crimpro stonehill kho

8/19/2019 Crimpro Stonehill Kho

1/149

G.R. No. L-19550 June 19, 1967

HARRY S. STONEHILL, ROBERT P. BROOKS, JOHN J. BROOKS

an KARL BE!K, "e#$#$one%&,

'&.

HON. JOSE (. )IOKNO, $n *$& +a"a+$# a& SE!RETARY O

JSTI!E/ JOSE LKBAN, $n *$& +a"a+$# a& A+#$n )$%e+#o%,

Na#$ona Bu%eau o2 In'e$a#$on/ SPE!IAL PROSE!TORS

PE)RO ). !EN3ON, EREN I. PLANA an 4ANEL

ILLAREAL, JR. an ASST. IS!AL 4ANASES G. REYES/ J)GE

A4A)O ROAN, 4un$+$"a !ou%# o2 4an$a/ J)GE RO4AN

!ANSINO, 4un$+$"a !ou%# o2 4an$a/ J)GE HER4OGENES

!ALAG, !ou%# o2 $% Inan+e o2 R$a-ueon !$# B%an+*,

an J)GE )A4IAN JI4ENE3, 4un$+$"a !ou%# o2 ueon

!$#, %e&"onen#&.

Pa%ee&, Po8ao%, !%u an Naa%eno an 4ee%, 4ee% an

4ee% an Juan T. )a'$ 2o% "e#$#$one%&.

O+e o2 #*e So$+$#o% Gene%a A%#u%o A. Aa2%$, A&&$an#

So$+$#o% Gene%a Pa+$:+o P. e !a%o, A&&$an# So$+$#o%

Gene%a %$ne !. 3a8ae%o, So$+$#o% !a;$o ). u$a&on an

So$+$#o% !. Paua 2o% %e&"onen#&.

!ON!EP!ION, !.J.<

"on a""$+a#$on o2 #*e o+e%& o2 #*e o'e%n;en# na;eon #*e ;a%$n1 = *e%e$na2#e% %e2e%%e #o a& Re&"onen#&-

P%o&e+u#o%& = &e'e%a >ue&? = *e%e$na2#e% %e2e%%e #o a&

Re&"onen#&-Jue& = $&&ue, on $@e%en# a#e&, a #o#a o2

? &ea%+* Ca%%an#& aa$n "e#$#$one%& *e%e$n anDo% #*e

+o%"o%a#$on& o2 C*$+* #*e Ce%e o+e%&,5 $%e+#e #o #*e

an "ea+e o+e%, #o &ea%+* #*e "e%&on& a8o'e-na;e

anDo% #*e "%e;$&e& o2 #*e$% o+e&, Ca%e*ou&e& anDo%

%e&$en+e&, an #o &e$e an #ae "o&&e&&$on o2 #*e 2ooC$n

"e%&ona "%o"e%# #o C$#<

Boo& o2 a++oun#&, :nan+$a %e+o%&, 'ou+*e%&,

+o%%e&"onen+e, %e+e$"#&, ee%&, >ou%na&, "o%#2o$o&, +%e$#

>ou%na&, #"eC%$#e%&, an o#*e% o+u;en#& anDo% "a"e%&

&*oC$n a 8u&$ne&& #%an&a+#$on& $n+u$n $&8u%&e;en#&

%e+e$"#&, 8aan+e &*ee#& an "%o:# an o&& a#e;en#& an

Bo88$n& F+$a%e##e C%a""e%&.

a& #*e &u8>e+# o2 #*e o@en&e/ oen o% e;8ee an

"%o+ee& o% 2%u$#& o2 #*e o@en&e, o% u&e o% $n#ene #o 8e

u&e a& #*e ;ean& o2 +o;;$##$n #*e o@en&e, C*$+* $&

e&+%$8e $n #*e a""$+a#$on& a'e%#e #o a8o'e a& '$oa#$on

o2 !en#%a Ban LaC&, Ta%$@ an !uo;& LaC&, In#e%na

Re'enue F!oe an #*e Re'$&e Pena !oe.

Ae$n #*a# #*e a2o%e;en#$one &ea%+* Ca%%an#& a%e nuan 'o$, a& +on#%a'en$n #*e !on$#u#$on an #*e Rue& o2

!ou%# = 8e+au&e, $n#e% a$a< F1 #*e o no# e&+%$8e C$#*

"a%#$+ua%$# #*e o+u;en#&, 8oo& an #*$n& #o 8e &e$e/

F? +a&* ;one, no# ;en#$one $n #*e Ca%%an#&, Ce%e

a+#ua &e$e/ F #*e Ca%%an#& Ce%e $&&ue #o :&*

e'$en+e aa$n #*e a2o%e;en#$one "e#$#$one%& $n

e"o%#a#$on +a&e& :e aa$n #*e;/ F #*e &ea%+*e& an

&e$u%e& Ce%e ;ae $n an $ea ;anne%/ an F5 #*e

o+u;en#&, "a"e%& an +a&* ;one &e$e Ce%e no#

e$'e%e #o #*e +ou%#& #*a# $&&ue #*e Ca%%an#&, #o 8e$&"o&e o2 $n a++o%an+e C$#* aC = on 4a%+* ?0, 196?,

&a$ "e#$#$one%& :e C$#* #*e Su"%e;e !ou%# #*$& o%$$na

a+#$on 2o% +e%#$o%a%$, "%o*$8$#$on, ;ana;u& an $n>un+#$on,

an "%ae #*a#, "en$n :na $&"o&$#$on o2 #*e "%e&en#

+a&e, a C%$# o2 "%e$;$na% $n>un+#$on 8e $&&ue %e%a$n$n

Re&"onen#&-P%o&e+u#o%&, #*e$% aen#& an Do%

%e"%e&en#a#$'e& 2%o; u&$n #*e e@e+#& &e$e a&

a2o%e;en#$one o% an +o"$e& #*e%eo2, $n #*e e"o%#a#$on

+a&e& a%ea a'e%#e #o, an #*a#, $n ue +ou%&e,


2/149

#*e%ea2#e%, e+$&$on 8e %ene%e ua&*$n #*e +on#ee

&ea%+* Ca%%an#& an e+a%$n #*e &a;e nu an 'o$, an

+o;;an$n #*e %e&"onen#&, #*e$% aen#& o%

%e"%e&en#a#$'e& #o %e#u%n #o "e#$#$one%& *e%e$n, $n

a++o%an+e C$#* Se+#$on , Rue 67, o2 #*e Rue& o2 !ou%#,

#*e o+u;en#&, "a"e%&, #*$n& an +a&* ;one& &e$e o%

+on:&+a#e une% #*e &ea%+* Ca%%an#& $n ue$on.

In #*e$% an&Ce%, %e&"onen#&-"%o&e+u#o%& aee, 6 F1 #*a#

#*e +on#ee &ea%+* Ca%%an#& a%e 'a$ an *a'e 8een

$&&ue $n a++o%an+e C$#* aC/ F? #*a# #*e e2e+#& o2 &a$

Ca%%an#&, $2 an, Ce%e +u%e 8 "e#$#$one%& +on&en#/ an F

#*a#, $n an e'en#, #*e e@e+#& &e$e a%e a;$&&$8e $n

e'$en+e aa$n *e%e$n "e#$#$one%&, %ea%e&& o2 #*e

aee $ea$# o2 #*e a2o%e;en#$one &ea%+*e& an

&e$u%e&.

On 4a%+* ??, 196?, #*$& !ou%# $&&ue #*e C%$# o2 "%e$;$na%

$n>un+#$on "%ae 2o% $n #*e "e#$#$on. HoCe'e%, 8 %e&ou#$on

a#e June ?9, 196?, #*e C%$# Ca& "a%#$a $2#e o%

$&&o'e, $n&o2a% a& #*e "a"e%&, o+u;en#& an #*$n&

&e$e 2%o; #*e o+e& o2 #*e +o%"o%a#$on& a8o'e ;en#$one

a%e +on+e%ne/ 8u#, #*e $n>un+#$on Ca& ;a$n#a$ne a&

%ea%& #*e "a"e%&, o+u;en#& an #*$n& 2oun an &e$e

$n #*e %e&$en+e& o2 "e#$#$one%& *e%e$n.7

T*u&, #*e o+u;en#&, "a"e%&, an #*$n& &e$e une% #*e

aee au#*o%$# o2 #*e Ca%%an#& $n ue$on ;a 8e &"$#

$n#o #Co F? ;a>o% %ou"&, na;e< Fa #*o&e 2oun an

&e$e $n #*e o+e& o2 #*e a2o%e;en#$one +o%"o%a#$on&, an

F8 #*o&e 2oun an &e$e $n #*e %e&$en+e& o2 "e#$#$one%&

*e%e$n.

A& %ea%& #*e :% %ou", Ce *o #*a# "e#$#$one%& *e%e$n

*a'e no +au&e o2 a+#$on #o a&&a$ #*e ea$# o2 #*e

+on#ee Ca%%an#& an o2 #*e &e$u%e& ;ae $n "u%&uan+e

#*e%eo2, 2o% #*e &$;"e %ea&on #*a# &a$ +o%"o%a#$on& *a'e

#*e$% %e&"e+#$'e "e%&ona$#$e&, &e"a%a#e an $$n+# 2%o; #*e

"e%&ona$# o2 *e%e$n "e#$#$one%&, %ea%e&& o2 #*e a;oun# o2

&*a%e& o2 o+ o% o2 #*e $n#e%e o2 ea+* o2 #*e; $n &a$

+o%"o%a#$on&, an C*a#e'e% #*e o+e& #*e *o #*e%e$n

;a 8e. Inee, $# $& Ce &e##e #*a# #*e ea$# o2 a

&e$u%e +an 8e +on#ee on 8 #*e "a%# C*o&e %$*#&

*a'e 8een $;"a$%e #*e%e8,9 an #*a# #*e o8>e+#$on #o an

unaC2u &ea%+* an &e$u%e $& "u%e "e%&ona an +anno#

8e a'a$e o2 8 #*$% "a%#$e&. 10 !on&euen#, "e#$#$one%&

*e%e$n ;a no# 'a$ o8>e+# #o #*e u&e $n e'$en+e aa$n

#*e; o2 #*e o+u;en#&, "a"e%& an #*$n& &e$e 2%o; #*e

o+e& an "%e;$&e& o2 #*e +o%"o%a#$on& a'e%#e #o a8o'e,

&$n+e #*e %$*# #o o8>e+# #o #*e a;$&&$on o2 &a$ "a"e%& $n

e'$en+e 8eon& e+u&$'e #o #*e +o%"o%a#$on&, #o C*o;#*e &e$e e@e+#& 8eon, an ;a no# 8e $n'oe 8 #*e

+o%"o%a#e o+e%& $n "%o+ee$n& aa$n #*e; $n #*e$%

$n$'$ua +a"a+$#. 11 Inee, $# *a& 8een *e<

. . . #*a# #*e Go'e%n;en#& a+#$on $n a$n$n "o&&e&&$on o2

"a"e%& 8eon$n #o #*e +o%"o%a#$on $ no# %ea#e #o no% $

$# a@e+# #*e "e%&ona e2enan#&. I2 #*e&e "a"e%& Ce%e

unaC2u &e$e an #*e%e8 #*e +on$#u#$ona %$*#& o2 o%

an one Ce%e $n'ae, #*e Ce%e #*e %$*#& o2 #*e

+o%"o%a#$on an no# #*e %$*#& o2 #*e o#*e% e2enan#&. Ne#,$# $& +ea% #*a# a ue$on o2 #*e aC2une&& o2 a &e$u%e +an

8e %a$&e on 8 one C*o&e %$*#& *a'e 8een $n'ae.

!e%#a$n, &u+* a &e$u%e, $2 unaC2u, +ou no# a@e+# #*e

+on$#u#$ona %$*#& o2 e2enan#& C*o&e "%o"e%# *a no#

8een &e$e o% #*e "%$'a+ o2 C*o&e *o;e& *a no# 8een

$u%8e/ no% +ou #*e +a$; 2o% #*e;&e'e& #*e 8ene:#&

o2 #*e ou%#* A;en;en#, C*en $#& '$oa#$on, $2 an, Ca&

C$#* %e2e%en+e #o #*e %$*#& o2 ano#*e%. Re;u& '&. n$#e

S#a#e& F!.!.A.?91 . 501, 511. I# 2ooC&, #*e%e2o%e, #*a# #*e


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ue$on o2 #*e a;$&&$8$$# o2 #*e e'$en+e 8a&e on an

aee unaC2u &ea%+* an &e$u%e oe& no# e#en #o #*e

"e%&ona e2enan#& 8u# e;8%a+e& on #*e +o%"o%a#$on

C*o&e "%o"e%# Ca& #aen. . . . FA Gu+en*e$;e% M B%o&. !o.

'&. n$#e S#a#e&, 19?5 . ?. 76, 79, E;"*a&$&

&u""$e.

($#* %e&"e+# #o #*e o+u;en#&, "a"e%& an #*$n& &e$e $n

#*e %e&$en+e& o2 "e#$#$one%& *e%e$n, #*e a2o%e;en#$one

%e&ou#$on o2 June ?9, 196?, $2#e #*e C%$# o2 "%e$;$na%

$n>un+#$on "%e'$ou& $&&ue 8 #*$& !ou%#, 1? #*e%e8, $n

e@e+#, %e%a$n$n *e%e$n Re&"onen#&-P%o&e+u#o%& 2%o;

u&$n #*e; $n e'$en+e aa$n "e#$#$one%& *e%e$n.

In +onne+#$on C$#* &a$ o+u;en#&, "a"e%& an #*$n&, #Co

F? $;"o%#an# ue$on& nee 8e &e##e, na;e< F1C*e#*e% #*e &ea%+* Ca%%an#& $n ue$on, an #*e &ea%+*e&

an &e$u%e& ;ae une% #*e au#*o%$# #*e%eo2, a%e 'a$ o%

no#, an F? $2 #*e an&Ce% #o #*e "%e+e$n ue$on $& $n #*e

nea#$'e, C*e#*e% &a$ o+u;en#&, "a"e%& an #*$n& ;a

8e u&e $n e'$en+e aa$n "e#$#$one%& *e%e$n.1C"*Q1.#

Pe#$#$one%& ;a$n#a$n #*a# #*e a2o%e;en#$one &ea%+*

Ca%%an#& a%e $n #*e na#u%e o2 ene%a Ca%%an#& an #*a#

a++o%$n, #*e &e$u%e& e@e+#e u"on #*e au#*o%$# #*e%e

o2 a%e nu an 'o$. In #*$& +onne+#$on, #*e !on$#u#$on 1

"%o'$e&<

T*e %$*# o2 #*e "eo"e #o 8e &e+u%e $n #*e$% "e%&on&,

*ou&e&, "a"e%&, an e@e+#& aa$n un%ea&ona8e &ea%+*e&

an &e$u%e& &*a no# 8e '$oa#e, an no Ca%%an#& &*a

$&&ue 8u# u"on "%o8a8e +au&e, #o 8e e#e%;$ne 8 #*e

>ue a2#e% ea;$na#$on une% oa#* o% a%;a#$on o2 #*e

+o;"a$nan# an #*e C$#ne&&e& *e ;a "%ou+e, an

"a%#$+ua% e&+%$8$n #*e "a+e #o 8e &ea%+*e, an #*e

"e%&on& o% #*$n& #o 8e &e$e.

TCo "o$n#& ;u 8e %e&&e $n +onne+#$on C$#* #*$&

+on$#u#$ona ;ana#e, na;e< F1 #*a# no Ca%%an# &*a

$&&ue 8u# u"on "%o8a8e +au&e, #o 8e e#e%;$ne 8 #*e

>ue $n #*e ;anne% &e# 2o%#* $n &a$ "%o'$&$on/ an F? #*a#

#*e Ca%%an# &*a "a%#$+ua% e&+%$8e #*e #*$n& #o 8e

&e$e.

None o2 #*e&e %eu$%e;en#& *a& 8een +o;"$e C$#* $n #*e

+on#ee Ca%%an#&. Inee, #*e &a;e Ce%e $&&ue u"on

a""$+a#$on& a#$n #*a# #*e na#u%a an >u%$$+a "e%&on

#*e%e$n na;e *a +o;;$##e a '$oa#$on o2 !en#%a Ban

LaC&, Ta%$@ an !uo;& LaC&, In#e%na Re'enue F!oe an

Re'$&e Pena !oe. In o#*e% Co%&, no &"e+$:+ o@en&e *a8een aee $n &a$ a""$+a#$on&. T*e a'e%;en#& #*e%eo2

C$#* %e&"e+# #o #*e o@en&e +o;;$##e Ce%e a8%a+#. A& a

+on&euen+e, $# Ca& $;"o&&$8e 2o% #*e >ue& C*o $&&ue

#*e Ca%%an#& #o *a'e 2oun #*e e$en+e o2 "%o8a8e +au&e,

2o% #*e &a;e "%e&u""o&e& #*e $n#%ou+#$on o2 +o;"e#en#

"%oo2 #*a# #*e "a%# aa$n C*o; $# $& &ou*# *a&

"e%2o%;e "a%#$+ua% a+#&, o% +o;;$##e &"e+$:+ o;$&&$on&,

'$oa#$n a $'en "%o'$&$on o2 ou% +%$;$na aC&. A& a ;a##e%

o2 2a+#, #*e a""$+a#$on& $n'o'e $n #*$& +a&e o no# aee

an &"e+$:+ a+#& "e%2o%;e 8 *e%e$n "e#$#$one%&. I# Cou

8e #*e ea *e%e&, o2 #*e *$*e o%e%, #o +on'$+# an8o

o2 a '$oa#$on o2 !en#%a Ban LaC&, Ta%$@ an !uo;&

LaC&, In#e%na Re'enue F!oe an Re'$&e Pena !oe, =

a& aee $n #*e a2o%e;en#$one a""$+a#$on& = C$#*ou#

%e2e%en+e #o an e#e%;$na#e "%o'$&$on o2 &a$ aC& o%

To u"*o #*e 'a$$# o2 #*e Ca%%an#& $n ue$on Cou 8e

#o C$"e ou# +o;"e#e one o2 #*e ;o 2una;en#a %$*#&

ua%an#ee $n ou% !on$#u#$on, 2o% $# Cou "a+e #*e


4/149

&an+#$# o2 #*e o;$+$e an #*e "%$'a+ o2 +o;;un$+a#$on

an +o%%e&"onen+e a# #*e ;e%+ o2 #*e C*$;& +a"%$+e o%

"a&&$on o2 "ea+e o+e%&. T*$& $& "%e+$&e #*e e'$ &ou*# #o

8e %e;e$e 8 #*e +on$#u#$ona "%o'$&$on a8o'e uo#e =

#o ou#aC #*e &o-+ae ene%a Ca%%an#&. I# $& no# $+u# #o

$;a$ne C*a# Cou *a""en, $n #$;e& o2 een "o$#$+a %$2e,

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C%e $#, e'en #*ou* 8 ea ;ean&.

Su+* $& #*e &e%$ou&ne&& o2 #*e $%%eua%$#$e& +o;;$##e $n

+onne+#$on C$#* #*e $&"u#e &ea%+* Ca%%an#&, #*a# #*$&

!ou%# ee;e $# :# #o a;en Se+#$on o2 Rue 1?? o2 #*e

2o%;e% Rue& o2 !ou%# 1 8 "%o'$$n $n $#& +oun#e%"a%#,

une% #*e Re'$&e Rue& o2 !ou%# 15 #*a# a &ea%+* Ca%%an#

&*a no# $&&ue 8u# u"on "%o8a8e +au&e $n +onne+#$on C$#*

one &"e+$:+ o@en&e. No# &a#$&:e C$#* #*$& ua$:+a#$on,#*e !ou%# ae #*e%e#o a "a%a%a"*, $%e+#$n #*a# no

&ea%+* Ca%%an# &*a $&&ue 2o% ;o%e #*an one &"e+$:+

o@en&e.

T*e %a'e '$oa#$on o2 #*e !on$#u#$on ;ae $n #*e

a""$+a#$on 2o% #*e +on#ee &ea%+* Ca%%an#& Ca&

+o;"oune 8 #*e e&+%$"#$on #*e%e$n ;ae o2 #*e e@e+#&

#o 8e &ea%+*e 2o% an &e$e, #o C$#<

Boo& o2 a++oun#&, :nan+$a %e+o%&, 'ou+*e%&, >ou%na&,

+o%%e&"onen+e, %e+e$"#&, ee%&, "o%#2o$o&, +%e$# >ou%na&,

#"eC%$#e%&, an o#*e% o+u;en#& anDo% "a"e%& &*oC$n a

8u&$ne&& #%an&a+#$on& $n+u$n $&8u%&e;en# %e+e$"#&,

8aan+e &*ee#& an %ea#e "%o:# an o&& a#e;en#&.

T*u&, #*e Ca%%an#& au#*o%$e #*e &ea%+* 2o% an &e$u%e o2

%e+o%& "e%#a$n$n #o a 8u&$ne&& #%an&a+#$on& o2 "e#$#$one%&

*e%e$n, %ea%e&& o2 C*e#*e% #*e #%an&a+#$on& Ce%e ea o%

$ea. T*e Ca%%an#& &an+#$one #*e &e$u%e o2 a %e+o%& o2

#*e "e#$#$one%& an #*e a2o%e;en#$one +o%"o%a#$on&,

C*a#e'e% #*e$% na#u%e, #*u& o"en +on#%a'en$n #*e e"$+$#

+o;;an o2 ou% B$ o2 R$*#& = #*a# #*e #*$n& #o 8e &e$e

8e "a%#$+ua% e&+%$8e = a& Ce a& #en$n #o e2ea# $#&

;a>o% o8>e+#$'e< #*e e$;$na#$on o2 ene%a Ca%%an#&.

Re$n u"on 4on+ao '&. Peo"e& !ou%# F0 P*$. 1,

Re&"onen#&-P%o&e+u#o%& ;a$n#a$n #*a#, e'en $2 #*e &ea%+*e&

an &e$u%e& une% +on&$e%a#$on Ce%e un+on$#u#$ona, #*e

o+u;en#&, "a"e%& an #*$n& #*u& &e$e a%e a;$&&$8e $n

e'$en+e aa$n "e#$#$one%& *e%e$n. "on ;a#u%e

e$8e%a#$on, *oCe'e%, Ce a%e unan$;ou& o2 #*e o"$n$on

#*a# #*e "o&$#$on #aen $n #*e 4on+ao +a&e ;u 8e

a8anone. Sa$ "o&$#$on Ca& $n $ne C$#* #*e A;e%$+an

+o;;on aC %ue, #*a# #*e +%$;$na &*ou no# 8e aoCe #o

o 2%ee ;e%e 8e+au&e #*e +ona8e *a& 8une%e, 16u"on #*e #*eo% #*a# #*e +on$#u#$ona "%o*$8$#$on aa$n

un%ea&ona8e &ea%+*e& an &e$u%e& $& "%o#e+#e 8 ;ean&

o#*e% #*an #*e e+u&$on o2 e'$en+e unaC2u o8#a$ne, 17

&u+* a& #*e +o;;on-aC a+#$on 2o% a;ae& aa$n #*e

&ea%+*$n o+e%, aa$n #*e "a%# C*o "%o+u%e #*e

$&&uan+e o2 #*e &ea%+* Ca%%an# an aa$n #*o&e a&&$$n

$n #*e ee+u#$on o2 an $ea &ea%+*, #*e$% +%$;$na

"un$&*;en#, %e&$an+e, C$#*ou# $a8$$# #o an unaC2u

&e$u%e, an &u+* o#*e% ea %e;e$e& a& ;a 8e "%o'$e

8 o#*e% aC&.

HoCe'e%, ;o +o;;on aC >u%$&$+#$on& *a'e a%ea $'en

u" #*$& a""%oa+* an e'en#ua ao"#e #*e e+u&$ona%

%ue, %ea$$n #*a# #*$& $& #*e on "%a+#$+a ;ean& o2

en2o%+$n #*e +on$#u#$ona $n>un+#$on aa$n un%ea&ona8e

&ea%+*e& an &e$u%e&. In #*e anuae o2 Jue Lea%ne

Han


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A& Ce une%an $#, #*e %ea&on 2o% #*e e+u&$on o2

e'$en+e +o;"e#en# a& &u+*, C*$+* *a& 8een unaC2u

a+u$%e, $& #*a# e+u&$on $& #*e on "%a+#$+a Ca o2

en2o%+$n #*e +on$#u#$ona "%$'$ee. In ea%$e% #$;e& #*e

a+#$on o2 #%e&"a&& aa$n #*e o@en$n o+$a ;a *a'e

8een "%o#e+#$on enou*/ 8u# #*a# $& #%ue no one%. On $n

+a&e #*e "%o&e+u#$on C*$+* $#&e2 +on#%o& #*e &e$$n

o+$a&, noC& #*a# $# +anno# "%o:# 8 #*e$% C%on C$ #*a#

C%on 8e %e"%e&&e.1

In 2a+#, o'e% #*$%# F0 ea%& 8e2o%e, #*e ee%a Su"%e;e

!ou%# *a a%ea e+a%e<

I2 e##e%& an "%$'a#e o+u;en#& +an #*u& 8e &e$e an *e

an u&e $n e'$en+e aa$n a +$#$en a++u&e o2 an

o@en&e, #*e "%o#e+#$on o2 #*e #* A;en;en#, e+a%$n *$&%$*#& #o 8e &e+u%e aa$n &u+* &ea%+*e& an &e$u%e&, $& o2

no 'aue, an, &o 2a% a& #*o&e #*u& "a+e a%e +on+e%ne,

;$*# a& Ce 8e %$+en 2%o; #*e !on$#u#$on. T*e e@o%#&

o2 #*e +ou%#& an #*e$% o+$a& #o 8%$n #*e u$# #o

"un$&*;en#, "%a$&eCo%#* a& #*e a%e, a%e no# #o 8e a$e

8 #*e &a+%$:+e o2 #*o&e %ea# "%$n+$"e& ea8$&*e 8

ea%& o2 enea'o% an &u@e%$n C*$+* *a'e %e&u#e $n #*e$%

e;8o$;en# $n #*e 2una;en#a aC o2 #*e an.19

T*$& '$eC Ca&, no# on %e$#e%a#e, 8u#, a&o, 8%oaene $n

&u8&euen# e+$&$on& on #*e &a;e ee%a !ou%#. ?0 A2#e%

%e'$eC$n "%e'$ou& e+$&$on& #*e%eon, &a$ !ou%# *e, $n

4a"" '&. O*$o F&u"%a.<

. . . Toa Ce on+e aa$n ea;$ne #*e (o2& +on$#u#$ona

o+u;en#a#$on o2 #*e %$*# o2 "%$'a+ 2%ee 2%o;

un%ea&ona8e a#e $n#%u&$on, an a2#e% $#& oen ea%& on

ou% 8oo&, a%e e 8 $# #o +o&e #*e on +ou%#%oo; oo%

%e;a$n$n o"en #o e'$en+e &e+u%e 8 o+$a aCe&&ne&&

$n a%an# a8u&e o2 #*a# 8a&$+ %$*#, %e&e%'e #o a "e%&on&

a& a &"e+$:+ ua%an#ee aa$n #*a# 'e% &a;e unaC2u

+onu+#. (e *o #*a# a e'$en+e o8#a$ne 8 &ea%+*e& an

&e$u%e& $n '$oa#$on o2 #*e !on$#u#$on $&, 8 #*a# &a;e

au#*o%$#, $na;$&&$8e $n a S#a#e.

S$n+e #*e ou%#* A;en;en#& %$*# o2 "%$'a+ *a& 8een

e+a%e en2o%+ea8e aa$n #*e S#a#e& #*%ou* #*e )ue

P%o+e&& !au&e o2 #*e ou%#een#*, $# $& en2o%+ea8e aa$n

#*e; 8 #*e &a;e &an+#$on o2 e+u&$on a& $# u&e aa$n

#*e ee%a Go'e%n;en#. (e%e $# o#*e%C$&e, #*en >u a&

C$#*ou# #*e (ee& %ue #*e a&&u%an+e aa$n un%ea&ona8e

2ee%a &ea%+*e& an &e$u%e& Cou 8e a 2o%; o2 Co%&,

'auee&& an une%&e%'$n o2 ;en#$on $n a "e%"e#ua

+*a%#e% o2 $ne$;a8e *u;an $8e%#$e&, &o #oo, C$#*ou# #*a#

%ue #*e 2%eeo; 2%o; a#e $n'a&$on& o2 "%$'a+ Cou 8e &oe"*e;e%a an &o nea# &e'e%e 2%o; $#& +on+e"#ua neu&

C$#* #*e 2%eeo; 2%o; a 8%u#$&* ;ean& o2 +oe%+$n

e'$en+e a& no# #o "e%;$# #*$& !ou%#& *$* %ea% a& a

2%eeo; $;"$+$# $n #*e +on+e"# o2 o%e%e $8e%#. A# #*e

#$;e #*a# #*e !ou%# *e $n (o2 #*a# #*e a;en;en# Ca&

a""$+a8e #o #*e S#a#e& #*%ou* #*e )ue P%o+e&& !au&e, #*e

+a&e& o2 #*$& !ou%# a& Ce *a'e &een, *a ea2a *e

#*a# a& #o 2ee%a o+e%& #*e ou%#* A;en;en# $n+ue

#*e e+u&$on o2 #*e e'$en+e &e$e $n '$oa#$on o2 $#&

"%o'$&$on&. E'en (o2 ou# a*e%e #o #*a# "%o"o&$#$on.

T*e %$*# #o C*en +on+ee o"e%a#$'e en2o%+ea8e aa$n

#*e S#a#e&, Ca& no# &u&+e"#$8e o2 e%u+#$on 8 a'u&$on o2

#*e &an+#$on u"on C*$+* $#& "%o#e+#$on an en>o;en# *a

aCa& 8een ee;e e"enen# une% #*e Bo, (ee& an

S$'e%#*o%ne !a&e&. T*e%e2o%e, $n e#en$n #*e &u8an#$'e

"%o#e+#$on& o2 ue "%o+e&& #o a +on$#u#$ona

un%ea&ona8e &ea%+*e& = a#e o% 2ee%a = $# Ca& o$+a

an +on$#u#$ona ne+e&&a%$ #*a# #*e e+u&$on o+#%$ne

= an e&&en#$a "a%# o2 #*e %$*# #o "%$'a+ = 8e a&o $n&$e


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u"on a& an e&&en#$a $n%e$en# o2 #*e %$*# neC

%e+on$e 8 #*e (o2 !a&e. In &*o%#, #*e a;$&&$on o2 #*e

neC +on$#u#$ona R$*# 8 (o2 +ou no# #oe%a#e en$a o2

$#& ;o $;"o%#an# +on$#u#$ona "%$'$ee, na;e, #*e

e+u&$on o2 #*e e'$en+e C*$+* an a++u&e *a 8een 2o%+e

#o $'e 8 %ea&on o2 #*e unaC2u &e$u%e. To *o o#*e%C$&e

$& #o %an# #*e %$*# 8u# $n %ea$# #o C$#**o $#& "%$'$ee

an en>o;en#. On a ea% #*e !ou%# $#&e2 %e+on$e

#*a# #*e "u%"o&e o2 #*e e+u&$ona% %ue #o $& #o e#e% = #o

+o;"e %e&"e+# 2o% #*e +on$#u#$ona ua%an# $n #*e on

e@e+#$'e a'a$a8e Ca = 8 %e;o'$n #*e $n+en#$'e #o

$&%ea% $# . . . .

T*e $no8e &*o%#+u# #o +on'$+#$on e2# o"en #o #*e S#a#e

#en& #o e%o #*e en#$%e &e; o2 +on$#u#$ona

%e%a$n#& on C*$+* #*e $8e%#$e& o2 #*e "eo"e %e. Ha'$non+e %e+on$e #*a# #*e %$*# #o "%$'a+ e;8o$e $n #*e

ou%#* A;en;en# $& en2o%+ea8e aa$n #*e S#a#e&, an

#*a# #*e %$*# #o 8e &e+u%e aa$n %ue $n'a&$on& o2 "%$'a+

8 a#e o+e%& $&, #*e%e2o%e +on$#u#$ona $n o%$$n, Ce +an

no one% "e%;$# #*a# %$*# #o %e;a$n an e;"# "%o;$&e.

Be+au&e $# $& en2o%+ea8e $n #*e &a;e ;anne% an #o $e

e@e+# a& o#*e% 8a&$+ %$*#& &e+u%e 8 $#& )ue P%o+e&&

!au&e, Ce +an no one% "e%;$# $# #o 8e %e'o+a8e a# #*e

C*$; o2 an "o$+e o+e% C*o, $n #*e na;e o2 aC

en2o%+e;en# $#&e2, +*oo&e& #o &u&"en $#& en>o;en#. Ou%

e+$&$on, 2oune on %ea&on an #%u#*, $'e& #o #*e

$n$'$ua no ;o%e #*an #*a# C*$+* #*e !on$#u#$on

ua%an#ee& *$; #o #*e "o$+e o+e% no e&& #*an #*a# #o

C*$+* *one aC en2o%+e;en# $& en#$#e, an, #o #*e +ou%#&,

#*a# >u$+$a $n#e%$# &o ne+e&&a% $n #*e #%ue a;$n$%a#$on

o2 >u$+e. Fe;"*a&$& ou%&.

Inee, #*e non-e+u&$ona% %ue $& +on#%a%, no# on #o #*e

e##e%, 8u# a&o, #o #*e &"$%$# o2 #*e +on$#u#$ona $n>un+#$on

aa$n un%ea&ona8e &ea%+*e& an &e$u%e&. To 8e &u%e, $2

#*e a""$+an# 2o% a &ea%+* Ca%%an# *a& +o;"e#en# e'$en+e

#o ea8$&* "%o8a8e +au&e o2 #*e +o;;$&&$on o2 a $'en

+%$;e 8 #*e "a%# aa$n C*o; #*e Ca%%an# $& $n#ene,

#*en #*e%e $& no %ea&on C* #*e a""$+an# &*ou no# +o;"

C$#* #*e %eu$%e;en#& o2 #*e 2una;en#a aC. "on #*e

o#*e% *an, $2 *e *a& no &u+* +o;"e#en# e'$en+e, #*en $# $&

no# "o&&$8e 2o% #*e Jue #o :n #*a# #*e%e $& "%o8a8e

+au&e, an, *en+e, no >u$:+a#$on 2o% #*e $&&uan+e o2 #*e

Ca%%an#. T*e on "o&&$8e e"ana#$on Fno# >u$:+a#$on 2o%

$#& $&&uan+e $& #*e ne+e&&$# o2 :&*$n e'$en+e o2 #*e

+o;;$&&$on o2 a +%$;e. Bu#, #*en, #*$& :&*$n e"e$#$on $&

$n$+a#$'e o2 #*e a8&en+e o2 e'$en+e #o ea8$&* a "%o8a8e

+au&e.

4o%eo'e%, #*e #*eo% #*a# #*e +%$;$na "%o&e+u#$on o2 #*o&eC*o &e+u%e an $ea &ea%+* Ca%%an# anDo% ;ae

un%ea&ona8e &ea%+*e& o% &e$u%e& Cou &u+e #o "%o#e+#

#*e +on$#u#$ona ua%an#ee une% +on&$e%a#$on, o'e%oo&

#*e 2a+# #*a# '$oa#$on& #*e%eo2 a%e, $n ene%a, +o;;$##e B

aen#& o2 #*e "a%# $n "oCe%, 2o%, +e%#a$n, #*o&e 8eon$n

#o #*e ;$no%$# +ou no# "o&&$8 a8u&e a "oCe% #*e o no#

*a'e. Rea%e&& o2 #*e *an$+a" une% C*$+* #*e ;$no%$#

u&ua = 8u#, une%ana8 = :n& $#&e2 $n "%o&e+u#$n

aen#& o2 #*e ;a>o%$#, one ;u no# o&e &$*# o2 #*e 2a+#

#*a# #*e "&+*oo$+a an ;o%a e@e+# o2 #*e "o&&$8$$# ?1

o2 &e+u%$n #*e$% +on'$+#$on, $& Ca#e%e oCn 8 #*e

"a%on$n "oCe% o2 #*e "a%# 2o% C*o&e 8ene:# #*e $ea$#

*a 8een +o;;$##e.

In #*e$% 4o#$on 2o% Re+on&$e%a#$on an A;en;en# o2 #*e

Re&ou#$on o2 #*$& !ou%# a#e June ?9, 196?, "e#$#$one%&

aee #*a# Roo;& No&. 1 an 91 o2 !a%;en A"a%#;en#&,

Hou&e No. ?00, )eCe Boue'a%, Hou&e No. 16,

!oo%ao S#%ee#, an Roo; No. 0 o2 #*e A%;-Na' !u8,


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&*ou 8e $n+ue a;on #*e "%e;$&e& +on&$e%e $n &a$

Re&ou#$on a& %e&$en+e& o2 *e%e$n "e#$#$one%&, Ha%% S.

S#one*$, Ro8e%# P. B%oo, Jo*n J. B%oo& an Ka% Be+,

%e&"e+#$'e, an #*a#, 2u%#*e%;o%e, #*e %e+o%&, "a"e%& an

o#*e% e@e+#& &e$e $n #*e o+e& o2 #*e +o%"o%a#$on& a8o'e

%e2e%%e #o $n+ue "e%&ona 8eon$n& o2 &a$ "e#$#$one%&

an o#*e% e@e+#& une% #*e$% e+u&$'e "o&&e&&$on an

+on#%o, 2o% #*e e+u&$on o2 C*$+* #*e *a'e a an$n

une% #*e a#e %u$n& o2 #*e 2ee%a +ou%#& o2 2ee%a

+ou%#& o2 #*e n$#e S#a#e&. ??

(e no#e, *oCe'e%, #*a# "e#$#$one%& #*eo%, %ea%$n #*e$%

aee "o&&e&&$on o2 an +on#%o o'e% #*e a2o%e;en#$one

%e+o%&, "a"e%& an e@e+#&, an #*e aee "e%&ona

na#u%e #*e%eo2, *a& Been A'an+e, no# $n #*e$% "e#$#$on o%

a;ene "e#$#$on *e%e$n, 8u# $n #*e 4o#$on 2o%Re+on&$e%a#$on an A;en;en# o2 #*e Re&ou#$on o2 June

?9, 196?. In o#*e% Co%&, &a$ #*eo% Cou a""ea% #o 8e

%ea>uen# o2 #*a# 2ooCe $n &a$ "e#$#$on&, #o &u$# #*e

a""%oa+* $n#$;a#e $n #*e Re&ou#$on &ou*# #o 8e

%e+on&$e%e an a;ene. T*en, #oo, &o;e o2 #*e

aa'$#& o% +o"$e& o2 aee aa'$#& a##a+*e #o &a$

;o#$on 2o% %e+on&$e%a#$on, o% &u8;$##e $n &u""o%# #*e%eo2,

+on#a$n e$#*e% $n+on&$en# aea#$on&, o% aea#$on&

$n+on&$en# C$#* #*e #*eo% noC a'an+e 8 "e#$#$one%&

*e%e$n.

"on #*e o#*e% *an, Ce a%e no# &a#$&:e #*a# #*e

aea#$on& o2 &a$ "e#$#$on& &a$ ;o#$on 2o% %e+on&$e%a#$on,

an #*e +on#en#& o2 #*e a2o%e;en#$one aa'$#& an o#*e%

"a"e%& &u8;$##e $n &u""o%# o2 &a$ ;o#$on, *a'e &u+$en#

ea8$&*e #*e 2a+#& o% +on$#$on& +on#e;"a#e $n #*e

+a&e& %e$e u"on 8 #*e "e#$#$one%&/ #o Ca%%an# a""$+a#$on

o2 #*e '$eC& #*e%e$n e"%e&&e, &*ou Ce a%ee #*e%e#o. A#

an %a#e, Ce o no# ee; $# ne+e&&a% #o e"%e&& ou%

o"$n$on #*e%eon, $# 8e$n 8e #o ea'e #*e ;a##e% o"en 2o%

e#e%;$na#$on $n a""%o"%$a#e +a&e& $n #*e 2u#u%e.

(e *o, #*e%e2o%e, #*a# #*e o+#%$ne ao"#e $n #*e

4on+ao +a&e ;u 8e, a& $# $& *e%e8, a8anone/ #*a# #*e

Ca%%an#& 2o% #*e &ea%+* o2 #*%ee F %e&$en+e& o2 *e%e$n

"e#$#$one%&, a& &"e+$:e $n #*e Re&ou#$on o2 June ?9, 196?,

a%e nu an 'o$/ #*a# #*e &ea%+*e& an &e$u%e& #*e%e$n

;ae a%e $ea/ #*a# #*e C%$# o2 "%e$;$na% $n>un+#$on

*e%e#o2o%e $&&ue, $n +onne+#$on C$#* #*e o+u;en#&, "a"e%&

an o#*e% e@e+#& #*u& &e$e $n &a$ %e&$en+e& o2 *e%e$n

"e#$#$one%& $& *e%e8 ;ae "e%;anen#/ #*a# #*e C%$#& "%ae

2o% a%e %an#e, $n&o2a% a& #*e o+u;en#&, "a"e%& an o#*e%

e@e+#& &o &e$e $n #*e a2o%e;en#$one %e&$en+e& a%e

+on+e%ne/ #*a# #*e a2o%e;en#$one ;o#$on 2o%

Re+on&$e%a#$on an A;en;en# &*ou 8e, a& $# $& *e%e8,en$e/ an #*a# #*e "e#$#$on *e%e$n $& $&;$&&e an #*e

C%$#& "%ae 2o% en$e, a& %ea%& #*e o+u;en#&, "a"e%&

an o#*e% e@e+#& &e$e $n #*e #Cen#-n$ne F?9 "a+e&,

o+e& an o#*e% "%e;$&e& enu;e%a#e $n #*e &a;e

Re&ou#$on, C$#*ou# &"e+$a "%onoun+e;en# a& #o +o&.

I# $& &o o%e%e.

Ree&, J.B.L., )$on, 4aa$n#a, Benon, J.P., 3a$'a% an

San+*e, JJ., +on+u%.

!ASTRO, J., +on+u%%$n an $&&en#$n<

%o; ; ana&$& o2 #*e o"$n$on C%$##en 8 !*$e2 Ju$+e

Ro8e%#o !on+e"+$on an 2%o; #*e $;"o%# o2 #*e e$8e%a#$on&

o2 #*e !ou%# on #*$& +a&e, I a#*e% #*e 2ooC$n $$n+#

+on+u&$on&


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9/149

n$#e S#a#e& !on$#u#$on. In #*e ;an ea%& o2 >u$+$a

+on%u+#$on an $n#e%"%e#a#$on o2 #*e &a$ +on$#u#$ona

"%o'$&$on, ou% +ou%#& *a'e $n'a%$a8 %ea%e a& o+#%$na

#*e "%onoun+e;en# ;ae on #*e ou%#* A;en;en# 8

2ee%a +ou%#&, e&"e+$a #*e ee%a Su"%e;e !ou%# an #*e

ee%a !$%+u$# !ou%#& o2 A""ea&.

T*e .S. o+#%$ne& an "e%#$nen# +a&e& on an$n #o ;o'e

2o% #*e &u""%e&&$on o% %e#u%n o2 o+u;en#&, "a"e%& an

e@e+#& C*$+* a%e #*e 2%u$#& o2 an unaC2u &ea%+* an

&e$u%e, ;a 8e &u;;a%$e a& 2ooC&/ Fa oCne%&*$" o2

o+u;en#&, "a"e%& an e@e+#& $'e& an$n/ F8

oCne%&*$" anDo% +on#%o o% "o&&e&&$on = a+#ua o%

+on%u+#$'e = o2 "%e;$&e& &ea%+*e $'e& an$n/ an

F+ #*e a%$e'e "e%&on o+#%$ne C*e%e #*e &ea%+*

Ca%%an# an #*e &Co%n a""$+a#$on 2o% &ea%+* Ca%%an# a%e"%$;a%$ $%e+#e &oe an e+u&$'e aa$n #*e

a%$e'e "e%&on, $'e& an$n.

An ea;$na#$on o2 #*e &ea%+* Ca%%an#& $n #*$& +a&e C$

%ea$ &*oC #*a#, e+e"#$n #*%ee, a Ce%e $%e+#e aa$n

#*e "e#$#$one%& "e%&ona. In &o;e o2 #*e;, #*e "e#$#$one%&

Ce%e na;e "e%&ona, 2ooCe 8 #*e e&$na#$on, #*e

P%e&$en# anDo% Gene%a 4anae% o2 #*e "a%#$+ua%

+o%"o%a#$on. T*e #*%ee Ca%%an#& e+e"#e na;e #*%ee

+o%"o%a#e e2enan#&. Bu# #*e

o+eD*ou&eDCa%e*ou&eD"%e;$&e& ;en#$one $n #*e &a$

#*%ee Ca%%an#& Ce%e a&o #*e &a;e

o+eD*ou&eDCa%e*ou&eD"%e;$&e& e+a%e #o 8e oCne 8

o% une% #*e +on#%o o2 #*e "e#$#$one%& $n a #*e o#*e% &ea%+*

Ca%%an#& $%e+#e aa$n #*e "e#$#$one%& anDo% #*e

P%e&$en# anDo% Gene%a 4anae% o2 #*e "a%#$+ua%

+o%"o%a#$on. F&ee "ae& 5-? o2 Pe#$#$one%& Re" o2 A"%$ ?,

196?. T*e &ea%+*e& an &e$u%e& Ce%e #o 8e ;ae, an

Ce%e a+#ua ;ae, $n #*e

o+eD*ou&eDCa%e*ou&eD"%e;$&e& oCne 8 o% une% #*e

+on#%o o2 #*e "e#$#$one%&.

OCne%&*$" o2 ;a##e%& &e$e $'e& an$n.

OCne%&*$" o2 #*e "%o"e%#$e& &e$e aone en#$#e& #*e

"e#$#$one%& #o 8%$n a ;o#$on #o %e#u%n an &u""%e&&, an

$'e& #*e; an$n a& "e%&on& a%$e'e 8 an unaC2u

&ea%+* an &e$u%e %ea%e&& o2 #*e$% o+a#$on a# #*e #$;e o2

&e$u%e. Jone& '&. n$#e S#a#e&, 6? .S. ?57, ?61 F1960

Fna%+o#$+& o%e $n #*e a"a%#;en# o2 a 2%$en o2 #*e

e2enan#/ Hene '&. n$#e S#a#e&, ?96 . ?. 650, 65?-5

F5#* !$%. 1961, F"e%&ona an +o%"o%a#e "a"e%& o2

+o%"o%a#$on o2 C*$+* #*e e2enan# Ca& "%e&$en#, n$#e

S#a#e& '&. Je@e%&, ? .S. F1951 Fna%+o#$+& &e$e $n an

a"a%#;en# no# 8eon$n #o #*e e2enan#/ P$eoC '&.n$#e S#a#e&, . ? 9?, 9 F9#* !$%. 19?5 F8oo& &e$e

2%o; #*e e2enan#& &$e% 8u# 8eon$n #o #*e e2enan#/

!2. $ano '&. n$#e S#a#e&, 10 . ? 60, 6 F10#* !$%.

196? F"a"e%& &e$e $n e& ne$#*e% oCne 8 no% $n

e+u&$'e "o&&e&&$on o2 #*e e2enan#.

In a 'e% %e+en# +a&e Fe+$e 8 #*e .S. Su"%e;e !ou%# on

)e+e;8e% 1?, 1966, $# Ca& *e #*a# une% #*e

+on$#u#$ona "%o'$&$on aa$n unaC2u &ea%+*e& an

&e$u%e&, a "e%&on "a+e& *$;&e2 o% *$& "%o"e%# C$#*$n a

+on$#u#$ona "%o#e+#e a%ea, 8e $# *$& *o;e o% *$& o+e,

*$& *o#e %oo; o% *$& au#o;o8$e<

(*e%e #*e a%u;en# 2a& $& $n $#& ;$&a""%e*en&$on o2 #*e

2una;en#a na#u%e an &+o"e o2 ou%#* A;en;en#

"%o#e+#$on. (*a# #*e ou%#* A;en;en# "%o#e+#& $& #*e

&e+u%$# a ;an %e$e& u"on C*en *e "a+e& *$;&e2 o% *$&

"%o"e%# C$#*$n a +on$#u#$ona "%o#e+#e a%ea, 8e $# *$&

*o;e o% *$& o+e, *$& *o#e %oo; o% *$& au#o;o8$e. T*e%e


10/149

*e $& "%o#e+#e 2%o; unCa%%an#e o'e%n;en#a $n#%u&$on.

An C*en *e "u#& &o;e #*$n $n *$& :$n +a8$ne#, $n *$&

e& %aCe%, o% $n *$& "o+e#, *e *a& #*e %$*# #o noC $# C$

8e &e+u%e 2%o; an un%ea&ona8e &ea%+* o% an un%ea&ona8e

&e$u%e. So $# Ca& #*a# #*e ou%#* A;en;en# +ou no#

#oe%a#e #*e Ca%%an#e&& &ea%+* o2 #*e *o#e %oo; $n Je@e%&,

#*e "u%o$n$n o2 #*e "e#$#$one%& "%$'a#e "a"e%& $n Goue, o%

#*e &u%%e"#$#$ou& ee+#%on$+ &u%'e$an+e $n S$'e%;an.

!oun#e&& o#*e% +a&e& C*$+* *a'e +o;e #o #*$& !ou%# o'e%

#*e ea%& *a'e $n'o'e a ;%$a o2 $@e%$n 2a+#ua

+on#e#& $n C*$+* #*e "%o#e+#$on& o2 #*e ou%#* A;en;en#

*a'e 8een a""%o"%$a#e $n'oe. No ou8#, #*e 2u#u%e C$

8%$n +oun#e&& o#*e%&. B no#*$n Ce &a *e%e o Ce e$#*e%

2o%e&ee o% 2o%e+o&e 2a+#ua &$#ua#$on& #o C*$+* #*e ou%#*

A;en;en# ;a 8e a""$+a8e. FHo@a '&. .S., 7 S. !#. 0

F)e+e;8e% 1?, 1966. See a&o .S. '&. Je@e%&, ? .S. ,7? S. !#. 9 FNo'e;8e% 1, 1951. FE;"*a&$& &u""$e.

!on#%o o2 "%e;$&e& &ea%+*e $'e& an$n.

Ine"enen# o2 oCne%&*$" o% o#*e% "e%&ona $n#e%e $n #*e

%e+o%& an o+u;en#& &e$e, #*e "e#$#$one%& *a'e

an$n #o ;o'e 2o% %e#u%n an &u""%e&&$on 8 '$%#ue o2

#*e$% "%o"%$e#a% o% ea&e*o $n#e%e $n ;an o2 #*e

"%e;$&e& &ea%+*e. T*e&e "%o"%$e#a% an ea&e*o

$n#e%e& *a'e 8een &u+$en# &e# 2o%#* $n #*e$% ;o#$on 2o%

%e+on&$e%a#$on an nee no# 8e %e+oun#e *e%e, e+e"# #o

e;"*a&$e #*a# #*e "e#$#$one%& "a$ %en#, $%e+# o%

$n$%e+#, 2o% "%a+#$+a a #*e "%e;$&e& &ea%+*e FRoo;

91, !a%;en A"#&/ Roo; 0, A%; M Na' !u8/

P%e;$&e& ?00, )eCe Boue'a%/ 16 !oo%ao S#%ee#/

;a$n#a$ne "e%&ona o+e& C$#*$n #*e +o%"o%a#e o+e&

FIB4!, ST!/ *a ;ae $;"%o'e;en#& o% 2u%n$&*e &u+*

o+e&/ o% *a "a$ 2o% #*e :$n +a8$ne#& $n C*$+* #*e

"a"e%& Ce%e o%e FRoo; ?0, A%; M Na' !u8/ an

$n$'$ua, o% #*%ou* #*e$% %e&"e+#$'e &"ou&e&, oCne #*e

+on#%o$n o+ o2 #*e +o%"o%a#$on& $n'o'e. T*e

"e#$#$one%& "%o"%$e#a% $n#e%e $n ;o, $2 no# a, o2 #*e

"%e;$&e& &ea%+*e #*e%e2o%e $ne"enen# $'e& #*e;

an$n #o ;o'e 2o% #*e %e#u%n an &u""%e&&$on o2 #*e

8oo&, "a"e%& an a@e+#& &e$e #*e%e2%o;.

In Jone& '&. n$#e S#a#e&, &u"%a, #*e .S. Su"%e;e !ou%#

e$nea#e #*e na#u%e an e#en# o2 #*e $n#e%e $n #*e

&ea%+*e "%e;$&e& ne+e&&a% #o ;a$n#a$n a ;o#$on #o

&u""%e&&. A2#e% %e'$eC$n C*a# $# +on&$e%e #o 8e #*e

unu #e+*n$+a ana% o2 #*e #*en "%e'a$$n +$%+u$# +ou%#

e+$&$on&, #*e Su"%e;e !ou%# &a$ F6? .S. ?66<

(e o no# $*# e"a%# 2%o; #*$& +ou%&e o2 e+$&$on& 8 #*e

oCe% +ou%#&. (e a%e "e%&uae, *oCe'e%, #*a# $# $&unne+e&&a%$ an $-a'$&e #o $;"o%# $n#o #*e aC

&u%%oun$n #*e +on$#u#$ona %$*# #o 8e 2%ee 2%o;

un%ea&ona8e &ea%+*e& an &e$u%e& &u8#e $$n+#$on&,

e'eo"e an %e:ne 8 #*e +o;;on aC $n e'o'$n #*e

8o o2 "%$'a#e "%o"e%# aC C*$+*, ;o%e #*an a;o an

o#*e% 8%an+* o2 aC, *a& 8een &*a"e 8 $$n+#$on& C*o&e

'a$$# $& a%e *$o%$+a. E'en $n #*e a%ea 2%o; C*$+*

#*e e%$'e, ue +on&$e%a#$on *a& e #o #*e $&+a%$n o2

#*o&e $$n+#$on& $n #*e *o;ean o2 #*e +o;;on aC. See

O++u"$e%& L$a8$$# A+#, 1957, 5 an 6 E$. ?, +. 1, +a%%$n

ou# LaC Re2o%; !o;;$##ee, T*$% Re"o%#, !;. 905.

)$$n+#$on& &u+* a& #*o&e 8e#Ceen e&&ee, $+en&ee,

$n'$#ee, ue, o2#en on o2 o&&a;e% %en#*, ou*#

no# 8e e#e%;$na#$'e $n 2a&*$on$n "%o+eu%e& u#$;a#e

%e2e%a8e #o +on$#u#$ona &a2eua%&. See a&o !*a";an '&.

n$#e S#a#e&, 5 .S. 610, 616-17 F1961.

I# *a& ne'e% 8een *e #*a# a "e%&on C$#* %eu$&$#e $n#e%e

$n #*e "%e;$&e& &ea%+*e ;u oCn #*e "%o"e%# &e$e $n


11/149

o%e% #o *a'e an$n $n a ;o#$on #o %e#u%n an &u""%e&&.

In A$o#o '&. n$#e S#a#e&, ?16 . Su"". F196, a

Booee"e% 2o% &e'e%a +o%"o%a#$on& 2%o; C*o&e a"a%#;en#

#*e +o%"o%a#e %e+o%& Ce%e &e$e &u++e&&2u ;o'e 2o%

#*e$% %e#u%n. In n$#e S#a#e& '&. An#one$, $%eCo%& !o., 5

. Su"". 70, 7 F( ). N. Y. 19, #*e +o%"o%a#$on&

"%e&$en# &u++e&&2u ;o'e 2o% #*e %e#u%n an &u""%e&&$on

$& #o *$; o2 8o#* "e%&ona an +o%"o%a#e o+u;en#& &e$e

2%o; *$& *o;e u%$n #*e +ou%&e o2 an $ea &ea%+*<

T*e aC2u "o&&e&&$on 8 An#one$ o2 o+u;en#& an

"%o"e%#, e$#*e% *$& oCn o% #*e +o%"o%a#$on& Ca& en#$#e #o

"%o#e+#$on aa$n un%ea&ona8e &ea%+* an &e$u%e. ne%

#*e +$%+u;an+e& $n #*e +a&e a# 8a%, #*e &ea%+* an &e$u%e

Ce%e un%ea&ona8e an unaC2u. T*e ;o#$on 2o% #*e %e#u%n

o2 &e$e a%#$+e an #*e &u""%e&&$on o2 #*e e'$en+e &oo8#a$ne &*ou 8e %an#e. FE;"*a&$& &u""$e.

T$;e Ca& C*en on a "e%&on C*o *a "%o"e%# $n $n#e%e

$n e$#*e% #*e "a+e &ea%+*e o% #*e a%#$+e& &e$e *a #*e

ne+e&&a% an$n #o $n'oe #*e "%o#e+#$on o2 #*e

e+u&$ona% %ue. Bu# $n 4a+)ona '&. n$#e S#a#e&, 5

.S. 61 F19, Ju$+e Ro8e%# Ja+&on >o$ne 8 Ju$+e

e$ %an2u%#e%, a'an+e #*e '$eC #*a# e'en a ue ;a

e"e+# #*e &*e#e% o2 #*e %oo2#%ee *e $& une% aa$n

+%$;$na $n#%u&$on. T*$& '$eC :na 8e+a;e #*e o+$a '$eC

o2 #*e .S. Su"%e;e !ou%# an Ca& a%#$+ua#e $n n$#e

S#a#e& '&. Je@e%&, ? .S F1951. N$ne ea%& a#e%, $n

1960, $n Jone& '&. n$#e S#a#e&, 6? .S. ?57, ?67, #*e .S.

Su"%e;e !ou%# Cen# a e" 2u%#*e%. Jone& Ca& a ;e%e ue

$n #*e a"a%#;en# unaC2u &ea%+*e 8u# #*e !ou%#

none#*ee&& e+a%e #*a# #*e e+u&$ona% %ue "%o#e+#e

*$; a& Ce. T*e +on+e"# o2 "e%&on a%$e'e 8 an

unaC2u &ea%+* an &e$u%e Ca& ena%e #o $n+ue

anone e$#$;a#e on "%e;$&e C*e%e #*e &ea%+* o++u%&.

S*o%# a2#e% #*e .S. Su"%e;e !ou%#& Jone& e+$&$on #*e

.S. !ou%# o2 A""ea& 2o% #*e $2#* !$%+u$# *e #*a# #*e

e2enan# o%an$e%, &oe o+*oe% an "%e&$en# o2 a

+o%"o%a#$on *a an$n $n a ;a$ 2%au "%o&e+u#$on aa$n

*$; #o e;an #*e %e#u%n an &u""%e&&$on o2 +o%"o%a#e

"%o"e%#. Hene '&. n$#e S#a#e&, ?96 ? 650, 65? F5#*

!$%. 1961, &u"%a. T*e +ou%# +on+ue #*a# #*e e2enan# *a

an$n on #Co $ne"enen# %oun&< $% = *e *a a

&u+$en# $n#e%e $n #*e "%o"e%# &e$e, an &e+on = *e

*a an aeua#e $n#e%e $n #*e "%e;$&e& &ea%+*e F>u $e

$n #*e +a&e a# 8a%. A "oa $n&"e+#o% *a unaC2u

&ea%+*e #*e +o%"o%a#$on "%e;$&e& an *a &e$e ;o o2

#*e +o%"o%a#$on& 8oo an %e+o%&. Loo$n #o Jone&, #*e

+ou%# o8&e%'e<

Jone& +ea% #e& u&, #*e%e2o%e, C*a# $& no# %eu$%e ua$2

one a& a "e%&on a%$e'e 8 an unaC2u &ea%+* an

&e$u%e. I# #e& u& #*a# a""ean# &*ou no# *a'e 8een

"%e+ue 2%o; o8>e+#$n #o #*e Poa In&"e+#o%& &ea%+*

an &e$u%e o2 #*e +o%"o%a#$on& 8oo& an %e+o%& ;e%e

8e+au&e #*e a""ean# $ no# &*oC oCne%&*$" o% "o&&e&&$on

o2 #*e 8oo& an %e+o%& o% a &u8an#$a "o&&e&&o% $n#e%e

$n #*e $n'ae "%e;$&e& . . . FHene '&. n$#e S#a#e&, ?96 .

? a# 651. .

Hene Ca& &oon 2ooCe 8 $ano '&. n$#e S#a#e&, 10 .

? 60, 6, F10#* !$%. 196?. In $ano, "o$+e o+e%&

&e$e #Co no#e8oo& 2%o; a e& $n #*e e2enan#& "a+e

o2 e;"o;en#/ #*e e2enan# $ no# +a$; oCne%&*$" o2

e$#*e%/ *e a&&e%#e #*a# &e'e%a e;"oee& F$n+u$n

*$;&e2 u&e #*e no#e8oo&. T*e !ou%# *e #*a# #*e

e;"oee *a a "%o#e+#e $n#e%e an #*a# #*e%e a&o Ca&

an $n'a&$on o2 "%$'a+. Bo#* Hene an $ano +on&$e%e

a&o #*e 2a+# #*a# #*e &ea%+* an &e$u%e Ce%e $%e+#e a#


12/149

#*e ;o'$n e2enan#. Hene '&. n$#e S#a#e&, ?96 . ? a#

6?/ $ano '&. n$#e S#a#e&, 10 . ? a# 6.

In a +a&e $n C*$+* an a##o%ne +o&e *$& aC o+e, "a+e

*$& :e& $n o%ae an Cen# #o Pue%#o R$+o, #*e !ou%# o2

A""ea& 2o% #*e E$*#* !$%+u$# %e+on$e *$& an$n #o

;o'e #o ua&* a& un%ea&ona8e &ea%+* an &e$u%e une%

#*e ou%#* A;en;en# o2 #*e .S. !on$#u#$on a %an >u%

&u8"oena u+e& #e+u; $%e+#e #o #*e +uo$an o2 *$& :e&.

T*e Go'e%n;en# +on#ene #*a# #*e "e#$#$one% *a no

an$n 8e+au&e #*e 8oo& an "a"e%& Ce%e "*&$+a $n

#*e "o&&e&&$on o2 #*e +uo$an, an 8e+au&e #*e &u8"oena

Ca& $%e+#e aa$n #*e +uo$an. T*e +ou%# %e>e+#e #*e

+on#en#$on, *o$n #*a#

S+*C$;;e% ea *a &u+* "o&&e&&$on, +on#%o anun%e$nu$&*e "e%&ona %$*#& $n #*e 8oo& an "a"e%& a&

no# #o ena8e #*e ue$on o2 un%ea&ona8e &ea%+* an

&e$u%e #o 8e e&+a"e #*%ou* #*e ;e%e "%o+eu%a e'$+e

o2 +o;"e$n a #*$%-"a%# nae "o&&e&&o% #o "%ou+e an

e$'e% #*e;. S+*C$;;e% '&. n$#e S#a#e&, ?? . ? 55,

61 F#* !$%. 1956.

A%$e'e "e%&on o+#%$ne C*e%e #*e &ea%+* Ca%%an# &

"%$;a%$ $%e+#e aa$n &a$ "e%&on $'e& an$n.

T*e a#e n$#e S#a#e& e+$&$on &ua%e $n "o$n# $& n$#e

S#a#e& '&. B$%%e, ?? . Su"". 191 F1965, .S.).!. S.).N.Y..

T*e e2enan# *a o%e C$#* an a##o%ne +e%#a$n :e& an

"a"e%&, C*$+* a##o%ne, 8 #*e na;e o2 )unn, Ca& no#, a#

#*e #$;e o2 #*e &e$$n o2 #*e %e+o%&, B$%%e& a##o%ne. U

)unn, $n #u%n, *a o%e ;o o2 #*e %e+o%& a# *$& *o;e $n

#*e +oun#% an on a 2a%; C*$+*, a++o%$n #o )unn&

aa'$#, Ca& une% *$& F)unn& +on#%o an ;anae;en#.

T*e "a"e%& #u%ne ou# #o 8e "%$'a#e, "e%&ona an 8u&$ne&&

"a"e%& #oe#*e% C$#* +o%"o%a#e 8oo& an %e+o%& o2 +e%#a$n

unna;e +o%"o%a#$on& $n C*$+* B$%%e $ no# e'en +a$;

oCne%&*$". FA o2 #*e&e #"e %e+o%& Ce%e &e$e $n #*e +a&e

a# 8a%. Ne'e%#*ee&&, #*e &ea%+* $n B$%%e Ca& *e $n'a$

8 #*e +ou%# C*$+* *e #*a# e'en #*ou* B$%%e $ no# oCn

#*e "%e;$&e& C*e%e #*e %e+o%& Ce%e o%e, *e *a

an$n #o ;o'e 2o% #*e %e#u%n o2 a #*e "a"e%& an

"%o"e%#$e& &e$e. T*e +ou%#, %e$n on Jone& '&. .S., &u"%a/

.S. '&. An#one$ $%eCo%& !o., 5 . Su"". 70, A@ 155 .

? 61< Hene '&. .S., &u"%a/ an S+*C$;;e% '&. .S.,

&u"%a, "o$n#e ou# #*a#

I# $& o'e%C*e;$n ea8$&*e #*a# #*e &ea%+*e& *e%e $n

ue$on Ce%e $%e+#e &oe an e+u&$'e aa$n B$%%e.

T*e on "e%&on &uee $n #*e "a"e%& a& *a'$n '$oa#e

#*e aC Ca& B$%%e. T*e :% &ea%+* Ca%%an# e&+%$8e #*e%e+o%& a& *a'$n 8een u&e $n +o;;$##$n a '$oa#$on o2

T$#e 1, n$#e S#a#e& !oe, Se+#$on 11, 8 #*e u&e o2 #*e

;a$& 8 one LoCe 4. B$%%e, . . . T*e &e+on &ea%+*

Ca%%an# Ca& +a"#$one< n$#e S#a#e& o2 A;e%$+a '&. LoCe

4. B$%%e. F". 19

Po&&e&&$on Fa+#ua o% +on%u+#$'e, no e&& #*an oCne%&*$",

$'e& an$n #o ;o'e #o &u""%e&&. Su+* Ca& #*e %ue e'en

8e2o%e Jone&. F". 199

I2, a& #*u& $n$+a#e B$%%e *a a# ea +on%u+#$'e

"o&&e&&$on o2 #*e %e+o%& o%e C$#* )unn, $# ;a##e%& no#

C*e#*e% *e *a an $n#e%e $n #*e "%e;$&e& &ea%+*e. See

a&o Je@e%& '. n$#e S#a#e&, .S. A"". ).!. 5, 17 . ?

9 F1950, a%;e ? .S. , 7? S. !#. 9, 96 L. E. 59

F1951.

T*e %u$n $n #*e B$%%e +a&e Ca& %ea%;e on ;o#$on 2o%

%ea%u;en#/ #*e n$#e S#a#e& $ no# a""ea 2%o; #*$&


13/149

e+$&$on. T*e 2a+#ua &$#ua#$on $n B$%%e $& %$$n &$;$a% #o

#*e +a&e o2 #*e "%e&en# "e#$#$one%&/ a& $n B$%%e, ;an

"e%&ona an +o%"o%a#e "a"e%& Ce%e &e$e 2%o; "%e;$&e&

no# "e#$#$one%& 2a;$ %e&$en+e&/ a& $n B$%%e, #*e &ea%+*e&

Ce%e PRI4ARILY )IRE!TE) SOLETY AN) EV!LSIELY

aa$n #*e "e#$#$one%&. S#$ 8o#* #"e& o2 o+u;en#& Ce%e

&u""%e&&e $n B$%%e 8e+au&e o2 #*e $ea &ea%+*. In #*e

+a&e a# 8a%, #*e "e#$#$one%& +onne+#$on C$#* #*e "%e;$&e&

%a$e $& ;u+* +o&e% #*an $n B$%%e.

T*u&, #*e "e#$#$one%& *a'e 2u an$n #o ;o'e 2o% #*e

ua&*$n o2 a #*e Ca%%an#& %ea%e&& C*e#*e% #*e&e Ce%e

$%e+#e aa$n %e&$en+e& $n #*e na%%oC &en&e o2 #*e Co%,

a& on a& #*e o+u;en#& Ce%e "e%&ona "a"e%& o2 #*e

"e#$#$one%& o% F#o #*e e#en# #*a# #*e Ce%e +o%"o%a#e

"a"e%& Ce%e *e 8 #*e; $n a "e%&ona +a"a+$# o% une%#*e$% "e%&ona +on#%o.

P%e&+$n$n a 2%o; #*e 2o%eo$n, #*$& !ou%#, a# a e'en#&,

&*ou o%e% #*e %e#u%n #o #*e "e#$#$one%& a "e%&ona an

"%$'a#e "a"e%& an e@e+#& &e$e, no ;a##e% C*e%e #*e&e

Ce%e &e$e, C*e#*e% 2%o; #*e$% %e&$en+e& o% +o%"o%a#e

o+e& o% an o#*e% "a+e o% "a+e&. T*e un+on#%a$+#e

&Co%n a#e;en#& o2 #*e "e#$#$one%& $n #*e$%, 'a%$ou&

"ea$n& &u8;$##e #o #*$& !ou%# $n$&"u#a8 &*oC #*a#

a;on #*e #*$n& &e$e 2%o; #*e +o%"o%a#e o+e& an

o#*e% "a+e& Ce%e "e%&ona an "%$'a#e "a"e%& an e@e+#&

8eon$n #o #*e "e#$#$one%&.

I2 #*e%e &*ou 8e an +a#eo%$a#$on o2 #*e o+u;en#&,

"a"e%& an #*$n& C*$+* C*e%e #*e o8>e+#& o2 #*e unaC2u

&ea%+*e& an &e$u%e&, I &u8;$# #*a# #*e %ou"$n &*ou 8e<

Fa "e%&ona o% "%$'a#e "a"e%& o2 #*e "e#$#$one%& Ce%e #*e

Ce%e unaC2u &e$e, 8e $# #*e$% 2a;$ %e&$en+e& o+e&,

Ca%e*ou&e& anDo% "%e;$&e& oCne anDo% "o&&e&&e

Fa+#ua o% +on%u+#$'e 8 #*e; a& &*oCn $n a #*e

&ea%+* an $n #*e &Co%n a""$+a#$on& :e $n &e+u%$n #*e

'o$ &ea%+* Ca%%an#& an F8 "u%e +o%"o%a#e "a"e%&

8eon$n #o +o%"o%a#$on&. ne% &u+* +a#eo%$a#$on o%

%ou"$n, #*e e#e%;$na#$on o2 C*$+* unaC2u &e$e

"a"e%&, o+u;en#& an #*$n& a%e "e%&onaD"%$'a#e o2 #*e

"e#$#$one%& o% "u%e +o%"o%a#e "a"e%& C$ *a'e #o 8e e2# #o

#*e oCe% +ou%#& C*$+* $&&ue #*e 'o$ &ea%+* Ca%%an#& $n

u#$;a#e e@e+#$n #*e &u""%e&&$on anDo% %e#u%n o2 #*e &a$

o+u;en#&.

An a& uneu$'o+a $n$+a#e 8 #*e au#*o%$#$e& a8o'e

+$#e, #*e "e#$#$one%& $eC$&e *a'e +ea% ea an$n #o

;o'e 2o% #*e &u""%e&&$on o2 "u%e +o%"o%a#e "a"e%& a&

P%e&$en# anDo% Gene%a 4anae% o2 #*e +o%"o%a#$on&

$n'o'e a& &"e+$:+a ;en#$one $n #*e 'o$ &ea%+*Ca%%an#&.

$na, I ;u a%#$+ua#e ; "e%&ua&$on #*a# a#*ou* #*e

+a&e& +$#e $n ; $&u$&$#$on Ce%e +%$;$na "%o&e+u#$on&,

#*e %ea# +au&e& o2 #*e +on$#u#$ona "%o&+%$"#$on on $ea

&ea%+*e& an &e$u%e& o no# C$#**o #*e ;an#e o2 #*e$%

"%o#e+#$on 2%o; +a&e& no# +%$;$na $n o%$$n o% na#u%e.


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G.R. No. 81561 January 18, 1991

PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, "a$n#$@-a""eee'&.

ANDRE MARTI, a++u&e-a""ean#.

The Solicitor General for plainti-appellee.Reynaldo B. Tatoy and Abelardo E. Rogacion for accused-appellant.

BIDIN, J.:

T*$& $& an a""ea 2%o; a e+$&$on %ene%e 8 #*e S"e+$a

!%$;$na !ou%# o2 4an$a FRe$ona T%$a !ou%#, B%an+* VLIV+on'$+#$n a++u&e-a""ean# o2 '$oa#$on o2 Se+#$on ?1 F8,A%#$+e I $n %ea#$on #o Se+#$on , A%#$+e 11 an Se+#$on ? FeF$, A%#$+e 1 o2 Re"u8$+ A+# 6?5, a& a;ene, o#*e%C$&enoCn a& #*e )ane%ou& )%u& A+#.

T*e 2a+#& a& &u;;a%$e $n #*e 8%$e2 o2 #*e "%o&e+u#$on a%ea& 2ooC&<

On Auu 1, 197, 8e#Ceen 10


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Bu%eau o2 In'e$a#$on FNBI, a# a8ou# 1uana ea'e& Ce%e nea#o+e une%nea#* #*e +$a%& F#&n, ". 9, O+#o8e% 6,197.

T*e NBI aen#& ;ae an $n'en#o% an #oo +*a%eo2 #*e 8o an o2 #*e +on#en#& #*e%eo2, a2#e% &$n$n a

Re+e$"# a+noCe$n custody o2 #*e &a$ e@e+#&F#&n, "". ?-, O+#o8e% 7, 197.

T*e%eu"on, #*e NBI aen#& #%$e #o o+a#e a""ean# 8u# #ono a'a$. A""ean#& a#e a%e&& $n *$& "a&&"o%# 8e$n #*e4an$a !en#%a Po O+e, #*e aen#& %euee a&&$an+e2%o; #*e a##e%& !*$e2 Se+u%$#. On Auu ?7, 197,a""ean#, C*$e +a$;$n *$& ;a$ a# #*e !en#%a Po O+e,Ca& $n'$#e 8 #*e NBI #o &*e $*# on #*e a##e;"#e&*$";en# o2 #*e &e$e %$e ea'e&. On #*e &a;e a #*e

Na%+o#$+& Se+#$on o2 #*e NBI &u8;$##e #*e %$e ea'e& #o#*e o%en&$+ !*e;$% Se+#$on 2o% a8o%a#o% ea;$na#$on. I##u%ne ou# #*a# #*e %$e ea'e& Ce%e ;a%$>uana oCe%$n#o"& a& +e%#$:e 8 #*e 2o%en&$+ +*e;$. FA""eee& B%$e2,"". 9-11, Rollo, "". 1?-1.

T*e%ea2#e%, an In2o%;a#$on Ca& :e aa$n a""ean# 2o%'$oa#$on o2 RA 6?5, o#*e%C$&e noCn a& #*e )ane%ou&)%u& A+#.

A2#e% #%$a, #*e +ou%# a *uo %ene%e #*e a&&a$e e+$&$on.

In #*$& a""ea, a++u&eDa""ean# a&&$n& #*e 2ooC$ne%%o%&, #o C$#<

THE LO(ER !ORT ERRE) IN A)4ITTING INEI)EN!E THE ILLEGALLY SEAR!HE) AN) SEI3E)OBJE!TS !ONTAINE) IN THE OR PAR!ELS.

THE LO(ER !ORT ERRE) IN !ONI!TINGAPPELLANT )ESPITE THE N)ISPTE) A!T THATHIS RIGHTS N)ER THE !ONSTITTION (HILEN)ER !STO)IAL PRO!EE)INGS (ERE NOTOBSERE).

THE LO(ER !ORT ERRE) IN NOT GIING !RE)EN!E TO THE EVPLANATION O THE APPELLANT ON HO( THE OR PAR!ELS !A4E INTO HIS POSSESSION

FA""ean#& B%$e2, ". 1/ Rollo, ". 55

1. A""ean# +on#en& #*a# #*e e'$en+e &u8>e+# o2 #*e$;"u#e o@en&e *a 8een o8#a$ne $n '$oa#$on o2 *$&+on$#u#$ona %$*#& aa$n un%ea&ona8e &ea%+* an&e$u%e an "%$'a+ o2 +o;;un$+a#$on FSe+. ? an , A%#. III,!on$#u#$on an #*e%e2o%e a%ue& #*a# #*e &a;e &*ou 8e*e $na;$&&$8e $n e'$en+e FSe+. F?, A%#. III.

Se+#$on& ? an , A%#$+e III o2 #*e !on$#u#$on "%o'$e<


16/149

Se+. ?. T*e %$*# o2 #*e "eo"e #o 8e &e+u%e $n #*e$%"e%&on&, *ou&e&, "a"e%& an e@e+#& aa$nun%ea&ona8e &ea%+*e& an &e$u%e& o2 C*a#e'e%na#u%e an 2o% an "u%"o&e &*a 8e $n'$oa8e, anno &ea%+* Ca%%an# o% Ca%%an# o2 a%%e &*a $&&ue

e+e"# u"on "%o8a8e +au&e #o 8e e#e%;$ne"e%&ona 8 #*e >ue a2#e% ea;$na#$on une% oa#*o% a%;a#$on o2 #*e +o;"a$nan# an #*e C$#ne&&e&*e ;a "%ou+e, an "a%#$+ua% e&+%$8$n #*e"a+e #o 8e &ea%+*e an #*e "e%&on& o% #*$n& #o 8e&e$e.

Se+. . F1 T*e "%$'a+ o2 +o;;un$+a#$on an+o%%e&"onen+e &*a 8e $n'$oa8e e+e"# u"onaC2u o%e% o2 #*e +ou%#, o% C*en "u8$+ &a2e# o%o%e% %eu$%e& o#*e%C$&e a& "%e&+%$8e 8 aC.

F? An e'$en+e o8#a$ne $n '$oa#$on o2 #*$& o% #*e"%e+e$n &e+#$on &*a 8e $na;$&&$8e 2o% an"u%"o&e $n an "%o+ee$n.

Ou% "%e&en# +on$#u#$ona "%o'$&$on on #*e ua%an#eeaa$n un%ea&ona8e &ea%+* an &e$u%e *a $#& o%$$n $n #*e195 !*a%#e% C*$+*, Co%e a& 2ooC&<

T*e %$*# o2 #*e "eo"e #o 8e &e+u%e $n #*e$% "e%&on&,*ou&e&, "a"e%& an e@e+#& aa$n un%ea&ona8e&ea%+*e& an &e$u%e& &*a no# 8e '$oa#e, an noCa%%an#& &*a $&&ue 8u# u"on probable +au&e, #o 8ee#e%;$ne 8 #*e >ue a2#e% ea;$na#$on une%oa#* o% a%;a#$on o2 #*e +o;"a$nan# an #*eC$#ne&&e& *e ;a "%ou+e, an "a%#$+ua%e&+%$8$n #*e "a+e #o 8e &ea%+*e, an #*e "e%&on&o% #*$n& #o 8e &e$e. FSe+. 1 , A%#$+e III

Ca& $n #u%n e%$'e a;o 'e%8a#$; 2%o; #*e ou%#*A;en;en# #o #*e n$#e S#a#e& !on$#u#$on. A& &u+*,#*e !ou%# ;a #u%n #o #*e "%onoun+e;en#& o2 #*e n$#e

S#a#e& ee%a Su"%e;e !ou%# an S#a#e A""ea#e !ou%#&C*$+* a%e +on&$e%e o+#%$na $n #*$& >u%$&$+#$on.

T*u&, 2ooC$n #*e e+u&$ona% %ue a$ oCn $n Mapp ,.hio by the 2S 3ederal Supre(e 4ourt F67 S 6, 1 S.!#.

16, 6 L.E. 101 1961, #*$& !ou%#, $n Stonehill ,.5iono F?0 S!RA 1967, e+a%e a& $na;$&&$8e ane'$en+e o8#a$ne 8 '$%#ue o2 a e2e+#$'e &ea%+* an&e$u%e Ca%%an#, a8anon$n $n #*e "%o+e&& #*e %u$n ea%$e%ao"#e $n Moncado ,. 6eople's 4ourt F0 P*$. 1 19C*e%e$n #*e a;$&&$8$$# o2 e'$en+e Ca& no# a@e+#e 8#*e $ea$# o2 $#& &e$u%e. T*e 197 !*a%#e% FSe+. ?, A%#.I +on$#u#$ona$e #*e Stonehill %u$n an $& +a%%$e o'e%u" #o #*e "%e&en# C$#* #*e a'en# o2 #*e 197 !on$#u#$on.

In a nu;8e% o2 +a&e&, #*e !ou%# %$+# a*e%e #o #*ee+u&$ona% %ue an *a& %u+ oCn #*e a;$&&$8$$# o2

e'$en+e o8#a$ne $n '$oa#$on o2 #*e +on$#u#$ona&a2eua% aa$n un%ea&ona8e &ea%+*e& an &e$u%e&.FBa+*e M !o., FP*$., In+., '. Ru$, 7 S!RA ? 1971/ L$;'. Pon+e e Leon, 66 S!RA ?99 1975/ Peo"e '. Bu%o&,1 S!RA 1 196/ Roan '. Gonae&, 15 S!RA 67197/ See also Saaa% '. Hon. A+*a+o&o, e# a., GR No.1510, 4a%+* 1, 1990.

I# ;u 8e no#e, *oCe'e%, #*a# $n a #*o&e +a&e& a'e%#e#o, #*e e'$en+e &o o8#a$ne Ce%e $n'a%$a8 "%o+u%e 8 #*eS#a#e a+#$n #*%ou* #*e ;e$u; o2 $#& aC en2o%+e%& o%o#*e% au#*o%$e o'e%n;en# aen+$e&.

On #*e o#*e% *an, #*e +a&e a# 8a% a&&u;e& a "e+u$a%+*a%a+#e% &$n+e #*e e'$en+e &ou*# #o 8e e+ue Ca&"%$;a%$ $&+o'e%e an o8#a$ne 8 a "%$'a#e "e%&on,a+#$n $n a "%$'a#e +a"a+$# an C$#*ou# #*e $n#e%'en#$on an"a%#$+$"a#$on o2 S#a#e au#*o%$#$e&. ne% #*e +$%+u;an+e&,+an a++u&eDa""ean# 'a$ +a$; #*a# *$& +on$#u#$ona%$*# aa$n un%ea&ona8e &ea%+*e& an &e$u%e *a& 8een'$oa#eW S#a#e o#*e%C$&e, ;a an a+# o2 a "%$'a#e


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$n$'$ua, aee $n '$oa#$on o2 a""ean#& +on$#u#$ona%$*#&, 8e $n'oe aa$n #*e S#a#eW

(e *o $n #*e nea#$'e. In #*e a8&en+e o2 o'e%n;en#a$n#e%2e%en+e, #*e $8e%#$e& ua%an#ee 8 #*e !on$#u#$on

+anno# 8e $n'oe aa$n #*e S#a#e.

A& #*$& !ou%# *e $n 7illanue,a ,. 8uerubin F S!RA 5197?<

1. This constitutional right Faa$n un%ea&ona8e&ea%+* an &e$u%e refers to the i((unity of one's person" #hether citi+en or alien" fro( interference by go,ern(ent , $n+ue $n C*$+* $& *$& %e&$en+e, *$&"a"e%&, an o#*e% "o&&e&&$on&. . . .

. . . T*e%e #*e a#e, *oCe'e% "oCe%2u, oe& no# a&&u+* *a'e #*e a++e&& e+e"# une% #*e+$%+u;an+e& a8o'e no#e, 2o% $n #*e #%a$#$ona2o%;ua#$on, *$& *ou&e, *oCe'e% *u;8e, $& *$&+ae. Thus is outla#ed any un#arranted intrusionby go,ern(ent" #hich is called upon to refrain fro(any in,asion of his d#elling and to respect the pri,acies of his life. . . . F!2. S+*e%;e%8e% '. !a$2o%n$a, S 757 1966 an Bo '. n$#e S#a#e&, 116 S616 16/ E;"*a&$& &u""$e.

In Burdeau ,. Mc5o#ell F?56 S 65 F19?1, 1 S !#. 57/

65 L.E. 10, #*e !ou%# #*e%e $n +on%u$n #*e %$*#aa$n un%ea&ona8e &ea%+*e& an &e$u%e& e+a%e #*a#<

F#*e ou%#* A;en;en# $'e& "%o#e+#$on aa$nunaC2u &ea%+*e& an &e$u%e&, an a& &*oCn $n"%e'$ou& +a&e&, $#& "%o#e+#$on a""$e& #oo'e%n;en#a a+#$on. I#& o%$$n an *$o% +ea%&*oC #*a# $# Ca& $n#ene a& a %e%a$n# u"on #*ea+#$'$#$e& o2 &o'e%e$n au#*o%$#, an Ca& no#$n#ene #o 8e a $;$#a#$on u"on o#*e% #*an

o'e%n;en#a aen+$e&/ a& aa$n &u+* au#*o%$# $#Ca& #*e "u%"o&e o2 #*e ou%#* A;en;en# #o &e+u%e#*e +$#$en $n #*e %$*# o2 un;oee o++u"a#$on o2*$& Ce$n an #*e "o&&e&&$on o2 *$& "%o"e%#,&u8>e+# #o #*e %$*# o2 &e$u%e 8 "%o+e&& u &e%'e.

T*e a8o'e %u$n Ca& %e$#e%a#e $n State ,. Bryan F57 P.?661 196 C*e%e a "a%$n a##enan# C*o &ea%+*e #*eau#o;o8$e #o a&+e%#a$n #*e oCne% #*e%eo2 2oun ;a%$>uana$nea, C$#*ou# #*e noCee an "a%#$+$"a#$on o2 "o$+eau#*o%$#$e&, Ca& e+a%e a;$&&$8e $n "%o&e+u#$on 2o%$ea "o&&e&&$on o2 na%+o#$+&.

An aa$n $n #*e 1969 +a&e o2 &aler ,. State F?9 S.(.?1?1, $# Ca& *e #*a# #*e &ea%+* an &e$u%e +au&e& a%e%e%a$n#& u"on #*e o'e%n;en# an $#& aen#&, no# u"on"%$'a#e $n$'$ua& Fciting Peo"e '. Po##e%, ?0 !a. A"".?

6?1, 9 !a". R"#%, 9? F1966/ S#a#e '. B%oCn, 4o., 91S.(.? 90 F1965/ S#a#e '. O&en, O%., 17 P.? 9 F1957.

L$eC$&e a""%o"o& $& #*e +a&e o2 Bernas ,. 2S F7 .? 517F1967. T*e !ou%# #*e%e &a$<

T*e &ea%+* o2 C*$+* a""ean# +o;"a$n&, *oCe'e%,Ca& ;ae 8 a "%$'a#e +$#$en = #*e oCne% o2 a;o#e $n C*$+* a""ean# ae o'e%n$*# an $nC*$+* *e e2# 8e*$n a #%a'e +a&e +on#a$n$n #*ee'$en+eUUU+o;"a$ne o2. T*e &ea%+* Ca& ;ae on#*e ;o#e oCne%& oCn $n$#$a#$'e. Be+au&e o2 $#, *e8e+a;e &u&"$+$ou&, +ae #*e o+a "o$+e, $n2o%;e#*e; o2 #*e 8a& +on#en#&, an ;ae $# a'a$a8e #o#*e au#*o%$#$e&.

T*e 2ou%#* a;en;en# an #*e +a&e aC a""$n $#o no# %eu$%e e+u&$on o2 e'$en+e o8#a$ne#*%ou* a &ea%+* 8 a "%$'a#e +$#$en. Ra#*e%, #*ea;en;en# on "%o&+%$8e& o'e%n;en#a a+#$on.


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T*e +on#%a8an $n #*e +a&e a# 8a% *a'$n +o;e $n#o"o&&e&&$on o2 #*e Go'e%n;en# C$#*ou# #*e a##e%#%an&%e&&$n a""ean#& %$*#& aa$n un%ea&ona8e &ea%+*an &e$u%e, #*e !ou%# &ee& no +oen# %ea&on C* #*e &a;e&*ou no# 8e a;$##e aa$n *$; $n #*e "%o&e+u#$on o2 #*eo@en&e +*a%e.

A""ean#, *oCe'e%, Cou $e #*$& +ou%# #o 8e$e'e #*a# NBIaen#& ;ae an $ea &ea%+* an &e$u%e o2 #*e e'$en+ea#e% on u&e $n "%o&e+u#$n #*e +a&e C*$+* %e&u#e $n *$&+on'$+#$on.

T*e "oua#e a'an+e 8 a++u&eDa""ean# nee& #o 8e+a%$:e $n #Co a&. In 8o#* $nan+e&, #*e a%u;en# an&#o 2a on $#& oCn Ce$*#, o% #*e a+ o2 $#.

$%, #*e 2a+#ua +on&$e%a#$on& o2 #*e +a&e a# 8a% %ea$

2o%e+o&e #*e "%o"o&$#$on #*a# NBI aen#& +onu+#e an$ea &ea%+* an &e$u%e o2 #*e "%o*$8$#e ;e%+*an$&e.Re+o%& o2 #*e +a&e +ea% $n$+a#e #*a# $# Ca& 4%. Jo8Ree&, #*e "%o"%$e#o% o2 #*e 2o%Ca%$n aen+, C*o ;ae&ea%+*D$n&"e+#$on o2 #*e "a+ae&. Sa$ $n&"e+#$on Ca&%ea&ona8e an a ana% o"e%a#$n "%o+eu%e on #*e "a%#o2 4%. Ree& a& a "%e+au#$ona% ;ea&u%e 8e2o%e e$'e% o2"a+ae& #o #*e Bu%eau o2 !uo;& o% #*e Bu%eau o2 Po&FTSN, O+#o8e% 6 M 7, 197, "". 15-1/ "". 7-/ O%$$naRe+o%&, "". 119-1??/ 167-16.

I# C$ 8e %e+ae #*a# a2#e% Ree& o"ene #*e 8o +on#a$n$n#*e $$+$# +a%o, *e #oo &a;"e& o2 #*e &a;e #o #*e NBI ana#e% &u;;one #*e aen#& #o *$& "a+e o2 8u&$ne&&. T*e%ea2#e%, *e o"ene #*e "a%+e +on#a$n$n #*e %e o2 #*e&*$";en# an en#%ue #*e +a%e an +uo #*e%eo2 #o #*eNBI aen#&. !ea%, #*e NBI aen#& ;ae no &ea%+* an&e$u%e, ;u+* e&& an $ea one, +on#%a% #o #*e "oua#eo2 a++u&eDa""ean#.

Se+on, #*e ;e%e "%e&en+e o2 #*e NBI aen#& $ no#+on'e%# #*e %ea&ona8e &ea%+* e@e+#e 8 Ree& $n#o a

Ca%%an#e&& &ea%+* an &e$u%e "%o&+%$8e 8 #*e!on$#u#$on. 4e%e #o o8&e%'e an oo a# #*a# C*$+* $& $n"a$n &$*# $& no# a &ea%+*. Ha'$n o8&e%'e #*a# C*$+* $&o"en, C*e%e no #%e&"a&& *a& 8een +o;;$##e $n a$ #*e%eo2,$& no# &ea%+* F!*aC$+ '. S#a#e, ?9 S(? 15. (*e%e #*e+on#%a8an a%#$+e& a%e $en#$:e C$#*ou# a #%e&"a&& on #*e"a%# o2 #*e a%%e$n o+e%, #*e%e $& no# #*e &ea%+* #*a# $&"%o*$8$#e 8 #*e +on$#u#$on FS '. Lee ?7 S 559, 71L.E. 1?0? 19?7/ Ke% '. S#a#e o2 !a$2o%n$a 7 S ?, 10L.E.?. 7?6 196/ 4oo%e '. S#a#e, ?9 S(? 1?? 196.

In Gandy ,. &atins F?7 . Su"". ?66 196, $# Ca&$eC$&e *e #*a# C*e%e #*e "%o"e%# Ca& #aen $n#o +uoo2 #*e "o$+e a# #*e &"e+$:+ %eue o2 #*e ;anae% anC*e%e #*e &ea%+* Ca& $n$#$a ;ae 8 #*e oCne% #*e%e $& noun%ea&ona8e &ea%+* an &e$u%e C$#*$n #*e +on$#u#$ona;ean$n o2 #*e #e%;.

T*a# #*e B$ o2 R$*#& e;8o$e $n #*e !on$#u#$on $& no#;ean# #o 8e $n'oe aa$n a+#& o2 "%$'a#e $n$'$ua& :n&&u""o%# $n #*e e$8e%a#$on& o2 #*e !on$#u#$ona!o;;$&&$on. T%ue, #*e $8e%#$e& ua%an#ee 8 #*e2una;en#a aC o2 #*e an ;u aCa& 8e &u8>e+# #o"%o#e+#$on. Bu# "%o#e+#$on aa$n C*o;W !o;;$&&$one%Be%na& $n *$& &"on&o%&*$" &"ee+* $n #*e B$ o2 R$*#&an&Ce%& #*e ue% C*$+* *e *$;&e2 "o&e, a& 2ooC&<

$%, #*e ene%a %ee+#$on&. T*e "%o#e+#$on o22una;en#a $8e%#$e& $n #*e e&&en+e o2 +on$#u#$ona

e;o+%a+. P%o#e+#$on aa$n C*o;W 6rotectionagainst the state. The Bill of Rights go,erns therelationship bet#een the indi,idual and the state. 0tsconcern is not the relation bet#een indi,iduals"bet#een a pri,ate indi,idual and other indi,iduals.&hat the Bill of Rights does is to declare so(eforbidden +ones in the pri,ate sphere inaccessible toany po#er holder . FS"on&o%&*$" S"ee+* o2!o;;$&&$one% Be%na& , Re+o% o2 #*e !on$#u#$ona


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!o;;$&&$on, o. 1, ". 67/ Ju 17, 196/ E;"*a&$&&u""$e

T*e +on$#u#$ona "%o&+%$"#$on aa$n unaC2u &ea%+*e&an &e$u%e& #*e%e2o%e a""$e& a& a %e%a$n# $%e+#e on

aa$n #*e o'e%n;en# an $#& aen+$e& #a&e C$#* #*een2o%+e;en# o2 #*e aC. T*u&, $# +ou on 8e $n'oeaa$n #*e S#a#e #o C*o; #*e %e%a$n# aa$n a%8$#%a%an un%ea&ona8e ee%+$&e o2 "oCe% $& $;"o&e.

I2 #*e &ea%+* $& ;ae u"on #*e %eue o2 aC en2o%+e%&, aCa%%an# ;u ene%a 8e :% &e+u%e $2 $# $& #o "a&& #*e#e o2 +on$#u#$ona$#. HoCe'e%, $2 #*e &ea%+* $& ;ae a##*e 8e*e o% $n$#$a#$'e o2 #*e "%o"%$e#o% o2 a "%$'a#eea8$&*;en# 2o% $#& oCn an "%$'a#e "u%"o&e&, a& $n #*e+a&e a# 8a%, an C$#*ou# #*e $n#e%'en#$on o2 "o$+eau#*o%$#$e&, #*e %$*# aa$n un%ea&ona8e &ea%+* an

&e$u%e +anno# 8e $n'oe 2o% on #*e a+# o2 "%$'a#e$n$'$ua, no# #*e aC en2o%+e%&, $& $n'o'e. In &u;, #*e"%o#e+#$on aa$n un%ea&ona8e &ea%+*e& an &e$u%e&+anno# 8e e#ene #o a+#& +o;;$##e 8 "%$'a#e $n$'$ua&&o a& #o 8%$n $# C$#*$n #*e a;8$# o2 aee unaC2u$n#%u&$on 8 #*e o'e%n;en#.

A""ean# a%ue&, *oCe'e%, #*a# &$n+e #*e "%o'$&$on& o2 #*e195 !on$#u#$on *a& 8een ;o$:e 8 #*e "%e&en#"*%a&eoo 2oun $n #*e 197 !*a%#e%, e"%e&& e+a%$na& $na;$&&$8e an e'$en+e o8#a$ne $n '$oa#$on o2 #*e+on$#u#$ona "%o*$8$#$on aa$n $ea &ea%+* an &e$u%e,

$# ;a##e%& no# C*e#*e% #*e e'$en+e Ca& "%o+u%e 8 "o$+eau#*o%$#$e& o% "%$'a#e $n$'$ua& FA""ean#& B%$e2, "., Rollo, ". 6?.

T*e a%u;en# $& un#ena8e. o% one #*$n, #*e +on$#u#$on,$n a$n oCn #*e "%$n+$"e& o2 #*e o'e%n;en# an2una;en#a $8e%#$e& o2 #*e "eo"e, oe& no# o'e%n%ea#$on&*$"& 8e#Ceen $n$'$ua&. 4o%eo'e%, $# ;u 8ee;"*a&$e #*a# #*e ;o$:+a#$on& $n#%ou+e $n #*e 197!on$#u#$on F%e< Se+. ?, A%#. III %ea#e #o #*e $&&uan+e o2

e$#*e% a &ea%+* Ca%%an# o% Ca%%an# o2 a%%e ,is-a-,is #*e%e&"on&$8$$# o2 #*e >ue $n #*e $&&uan+e #*e%eo2FSeeSo$'en '. 4aa&$a%, 167 S!RA 9 19/ !$%+ua% No.1 O+#o8e% 1, 195 an !$%+ua% No. 1? June 0, 197. T*e ;o$:+a#$on& $n#%ou+e e'$a#e $n no ;anne% a& #oC*o; #*e %e%$+#$on o% $n*$8$#$on aa$n un%ea&ona8e&ea%+* an &e$u%e $& $%e+#e aa$n. T*e %e%a$n# aeC$#* #*e S#a#e an $ no# &*$2# #o anone e&e.

!o%oa%$, aee '$oa#$on& aa$n un%ea&ona8e &ea%+*an &e$u%e ;a on 8e $n'oe aa$n #*e S#a#e 8 an$n$'$ua un>u #%au+e 8 #*e ee%+$&e o2 &o'e%e$nau#*o%$#. To a%ee C$#* a""ean# #*a# an a+# o2 a "%$'a#e$n$'$ua $n '$oa#$on o2 #*e B$ o2 R$*#& &*ou a&o 8e+on%ue a& an a+# o2 #*e S#a#e Cou %e&u# $n &e%$ou& ea+o;"$+a#$on& an an a8&u% $n#e%"%e#a#$on o2 #*e+on$#u#$on.

S$;$a%, #*e a;$&&$8$$# o2 #*e e'$en+e "%o+u%e 8 an$n$'$ua e@e+#e #*%ou* "%$'a#e &e$u%e eua a""$e&,$n pari passu, #o #*e aee '$oa#$on, non-o'e%n;en#a a&$# $&, o2 a""ean#& +on$#u#$ona %$*#& #o "%$'a+ an+o;;un$+a#$on.

?. In *$& &e+on a&&$n;en# o2 e%%o%, a""ean# +on#en& #*a##*e oCe% +ou%# e%%e $n +on'$+#$n *$; e&"$#e #*eun$&"u#e 2a+# #*a# *$& %$*#& une% #*e +on$#u#$on C*$eune% +uo$a $n'e$a#$on Ce%e no# o8&e%'e.

Aa$n, #*e +on#en#$on $& C$#*ou# ;e%$#, (e *a'e +a%e2uea;$ne #*e %e+o%& o2 #*e +a&e an 2oun no#*$n #o$n$+a#e, a& an un$&"u#e 2a+#, #*a# a""ean# Ca& no#$n2o%;e o2 *$& +on$#u#$ona %$*#& o% #*a# *e a'ea#e;en#& C$#*ou# #*e a&&$an+e o2 +oun&e. T*e aCen2o%+e%& #e$:e #*a# a++u&eDa""ean# Ca& $n2o%;e o2*$& +on$#u#$ona %$*#&. I# $& "%e&u;e #*a# #*e *a'e%eua% "e%2o%;e #*e$% u#$e& FSee. 5F;, Rue 11 an#*e$% #e$;on$e& &*ou 8e $'en 2u 2a$#* an +%een+e,#*e%e 8e$n no e'$en+e #o #*e +on#%a%. (*a# $& +ea% 2%o;


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#*e %e+o%&, on #*e o#*e% *an, $& #*a# a""ean# %e2u&e #o$'e an C%$##en a#e;en# C*$e une% $n'e$a#$on a&#e$:e 8 A##. La$;o&o o2 #*e NBI, T*u&<

$&+a o%;o&o<

You &a$ #*a# ou $n'e$a#e 4%. an 4%&. Jo8Ree&. (*a# a8ou# #*e a++u&e *e%e, $ ou$n'e$a#e #*e a++u&e #oe#*e% C$#* #*e $%W

(ITNESS<

Ye&, Ce *a'e $n#e%'$eCe #*e a++u&e #oe#*e% C$#*#*e $% 8u# #*e a++u&e a'a$e o2 *$& +on$#u#$ona%$*# no# #o $'e an C%$##en a#e;en#, &$%. FTSN,O+#o8e% , 197, ". 6?/ O%$$na Re+o%&, ". ?0

T*e a8o'e #e$;on o2 #*e C$#ne&& 2o% #*e "%o&e+u#$on Ca&no# +on#%a$+#e 8 #*e e2en&e on +%o&&-ea;$na#$on. A&8o%ne ou# 8 #*e %e+o%&, ne$#*e% Ca& #*e%e an "%oo2 8 #*ee2en&e #*a# a""ean# a'e un+oun&ee +on2e&&$on C*$e8e$n $n'e$a#e. &hat is (ore" #e ha,e ea;$ne #*ea&&a$e >u;en# o2 #*e #%$a +ou%# an noC*e%e $& #*e%ean %e2e%en+e ;ae #o #*e #e$;on o2 a""ean# C*$eune% +uo$a $n'e$a#$on C*$+* Ca& u#$$e $n #*e:n$n o2 +on'$+#$on. A""ean#& &e+on a&&$n;en# o2 e%%o%$& #*e%e2o%e ;$&"a+e.

. !o;$n noC #o a""ean#& #*$% a&&$n;en# o2 e%%o%,a""ean# Cou $e u& #o 8e$e'e #*a# *e Ca& no# #*e oCne%o2 #*e "a+ae& C*$+* +on#a$ne "%o*$8$#e %u& 8u# %a#*e%a +e%#a$n 4$+*ae, a Ge%;an na#$ona, C*o; a""ean# ;e#$n a "u8 aon E%;$#a, 4an$a< #*a# $n #*e +ou%&e o2 #*e$% 0-;$nu#e +on'e%&a#$on, 4$+*ae %euee *$; #o &*$" #*e"a+ae& an a'e *$; P?,000.00 2o% #*e +o o2 #*e&*$";en# &$n+e #*e Ge%;an na#$ona Ca& a8ou# #o ea'e #*e+oun#% #*e ne# a FO+#o8e% 15, 197, TSN, "". ?-10.

Ra#*e% #*an $'e #*e a""ea%an+e o2 'e%a+$#, Ce :na""ean#& $&+a$;e% a& $n+%euou&, &e2-&e%'$n an+on#%a% #o *u;an e"e%$en+e. I# +an ea&$ 8e 2a8%$+a#e.An a+ua$n#an+e C$#* a +o;"e#e %ane% %u+ $n *a2 an*ou% +ou no# *a'e "u&*e a ;an #o en#%u #*e &*$";en#o2 2ou% F "a%+e& an &*e ou# P?,000.00 2o% #*e "u%"o&ean 2o% a""ean# #o %ea$ a++ee #o +o;" C$#* #*eune%#a$n C$#*ou# :% a&+e%#a$n$n $#& +on#en#&. A& a#e8 #*e #%$a +ou%#, Fa "e%&on Cou no# &$;" en#%u+on#%a8an an o2 +on&$e%a8e 'aue a# #*a# a& #*e;a%$>uana oCe%$n #o"&, an #*e +a&* a;oun# o2 P?,000.00#o a +o;"e#e %ane% $e #*e A++u&e. T*e A++u&e, on#*e o#*e% *an, Cou no# &$;" a++e"# &u+* une%#a$n#o #ae +uo o2 #*e "a+ae& an &*$" #*e &a;e 2%o; a+o;"e#e %ane% on *$& ;e%e &a-&o F)e+$&$on, ".19, Rollo, ". 91. A& #o C* *e %ea$ a%ee #o o #*ee%%an, a""ean# 2a$e #o e"a$n. )en$a&, $2

un&u8an#$a#e 8 +ea% an +on'$n+$n e'$en+e, a%enea#$'e &e2-&e%'$n e'$en+e C*$+* e&e%'e no Ce$*# $naC an +anno# 8e $'en %ea#e% e'$en#$a% Ce$*# #*an #*e#e$;on o2 +%e$8e C$#ne&&e& C*o #e$2 on a%;a#$'e;a##e%& FPeo"e '. E&u$o, 171 S!RA 571 199/ Peo"e '&.Sa%$o, 17 S!RA ?7 199.

A""ean#& 8a%e en$a $& e'en ;ae ;o%e &u&"e+#+on&$e%$n #*a#, a& "e% %e+o%& o2 #*e In#e%"o, *e Ca&"%e'$ou& +on'$+#e o2 "o&&e&&$on o2 *a&*$&* 8 #*e Ke'e!ou%# $n #*e ee%a Re"u8$+ o2 Ge%;an on Janua% 1, 19?an #*a# #*e +on&$nee o2 #*e 2%u%a#e &*$";en#, (a#e%

$e%, a&o a SC$&& na#$ona, Ca& $eC$&e +on'$+#e 2o% %ua8u&e an $& >u a8ou# an *ou%& %$'e 2%o; a""ean#&%e&$en+e $n 3u%$+*, SC$#e%an FTSN, O+#o8e% , 197, ".66/ O%$$na Re+o%&, ". ?/ )e+$&$on, ". ?1/ Rollo, ". 9.

E'$en+e #o 8e 8e$e'e, ;u no# on "%o+ee 2%o; #*e;ou#* o2 a +%e$8e C$#ne&&, 8u# $# ;u 8e +%e$8e $n $#&e2&u+* a& #*e +o;;on e"e%$en+e an o8&e%'a#$on o2;an$n +an a""%o'e a& "%o8a8e une% #*e +$%+u;an+e&FPeo"e '. A#o, ?6 S!RA ? 196, citing )ae%& '. an


21/149

)e, 7 N.J. E. 10/ see also Peo"e '. Sa%a, 17? S!RA651 199/ Peo"e '. Suna, 1? S!RA ?7 19/!aaa%e& '. !A, 9? S!RA 567 1979. A& %e+o%& 2u%#*e%&*oC, a""ean# $ no# e'en 8o#*e% #o a& 4$+*ae& 2una;e, *$& +o;"e#e a%e&& o% "a&&"o%# nu;8e%.u%#*e%;o%e, $2 $nee, #*e Ge%;an na#$ona Ca& #*e oCne%o2 #*e ;e%+*an$&e, a""ean# &*ou *a'e &o $n$+a#e $n#*e +on#%a+# o2 &*$";en# FE*. B, O%$$na Re+o%&, ". 0.On #*e +on#%a%, a""ean# &$ne #*e +on#%a+# a& #*e oCne%an &*$""e% #*e%eo2 $'$n ;o%e Ce$*# #o #*e "%e&u;"#$on#*a# #*$n& C*$+* a "e%&on "o&&e&&e&, o% ee%+$&e& a+#& o2oCne%&*$" o'e%, a%e oCne 8 *$; FSe+. 5 >, Rue 11. A##*$& "o$n#, a""ean# $& #*e%e2o%e eo""e #o +a$;o#*e%C$&e.

P%e;$&e& +on&$e%e, Ce &ee no e%%o% +o;;$##e 8 #*e #%$a+ou%# $n %ene%$n #*e a&&a$e >u;en#.

(HEREORE, #*e >u;en# o2 +on'$+#$on :n$n a""ean#u$# 8eon %ea&ona8e ou8# o2 #*e +%$;e +*a%e $&*e%e8 AIR4E). No +o&.

SO OR)ERE).


22/149

G.R. No. L!"61## D$%$&'$r "#, 19#"

OS(AR )ILLAN*E)A, "e#$#$one%,

'&.

HON. J*DGE JOSE R. +*ER*BIN, Pr$--n/ Ju/$,

(our0 o F-r0 In0an%$ o N$/ro O%%-$n0a2, anPEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, %e&"onen#&.

9ulo and Associates for petitioner.

:ce of the Solicitor General Antonio 6. Barredo" Solicitor

6edro A. Ra(ire+ and Assistant 4ity 3iscal Bacolod! Andres

M. Bayona for respondents.

FERNANDO, J.: p

In a++o%an+e C$#* #*e "o$+ #o C*$+* #*$& !ou%# $&

+o;;$##e, na;e, #*a# a +oo%a8e +a$; o2 a en$a o2 a

+on$#u#$ona %$*# &*ou no# 8e $no%e, "e#$#$one%, $n

#*$& certiorari an "%o*$8$#$on "%o+ee$n, &u++eee $n

*a'$n *$& aee %$e'an+e aa$n %e&"onen# Jue, #*e

Hono%a8e Jo&e R. ue%u8$n, noC %e#$%e, *ea%. He Cou

*a'e u& nu$2 #*e oCe% +ou%# o%e% o2 June 1, 1966

%eu$%$n *$; #o %e#u%n an e$'e% #o #*e P%o'$n+$a!o;;ane%, Ba+oo !$#, #*e a;oun# o2 P10,50.00 an

#*e Cooen +on#a$ne% a#e $n #*e %e+e$"# $&&ue 8 #*e

a++u&e a#e A"%$ 1, 1966, C$#*$n 2o%#-e$*# F *ou%&

u"on %e+e$"# o2 #*$& o%e%. 1 T*e ;one $n ue$on 2o%;e

"a%# o2 #*e #*$n& &e$e $n a++o%an+e C$#* a &ea%+*

Ca%%an# "%e'$ou& $&&ue 8 %e&"onen# Jue *$;&e2.

Pe#$#$one% #*e%e2o%e, #o en "au&$8$$# #o *$& "ea, Ca&

une% #*e ne+e&&$# o2 ae$n #*a# e&& #*an 2u %e&"e+#

Ca& a++o%e *$& +on$#u#$ona %$*# #o 8e 2%ee 2%o;

un%ea&ona8e &ea%+* an &e$u%e. " He Cou $;"%e&& on u&

#*a# 2u 2ea# Ca& no# &*oCn #o C*a# $& o%a$ne 8 &u+* a

ua%an#ee. A&&e%#$on o2 &u+* a $&%ea% o2 a +on$#u#$ona

+o;;an $& one #*$n/ "%oo2 $& ano#*e%. (*a# $& ;o%e, #*e%e

$& $n+ue $n #*e "e#$#$on $#&e2 3 a C%$##en "%o;$&e o2"e#$#$one% #o %e#u%n &u+* a;oun# C*en %eu$%e.

A++o%$n, a& C$ 8e e"a$ne, "e#$#$one% $ 2a$ #o &*oC

#*a# *e $& en#$#e #o #*e C%$#& o2 certiorarian "%o*$8$#$on

"%ae 2o%.

I# Ca& aee $n #*e "e#$#$on #*a# on A"%$ ?, 1966, $n a

;o#$on :e C$#* %e&"onen# Jue 8 an a&&$an# +$# :&+a

o2 Ba+oo !$# an a &"e+$a "%o&e+u#o% o2 #*e )e"a%#;en#

o2 Ju$+e, $# Ca& &e# 2o%#* #*a# on 4a%+* 16, 1966, #*e

%e&$en+e o2 "e#$#$one% Ca& %a$e 8 a +ona8ua% an"o$+e #ea; on #*e %en#* o2 a &ea%+* Ca%%an# $&&ue 8

&u+* %e&"onen# Jue, $n #*e +ou%&e o2 C*$+*, #*e%e Ca& a

&e$u%e o2 #*e a;oun# o2 P10,50.00, C*$+* Ca& no#

*oCe'e% e"o&$#e $n +ou%#, a& #*e%ea2#e% $#& "o&&e&&$on Ca&

%eo%e #o "e#$#$one%. I# Ca& 2u%#*e% a#e #*a# an

$n2o%;a#$on 2o% #*e '$oa#$on o2 A%#$+e 195 o2 #*e Re'$&e

Pena !oe Ca& :e C$#* #*e !$# !ou%# o2 Ba+oo aa$n

"e#$#$one%. 4 T*e%e Ca& an o""o&$#$on on #*e "a%# o2

"e#$#$one% #o &u+* ;o#$on C*e%e$n a2#e% a&&e%#$n #*a# #*e

oCe% +ou%# Ca& C$#*ou# >u%$&$+#$on an #*a# #*e ;a##e% *a

8e+o;e ;oo# an a+ae;$+, 8e+au&e #*e ;one Ca& &"en#

$n oo 2a$#* 8 *$; 2o% #*e "a;en# o2 #*e Cae& o2 *$&

a8o%e%&, $# Ca& +on#ene #*a# #*e%e Ca& a '$oa#$on o2 *$&

+on$#u#$ona %$*#& no# #o 8e e"%$'e o2 "%o"e%# C$#*ou#

ue "%o+e&& o2 aC an #o 8e 2%ee 2%o; un%ea&ona8e

&ea%+*e& an &e$u%e&. 5Su8&euen#, a2#e% a %e" #o &u+*

o""o&$#$on an a %e>o$ne% Ce%e &u8;$##e, #*e %e&"onen#

Jue $&&ue #*e +*aene o%e% a#e June 1, 1966, #*e

$&"o&$#$'e "o%#$on o2 C*$+* %ea&< In '$eC #*e%eo2, #*e


23/149

a++u&e O&+a% $anue'a $& *e%e8 o%e%e #o %e#u%n an

e$'e% #o #*e P%o'$n+$a !o;;ane%, Ba+oo !$#, #*e

a;oun# o2 P10,50.00 an #*e Cooen +on#a$ne% a#e $n

#*e %e+e$"# $&&ue 8 #*e a++u&e a#e A"%$ 1, 1966, C$#*$n

2o%#-e$*# F *ou%& u"on %e+e$"# o2 #*$& o%e%. 6

T*e%e Ca& a ;o#$on 2o% %e+on&$e%a#$on, 8u# $# Ca& en$e on

June 11, 1966. # Hen+e #*$& "e#$#$on. In '$eC o2 #*e %e&& a$

#*e%e$n a& #o #*e 2a$u%e o2 %e&"onen# Jue +on&$e%$n #*e

+$%+u;an+e& o2 #*e +a&e #o $e e2e%en+e #o #*e

+o;;an o2 #*e %$*# aa$n un%ea&ona8e &ea%+*e& an

&e$u%e, an #*e a&&e%#$on #*a# une&& #*e%e $& a C%$# o2

"%e$;$na% $n>un+#$on $&&ue, %e&"onen# Jue C$ +au&e

#*e en2o%+e;en# o2 #*e +*aene o%e%, #*u& e"o&$n *$;

#o +on#e;"# "%o+ee$n& an o#*e% $&+$"$na% a+#$on& $2 *e

+ou no# +o;" C$#* $#, #*$& !ou%# ao"#e a %e&ou#$on on June ?1, 1966 C*$+* %ea& a& 2ooC&< T*e %e&"onen#& $n L-

?6177 FO&+a% $anue'a '&. Hon. Jue R. ue%u8$n, e#+., e#

a. a%e %eu$%e #o :e, C$#*$n 10 a& 2%o; no#$+e *e%eo2, an

an&Ce% Fno# a ;o#$on #o $&;$&& #o #*e "e#$#$on 2o%

"%o*$8$#$on an certiorari/ u"on "e#$#$one%& "o$n a 8on

o2 #Co #*ou&an "e&o& FP?,000.00, e# "%e$;$na%

$n>un+#$on $&&ue. 8

In #*e an&Ce% :e 8 #*e #*en So$+$#o% Gene%a An#on$o P.

Ba%%eo, noC a ;e;8e% o2 #*$& !ou%#, #*e ue$on o2 #*e

aee '$oa#$on o2 #*e +on$#u#$ona ua%an#ee aa$n

un%ea&ona8e &ea%+* an &e$u%e Ca& &ua%e ;e#, #*u&<

Ne$#*e% C$ #*e a&&a$e o%e%& %e&u# $n un%ea&ona8e

&ea%+* an &e$u%e 2o% a& a%ea &a$ ea%$e% #*e ;one an

Cooen 8o $n ue$on Ce%e +on:&+a#e u%$n a a;8$n

%a$ "u%&uan# #o a &ea%+* Ca%%an# $&&ue 8 #*e %e&"onen#

+ou%# a2#e% ue an a""%o"%$a#e "%o+ee$n& u%$n C*$+*

#*e "e#$#$one% an *$& C$#ne&&e& Ce%e ea;$ne une% oa#*

8 #*e %e&"onen# +ou%#. 9 T*e "o$n# #*u& %a$&e Ca& &ou*#

#o 8e %e2u#e $n "e#$#$one%& C%$##en ;e;o%anu;, 8u# $n a

;anne% 2a% 2%o; "e%&ua&$'e. o% *e $ %a$&e #*e &"e+$ou&

a%u;en# #*a# a2#e% #*e &e%'$+e o2 #*e &ea%+* Ca%%an# on

4a%+* 16, 1966, #*e ;o#$on o2 A"%$ ?, 1966 2o% #*e %e#u%n

o2 #*e ;one +a;e #oo a#e, $no%$n #*a# #*e Rue& o2 !ou%#

oe& %eu$%e #*a# #*e #*$n& &e$e 8e e"o&$#e $n+ou%#. 1 4o%eo'e%, #o +oun#e% #*e a;a$n e@e+# o2 a

C%$##en "%o;$&e, C*$+* +o;;ena8 *e $ no# o;$# 2%o;

*$& "e#$#$on, #*a# #*e a;oun# o2 P10,50.00 C$ 8e %e#u%ne

... $2 #*e *$*e% au#*o%$#$e& C$ %eu$%e #*e %e#u%n o2 #*e &a;e

8 ea o%e%&,..., 11 *e Cou %e on *$& aee %$*#& a&

oCne%. T*u&< (*$e *e a%ee #o %e#u%n #*e ;one 8 legal

orders', #*$& +anno# 8e +on&$e%e a& a $;$#a#$on on *$& %$*#

o2 oCne%&*$", 8e+au&e C*en an a%ee;en# +on$+#& C$#* #*e

"%o'$&$on o2 aC, #*e a##e% ;u "%e'a$. FA%#$+e 106, !$'$

!oe.1"

T*e%e Ca& no aeua#e a""%e+$a#$on o2 #*e+on#%o$n no%;& a& #o #*e e@e+#& o2 a &e$u%e une% a 'a$

&ea%+* Ca%%an# o% one no# &o +*aene. I# $& on #*e 8a&$& o2

&u+* +on#en#$on& #*a# "e#$#$one% Cou *a'e u& $&&ue #*e

C%$#& o2 certiorari an "%o*$8$#$on.

A "e%u&a o2 #*e "ea$n& $e& #*e +on+u&$on #*a#

"e#$#$one% 2a$e #o ;ee# #*e 8u%en o2 e;on%a#$n #*a#

#*e%e Ca& a en$a o2 a +on$#u#$ona %$*# &u+$en# #o ou

#*e +ou%# o2 >u%$&$+#$on. On #*e +on#%a%, C*a# a""ea%&

unen$a8e $& #*a# #*e a+#ua#$on o2 %e&"onen# Jue Ca& $n

a++o%an+e C$#* aC. T*e%e +an 8e no ue$on #*en o2 a

'$oa#$on o2 #*e &a2eua% aa$n un%ea&ona8e &ea%+* an

&e$u%e.

1. T*$& +on$#u#$ona %$*# %e2e%& #o #*e $;;un$# o2 one&

"e%&on, C*e#*e% +$#$en o% a$en, 2%o; $n#e%2e%en+e 8

o'e%n;en#, $n+ue $n C*$+* $& *$& %e&$en+e, *$& "a"e%&,

an o#*e% "o&&e&&$on&. S$n+e, ;o%eo'e%, $# $& $n'a%$a8

#*%ou* a &ea%+* an &e$u%e #*a# &u+* an $n'a&$on o2 one&


24/149

"*&$+a 2%eeo; ;an$2e& $#&e2, $# $& ;ae +ea% #*a# *e $&

no# #o 8e #*u& ;oee, une&& $#& %ea&ona8ene&& +ou 8e

&*oCn. To 8e $;"%e&&e C$#* &u+* a ua$#, $# ;u 8e

a++o;"$&*e #*%ou* a Ca%%an#, C*$+* &*ou no# 8e $&&ue

une&& "%o8a8e +au&e $& &*oCn, #o 8e e#e%;$ne 8 a

>ue a2#e% ea;$na#$on une% oa#* o% a%;a#$on o2 #*e+o;"a$nan# an #*e C$#ne&&e& *e ;a "%ou+e, C$#* a

"a%#$+ua% e&+%$"#$on o2 #*e "a+e #o 8e &ea%+*e, an #*e

"e%&on& o% #*$n& #o 8e &e$e.

I# $& e2e%en+e #o one& "e%&ona$# #*a# $e& a# #*e +o%e o2

#*$& %$*#, 8u# $# +ou 8e a&o ooe u"on a& a %e+on$#$on

o2 a +on$#u#$ona "%o#e+#e a%ea, "%$;a%$ one& *o;e,

8u# no# ne+e&&a%$ #*e%e#o +on:ne. 13(*a# $& &ou*# #o 8e

ua%e $& a ;an& "%e%oa#$'e #o +*oo&e C*o $& aoCe

en#% #o *$& %e&$en+e. In #*a# *a'en o2 %e2ue, *$&$n$'$ua$# +an a&&e%# $#&e2 no# on $n #*e +*o$+e o2 C*o

&*a 8e Ce+o;e 8u# $eC$&e $n #*e $n o2 o8>e+#& *e

Can#& a%oun *$;. T*e%e #*e a#e, *oCe'e% "oCe%2u, oe&

no# a& &u+* *a'e a++e&& e+e"# une% #*e +$%+u;an+e&

a8o'e no#e, 2o% $n #*e #%a$#$ona 2o%;ua#$on, *$& *ou&e,

*oCe'e% *u;8e, $& *$& +ae. T*u& $& ou#aCe an

unCa%%an#e $n#%u&$on 8 o'e%n;en#, C*$+* $& +ae u"on

#o %e2%a$n 2%o; an $n'a&$on o2 *$& Ce$n an #o %e&"e+#

#*e "%$'a+$e& o2 *$& $2e. 14 In #*e &a;e 'e$n, Lann&$ $n *$&

au#*o%$#a#$'e Co% 15 +ou :# +*a%a+#e%$e #*$&

+on$#u#$ona %$*# a& #*e e;8o$;en# o2 a &"$%$#ua

+on+e"#< #*e 8e$e2 #*a# #o 'aue #*e "%$'a+ o2 *o;e an

"e%&on an #o a@o% $#& +on$#u#$ona "%o#e+#$on aa$n #*e

on %ea+* o2 o'e%n;en# $& no e&& #*an #o 'aue *u;an

$n$#, an #*a# *$& "%$'a+ ;u no# 8e $u%8e e+e"# $n

+a&e o2 o'e%%$$n &o+$a nee, an #*en on une% %$nen#

"%o+eu%a &a2eua%&. 16

?. Ne+e&&a%$, #*en, $2 "e#$#$one%& aee %$e'an+e,

+on&$$n o2 a $&%ea% o2 #*e ua%an#ee aa$n

un%ea&ona8e &ea%+* an &e$u%e, Ce%e &u8an#$a#e, *e

+ou 'a$ %a$&e a +on$#u#$ona ue$on o2 &u+$en#

%a'$# #o en#$#e *$; #o #*e %e;e$e& &ou*#. o% a 2a$u%e #o

%e&"e+# a +on$#u#$ona +o;;an %e&u#$n $n a e"%$'a#$ono2 a +on$#u#$ona %$*# $& '$&$#e 8 o&& o2

>u%$&$+#$on. 1# Su+* $& no# #*e +a&e, *oCe'e%. He $ no#

e'en "u# $n $&&ue #*e 'a$$# o2 #*e &ea%+* Ca%%an#, a& a

%e&u# o2 C*$+* #*e%e Ca& a &e$u%e o2 #*e ;one $n ue$on.

o% C*a# Ce%e #*e 2a+#& on C*$+* #*e +*aene o%e% Ca&

8a&e, 2a+#& 8$n$n on #*$& !ou%#W A& &e# 2o%#* #*e%e$n< A&

a %e&u# o2 #*e %a$ +onu+#e 8 a "a%# o2 #*e P*$$""$ne

!ona8ua% e 8 L#. Aeane% Au$%%e a#


25/149

#*e &a$ a;oun#. 18 T*en %e&"onen# Jue, a2#e% %e2e%%$n

#o 6hilips ,s. Municipal Mayor , 19 a#e 2u%#*e% $n #*e o%e%

noC une% &+%u#$n< In #*e $*# o2 #*e a2o%euo#e %u$n o2

#*e a""ea#e +ou%#, $# $& +ea% #*a# #*e !ou%# o2 $% Inan+e

#*a# $&&ue #*e &ea%+* Ca%%an# *a& >u%$&$+#$on o'e% #*e

a;oun# o2 P10,50.00 an $#& Cooen +on#a$ne%. ($#* %ea%#o #*e +on#en#$on o2 #*e +oun&e 2o% #*e a++u&e #*a# #*e

%e#u%n o2 #*e a;oun# o2 P10,50.00 $& a ;oo# ue$on

8e+au&e #*e &a$ a;oun# $& a%ea &"en# 8 #*e a++u&e,

C*a#e'e% e2en&e& #*e a++u&e ;a $n'oe #o %e&$ #*e

%e#u%n o2 #*e a;oun# o2 ;one $n ue$on $& 2u#$e an

un#ena8e 8 eo""e. T*e a++u&e $n $&&u$n #*e

+o%%e&"on$n %e+e$"# o2 #*e a;oun# o2 P10,50.00 an #*e

Cooen 8o +on#a$ne%, a%ee #o %e#u%n #*e &a$ a;oun#

an #*e 8o $2 #*e *$*e% au#*o%$#$e& ;a &o %eu$%e. T*e

%e#u%n o2 #*e a;oun# o2 P10,50.00 an $#& Cooen+on#a$ne%. ($#* %ea% #o #*e +on#en#$on ;one $n #*e 8o $&

a "a%# an "a%+e o2 #*e a;8$n "a%a"*e%na$a &e$e 8

#*e %a$$n "a%# o2 #*e P*$$""$ne !ona8ua% $n #*e *ou&e

o2 #*e a++u&e O&+a% $anue'a C*o $& a# "%e&en# 2a+$n #*e

+*a%e 2o% '$oa#$on o2 #*e a;8$n aC. "

E'en $2 #*e %e+$#a o2 #*e an#e+een#& o2 #*e +*aene

o%e% Ce%e e&& +o;"e$n $n #*u& en$n &u""o%# #o C*a#

Ca& one 8 %e&"onen# Jue, $ "e#$#$one% *a 2a$e #o

;ae ou# a +a&e. o%, *a *e en#e%#a$ne ou8#& a& #o #*e

'a$$# o2 #*e $&&uan+e o2 #*e &ea%+* Ca%%an# o% #*e ;anne%

$n C*$+* $# Ca& ee+u#e, *e Ca& +ae u"on #o ea8$&*

&u+* a +a$; $n +ou%#. He +ou %e on au#*o%$#a#$'e

o+#%$ne& o2 #*$& !ou%# "%e+$&e #o &ee a >u$+$a

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#oe#*e% C$#* a #%ue $n'en#o% #*e%eo2 u 'e%$:e 8

oa#*. "" T*e ea +uo Ca& #*e%e2o%e a""%o"%$a#e C$#*

%e&"onen# Jue, C*o $ au#*o%$e #*e $&&uan+e o2 &u+*

&ea%+* Ca%%an#. E'en $2 #*e ;one +ou 'a$ 8e %e#u%ne

#o "e#$#$one%, *a $# *a""ene #*a# $n #*e ;eanC*$e &o;eo#*e% o+e% o2 #*e aC *a $# $n *$& "o&&e&&$on, $, une%

#*e %u$n o2 #*$& !ou%# $n Molo ,. 9atco, "3 #*e%e &*ou 8e a

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a%;a#$'e a+#e u"on 8 %e&"onen# Jue. T*u&< I#

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C*$+* Ce%e &e$e 8 a &"e+$a aen# o2 #*e An#$-&u%

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Inan+e o2 R$a, +a;e $n#o #*e "o&&e&&$on o2 &a$ 8oa%,

an C*$e $# oe& no# a""ea% *oC &a$ 8oa% +a;e #o *a'e#*e; $n $#& "o&&e&&$on, $# $& "%e&u;e #*a# $# Ca& 8 '$%#ue o2

an au#*o%$# $'en 8 &a$ +ou%# F&ee. , No. 1, A+# No.

190. B '$%#ue o2 &a$ au#*o%$# #*e 8oa% 8e+a;e an aen#

o2 #*e !ou%# o2 $% Inan+e o2 R$a $n #*e +uo o2 #*e

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C*$+* #*e 8oa% neee #*e;. A& #*e An#$-&u% Boa% *a

2oun no &u+$en# e'$en+e #o Ca%%an# a +%$;$na a+#$on

aa$n #*e "e#$#$one% 2o% '$oa#$on o2 #*e &u% LaC, an a&

&a$ 8oa% *a $&;$&&e #*e +a&e une% $n'e$a#$on, $#

Ca& u# 8oun #o %e#u%n &a$ o+u;en#& an "a"e%& #o #*e

!ou%# o2 $% Inan+e o2 R$a &o #*a# #*e a##e% ;$*# o%e%

crimpro stonehill kho

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