criminology today, 7th edition frank schmalleger copyright © 2015 by pearson education, inc. all...

Criminology Today, 7th EditionFrank Schmalleger

Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved

Criminology TodayCriminology TodayAN INTEGRATIVE INTRODUCTIONAN INTEGRATIVE INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER

SEVENTH EDITION

Drug and Sex Crimes

13



History of Drug Abuse in the History of Drug Abuse in the United StatesUnited States

• 1800s and early 1900s Illegal drug use mainly associated with

artistic individual sand fringe groups Opium dens flourished in West coast

cities, eventually moved across the country

continued on next slide



History of Drug Abuse in the History of Drug Abuse in the United StatesUnited States

• Late 1960s and early 1970s Psychoactive substances accepted

during the hippie movement Timothy Leary – League of Spiritual

Discovery



Extent of Drug AbuseExtent of Drug Abuse

• National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) provides information on drug use of Americans ages 12+

• NSDUH data suggests that drug use is substantially less of a problem than it was two decades ago Growth of the American population

gives the estimated decline even greater weight



Young People and DrugsYoung People and Drugs

• Monitoring the Future (MTF) study of drug use among junior high and high school students

• The majority of high school seniors report marijuana as being accessible



Costs of Drug AbuseCosts of Drug Abuse

• ONDCP estimates Americans spend $63 billion/year to purchase illegal drugs

• Costs Direct criminal justice system costs Indirect health care costs and lost

productivity

• Other social costs include AIDS traced to IV drug use



Types of Illegal DrugsTypes of Illegal Drugs

• 1970 Controlled Substances Act groups controlled substances into 5 schedules

• Dangerous drugs Broad categories or classes of controlled

substances other than cocaine, opiates, and cannabis products



Drug AddictionDrug Addiction

• Addiction a chronic brain disease characterized by

compulsive drug seeking and use despite harmful consequences

• Stopping drug abuse is not just a matter of willpower



Drug TraffickingDrug Trafficking

• Drug trafficking Manufacturing, distributing, dispensing,

importing, and exporting a controlled or counterfeit substance

Also includes sale of drugs

• Most cocaine entering the US originates in South America




Drug TraffickingDrug Trafficking

• Heroin Signature Program (HSP) DEA program that identifies the

geographic source of a heroin sample through the detection of specific chemical characteristics in the sample peculiar to the source area

The majority of heroin in the U.S. originates in South America

Other sources include Asia and Mexico



Pharmaceutical Diversion and Pharmaceutical Diversion and Designer DrugsDesigner Drugs

• Pharmaceutical diversion The process by which legitimately

manufactured controlled substances are diverted for illicit use

Occurs through illegal prescribing by physicians, illegal dispensing by pharmacists




Pharmaceutical Diversion and Pharmaceutical Diversion and Designer DrugsDesigner Drugs

• Designer drugs New substances designed by slightly

altering the chemical makeup of other illegal or tightly controlled drugs



Drugs and CrimeDrugs and Crime

• Drug-defined crime a violation of the laws prohibiting or

regulating the possession, use, or distribution of illegal drugs

• Drug-related crime a crime in which drugs contribute to the

offense (excluding violations of drug laws)




Drugs and CrimeDrugs and Crime

• Considerable support for the relationship between drug use and crime: Drug users report greater involvement in

crime and are more likely to have criminal records

People with criminal records are more likely to report being drug users

Crimes rise in number as drug use increases



NarcoterrorismNarcoterrorism

• Narcoterrorism The distribution of a controlled

substance in order to provide something of pecuniary value to a person or group that has engaged or is engaging in terrorist activity



Social Policy and Drug AbuseSocial Policy and Drug Abuse

• 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act• 1914 Harrison Act• Prohibition – 18th and 21st

Amendments• 1937 Marijuana Tax Act• 1951 Boggs Act• 1996 Drug-Induced Rape Prevention Act



Recent LegislationRecent Legislation

• 1996 Comprehensive Methamphetamine Control Act

• 1994 Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act

• Legalization of personal and medical use of marijuana



Drug-Control StrategiesDrug-Control Strategies

• Anti-drug legislation and strict enforcement

• Interdiction• Crop control• Forfeiture• Antidrug education and drug treatment



ProstitutionProstitution

• Prostitution the act of engaging in sexual activity for

money

• Both prostitutes and “johns” can be charged with the offense of prostitution

• Prostitution is a crime throughout the U.S. except for parts of Nevada



Morals LegislationMorals Legislation

• The question of whether and to what extent the criminal law should reflect and enforce morality is a classic debate

• While most agree that actions that harm others should be controlled, not everyone sees sex work, especially when willingly undertaken, as harmful




Morals LegislationMorals Legislation

• Should the law criminalize what are personal moral decisions that harm no one?



Figure 13-11 Types of Prostitutes



Clients of ProstitutesClients of Prostitutes

• General characteristics Age ranged from 18-84 years, median

age 37 Majority had attended some college Less likely to be married Motives varied




Clients of ProstitutesClients of Prostitutes

• About 20% demonstrated acceptance of 4+ rape myths This group may be responsible for

perpetrating violent acts against women for hire



Feminist Perspectives on Feminist Perspectives on ProstitutionProstitution

• Some feminist thinkers argue that prostitute exploits and demeans women, and subject them to the dangers of violence and disease

• Others suggest selling sex need not be inherently exploitive and may be liberating





• Four claims characterizing extreme radical feminist theory Prostitution involves male domination

and exploitation of women Violence is omnipresent in prostitution Female prostitutes lack agency Legalization or decriminalization would

only make the situation worse





• Ronald Weitzer criticizes this view Says these claims are counterproductive Extreme feminists have contributed to a

moral panic over prostitution by linking it to sex trafficking, especially of children

Says many claims of radical feminists are false



Legalization and Decriminalization Legalization and Decriminalization of Prostitutionof Prostitution

• Legalization would allow women above a specified

age to offer paid sexual services with few restrictions

• Decriminalization would reduce the penalties associated

with prostitution but would regulate the practice and may attempt to curtail it

criminology today, 7th edition frank schmalleger copyright © 2015 by pearson education, inc. all...

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