 30 %

8 Cinemas 1.800 10 .000 10 0%

9 Mini Market 450 2.000 100%

10 Market Produce Shop 13 0 1.000 10 0%

11Market Produce Look-

up Shop40 1.667 10 0%

12Wet Market & Cooked

Food Centre2.000 5.000 100%

13 HDB Area Office 2.000 20 .000 10 0%

Note: in Singapore 1 DU = 3 persons

Following the rational commercial planning, URA allocated strategi c areas inCentral Region for Commerci al Areas or Shopping Streets with proper planning;

careful design; as well as constant monitoring of commercial spaces intake andprices. For example, Orchard originally was a landed residential area. But because

of excellent intake of commercial space and increasing rental and sale pricecommercial space, the Government allowed some parcels to be developed as

Commercial Areas. The increasing intake of commercial spaces is described in thefollowing table. [10]

10


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Table 4.Available and Vacant Commercial Properties (End of Period)Source : Urban Redevelopment Authority, prese nted in Ye arbook of Statistics Singapore, 2009

AVAILABLE AND VACANT COMMERCIAL PROPERTIES(End of Period)

Thousandsq m nett

19 98 20 03 20 04 20 05 20 06 20 07 20 08

Private Sector

Office SpaceAv ailab le 4 ,70 0 5 ,18 0 5 ,16 7 5 ,15 6 5 ,21 2 5 ,15 7 5 ,29 8

Vacant 750 964 857 673 549 350 487Shop Space

Av ailab le 1 ,92 1 2 ,02 0 1 ,99 2 1 ,99 9 2 ,10 0 2 ,06 1 2 ,08 0Vacant 199 218 185 156 162 148 139

Public SectorOffice Space

Av ailab le 1 ,03 3 1 ,34 4 1 ,32 6 1 ,30 9 1 ,31 7 1 ,36 7 1 ,35 8Vacant 88 205 182 156 121 123 100

Shop SpaceAv ailab le 1 ,18 2 1 ,14 5 1 ,14 7 1 ,14 5 1 ,15 2 1 ,15 7 1 ,15 0

Vacant 79 70 74 76 87 83 61

Total

Office SpaceAv ailab le 5 ,73 3 6 ,52 4 6 ,49 3 6 ,46 5 6 ,52 9 6 ,52 4 6 ,65 6

Vacant 838 1,169 1,039 829 670 473 587Shop Space

Av ailab le 3 ,10 3 3 ,16 5 3 ,13 9 3 ,14 4 3 ,25 2 3 ,21 8 3 ,23 0

Vacant 278 288 259 232 249 231 200

Figu re 3. Total Available and Vacant Office & Shop Spaces in SingaporeSource : Urban Redevelopment Authority, prese nted in Ye arbook of Statistics Singapore, 2009

Further, Retail Sales Index was also evaluated by URA before executing the l andsales in Singapore. And generally Singapore Retail was still profitable although

the impact of global crises was felt.

Table 5.Retail Sales Index 2007 & 2008Source: http://www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/themes/economy/biz/retailtrade.pdf

Key Indicators 20 07 20 08

Establishments 4,40% 19 .490 20 .340

Employment 6,40% 10 5.580 11 5.503

in billion SGD in billion SGD

Operating Receipts 4.0% 39,2 40,7

Operating Expenditures 4,40% 37 ,2 38 ,8

Operating Surplus 0,20% 2,2 2,2

Value Added 3,90% 4,8 5,0


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Table 6. Establishments & Employment, 2008Source: http://www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/themes/economy/biz/retailtrade.pdf

Retail Activity Establishments Emplo yment

General Merchandise

3174 30.960

Transpo rt Equip ment 14 49 13 .310

Personal Goods 87 97 41 .653

Hou seho ld Equip ment 25 73 14 .634

Others 41 67 14 .946

Table 7. Operating Receipts & Value Added, 2008Source: http://www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/themes/economy/biz/retailtrade.pdf

Retail ActivityOperatingReceipts

Value Added

in Million SGD in Million SGD

General Merchandise 3174 30.960

Transpo rt Equip ment 14 49 13 .310

Personal Goods 87 97 41 .653

Hou seho ld Equip ment 25 73 14 .634

Others 41 67 14 .946

Table 8. Operating Receipts & Value Added, 2008Source: http://www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/themes/economy/biz/retailtrade.pdf

Retail Activity

Cost Type and % Share

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th

Comp

onent%

Comp

onent%

Comp

onent%

Comp

onent%

Comp

onent%

GeneralMerchandise

Pur 79 ,7 Rent 8 ,1 Rem 6,6 Util 1,4 Dep 1,0

TransportEquipment

Pur 72 ,5 Tax 19,6 Rem 3,6 Rent 0,7 Ad 0,6

Personal Goods Pur 69 ,7 Rent 11 ,3 Rem 10 ,7 Ad 1,6 Dep 1,1

HouseholdEquipment

Pur 77,2 Rem 8,1 Rent 5,7 Ad 1,4 Dep 0, 9

Others Pur 62,1 Rem 13 ,8 Rent 11 ,4 Com 2,1 Dep 1 ,4

NotationsAd : AdvertisementCom : Commission & agency feesDep : Depreciation

Pur: Purchases of goods for saleRem : RemunerationRent: Renting of o ffices, shops & other premisesTax: Go vernment taxes & feesUtil: Utilities charges

Table 9. Establishments, Operating Receipts & Value Added by Firm Size, 2008Source: http://www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/themes/economy/biz/retailtrade.pdf

Employment SizeOperating Receipts Operating Receipts Value Add ed

in Million SGD in Million SGD in Million SGD

Less than 10 18 .300 12 .233 1.613

10 to 99 1.940 16 .868 2.088100 & above 100 11.645 1.320

Total value added generated by the retail trade industry of Singapore increased by3.9 per cent to $5.0 billion in 2008. This actually showed that Singapore RetailSector was thriving in 2007 - 2008 p eriod. But the global crises also impact edSingapore with increase o f total operating receipts and total operating expenditurecausing reduction of profitability.


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Profitability Ratio of retail trade was reported to decrease from 5.7% in 2007 to5.4 % in 2008. Within the industry, retailers of personal goods attained the highest

profitability ratio of 7.2 per cent followed by retailers of general merchandise,transport equipment and household equipment.

Figure 4. Profitability Ratio 2007 & 2008 Figure 5. Retail Sales per Square Metre,2007 & 2008

Source: http://www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/themes/economy/biz/retailtrade.pdf

Due to increase of profitability; sales and rental prices of commercial spaces in1970-2000s, URA and other related agencies were confident to allow more areadeveloped for commercial development in strategic areas or revitalized inSingapore. And URA further conducted the Government Land Sale program(GLS) releasing land sites either via public tender for all uses including

commercial. Because of this the private sector could collaborate with gove rnmentand the people in the developing innovative ideas for commercial development.[11]

11

The URAs Development Control Division has to evaluate and approve proj ects

carried out by the private and public, in collaboration with the Sale of SitesProgram, Singapore Tourism Board, as well as Economic Development Board.

And lastly URA also ensures the infrastructure provision, environmentalimprovements and building construction standards for sel ected with various

government agencies. [12]12

Secondly, The Singapore Government prescribed a new Commercial Area servinga New Town. The Commercial areas were normally located in the Town Centre.And they were also close to MRT or Bus Station for more convenient access forthe New Town residents as well as tourists. One of successful example of theRegional Commercial Centre is Tampines. And sizeable commercial area wasprovided in Tampines. And the Centre was successful attracting visitors from thearea as well as other part of Singapore. [13]

13

And lastly the strategy of historical areas revitalization and utilisation forcommercial areas was adopted. The rationales were to find higher economy valueof the historical areas and to create interesting tourism places in Singapore. Thisstrategy was successful with increasing number of foreign tourists and localshoppers in the historical commercial areas such as Kampong Glam, Chinatown,Kampong Bugis, Little India, Joo Chiat, etc.

Additional to that, Loo et. all. (2002) found that most of the town centres were

sustainable. But some neighbourhood centres were lacked of vitality or were not


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viable anymore because of growing affluence and increased mobility of theresidents. This indicated that the Singapore's retail hi erarchy have to be

rationalised and adapted to the present economic trend. [14]14

The Government also introduced resettlement of street hawkers since 1971. Theprogram actually catered basic stall facilities and services such as piped potable

water, electricity and garbage collection and disposal. And it was reported that by1996, all street hawkers was resettled into food centres and markets. In 2005, there

are nearly 50,000 street vendors which were facilitated. Most of the food centresand traditional markets facilities were located in the Town Centres and the

Neighbourhood Centres. Some excellent examples of revitalisation of traditionalmarkets were presented below (Loo, 1991; Medina Pizzali, A.F., 2001). [15]

15

Figure 6. The Situation of Geylang Serai Temporary Wet Market

Source: www.flickr.com

Figure 7. The Situation of Tampines Wet Market

Source: www.flickr.com

The Singapore Commercial Planning and Development was proven to besuccessful. On the other hand, some neighbourhood centres were found lessfeasible for commercial use. So the Singapores method needs to be adjusted inreal application using market study. But the creative collaboration betweenagencies as well as between government private people could be replic ated.And traditional markets should be planned and constructed care fully catering theinformal retail sectors in every city.


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JAKARTA METRO REGIONS LESS SUSTAINABLECOMMERCIAL PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT

Jakarta has become a metro region covering Jakarta, Bogor, Tangerang, Bekasi,Depok, Puncak and Cianjur. The Jakarta Metro Region, or Jabodetabekpunjurregion, faced high number of population (24 million persons) and urbansprawling. Because of lack of sustainable planning and development control, theJakarta Metro Region faced major problems such as: traffi c jams, floods,

conversion of green open space, environmental degradation (air, land and waterpollutions), urban slums and uncontrolled street hawker.

Discussing the Commercial Planning & Development practice in Jakarta MetroRegion, we further found tight competition between modern retail (modern

market) and traditional wet market (traditional market). Natawidjaja (2006) foundthat new modern market (supermarket) sales have increased 15% per year, while

the traditional market sales decreased 2% per year. Pricewaterhouse Coopers(2005) also found that the supermarket sales would increase by 50%, while

hypermarket sales would grow by 70% between 2004 and 2007. This actuallyshows that the traditional market could not compete in the fair economic

battleground with the modern market. [16]16

Further, the current condition shopping centres (retail centres) in Jakarta MetroRegion was also described Collier International. Unfortunately, Collier describes

that the retail market in Jakarta Met ro Region currently faces tough period. No

positive trend is found in rental rates and occupancy levels. New projects feel the

major impact of shoppers numbers decrease. T his describes the over-supply o f

shopping centres in Jakarta Metro Region. [17]17

Figure 8.Cumulative Supply, Demand and Occupancy Rate

Source: http://www.colliers.com/Markets/Indonesia/

Further, overcrowding o f retail centres was also found in the region. Currently,there are 449 shopping centres including 90 exclusive retail malls based on data ofAssociation of Shopping Centres of Indonesia (Asosiasi Pengelola Pusat Belanja Indonesia/ APPBI). [18]

18 Suryadarma (2005) further described the negative

impact of the severe competition. He found that informal traditional traders withthe same commodity suffered the great impact of the presence of supermarkets


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and hypermarkets. And the modern markets won over traditional markets becauseof lower prices, shopping comfort and credit-typ e payment.

[19]

19

Traditional markets, especially in Jakarta, found di fficulty to comp ete withmodern markets because of poor planning, inconvenient access, overcrowdingwith trading activities, lack of air circulation and poor sanitation. The 151traditional markets were not properly facilitated. The records showed that only 27were in good condition. 13 markets were poor and 111 markets were in very poor

condition. Further Hasan Basri, head of the Jakarta branch of the IndonesianTraditional Market Traders Association (APPSI), stated that the markets in Jakartawere under serious threat o f the modern m arket, even causing 7 markets to beclosed. [20]

20Furthermore, approximately, 70.000 traditional traders in Jakarta

faced limitation to develop their businesses because of poor planning strategies,insuffi cient collateral, weak networking and weak procurement management(Wiboonpongse and Sriboonchitta 2006).

[21]

21

.Further the, 100.000 street hawkers operated in Jakarta, especially in front of thetraditional markets. Because of di rect access to the road, most consumerspreferred to buy in the street hawkers. Eventually this caused social conflict aswell as public disturbance to the surrounding. [22]

22

On the other hand, revitalisation projects often were not transparent and causing

social unrest. The examples of Pasar Koja, Pasar Tanah Abang etc, showed thatthe processes were executed by Municipal Government without involving themarket traders related to the markets. This further caused the traders could not beaccommodated in the new buildings, more expensive rental spaces, and furthersocial conflicts. [23]

23Due to this economic competition, we predicted that

poverty would rise in Jakarta. Although 2009 J akarta Statistics reported that 323thousands persons were poor, but we were confident that urban poor number wasgreater than this. Even the number would increase as degradation of the informaleconomic sector. [24]

24

In conclusion, less sustainable commercial planning and development have causedJakarta Metro Region suffering from many problems. Further, informal economysector of Jakarta suffered from great impacts of unbalanced retail development.Many traditional markets, traders, suppliers, workers faced hard competition with

the modern markets (supermarkets, shopping centres, hypermarkets, retail malls,etc). Because of that effective regulation in spatial planning, as well as economicdevelopment are needed to encounter this problem.

CREATIVE COLLABORATION IN REGULATING,REVITALISING AND BUILDING SYNERGY OF THE

TRADITIONAL MARKETS, SHOPPING CENTRES AND

MODERN MARKETS IN INDONESIA

Understanding the importance of traditional markets in informal economy, wewould like to discuss the Presidential Decree No. 112 of 2007 for Development ofTraditional Markets, Shopping Centres and Modern Stores. Learning fromSingapores Sustainable Commercial Planning and Development and the


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community based development practice, we would like to suggest integratedapproach in regulating, revitalising and building synergy between the traditionaland modern markets. Traditional markets are very important to Indonesiaeconomy because they support at least 12 millions traders and possible 33 millionsworkforces in related sectors of farming, cottage industries, hawkers, and informalworkers nationally. The 13,450 traditional markets were found supporting thecreative economies most of local people in the cities. [25]

25

The current implementation of Presidential Decree No. 112 of 2007 forDevelopment of Traditional Markets, Shopping Centres and Modern Stores couldnot be implemented effectively due to: [26]

26

Unclear classi fication of Traditional Markets Uncompleted database of Traditional Markets Single-sectored approach in the implementation of the Regulation Ineffective coordination between Ministry of Trade (MENDAG), Ministry of

Cooperation, Small and Medium-sized Business (MENEG KUKM) andMunicipal Governments

Hindrances from status quo party Limited human resources capacity and funding in Government agencies,

traditional markets management insti tutions, as well as informal traders Lack of community participation in the process Too short of time for the project implementationAs stated in Presidential Decree No. 112 of 2007, Government of Indonesia isobliged to implement: Spatial Planning and Development Control of the Traditional Markets,

Shopping Centres and Modern Stores; Regulating the supply chain to The Modern Markets (including from The

Small scale Industries); Development and Supervision of The Traditional Market (including the

Empowerment Program), Shopping Centres and Modern Markets Revitalisation of the Traditional Market.And because of this understanding, we suggest an integrated approach inimplementing the regulation. The methodology is described in several stepsbelow:

Developing Web-GIS-Based Database of Traditional Markets, ShoppingCentres and Modern Stores (with Collaboration of all Stakeholders) Regulating the supply chain to The Modern Markets (including from The

Small scale Industries) Spatial Planning and Development Control of the Traditional Markets,

Shopping Centres and Modern Stores (with Collaboration of all Stakeholders) Development and Supervision of The Traditional Market (including the

Empowerment Program), Shopping Centres and Modern Markets Revitalisation of the Traditional Market (with Community Based

Empowerment) Program Evaluation (with all stakeholders)And all these steps needs to be developed in collaboration of all Stakeholders,such as Ministry of Trade, Ministry of Industry, Ministry of Coop eratives and


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SMEs, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Ministry of Public Works (especially TheSpatial Planning Directorate), Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Ministryof Health, Indonesia Investment Coordinating Board (BKPM), Commission forthe Supervision of Business Competition (KPPU), Central Bureau of Statistics,Municipal Governments & Local Agencies, Association of Traditional MarketsManagement Indonesia (ASPARINDO), Association of Traditional MarketsTraders Indonesia (APPSI), Association of Shopping Centres of Indonesia(APPBI), Suppliers and Local Communities of the Markets. [27]

27

Web-GIS Based Database of Traditional Markets, Shopping Centres and ModernStores is needed to support the decision making process as well as monitoring andevaluation of the program. Why we need the GIS, because we need to implementthe zoning regulation, analyse the local condition more thoroughly and integratethe economic data before regulating traditional and modern markets.

Further, to ensure the value chain between the Local Suppliers (especially thesmall scale industries) and the Modern Markets, Government must evaluate andcontrol the practices of Modern Markets to the suppliers.

The Spatial Planning and Development Control of the Traditional Markets,Shopping Centres and Modern Stores also must be conduct ed in order to givecompetitive edge to the traditional market, as well as to create sustainable

commercials. This effort could be done with implementing feasibility study ofcurrent traditional market; market (social-economic) study; revitalisation orrelocation of traditional market; and development control (planning) especially inprescribing zoning regulation for modern market development. Public workshopsshould be conducted to integrate all stakeholders input in the spatial plans and thefield implementation.

Further, the Development and Supervision of The Traditional Market, ShoppingCentres and Modern Markets also have to be conducted to further ensure thesustainability of the markets especially traditional ones.

Participatory-Traditional Market Revitalisation of should be conducted to ensurethe sustainability of the traditional markets. The rationale of this step is to achievethe Sustainable Commercials and to give win-win solution. This process required

continuous effort and collaboration of all stakeholders. And it could be done with: Program Introduction Visioning Stakeholders Workshops (regular in every stages) Market Study Participatory Mapping (internal) Cost Benefit Analysis Preparing Business Plan (including the Stakeholders Involvement) Participatory Planning and Design Temporary Resettlement and Compensation Detailed Engineering Design (DED) Development Control (Building and Infrastructure) Building and Infrastructure Construction Participatory Management


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Participatory Monitoring and EvaluationLastly but not least, Program Evaluation with all stakeholders should be conductedto ensure successful, effective, participatory and manageable of theimplementation of Presidential Decree No. 112, Year 2007. And it could beconcluded that the current efforts of Ministry of Trade and other agencies areconducted with sectored approach. We suggested the integrated approach toachieve direct impact and positive change in by the communities of traditional

markets as well as the common people of Indonesia. And creative collaboration isthe answer for the success ful integrated approach.

CONCLUSION

Creative Collaboration theoretically could bring excellent e conomic development.And this theory was proven in the Commercial Planning and Development inSingapore. Creative collaboration between Urban Redevelopment Authority andothers has made its Singapore Commercial Centres becom e The SustainableInternational Shopping Hub in South East Asia. And it made Singapore economyto flourish despite of the limited land resources.

On the other hand, Indonesia also needs the creative collaboration concept to solvethe conflict between Traditional Markets and Modern M arkets. This was

suggested after evaluating the current situation of Traditional Markets in majorcity, especially Jakarta Metro R egion. Creative collaboration concept in Integrated Approach in Regulating, Revitalising and Building synergy betweenthe Traditional and Modern markets could be executed by Ministry of Trade andother relevant agencies. And we believe that this would be able to provide Win-Win solution to the problems.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our gratitude to Ir. Imam Santoso Ernawi, MCM, M.Sc., Director General of Spatial Planning,

Public Works Department. Ir. Sri Apriatini Soekardi, MM., Director of Spatial Planning Directorate II. Dr. Ir. Doni Janarto W. M.Eng.Sc., Head of Sub-Directorate Inter-RegionalDirectorate II. Dr. Ir. I.F. Poernomosidhi Poerwo, M.Sc, MCIT. MIHT., Scientific Offi cer

and Ex-Director of Spatial Planning Directorate II, Ministry of Public Works,Indonesia.

Mr. Ir. Dodo Juliman, UN-HABITAT Indonesia Program Manager. Dr. Ir. Woerjantari Soedarsono M.T., Ms. Ade Tinamel ST.MT. from Urban

Design Lab, ITB. Mr. Ir. Eko Purwono MSAS. Department of Architecture, ITB. Mr Yuen Heng Mun, Mr Allister Yong Winston, Mr Loh Kwok Pheng, Mrs

Noorliza and Ms Amanda Ong from Jurong Consultants Pte Ltd. Mrs Joyce Martha Widjaya, Senior Researcher of Research Institute of Socio-

Economic and Community Development, Public Works Department.


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ENDNOTES

[1] Wallas, G. (1926)[2] www.wikipedia.org

Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary (2009), http://www.merriam-webster.com/Encyclopdia Britannica Online (2009),http://www.britannica.com/Oxford English Dictionary (2009), http://www.oed.com/

[3] Romer, P. (1986)Florida, R. (2002)

[4] Yuen, B., (2000)Dale, O.J. (1999)

[5] http://www.singstat.gov.sg/[6] DBJ Report (2004), www.dbj.go.jp

Ministry of National Development (2001), http://www.mnd.gov.sg,Urban Redevelopment Authority of Singapore, http://www.ura.gov.sgDale, O.J. (1999)

[7] Urban Redevelopment Authority of Singapore, http://www.ura.gov.sgWong T-C., Yuen B., and Goldblum C. (Eds.) (2008)

[8] Urban Redevelopment Authority of Singapore, http://www.ura.gov.sg[9] Ibid.[10] Ibid.

[11]Op.Cit.6[12]Op.Cit.6[13]Op.Cit.8[14]Loo-Lee Sim, Shi-Ming Yu , Lai-Choo Malone-Lee (2002)[15]Loo Lee Sim, (1999),

http://streetnet.org.za/english/ASIANHAWKERS.pdfMedina Pizzali, A. F. (2001), http://www.fao/org/DOCREP/005/y2258E.htm

[15] Natawidjaja, Ronnie S. (2006) http://www.pecc.org/food/papers/2005-2006/Indonesia / indonesia-paper. pdfPricewaterhouse Coopers (2005)http://www.pwc.com/gx/eng/about/ind/retail/growth/ indonesia.pdf

[16] Collier International (2009), http://www.colliers.com/Markets/Indonesia/[17]http://www.greenradio.fm/index.php/news/latest/353-pertumbuhan-mall-

merusak-kenyamanan-jakarta?format=pdfwww.appbi.or.idhttp://pks-dpcpancoran.blogspot.com/2009/03/meninjau-ulang-pembangunan-mal-di.html

[17]Suryadarma, Daniel et al (2007)[18] Natawidjaja, Ronnie S. (2006), http://www.pecc.org/ food/papers/2005-

2006/Indonesia / indonesia-paper. pdfSuryadarma, Daniel et al (2007)Wiboonponse, Aree and Songsak Sriboonchitta (2006),http://www.regoverningmarkets.org/http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/perusahaan_pemda/pasar_jaya/pasar3a.htm

[19]Ibid.[20]http://streetnet.org.za/english/ASIANHAWKERS.pdf


16/22




http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/perusahaan_pemda/pasar_jaya/pasar3a.htmhttp://www.infoanda.com/wap/id/link.php?lh=WwtWBlwEAFtd

[21] http://www.indosiar.com/tags/penggusuran-pasarhttp://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/jakarta/2004/11/26/brk,20041126-05,id.html

[22] http://jakarta.bps.go.id/BRS/Sosial/Miskin09.pdf[23] Data in 2000, Kuswartojo, T. et all, (2005)

[24]http://www.castleasia.com/Opinion/IND-ENG-Perpres%20112-2007%20Penataan%20&%20Pembinaan%20Pasar%20Tradisional,%20Pusat%20Perbelanj aan%20&%20Toko%20Modern%20(ABNR).pd fhttp://www.bpkp.go.id/unit/hukum/perpres/2007/112-07.pdf

[25] http://www.depdag.go.id/http://www.depperin.go.id/http://www.depkop.go.id/http://www.depdagri.go.id/http://www.pu.go.id/http://www.dkp.go.id/http://www.depkes.go.id/http://www.bps.go.id/http://www.bkpm.go.id/http://www.kppu.go.id/

http://asparindo.com/?idmenu=92&id=20

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Collier International (2009), The Knowledge Report, Property Market Review, Jakarta. http://www.colliers.com/Markets/Indonesia/

DALE, Ole Johan (1999) Urban Planning in Singapore: The Transformation of aCity, London: Oxford University Press

DBJ Report (2004), Building A 21st Century City, Optimizing Land Resources andNurturing A Garden Within A City, March 200, Singapore: Development Bankof Japan, Representative Office in Singapore, www.dbj.go.jp

Encyclopdia Britannica Online (2009), http://www.britannica.com/Florida, Richard (2002) The Rise of the Creative Class: And How It's

Transforming Work, Leisure, Community and Everyday Life, Basic Bookshttp://asparindo.com/?idmenu=92&id=20http://jakarta.bps.go.id/BRS/Sosial/Miskin09.pdfhttp://pks-dpcpancoran.blogspot.com/2009/03/meninjau-ulang-pembangunan-mal-

di.htmlhttp://streetnet.org.za/english/ASIANHAWKERS.pdfhttp://www.bkpm.go.id/http://www.bpkp.go.id/unit/hukum/perpres/2007/112-07.pdfhttp://www.bps.go.id/http://www.castleasia.com/Opinion/IND-ENG-Perpres%20112-

2007%20Penataan%20&%20Pembinaan%20Pasar%20Tradisional,%20Pusat%20Perbelanj aan%20&%20Toko%20Modern%20(ABNR).pd f

http://www.depdag.go.id/http://www.depdagri.go.id/http://www.depkes.go.id/


17/22




http://www.depkop.go.id/http://www.depperin.go.id/http://www.dkp.go.id/http://www.greenradio. fm/index.php/news/latest/353-pertumbuhan-mall-merusak-

kenyamanan-jakarta?format=pdfhttp://www.indosiar.com/tags/penggusuran-pasarhttp://www.infoanda.com/wap/id/link.php?lh=WwtWBlwEAFtdhttp://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/perusahaan_pemda/pasar_jaya/pasar3a.

htmhttp://www.kppu.go.id/http://www.pu.go.id/http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/jakarta/2004/11/26/brk,20041126-05,id.htmlKUSWARTOJO, T. et all, (2005), Perumahan dan Permukiman Indonesia

(Housing and Settlement in Indonesia), Bandung: ITB PublisherLOO, Lee Sim (1999), Restructuring the small-scale retail sector in Singapore,

Journal: International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, Volume27, Issue 2, Page 83 91, Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

LOO, Lee Sim, YU Shi-Ming , MALONE-LEE Lai-Choo (2002), Re-examiningthe retail hierarchy in Singapore: Are the town centres and neighbourhoodcentres sustainable?, Journal Town Planning Review, Issue Volume 73,Number 1 / March 200, Pages 63-81, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press

MEDINA PIZZALI, A. F. (2001), Low Cost Fish Retailing Equipment and

Facilities in Large Urban Areas of South East Asia, FAO Fisheries TechnicalPaper No 405, Rome: FAO, http://www.fao/org/DOCREP/005/y2258E.htm

Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary (2009), http://www.merriam-webster.com/Ministry of National Development (2001), Building a 21st Century City,

http://www.mnd.gov.sg,NATAWIDJAJA, Ronnie S. (2006) Modern Market Growth and the Changing

Map of the Retail Food Sector in Indonesia. Pacific Food System Outlook 9th Annual Forecasters, http://www.pecc.org/ food/papers/2005-2006/Indonesia/indonesia-paper. pdf

Oxford English Dictionary (2009), http://www.oed.com/Pricewaterhouse Coopers (2005) Global Retail and Consumer Study From Beijing

to Budapest, http://www.pwc.com/gx/eng/about/ind/retail/growth/indonesia.pdf

ROMER, Paul M. (1986) Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth, Journal of

Political Economy, Vol. 94, No. 5 (Oct. 1986), pp. 1002-1037,http://www.jstor.org/stable/1833190

Singapore Department of Statistics (2009), Yearbook of Statistics Singapore 2009,http://www.singstat.gov.sg/

SURYADARMA, Daniel et al (2007) The Impact of Supermarkets on Traditional Markets and Retailers in Indonesias Urban Centers, Research Report,Jakarta: The SMERU Research Institute

Urban Redevelopment Authority of Singapore, http://www.ura.gov.sgWALLAS, Graham The Art of Thought New York: Harcourt, Brace and

Company.WIBOONPONSE, Aree and SRIBOONCHITTA, Songsak (2006) Securing

Small Producer Participation in Restructured National and Regional Agri-Food Systems: The Case of Thailand. Regoverning Markets http://www.regoverningmarkets.org/


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WONG T-C., YUEN B., and GOLDBLUM C. (Eds.) (2008), Spatial Planning fora Sustainable Singapore, Singapore: Springer in Association with theSingapore Institute of Planners

www.appbi.or.idwww.wikipedia.orgYUEN, Bellinda (2000) Singapore Housing: A Strategy for Urban Development

and Regeneration, The City Region in a World of Globalisation: UrbanStrategies for Sustainable Development Conference, in Bergen Norway, 18

22 June 2000, http://publications.ksu.edu.sa

The Writers DescriptionI. Personal Information

Full name : Gunawan Tanuwidjajae-mail : [email protected] : http://greenimpactindo.wordpress.com/

Mobile Phone : +62 812 212 208 42 (Indonesia)Place of Birth : BandungDate of Birth : 08 of August 1978Sex : MaleNationality : Indonesian

Mother Language : IndonesianLanguage Skill : Indonesian, English

II. Education Bac kgroundsFormal Education

Name ofInstitution

City/CountryStudy Time

(Months/Years)

Graduatedfrom (Month

and Year)Specialization G PA

NationalUniversity of

SingaporeSingapore 1 year October 2006

MScEnvironmentManagement

3.86from

scale of

5Bandung

Institute ofTechnology

(InstitutTeknologiBandung)

Bandung /Indonesia

5 years July of 2001Bachelor of

Architecture

2.73from

scale of4

III. Informal Education

Study Time (Years) Name of Institution Course Name & Specialization

2008 Singapore Institute of Planner Spatial Planning for a SustainableSingapore (1-day seminar)

2008 Lee Kuan Yew School Of PublicPolicy

"Lessons Not to Learn fromAmerican Cities" by Prof Alan

Altshuler (Ha lf-day seminar)2007 National University of Singapore,

Faculty of Engineer ing, PAC

(Professional Activities Centre)

Short Course On "A Z Of Oil &Gas To Petrochem ica ls (3-days

seminar)2007 Singapore Institute of Planner Destination Resorts, The Next

Wave(1-day seminar)

2007 Singapore Institute of Planner ,

Malaysia Institute of Planner andUniversiti Keba ngsaan Malaysia

Seminar of Planning of Iskandar

Deve lopment Region (1-dayseminar)


19/22




Study Time (Years) Name of Institution Course Name & Specialization

2001 The British Institute IELTS Preparation Course2000 Language Center ITB English Writing Course

1999 Gradasi Bulletin Student Union ofArchitecture Gunadharma ( IMA-Gunadharma)

Journalistic Training

1997 Architecture Departme nt ITB AutoCad R14 Tra ining

1993-1995 Saint Angelas English Course English Course level C6 to C11

1990-1992 Saint Angelas English Course English Course level J2 to J5

IV. Working Experience

Name of

Institute/CompaniesCity/ Countries Position Job Description

Contract

Periods

Green Impact

Indonesia IntegratedUrban, Drainage and

EnvironmentalPlanning Consultant

Bandung Manager Team Leader and

Urban P lanner

March 2003

to now

Agency for Researchand Development,Institute of Water

Resource s, Ministry

of Public Works,Republic ofIndonesia,

Bandung UrbanPlanning andManagement

Expert

Assistant October 2008to now

Jurong ConsultantsPte Ltd., Planning

Division

Singapore Planner Physica l Planner Novem ber2006 to

October 2008

National Parks Board,Republic of Singapore

Singapore Intern Resea rcher July 2006 toAug 2006

Agency for Research

and Development,Institute of Water

Resource s, Ministryof Public Works,

Republic of

Indonesia,

Bandung/ Indonesia Junior

Researcher

GIS Expert

Assistant (ArcView 3.2), inPolder Team

Jan 2005 -

Aug 2005

Satyamitra JasapuriEngineering

Bandung/ Indonesia JuniorArchitect,

Estimator

House, Fac toryand Caf Design

Aug 2003 -Dec 2004

PT. Trinitas Buana

Utama

Bandung/ Indonesia Junior

Architect

Apartment

Design

Aug 2002 -

Aug 2003PT. Imesco Dito Jakar ta/ Indonesia Junior

ArchitectJunior Architect Jan 2002

Aug 2002

COMBINE Bandung/ Indonesia JuniorResearcher

UrbanDevelopment

Research,especially on

Urban GarbageManagement

Aug 2001 -Jan 2002

CV. Cipta BinaSarana

Bandung/ Indonesia Work Tra inee Junior Architect May - July2001

ASPEK Bandung/ Indonesia ProgramFacilitator

CommunityRecovery

Program

(CRP-HUI) in

GarbageManageme nt ,MechanismMaking and

Controlling of

Cooperative

Jan 2000 -Aug 2001


20/22




Name of

Institute/CompaniesCity/ Countries Position Job Description

Contract

Periods

RW 11,

CibangkongDistrict

Credit Unit

V. Design Works

Name of Project Position Year

Under Green ImpactIndonesia

Assistance for Directorate ofSpatial Planning, Public

Works Department (2009),Sustainable Urban

Improvement Program(SUSIP) - Executive

Presentation

Team Leader and UrbanPlanner

Dec 2009

Drainage Master PlanRevitalisation in

Summarecon, Kelapa Gading,Jakarta, Indonesia


Apr Dec 2009

Hospital Pre liminary Designand Study in Pangalengan,

West Java, Indonesia

(Proposal to KPBS, MilkProducer Cooperative in

Pangalengan)

Team Leader and SeniorArchitect

Apr Aug 2009

Community BasedDevelopment Revitalisation inPT Newmont Nusa Tenggara,Sumba, Nusa Tenggara Barat,

Indonesia (Proposal)

Team Leader andEnvironmentalist

Aug 2009

Traditional Market Mapping,GIS Data base a nd Analysis in

the fr amework ofImplementing Presidential

Decree No 112/2007 onDevelopment of TraditionalMarket and Relocation of

Modern Market in Indonesia(Proposal to Ministry of Trade

of Republic of Indonesia)


Aug 2009

Integrated Water ResourcesManagement Plan forBarangkal River, sub

catchment of Brantas RiverBasin, in relation with Social

Aspec t and InstitutionCapac ity Building (Proposal

to JICA)

Team Leader andEnvironmentalist Aug 2009

9 Pearl Elementary Schoolin Bandung

Team Leader and Architect 2003

Proposal 99ers Radio School(Proposal)

Team Leader and Architect 2003

Under Jurong ConsultantsPte Ltd.Preliminary Study and Brief

Development Concept ofQEZ3, Petrochemical

Pla nner 2007 to 2008


21/22




Name of Project Position Year

Complex, Qatar

Dera Bassi Detailed MasterPlan, Greater Mohali Area,

Punjab, India


Libya Africa Economic City Planner 2007 to 2008Wonogiri Industrial Park,

Indonesia (Guanxi State Farm- Biofuel Plant)


Master Plan An Tay Industrial

Service Centre

Planner 2007

Master Plan Zhangzhou

Waterfront City , China

Assistant Planner 2006-2007

Master Plan AMRLInternational Tech City, Tamil

Nadu, India

Assistant Planner 2007

With MSc EnvironmentalManagement Program

Neotiewpia Eco Village

Master Plan in KranjiSingapore

Planner & Environmentalist 2006

Under SJP EngineeringBTC Caf Junior Architect 2004

Kopomas Factory Junior Architect 2004

Pr ivate Houses Bandung Junior Architect, Design

Development

2003 2004

Under PT. Trinitas BuanaUtama

Rental Houses in Bandung Studio Coordinator 2002 2003

Bukit Resik ExclusiveAparment

Studio Coordinator 2002 2003

Site Plan S. Parman EliteHousing

Studio Coordinator 2002

Under PT. Imesco Dito

Private Houses in Jakar ta Junior Architect 2002Freelance Project

Cibangkong Low CostHousing, Bandung Indonesia

Final Yea r Student 2001

Design Development ofKARANG SETRA Hotel, Spa

and Cottages, Bandung

Indonesia under Cipta BinaSarana

Junior Architect, DesignDevelopment

2001

Master Plan of Cipulir

Housing Site Plan, Jakartaunder Prof Ir. Danisworo

Junior Architect 2001

VI. Awards, Prestige, Activities, and PublicationAwards/Prestige

Best Dissertation Prizes from Shell, MEM National University of Singapore, 2006-2007

Shell Grant Bursary Holder in MEM National University of Singapore, 2005-2006Second Cham pion of Design Competition of Informal Traders Stand held by TheMunicipal\ Government of Kota Bandung, Praksis dan IMA-Gunadharma ITB Year2001

Activitie Bandung Independent Living Center (BILIC)2003 - 2004 : Voluntary Attendant for Difable (Disable) Person2003 : Coordinator Research Team in Accessibility Issue for Difable (Disable)

Person in Several Location in Bandung


22/22




Forum Gelar Kota Bandung (City Development Discussion Forum)2002 : Forum Gelar Kota Secretariat

2001 : Junior ResearcherIkatan Mahasiswa Arsitektur Gunadharma ITB (Gunadharma Student Union ofArchitecture Department of ITB)2001 Mem ber of Legislative Bodies of IMA - Gunadharma

Mem ber of Sustainable Human Settlement Discussion Group

Coordinator of TOR Team of Sustainable Human Settlement Seminar1999 2000 Coordinator of Gradasi (Architecture Bulletin of IMA-G)OSIS SMAK I BPK Penabur (Student Union of BPK Penabur Senior High

School)OSIS SMP St Aloysius (Student Union of St Aloysi us Junior High School)

Publications Integra tion of Sustainable Planning Policy and Design of Low-Cost Apartment, in theContext of Sustainable Urban Development, National Seminar of Low-CostApar tment, Maranatha University , Bandung, Indonesia, 2009.

Bamboos as Sustainable and Affordable Material for Housing as one of alternatifematerial of Low-Cost Apartment, National Seminar of Low-Cost Apartment,Maranatha University , Bandung, Indonesia, 2009.

Guidelines for Developing Polder System in Indonesia, Agency for Researc h andDeve lopme nt, Institute of Water Resources, Ministry of Public Works, Republic of

Indonesia, 2008-2009.Developing a Landscape Evaluation Tool for Developing Countries, Case Studies

Bintan Island, Indonesia, MSc Environment Management Program, NationalUniversity of Singapore (Best Dissertation Award)

Report of Research in Accessibility Issue for Difable (Disable) Person in Several

Location in Bandung

Reports of Bandung Urban Discussion Forum on Urban Solid Waste Management,January 2002.Reports of Bandung Urban Discussion Forum in Housing Needs, August 2001.Thesis of Design Studio, Case of Low Economy Flat for Cibangkong Village,

Bandung, Indonesia (Kelurahan Cibangkong), Theme Pattern LanguageArchitecture

Seminar Report of Housing Development Based on Low Economy People.

1Wallas,G.(1926). Art ofThought

2www.wikipedi a.org

M e r r iam-Webster's Online Dict i onary,2007;

Encyclopdia Bri t a nnica Online,2007;Oxford English Dict i onary,Second Edit i on, (1989).(Eds. ) J . S im ps on& E. S.C.Weiner.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.3

Romer, P.(1986) , " I ncreasingReturns andLong-Run Growth,"/Journal of PoliticalEconomy/,Vol.94,No. 5(Oct. 1986),pp.1002-1037.Source: http: //www.jstor . or g/st a b l e/1833190.

F l or i da, R.(2002).The RiseoftheCreativeClass: And HowIt's TransformingWork,Leisur e , C om m unityand Everyday Life.BasicBooks.4

Yuen, B., (2000), Singapore Housi ng: A St r ategyfor Urban Developmentand Regeneration, The City Region in aWorld o f Global i s at io n: Urban StrategiesforSustainable Development Conference,i nBergenNorway, 18 22June 2000. Source:http: //publicat i ons.ksu.edu.saOle Johan Dale (1999)., UrbanPlanning in SingaporeThe Transformation ofa Cit y, OxfordUniversi t yPr e ss.5

Yearbook of Statistics Singapore2009,Singapore Depart m e nt of S t ati sti csh t t p :// www.singstat. gov . s g/6

DBJ Report (2004), BuildingA21st CenturyCity, Optimizi ngLand Resourcesand Nurturi ngAGardenW i t hi n A Cit y, March 2004, Devel opm e nt Bank of J a pan,Representative OfficeinSingapore, source: www.dbj. go.j pM i ni stryof Nat i onal Development, htt p:/ /www.mnd.gov.sg,

M i ni stryof Nat i onal Development(2001), Buildi nga21stCenturyCity,Urban Redevelopment Authority of Singapor e , h ttp: //www.ura.gov.sgOle Johan Dale (1999)., UrbanPlanning in SingaporeThe Transformation ofa Cit y, OxfordUniversi t yPr e ss.7

Urban Redevelo pmentAuthorityofSi ngapore, htt p:/ /www.ura.gov.sgWong T-C., Yuen B., andGoldblum C.(Eds.)(2008), Spati al Planningfora Sust a i nableSingapore,Springer in Association with the SingaporeInst i t ute of Planners. Singapore8

Urban Redevelo pmentAuthorityofSi ngapore, htt p:/ /www.ura.gov.sg9

Urban Redevelo pmentAuthorityofSi ngapore, htt p:/ /www.ura.gov.sg10

Urban RedevelopmentAuthorityofSingapore, htt p:/ /www.ura.gov.sg11

DBJ Repor t (2004), BuildingA 21stCenturyCity, Optimizi ngLand Resourcesand NurturingA GardenW i t hi n A Cit y, March 2004, Devel opm e nt Bank of Japan,Representative OfficeinSingapore, source: www.dbj. go.j pM i ni stryof Nat i onal Development, htt p:/ /www.mnd.gov.sg,

M i ni stryof Nat i onal Development(2001), Buildi nga21stCenturyCity,Urban Redevelopment Authority of Singapor e , h ttp: //www.ura.gov.sg12

DBJ Repor t (2004), BuildingA 21stCenturyCity, Optimizi ngLand Resourcesand NurturingA GardenW i t hi n A Cit y, March 2004, Devel opm e nt Bank of Japan,Representative OfficeinSingapore, source: www.dbj. go.j p

M i ni stryof Nat i onal Development, htt p:/ /www.mnd.gov.sg,M i ni stryof Nat i onal Development(2001), Buildi nga21stCenturyCity,Urban Redevelopment Authority of Singapor e , h ttp: //www.ura.gov.sg13

Urban RedevelopmentAuthorityofSingapore, htt p:/ /www.ura.gov.sg14

Loo-Lee Sim , Shi-MingYu ,Lai-ChooMalone-Lee (2002), Re-exami ning the r e t ai l h i erarchyinSingapore: Arethetowncentres andneighbourhood centr es s ustainable?, JournalTown Planning Review, Issue Volume 73, Number 1/March 200, Pages63-81, LiverpoolUnivers i t yPr ess.15 Loo Lee Sim, (1999),Restructuring the small -scaleretail sector inSingapor e , J our na l : I nt e r nat i onal J ournalofRetail & Distribution Management , V ol um e 27, I ssue 2, Page83 91,Emerald GroupPublishingLimited.h t t p : / / st r e etnet. or g. z a / english/ASIANHAWKE RS.pdf

A F M e di na Pi z za l i ( 2001), LowCost Fish Retaili ngEquipment andFaciliti esinLargeUrban AreasofSout hEast Asia ,FAOFisheriesTechnical Paper No 405,FAO, Rome2001.http://www.f ao/or g/DOCREP/005/y2258E. htm16

Natawidjaja ,RonnieS.(2006)Moder n M arketGrowth andtheChangingMap ofthe Retail Food SectorinI ndonesia. Pacific Food SystemOutlook 9th Annual Forecas te r s [onl i n e] [ 6 J uly 2006]Pricewaterhouse Coopers (2005) Global Retai land ConsumerStudyFromBeiji ngtoBudapest[onli ne ] [6 July 2006]17

Collier I n t ernational(2009), TheKnowledge Report,Property Market Review,Jakarta. htt p:/ /www.coll i e rs . c om/Markets / I ndone s i a/18

ht t p://www.gr eenradi o.fm/index.php/news/latest / 353- pe r t umbuhan-mall-merusak-kenyamanan- j a kar t a ?format=pdfwww.appbi. or.id

h t t p : / / pks-dpcpancoran.blogspot.com/2009/03 / m e ni n j a u- ulang-pembangunan-mal-di.html19

Suryadarma,Daniel et al (forthcoming)The Impact ofSuperm a r kets onTradi t i o na l M a r kets and Retail ers in IndonesiasUrban Centers. ResearchReport. Jaka r t a: TheSMERUResearchInst i t ute20

Natawidjaja ,RonnieS.(2006)Moder n M arketGrowth andtheChangingMap ofthe Retail Food SectorinI ndonesia. Pacific Food SystemOutlook 9th Annual Forecas te r s [onl i n e] [ 6 J uly 2006]Suryadarma, Danie l e t a l ( f or t hc om i ng) T heI m pactof Superm arketson Tradit i onal MarketsandRetailersinIndones i a s UrbanCenters.Research Report . J a ka rta: The SMERUResearch Insti t u te

Wiboonponse,Areeand SongsakSriboonchitta( 2006)Secur i ng Small ProducerParti c i pationi nRestructured Nationaland RegionalAgri-FoodSystems:The CaseofThail a nd . RegoverningMarkets [onl in e] [ 6J uly 2006]ht t p :// www.jakart a . go.i d / e n / pemeri n t a han/perusahaan_pemda/pasar_jaya/pasar 3a . htm21

Natawidjaja ,RonnieS.(2006)Moder n M arketGrowth andtheChangingMap ofthe Retail Food SectorinI ndonesia. Pacific Food SystemOutlook 9th Annual Forecas te r s [onl i n e] [ 6 J uly 2006]

Suryadarma, Danie l e t a l ( f or t hc om i ng) T heI m pactof Superm arketson Tradit i onal MarketsandRetailersinIndones i a s UrbanCenters.Research Report . J a ka rta: The SMERUResearch Insti t u teWiboonponse,Areeand SongsakSriboonchitta( 2006)Secur i ng Small ProducerParti c i pationi nRestructured Nationaland RegionalAgri-FoodSystems:The CaseofThail a nd . RegoverningMarkets [onl in e] [ 6J uly 2006]ht t p :// www.jakart a . go.i d / e n / pemeri n t a han/perusahaan_pemda/pasar_jaya/pasar 3a . htm22

ht t p:/ / s tr e e t ne t . or g . za/engl i s h/ASI ANHAW KERS.pdfh t t p :// www.jakart a . go.i d / e n / pemeri n t a han/perusahaan_pemda/pasar_jaya/pasar 3a . htmht t p : //www.inf oanda.com/wap/id/link.php?lh=WwtWBlwEAFtd23

ht t p://www.i ndosi ar.com/ tags/penggusuran-pasar

h t t p : //www.tem poi n t eraktif.com/hg/jakarta/2004/11 / 26/ brk,20041126- 05 , i d.html24

ht t p:/ / j a kart a.bps. go . i d/BRS/Sosial/Miskin09.pdf25

datain2000,Kuswartojo, T. et all, (2005), Perumahan dan Permukiman Indonesia (Housingand Settl ementi nIndones i a ), ITBPubli s he r, Bandung26

ht t p:/ /www.castleasia.com/Opinion/I ND-ENG-Perpr es%20112 -2007%20Penataan%20&%20Pembinaan%20Pasar%20Tradi s i onal,%20Pusat%20Perbelanjaan%20&%20Toko%20Modern%20( ABNR).p dfh t t p :// www.bpkp.go.i d / unit / hukum / perpres/2007/112-07.pdf27

ht t p://www.depdag .go.id/

h t t p : //www.depperin.go.id/h t t p :// www.depkop.g o. i d / h t t p :// www.depdagri.go.id/h t t p :// www.pu.go.id/

h t t p :// www.dkp.go.id/h t t p :// www.depkes. go.i d/h t t p :// www.bps.go. i d /

h t t p : //www.bkpm. go.i d/h t t p :// www.kppu.go.id/h t t p : / / asparindo.com/ ?idmenu=92&id=20

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