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Copyright 1958 by Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Martinus NijhoJf in 1958

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Preface Introduction . Malay dialects

CONTENTS

Kendayan Dayak and Land Dayak . Melanau . . . . . . Bisaya. . . . . . . . . Sarawak Murut dialects. . . North Borneo Murut dialects. Dusun . Bajau . Ubian . IIlanun. Bulud-Upi Sulu Tidung dialects . Sajau Basap and other Basap dialects . Labu ...... . Central Borneo languages Punan Ba, Beketan, Ukit Modang ..... . Embaloh ..... .

1 3 7

13 17 20 21 23 24 27 28 28 28 29 29 31 31 32 36 38 38

Maanyan, Si(h)ong, Samihim, Dusun, Dusun De(y)ah 39 Lawangan Tabuyan . Ngaju .. Ot Danum

41 42 42 45

The JPelling of geographical name! and nameJ of languageJ

iJ according to the BngliJh romanization of Malay.

PREFACE

At the completion of this bibliography, the second of the planned

series on language study in Indonesia, the authors acknowledge with

gratitude the kind assistance of Father Donatus Dunselman, Dr A. H.

Hill and Dr P. Voorhoeve who have read all or part of the manuscript.

Also our heartfelt thanks are due to those who have provided us with

information indispensable for the compilation of the bibliographical

data, or have given us the opportunity to inspect their archives for

linguistic literature on Borneo, i.e. the very Rev. A. Antonissen,

Jesselton, North Borneo, Father W. Boon, Rector of the Catholic

Mission, Mukah, Sarawak, Dr N. C. Scott, the Society for promoting

Christian Knowledge, London, the British and Foreign Bible Society,

London, the School of Oriental and African Studies, London, the

Basle Mission, Basle, Switzerland, the Rhenish Mission, Wuppertal,

Germany, the Dutch Bible Society, Amsterdam.

The authors greatly appreciate the grant from the Netherland

Institute for International Cultural Relations which made this public­

ation possible.

A. A. CENSE

E. M. UHLENBECK

1

]ll< AUGUST HARDELAND

INTRODUCTION

Among the four large islands of Indonesia it is Borneo which has been least studied from a linguistic point of view. Only very few, more extensive linguistic descriptions and collections of texts have been published. Other published data consist mainly of incidental remarks of explorers and travellers, who in their works occasionally also in­cluded wordlists, terms for various institutions and sometimes a few set phrases or isolated words. The most important contribution to the knowledge of many Bornean languages is due to missionary effort. The Bible translations and other translations of christian literature, valuable when no original texts are available, are for many languages often practically the only source of information.

It is impossible to provide a reliable picture of the present linguistic situation on the island by means of these data. On numerous points the mutual relation between the languages is highly uncertain, whilst their geographical distribution can either not be indicated, or only be outlined approximatively. Furthermore, the data at our disposal are of greatly differing date; the present situation will therefore often not quite correspond to the indications to be met with in the older sources.

It is beyond doubt that in the course of time migration and im­migration have taken place on a large scale. These movements have of course had their effect on the languages; a comparatively short period of time may suffice to create a new linguistic situation.

Although no sufficient data are available to permit of giving an outline of the events which led to the present distribution, the im­pression is very strong that the process of the penetration of Malay dialects in Borneo has been at work already for centuries, albeit with varying intensity. It cannot be determined to what extent groups of the population of Borneo who originally spoke other languages have exchanged their languages for these Malay dialects. In any case, it is to be observed at present that on Borneo, along the coasts and along the rivers up to deep into the interior, languages are spoken which, in spite of small differences between them, show a striking similarity with

4

Malay as it is used, with many variations, over a large area on Sumatra and in the Malay peninsula. This similarity is so striking that scholars have been fully justified in calling them Malay dialects. Other languages, which are occasionally indicated by a name of their own, like Banja­rese and Sea Dayak will undoubtedly have to be counted among these dialects.

Among the languages of the interior are some whose structure shows rather strong points of resemblance with the Malay dialects although it has become customary to consider them as languages by themselves.

Because we do not pretend to provide a new division of the languages of Borneo we shall base ourselves on the extant literature and discuss these languages separately, beside the Malay dialects.

From ethnographical literature we know that in North Borneo several groups have settled who are of Philippine origin and who continue to use Philippine languages. Beside these, however, languages of a clearly marked Philippine type are spoken over a wider area in the North. It is possible that here we have to do with immigrations that took place in a more distant past, but this is again difficult to prove. Again it should be noted that settlements of the Bajau are to be found here, i.e. of the weIlknown sea-gypsies who are also to be met with in large parts of eastern Indonesia and in the southern part of the Philippines. Large Bugis settlements are found in several places along the coasts. In Kutai and Pasir an important part of the population is Buginese. Especially in Pegatan in the south-east corner of Borneo they exercise a considerable influence. In a volume devoted to Celebes the literature on this language will be discussed. Finally the remark should be added that in some coastal areas and along a few of the great rivers Chinese dialects are spoken. They will not be discussed in this survey. The Sanscrit inscriptions found in Kutai and discussed by Vogel (BKI 74 (1918) ) fall outside the scope of our book.

The first attempts to give an impression of the number and the diversity of the languages spoken on Borneo were undertaken by authors of compilations of mostly ethnographical literature. A large

5

number of wordlists of languages mainly spoken in Sarawak and British North Borneo - collected by H. Brooke Low and others -have been reproduced by Ling Roth (1), but the latter was still unable to arrive at any arrangement or even at a mere comparison of the wordlists he printed. This work was only undertaken by Sidney Ray, that remarkable student of languages, who in 1913 published an enumer­ation of the material at his disposal (2): printed books and articles, as well as manuscript wordlists, i.e. those he was able to consult, or those he compiled personally during his short stay on Borneo from the end of 1898 to the beginning of 1899. In particular, he made an extensive use of a manuscript by A. B. Meyer (died in 1911). The latter had been engaged for a considerable time in compiling "a com­prehensive bibliographical and statistical account of the languages of Eastern Indonesia" and had sent round for this purpose wordlists, established after the model of the linguistic Report of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits by Ray, to a number of British officials of the Sarawak Government. Not many of the data available at the time escaped Ray's attention. There is only one lexico­graphical work of importance, viz. Barth's Busang-Dutch dictionary of 1910 (213) which is not to be found in his bibliography, which contains no less than 276 items.

Ray's division rests mainly on a geographical basis; it is in five groups. He distinguished 1. languages of Lower Sarawak, 2. languages of Netherlands territory, 3. languages of Upper Sarawak, 4. North Borneo languages,S. Malay. Within this framework he attempted to make further distinctions, using the terms "language" and "dialect" to indicate gradations in similarity. In this way he arrived provisionally at assuming the existence of· thirty different languages for the whole of Borneo; within these thirty languages he then often distinguished between numerous dialects. For the Melanau of Lower Sarawak he mentions e.g. no less than five groups of dialects.

Beside some data concerning the pronouns and numerals in these languages and some general remarks, Ray added to his bibliography a list of 211 words in the different Borneo languages, as far as the material at his disposal allowed him to do. For a survey of the literature up to 1913 Ray's work was indispensable.

6

Although a certain reserve is necessary in view of the great gaps in our knowledge, we still agree with Kern (3) and Leach (4) that the profusion of languages on Borneo has been overestimated by former observers and even to a certain extent by Ray. Slight differences, mostly of a lexical nature and occasionally in some parts of the phone­mic system, have led the observers, who usually lacked linguistic training, to postulate the presence of separate languages on occasions when there hardly seems to exist a reason to speak of separate dialects. The idea of a great diversity, to be found i.a. in Mallinckrodt's well­known work on the customary law of Borneo (5), was all the more readily accepted when these slight differences in language were accom­panied by differences in the names of the groups concerned. Moreover, these names are mostly not much more than general indications given to different groups by their neighbours or by strangers, for which reason one finds them applied at one time to this group and at another to that group, depending on the circumstances.

About twenty five years after Ray's publication the atlas of Dutch Overseas Territories made available a linguistic map of the then Nether­lands Indies, compiled by the linguist Esser (6). On closer investigation it becomes apparent that Esser, due to the lack of exact data con­cerning the geographic distribution of the different languages, presum­ably based his provisional survey of the languages on the division of the different population-groups into five groups, a division proposed by Mallinckrodt (5), mainly in agreement with Hose and McDougall (7). Esser's map, which only covers the part of Borneo under Indonesian administration, follows MaIlinckrodt's ethnic division. Apart from the Malay spoken on the coast and along the great rivers and from Bajau, he distinguishes between five groups, viz. from the East to the West: 1. the Klemantan group, 2. the Iban group, 3. the Ot-Danum group, 4. the Kenyah-Bahau group, and 5. the Murut group.

Although MaIIinckrodt was not a student of language, he was quite convinced of the importance of language studies, also for the sake of ethnographic research. After his death a foundation bearing his name was established in 1936 and a short time before the outbreak of the second world-war it was this foundation which entrusted the linguist W. Kern with the task to investigate the language situation in Indo-

7

nesian Borneo. Due to the Japanese occupation the material he had collected went astray, whilst his untimely death in 1946 made further research by a specialist impossible.

As regards North Borneo, in recent times most linguistic data have been published in the Sarawak Museum Journal. However, it remains true also for this area that practically the very first beginnings of scholarly research into the existing linguistic situation still have to be made. This circumstance led Leach to insert a linguistic survey among the urgent projects for study in his report on Sarawak (4).

In view of the great scarcity of reliable data we have acted on the assumption that we should do best to be as exhaustive as possible as regards the literature to be mentioned. Even publications have been included whose linguistic value is very slight. Schoolbooks, missionary tracts, data from ethnographical literature have not been passed over; perhaps they may be of some importance for a future research-worker. The long list of literature rather serves to demonstrate the poverty than the abundance of truly linguistic data.

Most of the works mentioned in this list are to be found either in the Leiden University Library or in the Library of the Royal Institute in the Hague. It may be assumed that a large part of this literature is likewise available in the library of the Lembaga Kebudayaan Indonesia "Bata­viaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen" (The Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences).

MALA Y DIALECTS

Everywhere along the coast and far up-stream Malay dialects have spread; they are indicated by the name of the region where they are spoken. Only for one of these, Sea Dayak or Iban a separate name is used; this dialect differs considerably from the others in certain respects.

Concerning Sarawak Malay very little is known. Beside wordlists in manuscript mentioned by Ray (2, p. 42, 49) and several words used in Sarawak, which occur in Chalmers' Land Dayak vocabulary (8), and

8

likewise many words designated as "colloquial Malay" in two vocabul­aries by Brooke Low (1), Buck's wordlist (9) is our principal source, as well as the most recent one.

For Brunei Malay we possess slightly more data. Concerning this dialect lists were published by De Crespigny (10, 1), Hose (11, 1), Haynes (12), Marshall (13) and MacBryan (14), whilst Moulton and Douglas (15) published some data on the indication of the points of the compass. W. Kern discussed the occurrence of some Brunei Malay words in the well-known list compiled by Pigafetta (16). Finally, manuscript vocabularies are mentioned by Ray (2, p. 42 and 49).

There exist no separate studies concerning the dialect of K utai. However, numerous Kutai words are to be found in the Malay chro­nicle of Kutai edited by Mees (17), and already partly published earlier by Tromp (18). For a perusal of this chronicle W. Kern's commentary (19) is indispensable; like his earlier review of Mees' publication (17) it contains numerous remarks on the Kutai dialect. Among the Malay dictionaries that compiled by Von de Wall-Van der Tuuk (20) gives some Kutai Malay forms. Witkamp published a short wordlist and devoted some remarks to the dialect of Muara Anchalung (21), whilst two later articles provide a few further details (22). Numerous bota­nical terms have been inserted in the report of the Central East-Borneo expedition (23). Whether the list of words which Knappert believed to have been directly derived from Javanese actually contains nothing but Javanese loan-words, is subject to serious doubt (24).

According to Knappert (24), Witkamp (21, 22) and W. Kern (19, p. 120) there are several dialects to be distinguished in Kutai Malay. Knappert mentions e.g. the language of Kotabangun and of the localities situated on the rivers Belayan and Kedangkepala as one of these dialects. In an administrative report of 1923 (25) the language of Kota­bangun is indicated as "basa Kedang". The language of the inhabitants of Ampenan is likewise included among the dialects of Kutai by Knappert, but elsewhere in his paper he speaks about a completely separate language, giving a small number of words by way of illus­tration. The administrative report mentioned above also refers to this language, without, however, providing any details, whilst the descrip­tion of the area where this language is spoken does not quite agree

9

with Knappert's. Finally, Knappert mentions as a third dialect of Kutai the language of the Orang Lampung. It is not certain whether there exists any relation between the latter and the "Dayak Kayan" or "Ollah Lampong" on the upper reaches of the Kapuas river, mentioned in 1851 by Van Lynden and Groll (25").

About the Malay spoken in the Pasir area hardly anything is known. Some local terms are to be found in Nusselein's description of this region (26).

Banjarese is spoken in Banjarmasin and the surrounding country, and also in the Hulu Sungai area. As in the course of time a large-scale migration of speakers of Banjarese has taken place, Banjarese is spoken at present also outside the area indicated above, especially in Kutai (24, 25), and in Pasir (26), and according to Den Hamer (27) also on Pulau Laut and in Sampit. Den Hamer distinguishes between local dialects at Amuntai and Alabio, at Klua, at Tanjung and at Kanda­ngan. He likewise believes the language spoken by the Bukit to be a dialect of Banjarese. Kern also gives a list of Malay documents in which the influence of Banjarese is strongly felt, these docum~nts being available in the library of the Mallinckrodt Foundation, formerly at Banjarmasin (3, p.544). Den Hamer had already earlier published a list of titles of writings extant in Banjar (28).

From a lexicographical point of view the most important source for our knowledge of Banjarese is the wordlist which Kern compiled anew when his data collected before the second world-war had been lost; a copy of this list is available in the Leiden University Library (cod. or. 8332), to which later additions by Van Pernis and Ras were added. Many Banjarese words had already been included in the comparative vocabularies by Hupe (1) and Den Hamer (27). At Jakarta there are two model-wordlists for Banjarese and one for Martapura, probably a dialect of Banjarese (29) which we were unable to consult. Banjarese words are furthermore to be found in an edict of Sultan Adam of 1835, published with a translation and notes by Joekes (30), and in the Sja'ir Hemop published by Rusconi (31), which formed the subject of some remarks by Kern (32). Many words, especially names of trees and plants and agricultural terms, are to be found in the doctor's thesis by Schophuys (33). Den Hamer gives a number of data concerning the

10

so-called "bahasa dalam" and concerning Javanese loanwords (28). On older Javanese influences especially in literary works one of the authors (Cense) wrote in his thesis (28"). Tichelman (34), besides indicating differences between Malay and Banjarese, mentions the names of several games.

A copy of several texts noted down by Kern is to be found in the Leiden University Library (cod. or. 8310 b). The Till Ulenspiegel tales in the dialect of Ulu Sungai which he presented at the conference with his colleagues at Macassar in 1939 (35) are probably lost. In the periodical "Medan Bahasa" some grammatical notes on Banjarese and a page of Banjarese pantun are found (36). Kern (3, p.548) also mentions as a Malay dialect the language spoken in the region around Nanga Bulik, viz. Delang; the Protestant mission published a religious tract in this language (37). Kern likewise refers to the language of Kota Waringin as a Malay dialect, providing some details concerning its phonetic system.

For Sambas Malay Kats gave a specimen in his Warna Sari Melajoe (38).

Along the Kapuas river the so-called Ulu Malay is spoken; on its distribution remarks were made by Nieuwenhuis (39) who calls the language Kapuas Malay, and by Dunselman (95); this subject is also mentioned in Adatrechtbundel - Collection of Customary Law -nr. 44 (25). Perhaps the dialect called Sin tang Malay by Kiihr (40) is identical with this language. At Jakarta a completed model-wordlist for Ulu Malay is available (29).

As has already been remarked by several authors, Sea Dayak or Iban also has to be counted among the Malay dialects. This dialect is spoken by groups among the population which since ancient times felt a strong urge to expand; during the 19th and also the 20th century this led to the gradual spreading of their settlements over all five divisions of Sarawak, as mentioned by Leach (4) and by Freeman in his agricultural report (41). Also in Brunei many Sea Dayak are to be found, whilst they inhabit an extensive area in Indonesian Borneo in the Lanja 5 -area and along the Leboyan, Embaloh and Palin­rivers; there they are mostly called Batang Lupar or Iban.

In Ray's work short wordlists of five dialects are to be found, based

11

on the data at his disposal in manuscript form or in printed sources. Among the latter we mention for Sibuyau or Sabuyau lists by Chalmers and Gomez in Spenser St. John (41, 1), for Balau a list by J. Holland in Swettenham (43,1), for Skarang a vocabulary in Keppel's work (44); for Bugau Ray's information was based on a manuscript list in his own collection. Hupe's "Bulau" and "Sibugau" are undoubtedly iden­tical with Balau and Sibuyau (1).

However, for lexicographical material the most important collections of Sea Dayak were for a long time the Sea Dyak dictionary (45) published by Howell and Bailey in 1900 and their English-Sea Dyak vocabulary published in 1909 (46). In certain respects, however, Howell and Bailey's work has been surpassed by the dictionary N. C. Scott published in 1956 (47). Scott also does more justice to the phonetic system of Sea Dayak than did his predecessors. In this respect we refer in particular to his treatment of the glottal stop, which was and still is neglected in all publications in Sea Dayak as well as in those concerning this language. Dunselman had assumed the occurrence of this sound in his study on Mualang (48). In a supplement to Scott's dictionary (pp. 213-218), words used in the Third Division of Sarawak and collected by G. Bruggeman have been included.

Additional lexicographical material concerning agriculture is to be found in Freeman's report mentioned above (41). Names of carving pat­terns occur in an article by Banks (49), names of birds in notes by the same author (50), whilst words used in connection with Sea Dayak fabrics find mention in the work by Haddon and Start (51).

There exist no separate studies on the grammar of Sea Dayak. In the introduction to his dictionary Scott makes a few remarks concerning the phonetics, whilst Howell and Bailey's dictionary contains a short grammatical synopsis which does not tell us much. Very recently Scott published an article on the pronunciation of Sea Dayak (51").

Original texts are few and far between. As regards colloquial texts there are a paper by Berayun Anak Bugin concerning the activities which precede the planting of the rice (52), and an essay on Dayak theology, translated into English by Dunn (53). A Sea Dayak monthly appears at Kuching (54). A model-letter writer was translated by

12

M. Buma from an English booklet (55), according to the information provided by Scott.

Beside translations of books of the Bible and religious tracts pu­blished by the missionaries (56-SO), Rev. A. W. Stonton brought out a concise history of Sarawak (SI) and a booklet containing rules for popular hygiene (S2). Furthermore, for sch901 use there exist some spelling-books, readers and arithmetic books (S3-86). A phrase book mentioned in Hedda Morrison's recent photograph-book, we were not able to consult (86").

The most. extensive text in the so-called "sacred language" is the "Chant of the flowers of the year" published and translated by E. Dunn between 1912 and 1916 (S7). More than thirty years earlier J. Perham had given a survey of the contents of this text as well as a few lines by way of specimen of this kind of poetry (S8) , of which some frag­ments are likewise to be found in Ling Roth's work (1). Parts of the text of a similar chant we find in an article by Richards (S9). A Sea Dayak dirge was published and translated by Howell (90). Two short chants were rendered accessible by Birai Anak Dap (91); they are different Saratok versions of the invocation texts made public by Jamuh (92). A short song was noted down by Barry Gifford in a Sea Dayak house near the headwaters of the Oya"' River (93). For four Saribas Dayak songs the text was published together with a very tentative translation by Dickson; Richards gave a new and annotated translation of two of these (94). Furthermore, riddles, proverbs, songs, invocations and prayers are to be found in the appendix to Howell and Bailey's dictionary (41).

Closely related to Sea Dayak is Muaiang, spoken along the Ayak and Belitang Rivet's, right-hand affluents of the Kapuas River, approx. two hundred miles up-stream from Pontianak. This language has been thoroughly studied by Father Dunselman, who first published some fragments of an extensive sacred chant with a translation (48), and later the full text (95). In the introduction of this article and in that to the edition of the text the author makes some remarks concerning the phonetic system of Mualang. Another article by the same author

13

contains terms used in customary law and two incantations (%). Other chants and examples of the colloquial Father Dunse1man has recorded on tape.

KENDA YAN DA YAK AND LAND DAY AK

It is far from easy to obtain an insight into the linguistic geography of Indonesian Western Borneo. For the largest part of this area data are very scarce; moreover, they occasionally refer to a situation which lies already a century behind us. And we may take it for granted that the process of extension of those languages which resemble Malay -both structurally and as regards their vocabulary - at the expense of earlier languages, a process already referred to in ancient reports (97), must have created a completely different situation in the course of time. We have the impression that there is a great deal of truth in the statement by Von Kessel (98), that beside in Southern Sarawak, also in Sambas, Landak, Tayan and Sanggau the tribes which belong to what he calls' "the Northwestern race" spoke a mainly identical lan­guage. From the vocabulary he published it is clear that the language of the tribes of these regions is identical with the language usually called Land Dayak by the British. If we possessed more recent data than we actually do, it might well become apparent that the area covered by Land Dayak in Indonesian Borneo is even larger than we are inclined to assume at present. Perhaps Elam's statement that most of the Land Dayak are to be found in Indonesian Borneo would also be confirmed in that case (99).

As regards Indonesian Borneo the best procedure seemed to be to begin with the mention of those publications concerning the present situation which are the most detailed; these happen to be descriptions of languages which strongly resemble Malay.

The most important data we owe to Father Dunse1man. During the last ten years this missionary published the results of his investigations in the Kapuas area. Beside Mualang Dayak, already referred to above, he mentions Kendayan Dayak as the second most important language of Western Borneo, a name we also adopt here. Most of the Kendayan texts he collected are aetiological myths and sacral songs, to which he

14

has added many lexicographical notes (100). The author stresses the strong influence which modern Malay has exercised on this language; it is at least clearly apparent from the collection of short texts con­cerning local customs, noted down at Pakumbang in the Ulu Mempa­wah region and published a few years after the first collection (101). Beside this textual material we owe to Dunselman some data con­cerning the language of the Ambawang Dayak (25). These deal with customary law; first noted down by a village headman in Malay, they were later translated back into Ambawang by a schoolteacher, and it is only likely that some of the Malay of the original version has persisted in the later rendering. The former District Commissioner Van Dijk gave a short wordlist of the language of the Ipoh and the Ambawang Dayak (25). A schoolteacher at Katya noted down information con­cerning customary law for Dunselman in the language of the Dayak of Ritok (Siantan, Pontianak) (25). Dunselman says * that over the whole area of the Sambas, the Landak and the Tayan Dayak there prevails so much similarity in language that people from different regions understand each other quite well (100, p.61).

Lexicographical local differences are to be observed in the series of articles in which the Civil Service officer M. C. Schadee between the years 1903 and 1914 described the customary law and the religion of the inhabitants of the Tayan and Landak district (102), but for the words he mentions the possibility has always to be taken into account that his informants provided him with Malay equivalents. The fragments of codified customary law and of rules and agreements recorded in writing have all been written in Malay, although non-Malay terms occur. The same applies to some recorded incantations and pantuns which show a greater or lesser Malay influence. Words noted down among different tribes in this area are to be found in an article by E. L. M. Kiihr (40). In an article with linguistic comparisons by Logan (103) a number of words are followed by the abbreviation "Pont."; these may belong to Kendayan.

* This statement seems too general: 10 it does not apply to the whole Tayan-area, but only to a part of it; 2° along the Manyuke dialects are spoken which are not understood by Kendayan-speakers. (personal communication of Father Donatus Dunselman).

15

We were not able to consult a vocabulary of the language spoken on the upper reaches of the Matan and so we cannot say whether the language noted there is to be placed in this part of our survey; the list (29) is to be found in the library of the Lembaga Kebudayaan Indonesia.

When we now examine the data which would indicate the existence of languages of the Land Dayak type in Indonesian Borneo, we observe that words in Balantian, spoken along a tributary of the Sambas River and known from a recent translation of the Gospels (104), agree to a considerable extent with the Lara' words noted down by Ray, this being a more or less isolated dialect of the Land Dayak group spoken along the Upper Lundu and Sambas rivers. According to Elam (105) however Sarawak Lara' is only spoken in two small villages on the Pasir River; it is less influenced by Malay than Selakau, which is being gradually adopted also by the younger speakers of Lara'. Elam's vocabulary of Lara' and Selakau (105) shows that Lara' agrees more closely with other Land Dayak dialects. Dunselman sometimes indicates Lara' as old-Kendayan (100).

Although our sources for the knowledge of those languages of Indonesian Borneo which agree with Land Dayak are restricted to this translation of the Gospels, there still exist some data concerning the situation in the last century. A language resembling Lara' is known from notes by an American missionary who more than hundred years ago was active in the same region where at present the above-mentioned Balantian is spoken (106). To the same sphere belong perhaps a hikayat-like tale (107) and a speech, in the dialect of the Temila Dayak, inserted in the minutes of the Batavia Society of Arts and Sciences (108). Two religious tracts, presumably written in the language of Karangan, where the American mission station was established, and printed at Singapore in 1845 and 1847, both mentioned by Veth (96, II, p.233) and by Ray (2, p. 24 and 26) we were unable to consult.

Furthermore there exist a number of short wordlists, noted down about the middle of the last century by Hupe among several Dayak tribes both in Indonesian Borneo and in Sarawak, viz. Karangan, Sinding and Meratei, Sau, Lundu, Berang and Sabungo, Bukar, Santan and Gurgo, Sinan, Sumpo, Budanoh, Stang, Tubbia, Sabutan, Sering, Gugu and Matan. These lists have been reproduced by Ling Roth (1);

16

Von Kessel's list (98) we have already mentioned. In 1866 Kater (109) noted down a few words of Sidin or Siding, a

language of an unquestionable Land Dayak type, but he regards it too much as an isolated type of speech when he calls it completely different from the other languages spoken in Sambas. Manyukai (Manyuke), spoken in Sambas, is likewise Land Dayak; A. A. Fokker published a few words of this language (110). This language, whose speakers later also spread over Northern Tayan, Fokker did not include among the lan­guages of Malay type of Western Borneo, in contrast to Behe which is spoken in the vicinity. It should, however, be noted that the Behe words for the numbers seven, eight and nine agree with the Land Dayak words in Ray's lists.

The greatest number of publications has been concerned with Sara­wak Land Dayak, spoken in different dialects in the area of the rivers Sadong, Samarahan, Sarawak and Lundu. For these dialects Ray had at his disposal the manuscripts he mentions, as well as the data published by Spenser St. John, Keppel and Ling Roth. For the Sentah dialect, spoken on the hill Seburan, ten miles from Kuching, he had W. Chalmers' vocabulary of more than 3.000 words (8). In this list also a few words of the tribes of the Western Branch of the Sarawak River have been inserted.

Beside the material to be found in Ray, we have the vocabulary of Land Dayak as spoken in Kampong Boyan in Upper Sarawak, com­piled by Buck and containing more than 250 words (1l1), as well as the list, likewise containing about 250 words, compiled by Beresford Stooke at Tebekang or Tebakang in the Sadong district (112). Ad­ditional material is to be found in a list by Mace (1l3), whilst Elam gives a wordlist of this same Sadong Land Dayak (99). A vocabulary of Singgi by Father Reijffert, is mentioned in Hedda Morrison's book; we were not able to consult this work (99B

). According to Roberts (114) the inhabitants distinguish three dialects within Sadong, but these are hardly different. Aichner (115) who, apart from Selakau and Lara" distinguishes three dialects in Land Dayak (viz. that of the Upper Sarawak Land Dayak, including Singgi, Grogo, Setenggau J agoi, Gumbang, Serambau, the dialect spoken between Penrissen and Sungei Serin, and the dialect of the Tebakang (Serian) district), gives some

17

words of these three dialects. Contrary to Aichner, the difference between the dialects spoken on the Upper Sarawak River and those on the Upper Sadong River is considered to be quite considerable by Geddes (116); scattered through his report we find many words noted down in Mentu Tapuh, on the upper reaches of the Kedup River, a tributary of the Sadong River. The report by Leach gives terms of kinship in four Land Dayak dialects, viz. Serian (Bukar ?), Kuap (Beta), Singgi and Tringgus.

Only very few original texts have been noted down. The most extensive and, it would seem also the best translated text is a tale, published by R. N yandoh of Mentu Tapuh, probably in the language of his own locality (117). Texts of a more or less sacral character are: a short song in the dialect of the Biatah Dayak near Kuap, noted down and published with a tentative translation by W. Johnny (118); some prayers in the Sadong dialect noted down by Father Staal, one at Gahat and one at Lobang Batuh (119); the texts of a spell and an incantation in the dialect of the Kedup River, published and translated by Geddes (116). We were not in a position to consult a collection of Land Dayak folktales, collected by Father P. Howes in a booklet entitled Shun nyamba nang, according to Hill in 1MBRAS 28.1 (1955) p. 148.

An impression of the colloquial may be obtained from some school­texts and readers (120-122), the most important being a Land Dayak translation of a booklet on hygiene originally written in Sea Dayak (123). Finally, there exist quite a number of translations of books of the Bible in different dialects, as well as religious tracts (124-139).

As regards Milikin, mentioned by Ray (2), this is probably more closely related to Sea Dayak.

MELANAU

Although there are sufficient indications to enable us to determine the linguistic area of Land Dayak and Sea Dayak as far as these are spoken in Sarawak, it is more difficult to outline the linguistic geo­graphy for the remaining part of Sarawak. By means of an unusual extension of the term Melanau Ray, basing himself on manuscript

2

18

vocabularies and data provided by Ling Roth (1), Keppel (44), de Crespigny (1) and Hose (1, 11), indicates a whole series of languages spoken along the coast, and also along rivers further into the interior by the designation "Milano forms of speech". He distinguished between five categories, viz. 1) Bintulu; 2) Matu (Matu River and "from the north channel of the Rejang to the sea"), Bruit (near Tanjong Sirik), Oya (mouth of Oya River), Muka (mouth of Muka River); 3) Narom (Baram River), Miri (Bakam [read Baram ?] and Miri Rivers), Dali (Sibuti and Bakong Rivers), Tutong (distinguished as Tutong I spoken on the Upper Tutong, and Tutong II spoken on the Lower Tutong), Lemiting (Upper Balait River, formerly at Marudi, Baram River), Lelak (Long Tru, Baram River, formerly Lelak Lake); 4) Long Kiput (junction of Tutau and Baram Rivers), Long Pata (Tutau and Baram Rivers), Batu Bla (Tutau River), Berawan (Long Tisam, Baram River); 5) Kanowit (Middle Rejang River), Tanjong (Rejang River above Kanowit), Siduan (Rejang River). The wordlists he gives for all these languages show quite some diversity, so that at the present stage of our knowledge it does not seem desirable to label them all as "Melanau".

In Leach's report which we have already quoted several times, the author arrives at a division of the various peoples into "groups having the same type of basic social organisation". Bearing in mind Leach's warning that he does not claim "that the groups concerned possess any linguistic unity", the result of a comparative study of the many word­lists still allows us to say that his classification seems also useful for a provisional geographic distribution of these languages. Especially his outline (on p. 53) establishing a correlation between various groups of the coastal population with "probable parent groups" in the interior sometimes provides indications enabling us to arrive at some arrange­ment of Ray's multifarious material.

First we shall attempt to delimit the linguistic group which may be called Melanau. Austin Druce, who is a Melanau himself, mentions as the dialects of his language Oya' and Dalad (officially spelt Dalat), Mukah, Matu, Sibu and Balingian (140). Archer in addition mentions separately the dialects of Rejang, Igan, Daro and Seduan (140). In view of these data we might say that Melanau in the restricted sense

19

of the term is spoken in the coastal area of the Rejang delta up to the Balingian River. Leach (4) connects the Mukah-OyaS Melanau-Ray's second group - with the parent group of the "former Kanowit and similar groups". When we now observe that Morris (141) also shades the area around Kanowit on the Rejang River as being Melanau terri­tory, and that the words of Holland's Melanau list (43, 1) seem to agree most closely with Ray's Kanowit and Tanjong words, we are perhaps entitled to consider Ray's fifth group as a dialect which is closely related to the Melanau of the coast.

As regards Mukah Melanau we possess, beside Hupe's lists men­tioned by Ray and printed in Ling Roth's work (1), a vocabulary, of which the anonymous compilers say that they had received the data from Fathers Bernard Mulder at Dalat and Anthony Mulder at Mukah and from the Government Officer Lawrence (142). The list of approx. 1.600 words appears to be more accurate than the old lists; an intro­duction contains remarks concerning the constantly. growing influence of Malay.

For M atu M elanau there exists a vocabulary compiled by Aikman, the material having been collected in the Matu and Daro District (143); this small volume was reviewed by J. B. Archer (140). To the com­munication by Druce (140) mentioned above there has been added a short list of 24 words and names of regions in the dialects he mentions, by way of additions and corrections of the words occurring in Archer's review. The list of Tamat compiled in 1867, mentioned by Ray (2, p. 32) we were unable to consult.

Kinship terms in Oya' and Mukah Melanau are to be found in the report by Leach (4), whilst many Melanau words occur in the report by Morris (141), whose research was mainly concentrated in the village of Medong on the Oya? River. In their articles Buck (144) and Jamuh (145) provide a number of resp. Mukah and Oya' words, Jamuh also communicating a few short riddles.

For the rest, published texts in Melanau are very scarce. Lawrence and Hewitt (146) have published an incantation chant, but without a translation. Morris (141) mentions death chants (Medong: muah, Dalat: mueh) without, however, giving any specimen; Jamuh (145) also refers to these chants. The R. C. Mission has published booklets

20

containing a catechism and prayers in the dialects of Mukah (147) and Dalat (148). An older liturgical collection, occurring in the catalogue of the School of Oriental and African Studies in London (PAM. MAL.

POL. F. 67778) we were not in a position to consult. Neither did we see a collection of the customary law of the Melanau people, made by a District Officer in 1940, mentioned by Morris (141, p. 90); this col­lection is printed in English and in the dialects of Mukah and Oya'.

Bintulu (Ray's category 1), situated on the coast beyond Balingian is usually considered to belong to the Melanau coastal area, but all reports agree on the divergent character of the language spoken in this locality. In view of the vocabularies by Brooke Low and Hupe (1) and of the manuscript lists, both reported by Ray, we believe that Bintulu seems to be related to Kajaman and Ba Mali, which we shall discuss below. Leach (4) establishes a relationship between the Bintulu Melanau whom he calls Segan, and the group of settled Penan and Kajang. For the time being we would assign a separate position to Bintulu.

Except Ray's Tutong I which probably is nearer to the languages of a Philippine type, to be discussed later, the other languages of Ray's 3rd category together with Long Kiput of the 4th category perhaps form a related whole, judging by the words given. A number of words reported by Ray show signs of relationship with the Sarawak Murut group, to be mentioned below.

BISAYA

Following the coast towards the North-East, we come to the Bisaya area. This language is spoken by groups of that name near Brunei Bay, mainly on the Klias Peninsula, on Labuan Island in the bay, and along the lower course of the Limbang River on Sarawak territory near the Brunei border (149). To the Bisaya linguistic area there belongs furthermore the language of several groups living to the South-West of the bay, usually referred to by other names, about which data are to be found in Ray's work. For Ray includes in one and the same category the language he calls Bisaya, for which he possessed both manuscript vocabularies and the data provided by St. John (42, 1) and

21

by de Crespigny (10,1), and the language of the Orang Bukit (Kadayan) on the Upper Balait and the Tutau Rivers, and of the Orang Bukit (Bekiau) on the Tutong River near the Nyamok River, where he had wordlists compiled (2, p. 43). The words he mentions seems to justify this division. It moreover finds support in statements by Leach who says in addition (4, p. 78) that "the Pagan Bukit who live on the Tutoh [= Tutau in Ray] close to Batu Blah claim to be Bisaya", whilst slightly earlier he presumably refers to these same Bukit as "the Bukit­Bisaya group on the Baram", of which river the Tutoh or Tutau is a tributary.

The material found in the abovementioned lists does not lead to any assumptions of relationship with the Bisaya spoken in the Philippines.

We only possess one text in Bisaya, i.e. a translation of the Gospel according to St. Mark (150), which seems heavily influenced by Malay.

Phonetically Bisaya would seem to show some peculiarities which also occur in the languages of the Philippines, but as far as one may conclude from the translation of the Gospel, it seems to lack the abund­ance of morphological elements proper to those languages.

Whether there exists any relationship with the Dusun language, to be discussed below - Bewsher (151) speaks of a "quite definite relationship" - will have to be established by further research.

SARA WAK MURUT DIALECTS

We now come to the discussion of the literature concerning a group of dialects usually indicated by the name Murut. This term shows again the confusion which is created by the use of general designation like river people, hill people, etc., when one wishes to establish real dis­tinctions. When one studies the available linguistic material it becomes clear that the dialects of the groups qualified as Murut, i.e. "hill", belong to two clearly distinguishable groups. On anthropological grounds Needham arrives at a division into "a people or group of peoples" which extends "across interior Borneo about the line 4° North" which he considers as the northernmost of the 'middle Borneo group of peoples", and a group of peoples which he qualifies by means of a

22

linguistic criterion as belonging to "Adriani's Philippine language group" (152). For lack of a better name Needham indicates these two groups by the names of "Sarawak Murut" and "North Borneo Murut", in agreement with the terminology already used earlier by Pollard (153) and Hudson Southwell (154); we shall also adopt these designations here.

According to Southwell, Sarawak Murut "covers a very wide area, extending from Brunei Bay up to the Limbang, Pandaruan, Tembu­rong, Batu Apoi, Trusan, Lawas and Mangalong" (154, p. 104). Furthermore, Sarawak Murut is spoken "up to the headwaters of the Padas (Pa Matang) and to the headwaters of the Baram (the Kelabit) and from there south and southeast far into Dutch Borneo". Southwell states that the bulk of the Murut people nowadays live in Indonesian Borneo, in the mountains which supply the tributaries of the Sesayap. As reported by Bolang and Harrisson (155), until recent times the headwaters of the Bahau River had to be added to this area; most of the Saban living there have moved to the Balong, a tributary of the Baram.

Southwell, who also provides some information of a grammatical nature, distinguishes between seven dialects, including in agreement with some earlier investigators, also Kelabit, still mentioned separately from the Murut group in Ray's list (154).

Ray reproduces words of the Adang language, spoken on a tributary of the Limbang River of that name; for this he had material provided by St. John (42) and Moulton (156). Ray likewise quotes some Trusan, for which he possessed two manuscript lists as well as notes by the Crespigny (10), and some Padas words, of which again de Crespigny gives a short list. Ray reproduces Kelabit terms based on a manuscript list and data by Douglas published later (157), following notes by Moulton (156) and a manuscript list of his own. Kelabit names of reptiles are to be found in a short article by Tweedie (158), whilst another list of Kelabit words is included in the article by Bolang and Harrisson mentioned above (155).

Pollard (159) publishes a list of about eighty words noted down among the Lun Bawang (Trusan, Lawas, Limbang).

A short glossary of terms used in the manufacture of pottery and recorded on the Upper Trusan is reproduced by A. Morrison (160).

23

Among the christianised M urut Southwell states that it is the dialect of the Pa Kemaloh area, the mid-section of the Sesayap River, which has gradually become the standard Murut dialect; in this process a great deal of influence was exerted by the teachers trained in a school at Long Sepayang in Indonesian Borneo. The language into which the Gospel according to St. Mark was translated, i.e. the dialect of Lun Daya (161), therefore shows points of resemblance to the language recorded in Bolang and Harrisson's Kemaloh glossary (155). According to these two authors Lun Daya is "the name of the Muruts in North Borneo who live in the Ulu Padas (Pa Matang, etc.) and on the Manga­long (lower reaches especially)".

Some Lun Daya kinship terms are reported in Needham's above­mentioned note (152); these had been recorded before World War II by Presswood and handed to Dr. L. Onvlee, who passed them to the author of the note (152).

Beside one short Kelabit text (162), this translation of the Gospel is the sole text of this group of Sarawak Murut we possess.

Basing himself on these data and on the article by Moulton mentioned above (156), Ray also provides information concerning two Treng dialects (163) which probably also have to be classed with this Murut group, viz. Balait spoken on the river of this name, and Tabun on the Lower Madalam River.

NORTH BORNEO MURUT DIALECTS

Dialects of North Borneo Murut are spoken in an area which extends roughly between 1160 and 1180 with the frontier of Indonesian Borneo to the South, and a line running from Keningau (approx. 50 20') via Upper Kinabatangan and Upper Kwamut to Cowie Harbour. Rutter, who provides a clear sketch-map of this region (164), divides the population into seven groups of Hill Murut and two groups of "Muruts of the plains", with the Kuijau as a link between the Murut and the Dusun, to be discussed below. In his comparative vocabulary he gives words of KeningauJ PeluanJ RundumJ Tengara and Kuijau.

From a manuscript wordlist by Clement at his disposal Ray provides

24

words of the language he cans Tagal, the name under which part of the North Borneo Murut near Bol Station are known. For the Keningau dialect we have the extensive vocabulary noted down by Baboneau and published with an introductory note by Woolley (165); beside information concerning the geographical language situation in this Murut area, this note contains some specimens of the Timugan and S emambu dialects.

In three articles Woolley gives names of patterns of basketwork (166). Four shorter articles by Keith provide us with a number of words noted down among the Ulun-no-Bokan who dwell between Keningau and the headwaters of the Kinabatangan River (167). Ac­cording to Keith (167, p.323), Rutter incorrectly classed this group among the Peluan.

Woolley also published an annotated translation and the text of two short songs in the Keningau dialect (168); these have been reproduced again in Rutter's work mentioned above (164). The head­hunting chant included in this book was also provided by Woolley, as stated by Rutter.

North Borneo M urut evidently belongs to the so-called Philippine type, a circumstance which, as Rutter remarks, had already been noted by Blagden; the latter stressed the close relation between M urut and Dusun, a language te be discussed below. The connection with the Philippine languages is apparent from "the grammatically elaborate use of the prefix system and (in a secondary degree) in the similarity of the phonetic changes in the three groups" (164, p.263).

DUSUN

Partly to the North, but mostly to the West of the North Borneo Murut area Dusun is spoken. Dialects of this language are to be found along the rivers which debouch into the South China Sea, from the Klias River in the South up to the Tempasuk River in the North, on the peninsulas Kudat and Melobong, and further into the interior South-West of Marudu Bay and in the region of the headwaters of the rivers Labuk, Sugut (Sugud) and Kinabatangan. Perhaps the

25

language spoken by part of the inhabitants of Banggi Island will have to be considered as a Dusun dialect.

Although also here the phenomenon occurs which we have had occasion to mention before, viz. that the name current in ethnographical and linguistic descriptions is not identical with the name by which the inhabitants designate themselves, we shall maintain the name Dusun, which we use to express the unity of a large number of dialects; the literature (169, 170, 171) mentions several local designations.

Rutter distinguishes between six groups of Inland Dusun and nine groups of Coast Dusun; the sketch map accompanying his description of North Borneo Murut clearly indicates the distribution. To Rutter's last category the Banggi Dusun mentioned above might perhaps be added.

Here we shall restrict ourselves to enumerating only those dialects on which we possess further information. The linguistic samples from the various dialect areas enable us to conclude that there exists a close relationship between the dialects; from the available material regularly recurring correspondences in sound are clearly apparent. However, Banggi as published by Schneeberger (172) is strongly divergent as regards the vocabulary. It is beyond doubt that Dusun belongs to the so-called Philippine group of languages; this is amply shown by the multitude of affixes, the existence of forms indicating the praeterit, and by peculiarities of the sound system.

In his comparative list Ray gives words from four dialects: data by De Crespigny for Dati Dusun (10), by Treacher for Tempasuk (43,1) and by St. John for Urian (42, 1). The dialect called Ida'an by St. John may have been noted down in the Tempasuk area. For Kimanis Ray possessed a list compiled by the missionary Luering (173), the Dusun dialects of Kimanis, Papar and Putatan having been particularly studied by R.c. missionaries. In this way Father Gossens published an exten­sive vocabulary of Papar Dusun in 1924 (169). In a series of articles by Staal (170) words in the Putatan dialect and some of that of Papar are to be met with; the same author published an English-Tuaran­Putatan vocabulary (174).

In the literature we found mention of a Tambunan dialect vocabulary by Woolley (175), but we were unable to consult this publication. In

26

the work by Evans mentioned above (171) numerous words of the language of the Tempasuk Dusun are to be found; other lexicographical data may likewise be obtained from an article by Evans on Dusun measures and the classification of animals (176), and especially from his texts which will be mentioned below.

Schneeberger's vocabulary of Banggi Dusun (172) referred to above, contains slightly less than 800 words. Further research will have to determine whether this language is to be counted to the Dusun dialects; some words seem to be related to Bulud-upi and to Lanun. Schnee­berger's statement that some Dusun live on Balambangan "who have developed a particular dialect" is not supported by examples.

The list of about one hundred words for the language of the Mara­gang, a Dusun tribe living South-West of Marudu Bay, given by Van Dapperen (177) clearly shows that this language belongs to the Dusun dialects under discussion; it is to be noted that Marudu is one of the groups mentioned by Rutter.

Rutter's comparative list of Murut-Dusun (164) provides words in Marudu, Tempasuk, Tuaran, Kiau, Putatan, Papar and Tambunan Dusun.

Grammatical features are briefly surveyed by Gossens (169), whilst Majusim bin Majinal provides a few scattered remarks (178) which, of course, reveal little concerning the structure of the language. Pro­bably more light will be thrown on these matters by a dictionary and a granunar by Father Antonissen which is in the process of publication.

As regards original texts, we possess about one hundred riddles noted down by Prenger at Inabong, four miles distant from Penimpang, and published together with a translation (179); these short texts are preceded by some remarks on the dialects and on morphology.

Staal published some drinking and love songs (180) and a Dusun prayer (181) in the Putatan dialect. In the dialects studied by the R.c. mission a few religious tracts were published (182-185).

The work by Evans (171) to which we have already repeatedly referred contains the text of a few incantations composed in the "sacred language" of the Tempasuk Dusun, together with some remarks by the author concerning the peculiarities of these chants, but the trans­lation of these texts still contains many uncertainties. The fables (186),

27

riddles (187, 188) and the proverbs and proverbial sayings (189) published by Evans provide a better insight into the colloquial of a few of the local dialects spoken in the valley of the Tempasuk River, viz. Kedamaian, Tombulion and Kahung Saraiyoh.

BAJAU

The language of the Bajau, known in the Philippines and in the major part of the eastern section of the Indonesian archipelago as nomads of the seas, but also later as more or less settled inhabitants of the coast, is also spoken in the many Bajau settlements to be found on the North coast and the East coast of Borneo. During an investig­ation along the coasts of Celebes and on the islands in Macassar Straits undertaken in the thirties, one of the present authors (Cense) found that the language of the Bajau (known as Bayo and Turije'ne' in the language of Macassar and as Bajo in Buginese whilst they call themselves Sama) shows only dialectal differences in spite of their widely scattered settlements; specimens of dialects of this language noted down in Borneo agree, as far as he remembers, with Bajau material he had collected but which was lost during the war, as well as with some data collected on Togian Island in the Bight of Tomini (Celebes) and publish­ed by Adriani (190), and with a short list collected by Wallace (191).

On Banggi Island Schneeberger assembled a list of nearly 800 words (172). Scattered terms concerning Bajau pottery are to be found in an article by Evans (192) ; in his above mentioned work on the Tempa­suk Dusun (171) this author refers several times to the Bajau who happen to have settled in large numbers in the districts Tempasuk and Tuaran. A short text with translation and some introductory remarks was published by Abdul Ghani bin Bagul, a Bajau himself (193). He also mentions all the districts in the coastal region on the West side of North Borneo where Bajau is spoken; the author who believes that the language is not found outside these districts will be astonished to learn that Bajau is spread still further over such an enormous area!

We possess no linguistic data on the numerous Bajau settlements all along the East coast of Borneo.

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According to information provided by Evans (194) the language of the Samah-Samah or Samar Lambuh who live like gypsies in boats and who often visit Si Butuk Island, would be about the same as that of the settled Bajau. The same would be true for the language of the roving Samar Laiyun met with on Musar Island near Kudat.

It is still not possible to give Bajau its place among the Austronesian languages, but peculiarities in its structure render it probable that Esser was right in mentioning Bajau after his enumeration of the languages of Borneo in his list of languages at the back of his linguistic map (6).

UBIAN

According to Evans (194) the language of the Ubian (this being the name of an island between Borneo and the Philippines ?) who used to rove as semi-settled sea-gypsies off the West coast of North Borneo and who are identical with the pirates who were formerly called Bolonginik or Balanini, differs from the language of the Bajau. Ubian is said to be identical with the language of the Banadan who have settled at Limau-Limauan near Kudat.

ILLANUN

On the coast of North Borneo several settlements are to be found of the IIIanun or Lanun who originally came from the Philippine Island of Mindanao. Ray reports two vocabularies which differ only little, one published by St. John (42, 1), and one noted down by Treacher on the Tempasuk River and reproduced in the article by Swettenham already referred to repeatedly (43, 1).

BULUD-UPI

According to Ray villages of the Bulud-Upi are to be found on the Northeast coast of Borneo between the Sugut river on the North and Tabunak in the South. Although Rutter reports that they are allied with the Tabunwa -' whose language he enumerates among the Inland Dusun groups - Ray does not discuss their language in connection with the Dusun languages. He had at his disposal two vocabularies "of two

29

apparently different dialects", i.e. one compiled by Treacher in 1880 (43, 1) and one by Montano, as printed in his travel-report published in 1886 (195). Both lists have been noted down among speakers of Bulud-upi on the Sagaliud River which debouches into Sandakan Bay. Peculiarities of the phonetic system indicate that here we have to do with a language of the so-called Philippine type, as already remarked by Montano; in a report of his journeys which was published separately (196) he states that this language has to be connected with that group of dialects to which Tagalog belongs. Many of the words given differ considerably from those provided for the Dusun dialects; possibly we are dealing with the language of a population group which immigrated here from the Philippines.

SULU

Brief mention must be made of the language of the Sulu who have their centre in the Sulu Sultanate, but who have scattered over some of the Philippine Islands and the Tawi-Tawi Archipelago and who also have founded settlements on several points of the North Borneo coast. According to Cowie they are to be found on Darvel Bay and the adjacent islands extending southward as far as Cape Kanyongan, including the state of "Balongan" (i.e. Bulungan). It may be assumed that as far as Bulungan is concerned this can only refer to a few coastal settlements. Because the discussion of Sulu properly belongs to a bibliography of the Philippine languages, we deem it sufficient to refer to the vocabulary published by Cowie in 1893 (197), which contains in addition a large number of short phrases. By means of his work Cowie expected to render the conversation between Europeans and the Sulu of North Borneo easier, and by adding a Malay translation to all his Sulu material he hoped "to accelerate the further fusion of two dialects which have so much affinity and which will make the language of North Borneo the English of the Farther East" 1

TIDUNG DIALECTS

Correspondences in the vocabulary render it not unreasonable to discuss Tidung (spoken on the East coast between Lahad Datu and

30

the country a little South of Bulungan) after our treatment of North Borneo Murut. Some words of the Tarakan dialect of Tidung strongly resemble words of the Tengara dialect of Murut, which latter language, however, seems to occupy a slightly separate place among the related dialects. We know the Tarakan dialect from a small work by Beach of 1908 (198); it also deals with the Bolongan (i.e. Bulungan) dialect which is rather different, perhaps due to stronger Malay in­fluences. The booklet provides beside vocabularies of the dialects mentioned (with a few words of the N onukan and Simbakong dialects) more than one hundred short phrases and a story in both dialects, as well as some brief notes on the grammar. The preface was written by A. A. Fokker, who also added many notes and an appendix concerning phonetical and morphological problems. It is rather striking to observe that the sentences and the stories do not show the great variety of morphological elements which is characteristic for North Borneo M urut.

In view of the scarcity of our data a "genealogy" of the Tidung dialects as given by Beech seems premature.

The about 450 words of the wordlist published by Aernout in 1885 (199) generally, but not always, agree with the Tarakan words given by Beech; Aernout collected his material during voyages along the coast.

In his preface to the vocabulary published in 1916 (200) Van Gende­ren Stort remarks that he had come into contact with five dialects, viz. Tidung as spoken on the upper reaches of the Sembakung River, beside the dialects Tarakan, Sembakung, Penchangan and Sedalir. In the list which contains approximatively 1700 words he provides separate columns to Tidung (with occasional references to Tarakan) and Sembakung (with a few words in Penchangan and Sedalir). It is especially the Tidung (and Tarakan) words which show a close agree­ment with the Tarakan words given by Aernout and Beech. It would appear, however, that a comparison of this material with Kayan word­lists cannot lead to the assumption of a relationship between Kayan and Bulungan, as apparently presumed by Van Genderen Stort.

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SAJAU BASAP AND OTHER BASAP DIALECTS

Living scattered throughout Bulungan, Sangkulirang and Kutai one finds many tribes which are indicated by the general name of Basap. We possess vocabularies of the languages of a few of these tribes, the only published list being the one compiled by Rutten concerning the Basap spoken on the Sajau River which runs into the Muara Seilor or Selor (201). It is curious to observe that a number of words of Sajau Basap which are not to be found in publications concerning other languages of East Borneo show a resemblance to words which we only know from the Punan Ba-Beketan-Ukit group to be discussed below.

Three lists which presumably all concern Basap dialects have been given to the Royal Institute by the Leiden professor, V. E. Korn, who found them at Samarinda in 1928; they may have been compiled by or for the then District Commissioner of Tanjong Redeb, Kruys. It would seem that the data provided by these lists - one of Basap Batu Putih, one of Tabalar (Korn adds a note: "Basap ?"), and one with a pencilled note "Segai, Basap ?" - only show dialectal differences. It is not possible to decide whether the Malay words which occur in considerable number in these lists really belong to the language or whether they have been suggested by the interviewer. Sajau Basap, however, seems to be so strongly divergent, that it is questionable whether it is to be treated as a dialect on the same footing as these three.

When speaking about some Basap dialects which should be dis­tinguished in his view, Spaan (202) mentions the dialect of the area of the Binatang River, that of Kampong Medang on the upper reaches of the Dumaring and that of the other Basap tribes settled along the Dumaring, but he does not provide any data.

LABU

An independant place seems to be occupied by the language of a group dwelling on the Lasan River and indicated in literature as the orang Labu. The fragment of a manuscript wordlist presented to the Royal Institute by Professor Korn unfortunately only contains fifty words, but these few, though interesting data would lead us to suppose

32

that an increased knowledge of Labu might well provide reasons for ranging this language among the Malay dialects.

CENTRAL BORNEO LANGUAGES

KEN YAH

In 1912 Van Genderen Stort published an extensive vocabulary of Kenyah, the language spoken in Apo Kayan, the highlands where the Kayan River takes its source; it had been noted down among the Uma Bern in the village Leka Kidau (203). Many words are also contained in the medical doctor's thesis (204) and in the work on the Kenyah which appeared a few years later, both by Van Elshout who had worked in Apo Kayan as a military surgeon. A manuscript dictionary by the same author was copied in 1929-1930 on behalf of the Batavia Society of Arts and Sciences at Jakarta (see TBG 70, 1930, pp. 91-92). The Society's library possesses also a wordlist (29). Words concerning dress, ornaments and weapons are to be found in an article by Van Walchren (206).

The vocabulary published in 1897 by Engelhard for the people and the languages he calls "Kinjin" (207) agrees with the Kenyah words found in the writings mentioned above. As regards the language of the Kenyah living on the Pujungan, a tributary of the Bahau River, a number of teknonymical terms are to be found in the article by Van Walchren (206). However, no linguistic data are known concerning the speakers of Kenyah in other parts of Indonesian Borneo, on the lower Kayan, in the region where the Boh, a tributary of the Mahakam, takes its source, and on the Tawang River in Kutai.

In Sarawak Kenyah is spoken in the area of the Upper Baram River and of the Upper Tinjar River. In his comparative vocabulary Ray provides specimens of nine Sarawak Kenyah dialects, basing himself on the manuscript lists by Page Turner, Douglas and himself, and also on the published extensive vocabulary by Douglas (157). The words in this vocabulary agree with the words published by Urquhart for "Kenyah Sambup" (208). Other lexicographical material for Kenyah may be obtained from a wordlist by Banks (209), which corresponds

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in general with the lists for Sabup and Long Bangan, also published there. Kinship terms are to be found in Leach (4, between p.61 and p. 62), Pollard and Banks (210). Furthermore, Banks published a number of names of different kinds of prohibitions in relation to rice planting (211).

Numerous texts of chants, incantations and invocations occur in the two above-mentioned works by Van Elshout (204, 205), which likewise provide sentences in daily speech. A short song of the Kenyah on the Baram river is given by Wan Ulok and Galvin (212).

KAYAN, BUSANG

In the detailed sketch which Nieuwenhuis (38) gave of the Kayan dwelling on the Mendalem River, a tributary of the Upper Kapuas, many words of the language spoken there occur. Later, Nieuwenhuis' travelling companion Barth published an extensive dictionary of this language (213). It is known as Busang in the Upper Kapuas and the Upper Mahakam areas. Barth noted down his data among the Ma $

Aging on the Mendalem River, adding words which he obtained on the Upper Mahakam, for he reports that Busang, beside being spoken on the Mendalem River, is also the native language of a number of tribes on the Upper Mahakam which he mentions and likewise, albeit with some differences, used by most of the tribes on the middle reaches of the Mahakam and by the Ma~ Leken in Apo Kayan. Busang is known as a common medium over a wide area; according to Barth it is spoken beside their own language by the Apo Kayan Kenyah, the Long BIu'u Kayan - to be discussed below -, Penihing, Long Glat and by a few migratory tribes.

Barth's lexicographical material, which is also accessible by means of a Dutch-Busang index, is preceded by a concise survey of the phonetic system and the morphology of the language. In order to illustrate the use of the words many short sentences have been in­cluded, whilst a fragment of a chanted saga and a provisional translation of the Lord's Prayer with an explanation have likewise been added

Similarity to Busang is shown by the language of the Kayan of 3

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Sarawak who at present live in the region of the Rejang and the Baram Rivers. The oldest information on Kayan we owe to a son of the famous Scotch poet, R. Burns, who travelled through the Kayan area in the first half of the last century. Burns' vocabulary, which Ray states to be concerned with Bintulu Kayan, was published in 1849 (214), to be reprinted later in Ling Roth's work (1). Equally detailed are the list compiled by Brooke Low (1) for the Kayan spoken on the Rejang or the Balui, and by Douglas (157), noted on the Baram River. Shorter lists are those by Hupe (1), Holland (43,1), Keppel (44), Hose (176), Urquhart (208), and another to be found in St. John (42,1).

The only piece of text noted down by Hose among the Sarawak Kayan consists of the four initial lines of an incantation (7, II, p. 120).

The language of the Kayan on the Upper Mahakam, centered around Long Blu'u, differs considerably in vocabulary from the Kayan (Busang) discussed above; a wordlist of this language is to be found in Barth's dictionary (213), whilst Nieuwenhuis' work (38) likewise contains quite a number of words.

MURIK, SIBOP, BA MALI, SPENG, BOK, NIBONG, KAJAMAN,

LAHANAN, SEKAPAN

Besides Kenyah and Busang-Kayan, there are many languages in Central Borneo spoken by tribes on the upper reaches of the large rivers which debouch on the East and on the West coast, these lan­guages showing in their vocabularies both similarities with Kenyah and Kayan, and with other groups of languages which we have already discussed. In view of the fact that the data concerning these languages are in most cases completely insufficient to permit of suggesting a division into larger units, we shall discuss them one by one, occasionally pointing out possible relations and mentioning those cases where probably only dialectal differences occur.

These languages include a number of languages of those tribes, partly nomadic and partly settled, which are known as Punan and Penan, and concerning which there exists a large amount of often contradictory information. At present careful research, especially by

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the British anthropologist Needham (215-217) is beginning to shed some light on this confusing situation. In our opinion the languages under discussion do not show any peculiarities which would warrant their treatment as a special group, distinct from the surrounding lan­guages. Weare convinced that more intensive research will eventually make it possible to determine in this central area larger complexes of languages and conglomerations of dialects.

For Murik, spoken by a tribe settled at Long Tamalla, approximately forty miles above Claudetown on the main Baram River, Douglas published a vocabulary (218); he mentions that the speakers of this language maintain that they originally came from the basin of the Bahau River and from East Borneo (219). Ray, who in addition men­tions a manuscript list by Douglas and another compiled by himself (2, p.67), classifies this language together with Kenyah, but although some points of resemblance with this language seem to be present, it appears to us that Murik is closer to the Kayan spoken in Sarawak.

For Sibop, spoken on the Tinjar River and in the region between the Rejang and the Baram Rivers, Ray mentions three dialects: Tinjar Sibop, Lirong - spoken on the Upper Tinjar River and likewise on the Baram and Rejang Rivers - and Long Pokun, spoken on the Dapoi tributary of the Tinjar River. For all three he possessed manus­cript lists, and for Tinjar Sibop also a few words mentioned by Hose (11, 1). To this we may add a Sibop list by Banks (209).

The group of dialects mentioned here might perhaps be connected with the language indicated by Ray as Ba Mali and by Urquhart as Bah Malei; according to Ray it is spoken on the Baram River round Mt. Dulit. For this language Ray had a manuscript list; Urquhart's data have been published (2OS). Connected with this language seems also to be Speng, of which Urquhart (208) gives a few words.

Points of resemblance likewise exist with Bok, mentioned by Ray and spoken on the river of that name, and with Nibong, called after a branch of the Lobong River bearing this name, the Lobong being a tributary of the Tinjar. Ray, who had wordlists collected for these languages, identifies Hose's Punan list (11,1) with Bok.

Apparently connected are Kajaman and Lahanan, for which Urqu­hart (208) provides short lists and of which also Banks notes a few

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words (209), at least, we assume that Banks' Lanun (to be clearly distinguished from the Lanun or Illanun spoken by Philippine immi­grants on the North coast) is identical with Lahanan. Banks localises the Kajaman "in the Rejang just below and above Belaga", and the Lanun "above the Mejawa rapids in the Baloi". Presumably also Sekapan, for which Urquhart (208) and Banks (209) provide lists and which Banks situates in the same region as Kajaman, belongs here.

PUNAN LUSONG, PUNAN GANG

There seem to exist merely dialectal differences between Punan Lusong and Punan Gang for which Urquhart (208) provides lists, without further indications concerning the region where these languages are spoken.

PUNAN BA, BEKETAN, UKIT

We now come to the language of the Punan Ea, a tribe which according to Needham who devoted an article to it (217), is living on the Rejang and its tributary, the Ba, and also on the Kakus, the Jela­long and on a tributary of the latter, the Pandan. Urquhart gives a short wordlist (208), whilst Needham (217) mentions a few terms of relationship. The same language will have been indicated by Ray's "Rejang (Punan)" (2, pp. 19,68); he inserted words of this language into his comparative vocabulary, these words having been taken from a manuscript list by Page Turner, a "Punan" list by Brooke Low printed in Ling Roth (1) and a "Punan" list by Holland, included by Swettenham (43,1). Concerning the linguistic relationship of Punan Ba to other peoples, Needham (217, p.32) says that he knows little more than a statement by a Punan Ba spokesman, that no other language may be said to be close to Punan Ba; among the languages which would be relatively the nearest, the informant mentioned a number of Melanau dialects.

In view of the wordlists we would be inclined to see some relation with the "Punan and Mangkettan", of which V on Kessel (98) noted down a few words. It seems to us that this Mangkettan - or as Ray writes

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it: Manketa - refers to the same language which is indicated in literature as Beketan, Bukitan, Bakatan and even by still other names. Ray also mentions a manuscript list compiled by him (Bakatan, on the Baloi or Upper Rejang), a list by St. John (42,1: Pakatan, between Rejang and Baram), and a list by Holland (43,1: Bukutan). To these we may add a list by Urquhart (208: Bukitan). A position close to Beketan is occupied by U kit, for which Ray mentions a manuscript vocabulary by Page Turner. Urquhart likewise gives a list of Ukit (208).

For the resemblance which has been noted between some Punan Ba - Beketan - Ukit words and words of Sajau Basap we refer to our discussion of the literature concerning the latter language.

Concerning the languages Punan Aput and Punan Busang mentioned by Needham (215) nothing is known; as regards Punan Batu, men­tioned together with these two languages, Urquhart gives a short list (208).

To a "Punan vocabulary" collected by Andreini (220) Banks adds that this information was collected at "Long Malinau on the Tutoh River, a tributary on the right bank of the Baram River"; it is said to refer to the language of the Punan living between the Tutoh and the Apoh Rivers.

SEPUTAN,PENYABUNG

It is not known whether the Seputan or Saputan and the Penyabung on the upper courses of the Mahakam and the Barito speak separate languages. Wordlists which we were unable to consult are available at Jakarta (29).

PENIHING

Some resemblance to Upper Mahakam Kayan may perhaps be shown by Penihing, of which Barth published a vocabulary in his dictionary, mentioned above (213); he has indicated the area where this language is spoken on a sketch map. However, the data are insufficient to permit of determining the position of this language. A Penihing wordlist is to be found at Jakarta (29).

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MODANG (LONG GLAT, LONG WAI, SEGAl)

Over a large area in Bulungan, Berau and Northern Kutai we find the dialects of a language which we shall indicate as Modang, this being the name under which different groups of speakers of these dialects are occasionally taken together. The most detailed information on one dialect, spoken in northern Kutai, we owe to Barth, who added a vocabulary of what he calls Long Glat to his Busang dictionary (213). Nieuwenhuis believes that the Long Glat, like the Kayan and the Kenyah, originally came from Apo Kayan (38) ; the wordlist shows that the vocabulary differs considerably from Kenyah and Kayan. On his map Barth indicates several settlements of the Long Glat on the Upper Mahakam, and also at Long Bleh on the Belayan, a tributary of the Mahakam, and at Long We (Wai) on the Kelinjau, an affluent of the Telen, likewise a tributary of the Mahakam. For Long Wai we possess a wordlist by Bock (221), and from this list and from information provided by Von de Wall, RobiM van der Aa compiled a list of what he called Modang; this list is to be found in the Dutch edition of Bock's work (222). The differences between these two lists can only be partly explained as arising from differences between the English and the Dutch spelling. A Long Wai vocabulary is also to be found at Jakarta (29).

Another language which also belongs to Modang is Segai; according to Spaan (223, p.ll) this is the name of the Modang settled in Berouw and Bulungan. Professor Korn presented a Segai manuscript wordlist to the Royal Institute (see p.29 above); as locations where the Segai are settled the latter mentions the upper reaches of the Segah, the river of Gunung Tabur, and the middle course of the Kelai, the river which forms the border between Gunung Tabur and Sambaliung.

EMBALOH

Here we want to mention a number of wordlists which evidently concern one and the same language or very closely connected dialects of one language, which we shall indicate as Embaloh after the name

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of the tributary of the Kapuas where the tribes who speak this language are settled. According to Bouman (224, p. 158; 25, p.49) the speakers of this language form part of a larger complex of tribes: the Taman of the Upper Kapuas and the Suai, the Taman Mendalem, Taman Sibau, Palin, Lauk, Leboyan and Kalis Dayak. However, the data are lacking which would enable us to determine whether we are con­cerned here with a separate group of languages.

The oldest list occurs in an article by Radermacher in 1781; it contains words of a language spoken on the Kapuas at a ten days' journey upstream from Sanggau (225). In Ray's comparative list the words of this list are indicated as "Sanggau"; the f to be found there in some of the words is due to a wrong interpretation of a Gothic printed s in the original I Furthermore, we possess a list by Von Kessel for the language which he calls Pari (98), and one by Keppel, who speaks of Malo (44). Ray's information for "Maloh 2" is based on the last mentioned list and on a list compiled by Brereton, to be found in St. John (42) and Ling Roth (1).

Ray's Maloh Kalis list is based on two manuscript lists, one com­piled by himself and one by Van Velthuijsen, District Officer in Semi­tau (Upper Kapuas) in 1883. In general this Maloh Kalis agrees with Urquhart's Maloh list, noted down in the Kapit District, Sarawak (208).

Perhaps the language which we here have called Embaloh is the same as that which Nieuwenhuis (38", p.27) calls Palin after one of the related tribes, being the common language for the tribes on the Kapuas upstream from Bunut.

Von Kessel's impression (98) that the language would show some resemblance to Macassar is probably due to the occurrence of some dozens of words in this language which are wholly or practically homo­nymous with words in the languages of southern Celebes.

MAANYAN, SI(H)ONG, SAMIHIM, DUSUN, DUSUN DE(Y)AH

Maanyan is spoken in the region of which Tamianglayang is the centre and which extends roughly between the Barito and its tributary the Karau in the West, and beyond the Gunung Meratus in the East.

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This language was first described by the missionary H. Tromp, but his grammar to which he had added a number of texts and proverbial sayings never appeared in print. However, the manuscript was not lost because of a fire, like Dahl assumed on the authority of the mis­sionary Weiler (226, p.26), but it lies in the archives of the Rhineland Mission at Wuppertal. Since recently a microfilm of this manuscript is available in the library of the Royal Institute at The Hague (227).

After Tromp, Sundermann gave a concise description of the language, which did appear in print (228), after having published a number of Maanyan popular tales with a translation one year previously (229). The most detailed description of Maanyan, based on Sundermann's data and on nearly all translations of Christian literature which were published during the period 1856-1950 through the care of the Rhine­land Mission and the Basle Mission, was compiled by Dahl (226). This is not the place to pronounce an opinion on the question whether Dahl following a suggestion of Dr. Aichele has been successful in proving the existence of an especially close connection between Malegasy and Maanyan. It might be said, however, that in view of our knowledge of the linguistic situation in Borneo it seems premature to single out one of its languages for comparison.

Beside the translations mentioned by Dahl (230-234) there still appeared in 1880 a little spelling book and reader (235), whilst a memorandum presented by Epple to the missionary consuItate at J akarta (copies to be found in the libraries of Leiden University and of the Royal Institute) proves that by 1935 already the whole of the New Testament had been translated into Maanyan. This was the work of the missionary Gerlach; up to the present only the Gospel according to St. Luke has appeared in print (236). Gerlach's manuscript is in the offices of the Netherlands Bible Society at Amsterdam.

There does not exist a Maanyan dictionary. A vocabulary is to be found in the article by Den Hamer mentioned before (27) and Ray (2) contains a list compiled by Sunderland, whilst another Maanyan word­list is to be found at Jakarta (29). As suspected already by Ray (2, p. 13) the lists by Den Hamer and Sundermann probably do not refer to the same dialect. MalIinckrodt's article on the marriage law of the Buntok region (237) contains a list of Maanyan kinship terms, whilst throughout

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the article Maanyan terms connected with marriage are to be found. Dahl's book contains a vocabulary of the Maanyan words mentioned in his study; for reading Maanyan texts this vocabulary is the most practical.

As is also the case with other Borneo languages, in the literature there occur a number of names for languages beside Maanyan, which are either identical with Maanyan, or which are so close to Maanyan, that they may be considered as one complex of connected dialects.

There is no difference between Maanyan and Sihong, thus called by Denninger after a village West of Tamianglayang (238). Samihim, which we know from a concise catechism (239) and which is spoken to the East of the Gunung Meratus, is very closely related to Maanyan. Likewise Dusun, called after a tribe bearing this name, is practically identical with Maanyan, as reported by Mallinckrodt (240) and Epple. Concerning Dusun De(y)ah, mentioned by Kern (3) as a language standing half-way between Maanyan and Lawangan (to be discussed below), there is some uncertainty, in so far that Epple in his memoran­dum only mentions the Dusun De(y)ah as a tribe which speaks Maanyan.

LAWANGAN

The position of Lawangan as regards the other languages of South Borneo cannot be established with certainty from the information at our disposal.

In one of his reports Kern (3) mentions the Lawangan group "of which the parts are scattered over a wide area, extending both over the Southern and the Eastern Division", and whose language is connected in his opinion with the language of the Benua sand Bentian Dayak, as had already been remarked, for that matter, by Knappert who speaks of Luwangan or Lawangan (24). As has been remarked above, Kern believed it to be related to Maanyan, via Dusun De(y)ah.

The Lawangan group was also repeatedly mentioned in several publications by Mallinckrodt (237, 240, 241). Concerning the language spoken by several Lawangan Dayak he states that there existed quite some dialectal differences, but that the Lawangan spoken in the vicinity of the Karau was understood by all Lawangan Dayak. Concerning

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Lawangan itself he says that "it differs considerably from the other Dayak languages" and that it reminded him slightly of Ot Danum. However, Epple in his memorandum does not mention a Lawangan dialect, but he does refer to the Lawangan as people who speak Maanyan.

Factual information on the Lawangan language is therefore very scarce. Den Hamer (27) gives a list of more than two hundred words of Lawangan as it was spoken East of the Karau and in north-western Amuntai, whilst Mallinckrodt in his article on Dayak marriage law of the Buntok region mentions a number of kinship terms (237).

TABUYAN

According to Epple, Tabuyan spoken on the Tewe and the Montalat Rivers is to be distinguished both from Ngaju and from Maanyan. In this language only two booklets appeared in print, both containing trans­lations of biblical tales and other Christian reading matter (242, 243).

NGAJU

Epple states that Ngaju is spoken on the middle reaches of the Barito, on the Kapuas and the Kahayan, except for the upper reaches of these two rivers, and on the Katingan and the Mentaya Rivers. Partly due to the fact that both the administration and the mission used this language to enter into contact with other tribes living in the interior, Ngaju has become widely spread, developing into a kind of lingua franca for nearly the whole of South Borneo.

Ngaju is the best known of all Borneo languages. The Protestant mission has tried to make Ngaju the language of the church, and so in the course of its activities which extend over more than a century, it has had translated and published, beside various school texts (244---255) and other writings (284--287), a great many Christian translations (256-277), among which the Bible (278-283) occupies a central place. The booklets dating from the first years of Hardeland's missionary work (288-294) cannot be consulted in the Netherlands; after the completion of the translation of the Bible they are, after all,

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no longer of any importance. Starting in 1913 a parish paper was published in Ngaju (295), but since the war the language used is Bahasa Indonesia; already since 1880 a Ngaju-Dayak almanac appeared (296).

The oldest Ngaju grammar was compiled by the well-known linguist H. C. von der Gabelentz. In 1852 he published a short description (297), availing himself of the biblical stories which had already at that date appeared in print. However, this practically lost all value when the detailed grammar by the missionary Hardeland had appeared (298). Hardeland based his grammar on Ngaju as it is spoken at Pulopetak and in the surrounding country. Pulopetak was one of the dialects which Hardeland distinguished in Ngaju beside Mangkatip, Mantangai and Kahayan, for which he also mentions some particulars in his grammar. Although Hardeland's description is not beyond reproach according to present-day linguistic views, his exact observation and his solid practical knowledge of the language acquired during a pro­longed residence make this book as well as the dictionary he compiled (299) the most valuable sources for the knowledge of Ngaju as it was spoken about the middle of the last century. Wallmann's short sketch (300) which appeared in 1856, i.e. two years before Hardeland's gram­mar, lost all value after the publication of the latter.

Since Hardeland's labour the scientific description of Ngaju made no further great progress. Dempwolff published an article on the origin of nasals and nasal compounds in Ngaju (305) as early as 1922. Like Kern (301) and Brandstetter (302-304) he included Ngaju in his comparative studies (306), but. in both cases he based himself on Hardeland's work. Basing himself on information provided by Aichele (307) Dempwolff tried in both these publications to explain a number of exceptions to the phonetic correspondences he had formulated, by assuming the presence of an "alte Sprachschicht" in Ngaju; this assumption was rightly criticized recently by Dyen (308-309).

A short description of Ngaju of more recent date was written by the missionary Epple (310); his introduction has been especially written for his fellow missionaries who have to study Ngaju and does not claim to be a scholarly work. Epple also compiled another booklet (311) in which a number of data on pronunciation and spelling have been collected, as well as a list of frequently occurring words. Of course,

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these two publications cannot replace Hardeland's work, but they possess a certain value as a first practical introduction into Ngaju. Moreover, it is of importance to have a description based on much later linguistic data than those used by Hardeland.

A manuscript summary description of Borneo written in German by Tromp and available at Basle contains a few pages concerning Ngaju and some other Borneo languages, where Tromp provides a compara­tive list of prefixes, suffixes and infixes for the transitive verb in Ngaju, Maanyan, Ot Danum and Busang. For Busang Tromp used Barth's work (213), for Ot Danum he based himself on information provided by Epple. A microfilm of these pages is available in the Royal Institute.

Just like Hardeland's grammar overshadows every earlier and later description of the language, his dictionary also remains a work apart. Wordlists of Ngaju - formerly occasionally called Biadju, which gave rise to the misconception that there were two different languages -already appeared in the eighteenth century; in 1780 Radermacher published a list of "Biadjoos" (312). "Biadju-Dayak" words are likewise to be found in Den Hamer (27). The "Bejadjouw" words mentioned by van Kessel (98) are either the result of faulty observation, or they belong to a language different from Ngaju.

The wordlist compiled by Tiedtke in 1857 and published in 1872 (313) is far from reliable, according to W. Kern (3). His lists of Sampit and Katingan words, which show but little mutual differences and which moreover contain various Malay or Banjarese words, show that already in the middle of the nineteenth century Ngaju was spoken on the Katingan and in and around Sampit. Undoubtedly an important part of the population also speaks Banjarese. Manuscript wordlists are available at Jakarta (29).

Up to the present not many Ngaju texts have been published. At the end of Hardeland's grammar (298) we find a long priestly chant of the type which is recited during the mourning ritual, together with an interlinear translation and notes. Besides a short text with trans­lation, Hupe published a number of riddles and popular sayings (314). The two brief publications by Grabowsky (315, 316), do not contain much that is new: merely a few terms of relationship and a number

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of riddles and sayings copied from Hardeland's grammar, which are also found in part in Hupe's article. In several publications (317,318,5) by Mallinckrodt quite a number of terms used in customary law occur; in 1928 he published together with his wife the text of a priestly chant with a translation and notes (319). This chant has also been published at a later date by Scharer in his important thesis (320), however, not in ordinary Ngaju as the Mallinckrodts did, but mostly in the "sacred language", the Basa Sangiang. The papers Schiirer left and part of which are at present in the Leiden University Library contain still a great deal of textual material which has been mainly noted down among the Ngaju speaking the Katingan dialect.

Another important source for Ngaju to be mentioned is the diary in the form of letters by a certain Julius Sander (1882-1903) used by Epple for the revision of the translation of the Bible. It was probably written by a Ngaju convert who spoke the dialect of Pulopetak. The manuscript, which consists of several hundreds of sheets of foolscap covered on both sides by a clearly legible handwriting, is at present in the archives of the Basle Mission. In view of a note written on the manuscript, it originally came from the mission archives of Kuala Kapuas and only arrived in Basle in 1952. A specimen-page is available in microfilm at the Royal Institute.

OT DANUM

Ot Danum, spoken over a rather extensive area South of the Schwaner Range on the upper reaches of the rivers of South Borneo, Epple states to be closely related to Ngaju. The language spoken by the Ot Siang and the Ot Murung tribes, localised to the North-East of the actual Ot Danum region (to the North of Purukchau) closely agrees with Ot Danum, according to Epple. Siang, for which Den Hamer mentions a number of words (27) is nothing but Dusun Maanyan. A few manuscript Ot Danum wordlists are in the library at Jakarta (29). Epple occupied himself most intensely with the study of Ot Danum: a manuscript translation of the Old Testament is in the library of the Basle Mission, as well as a translation of the Gospel

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according to St. John. A microfilm of these manuscripts is available since recently in the Royal Institute. A grammatical sketch of Ot Danum, compiled by Epple, is in keeping of his daughter Sister Amanda Epple at Fellbach, Germany, together with other material, like spelling books, proverbs and sagas. In Helbig's recent bibliography of Borneo (321) it is stated that a manuscript dictionary by Epple was to be found in the archives of the Basle Mission, but this was not confirmed upon inquiry at this locality. The Protestant mission published a christian tract in Ot Danum (322), and one in Siang Dayak (323) which closely resembles Ot Danum. For Siang Dayak a wordlist is to be found at Jakarta (29).

Terms used in customary law, as well as terms of relationship etc. are to be found in various publications by Mallinckrodt (5, 317).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

NOTES TO THE TEXT

1 H. LING ROTH, The Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo. London 18%. Vol. I, XXXII + 464 pp. + map; Vol. II, IV + 302 pp. + 240 pp. Appendices. In vol. II Chapter XXI: Mengap, the Song of the Sea Dyak Head Feast, by J. PERHAM, p. 174-183. Chapter XXVII: Languages, Names, Colours, p.267-278. Appendices I, Vocabularies p. 1-160: Sea Dyak, Malay, by H. BROOKE Low; Rejang River Dialect, by H. BROOKE Low; Malay, Kanowit, Kyan, Bintulu, Punan, Matu, by H. BROOKE Low; Malay, Brunei, Bisaya, Murut Padas, Murut Trusan, Dali Dusun, Malanau, by C. DE CRESPIGNY; A collection of 43 words in use in different Districts, by HUPE; Collection of nine words in eight dialects, by CH. HOSE; Kayan, by R. BURNS; Sadong, Lara, Sibuyau, by SP. ST. JOHN; Sabuyau, Lara, Salakau, Lundu, by W. GoMEZ; Sea Dayak (and Bugau), Malau, by MR. BRERETON; Milanau, Kayan, Pakatan, by SP. ST. JOHN; Ida'an, Bisaya, Adang (Murut), by SP. ST. JOlIN; Lanun, by SP. ST. JOHN; Sarawak Dayak, by W. CHALMERS; Iranun, Dusun, Bulud Opie, Sulu, Kian, Punan, Melano, Bukutan, Land Dyak, Balau, published by F. A. SWETTENHAM, collected by TREACHER, COWIE, HOLLAND and ZAENDER.

2 SIDNEY H. RAY, The languages of Borneo. SMJ 1. 4 (1913) p.1-1%. Review by N. ADRIANI, Indische Gids 36 (1914) p. 766-767.

3 Uit de verslagen van Dr. W. KERN, taalambtenaar op Borneo 1938-1941. TBG 82 (1948) p. 538---559.

4 E. R. LEACH, Social Science Research in Sarawak. A Report on the Possibilities of a Social Economic Survey of Sarawak pre­sented to the Colonial Social Science Research Council.

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Colonial Research Studies no. 1. Published by His Majesty's Stationery Office for the Colonial Office. (London) 1950. 93 pp. General remarks on the linguistic position p. 44, 52, 60, 73; kinship terminology in 18 languages and dialects (table between pp. 60 and 61); map of Sarawak showing regional distribution of main cultural groups other than Chinese, between pp. 46 and 47.

5 J. MALLINCKRODT, Het Adatrecht van Borneo. Leiden doctoral thesis. Leiden 1928. Vol. I, 612 pp., vol. II, 254 pp. Vol. I, p. 6 A few remarks on BW"nean language studies; p. 7-44 Preliminary classification of Dayak tribes; p. 44-48 On Malay influences; p. 599--600 Appendix I on formation of proper names with the Bahau, Kayan and Kenah Dayaks; Vol. II, p. 207-218 List of Indonesian words, occurring in the book; p. 193-206 List of books and articles on Borneo.

6 Atlas van Tropisch Nederland. Uitgegeven door het Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap in samenwerking met den Topografischen Dienst in N.-Indie. Batavia 1938, map 9b.

7 CH. HOSE and W. McDOUGALL, The Pagan Tribes of Borneo. London 1912. Vol. I, XV + 283 pp., Vol. II, X + 374 pp. + maps.

8 W. CHALMERS, A Vocabulary of English, Malay, and Sarawak Dayak. Canterbury 1861. 70 pp.

9 W. S. B. BUCK, Vocabulary of Sarawak Malay. SMJ 4.13 (1933) p. 193-218.

10 C. DE CRESPIGNY, On Northern Borneo. Proc. R. Geogr. Soc. 16 (1872) p. 171-183. English, Malay, Brunei, Bisaya, Murut Padas, Murut Trusan, Dali Dusun vocabulary, p. 179-183.

11 CH. HOSE, A journey up the Baram river to Mount Dulit and the Highlands of Borneo. Geogr. Journ. 1. 3 (1893) p. 193-208.

12 H. S. HAYNES, A List of Brunie-Malay words. JSBRAS 34 (1900) p. 39-48.

13 H. B. MARSHALL, A Vocabulary of Brunei Malay. ]SBRAS 83 (1921) p. 45-74.

14 G. T. MACBRYAN, Additions to a Vocabulary of Brunei-Malay. ]SBRAS 86 (1922) p. 376-377.

49

15 J. C. MOULTON, Points of the Compass in Brunei Malay. ]SBRAS 83 (1921) p. 75. See also F. W. DOUGLAs, Points of the Compass in Brunei Malay, JSBRAS 85 (1922) p. 216.

16 W. KERN, Waar verzamelde Pigafetta zijn Maleise woorden? TBG 78 (1938) p.271-273.

17 C. A. MEES, De Kroniek van Koetai. Leiden doctoral thesis. Santpoort 1935. 290 pp. Review by W. KERN, TBG (1937) p. 294-314.

18 S. W. TROMP, Uit de Salasila van Koetei. BKI 37 (1888) p.l-108.

19 W. KERN t, Commentaar op de Salasilah van Koetai. VKI 19 (1956). VIII + 193 pp.

20 H. VON DE WALL, Maleisch-Nederlandsch woordenboek ... uit­gegeven door H. N. VAN DER TUUK [met] Aanhangsel uitgegeven door PH. S. VAN RONKEL. Batavia 1877-1897. Vol. 1, X + 504 pp., vol. 2, 579 pp., vol. 3, 256 pp., Appendix, 69 pp.

21 H. WITKAMP, Een bezoek aan eenige oudheden in Koetei. TNAG 2de ser. 31 (1914) p. 587-610. On the dialect of Muara Antjalung, p. 589. List of ± 75 Kutai words, p. 60&--6lO.

22 H. WITKAMP, De Kedang Rantau (O.-Borneo). TNAG 2"" ser. 45 (1928) p. 34-61. Remark on the relationship between Bendang and Pantun, p. 50. H. WITKAMP, Langs de Mahakam. TNAG 2de ser. 49 (1932) p.30-65.

23 Midden-Oost-Borneo Expeditie 1925. Uitgave van het Indisch Comite voor Wetenschappelijke Onderzoekingen. Weltevreden 1927. III + 423 pp. Maps of Middle-East Borneo, p. 22 and p. 105. Travelmap of Upper-Teh?:n up till the Kayan River, at the back of the book. Many Kutai botanical terms, also some Benua Dayak, Long Wai, Kayan, Banjarese and Bugis terms, p. 292-312.

24 S. C. KNAPPERT, Beschrijving van de Onderafdeeling Koetei. BKI 58 (1905) p. 575-654. Map of the region of the Kutai R. and its affluents from the coast to Long Iram. 4

50

List of Javanese words in Kutai Malay, p. 588. Rema.rks on dialects of Kutai Malay, p. 590. On the behasa Ampanang with a list of 19 words in that language, p. 590, 615. On the languages of the Benua and Bentian Dayak, p. 624-625. On the language of the Luwangan or Lawangan Dayak, p. 624.

25 Adatrechtbundel 44. 's-Gravenhage 1952. XI + 433 pp. On the language of the Ulu Air and of the Taman, p. 4&-49. On the Ulu Malay in Tayan, p. 102. On the language of the Ipoh and Sei-Ambawang Dayak (by District Com­missioner R. v. DIJK), p. 121-122. Fragments of texts in the language of the Kendayan Dayak of Sungai Ambawang with translation and notes (by Pater DUNSELMAN), p. 168-181. Fragments of texts in the language of the Kendayan Dayak of Ritok, with translation and notes (by Pater DUNSELMAN), p. 182--193. Data on the language situation in Kutai, p. 194-197. On the study of the Bornean languages (report by Governor Dr. B. J. RAGA with the assistance of Dr. W. KERN), p. 317-318.

25a D. W. C. VAN LYNDEN en J. GROLL, Aanteekeningen over de lan­den van het stroomgebied der Kapoeas. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indie 2 (1851) p. 537-636. On the language, p. 587-589.

26 A. H. F. J. NUSSELEIN, Beschrijving van het landschap Pasir. BKI 58 (1905) p. 532-574. Remarks on the population consisting of Bugis, Pasirese (descendants of Dayak who adopted Islam), Bajau and Banjarese. Some local words, p. 555, 559-560.

27 C. DEN HAMER, Proeve eener vergelijkende woordenlijst van zes in de Z.O. Afd. van Borneo voorkomende taaltakken. TBG 32 (1889) p. 455-486. "Biadju" Dayak, Banjarese, Lawangan, Maanyan, Siang, Tidung and Solok wordlist p. 456-481 with about 6 pp. of notes.

28 C. DEN HAMER, De Sair Madi Kentjana. TBG 33 (1890) p. 531-564. Basa dalam and words which look like Javanese, p. 532--533. List of writings found in Banjar, p. 533-535.

28a A. A. CENSE, De kroniek van Bandjarmasin. Leiden doctoral thesis. Santpoort 1928. 176 pp.

29 POERBATJARAKA, P. VOORHOEVE en C. HOOYKAAS, Indonesische Handschriften. Bandung 1950. 210 pp.

51

Wordslists, p. 189-192; no. 76, 213 Banjarese, no. 113 Kenyah-Dayak, no. 128, 212 Ngaju, no. 129 Maanyan (Buntok), no. 130, 151, 219 Ot Danum, no. 144 Penihing, no. 145 Penyabung, no. 146 Seputan, no. 152 Katingan, no. 210. Upper Matan, no. 214 Martapura, no. 220 Siang, no. 221 Ulu-Malay (Melawi).

30 Adatrechtbundel XIII (Borneo). 's-Gravenhage 1917. XIX + 431 pp. Undang-undang Sultan Adam (1835) p. 343-372. The text of the copy of this undang-undang published in this work hardly differs from the text publishpd by A. M. JOEKES, with translation and notes, in Indische Gids 2 (1881) p. 149-186.

31 J. RUSCONI, Sja'ir Kompeni Welanda berperang dengan Tjina. Utrecht doctoral thesis 1935. 212 pp.

32 W. KERN, Aantekeningen op de Sja'ir Hemop (Sja'ir Kompeni Welanda berperang dengan Tjina). TBG 82 (1948) p. 211-257.

33 H. J. SCHOPHUYS, Het stroomgebied van de Barito. Landbouw­kundige schets en landbouwvoorlichting. Wageningen doctoral thesis. Wageningen 1936. 207 pp. With maps including a survey-map of the basin of the Barito River.

34 G. L. TICHELMAN, De onderafdeeling Barabai (Zuider- en Ooster­afdeeling van Borneo). TNAG ~. ser. 48 (1931) p. 461--486, 682-711. On Banjarese, p. 6~92. Some names of games in Banjarese, p. 709-711.

35 Conferenties te Makassar. TBG 80 (1940) p. 293-296. Communication by Dr. W. KERN (on 22nd May 1939) on Banjarese.

36 RACHMAT MARLIN, Beberapa untai pantun dari kampung. Medan Bahasa 5. 5 (1955) p. 27-28. M. SAN]OTO dan M. JUSRAN Is, Bahasa Bandjar sepintas lalu. Medan Bahasa 7. 3 (1957) p. 15-19.

37 Djalan Solamat, ditoendjoe olih AI-Kitab (Bahasa Delang). Bandjermasin 1938. 20 pp. Short passages from the New Testament, the Ten Commandments, Confession of Faith and a prayer.

38 J. KATS, Warna Sari Melajoe. Tjetakan jang keenam. Batavia­Bandung 1940. XV + 212 pp. Text in local Malay as spoken in Sambas (West Borneo), p. 201-202.

38a A. W. NIEUWENHUIS, In Centraal-Borneo. Reis van Pontianak

52

naar Samarinda. Leiden 1900. Vol. I, VIII + 308 pp., Vol. II, VIII + 369 + XVI pp.

39 A. W. NIEUWENHUIS, Quer durch Borneo. Ergebnisse seiner Reisen in den Jahren 1894, 1896-97 und 1898-1900. Unter Mitarbeit von M. NIEUWENHUIS-VON OXKULL-GULDENBANDT. Leiden 1904. Vol. I, XV + 493 pp., Vol. II, XIII + 557 pp. Several words in the language of the Kayan on the Mendalem and Upper Mahakamrivers, passim. On the large grouping of the Bahau and Kenyah tribes, I, 52-53. On Kapuas Malay, I, 109. On Busang, I, 275, 317, 421, II, 464. Map of Borneo at the back of Vol 1. Index of terms in Bornean languages, II, 544-557.

40 E. L. M. KUHR, Schetsen uit Borneo's Westerafdeeling. BKI 46 (1896) p. 63-88, 214-239. Contino BKI 47 (1897) p. 57-82. See p. 223.

41 J. D. FREEMAN, Iban Agriculture, a report on the shifting cul­tivation of hill rice by the Iban of Sarawak. London 1955. XII + 148 pp.

42 SPENSER ST. JOHN, Life in the forests of the Far East. London 1862. Vol. I, XIX + 400 pp., vol. II, XVIII + 420 pp. Wordlists in vol. II, p. 383-420.

43 F. A. SWETTENHAM, Comparative vocabulary of the dialects of some of the wild tribes inhabiting the Malayan Peninsula, Borneo, etc. JSBRAS 5 (1880) p. 125-156.

44 H. KEPPEL, The expedition to Borneo of H.M.S. Dido for the suppression of piracy; with extracts from the journal of James Brooke, Esq. of Sarawak. London 1846. Vol. I, XIV + 338 + XXVIII pp., vo1. II, VIII + 237 + CX pp. + maps. Vol. I, App. II Philology, p. XII-XXVI vocabularies of Malay, Suntah, Sow, Sibnow, Sakarran, Meri, Millanow, Malo, Kayan.

45 W. HOWELL and D. J. S. BAILEY, A Sea Dyak Dictionary. Singapore 1900. XII + 186 + 24 pp. The Appendix contains proverbs, riddles, songs, invocations, prayers and some groups of words systematically arranged.

46 W. HOWELL and D. J. S. BAILEY, An English-Sea Dyak Voca­bulary. Kuching (Sarawak) 1909. 175 pp.

53

47 N. C. SCOTT, A dictionary of Sea Dayak. London 1956. XI + 218 pp. Supplement. Additional words used in the third Division, Sara­wak, collected by the Rev. G. BRUGGEMAN, p. 213-218.

48 P. DONATUS DUNSELMAN, Kana Sera of zang der zwangerschap. Een sacrale hymne der Mualang-Dajaks. BKI 110 (1954) p. 52-63

49 E. BANKS, Sea Dayak carving. JMBRAS 19.2 (1941) p. 219-226 Names of patterns.

50 E. BANKS, Notes on Birds in Sarawak, with a list of native names. SMJ 4. 3. 14 (1935) p. 267-325.

51 A. C. HADDON and LAURA E. START, Iban or Sea Dayak Fabrics and their patterns. A descriptive catalogue of the Iban fabrics in the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Cambridge. Cam­bridge 1936. XV + 157 pp., with 35 plates.

51a N. C. SCOTT, Notes on the pronunciation of Sea Dayak. Bulletin of the SOAS 20 (1957) p. 509-512.

52 BERAYUN ANAK BUGIN, Sampi Begawai Umai (in Iban). SMJ 5. 2 new ser. (= 17 old ser.), 1950, p. 238-241. Text in Sea Dayak (part of the procedure before planting padi).

53 Religious rites and Customs of the Iban or Dyaks of Sarawak, by LEO NYUAK. Translated from the Dyak by the Very Rev. EDM. DUNN, Prefect Apostolic of Labuan and North Borneo. Anthropos 1 (1906) p. 11-23, 165-184, 403-425. Sea Dayak text (information about Dayak theology) with English trans­lation p. 1l>-22.

54 PEMBRITA, Surat brita pansut tiap bulan. Kuching. A Sea Dayak monthly paper. (The Dec. 1956 issue is no. 82 of this paper).

55 MICHAEL BUMA, Baka ni jalai nulis surat pekirum ti ngena. Kuching 1956. V + 89 pp. The first four chapters, p. 1-24, are translated (or adapted) by permission from BRUCE ROBERTS, How to Write Good Letters, Longmans Green and Company. A number of specimen letters follow, and a glossary mainly concerned with explaining English terms in Sea Dayak.

S4

56 Surat Zabor. The Psalms translated into Sea Dyak by the Rev. J. PERHAM. London, no year. 178 pp.

57 Surat S. Jakob, Surat S. Petrus I, II, Surat S. Joan I, II, III. No place, no year [pencil note on cover of copy BFBS: 1879]. 56 pp.

58 Injil ti ditulis S. Matius. (Inside:) St. Matthew's Gospel in Sea Dyak. London 1913. 95 pp.

59 Injil Isa Almasih Tuhan kami ti di-surat S. Markus. The Gospel according to St. Mark, translated out of the original Greek into Dyak. Nottingham 1864. 75 pp.

60 Injil kudus nunda ka S. Markus. Kuching 1902. 51 pp.

61 Injil kudus nunda ka S. Markus. London 1912. 53 pp.

62 Injil ti ditulis S. Lukas. (Inside:) The Gospel according to St. Luke in Sea Dyak. London 1914. 99 pp.

63 Injil Isa Almesih Tuhan kite ti di-tulis S. Joan. Sarawak 1877. No pag.

64 Injil kudus nunda ka S. Joan. Kuching 1902. 60 pp.

65 Injil kudus nunda ka S. Joan. (Inside:) The Gospel according to St. John in Sea Dyak. London 1912. 70 pp.

66 Kerja Rasul. Sarawak 1877. No pag.

67 Surat Rasul Paulus ngagai Timotius, Titus enggau Pilemon. Surat ngagai orang Ibrani. Kuching 1896. 48 pp.

68 Surat Rasul Paulus ngagai Orang Roma enggau dua surat iya ngagai Orang Korintus. [Kuching] 1893. No pag.

69 Penyanggup Baru, iya nya surat ti madah ka Penyanggup Isa Almesih Tuhan enggau Penglepas kitai. London 1933. III + 496 pp. Sec. edit., 1952, 472 pp. with differences in spelling.

70 Tanya-saut, iya nya surat di diletak ka dipelajar ulih samoa orang apin sida dibai ngadap tuan Bishop awak ka ditetap. Sarawak 1885. 14 pp. Note in copy of SOAS: Catechism in Sea-Dyak.

71 Surat Pengajaran Christian. Rumah St Francis. Kanowit 1887. 128 pp.

55

72 Telusor di-puntang ari Surat jako Allah Taala. Short summary of Old Testament History in Dyak. Sarawak 1889. 36 pp.

73 Surat Orang Christian nunda adat Ecc1esia Katolica. Hoc opus­culum a missionariis Societatis S. Joseph exaratum et a Rev. H. STOTTER ejusdem Societatis membro in lucem editum fuit A.D. 1904. Cum approbatione Reverendissimi D. EDMUNDI DUNN, Praefectus Apostolici insulae Labuan et Borneo Septentrionalis. Brixinae 1904. 302 pp. Note in copy of BFBS: R. C. prayerbook in Sea Dayak in the dialect of the Dyaks living along the Rejang river in Sarawak.

74 Surat Sambeyang, iya nya sambeyang pagi enggau sambeyang lemai enggau sambeyang sakramen, enggau adar bukai dalam adat sembah Eklisia nunda ka Eklisia England: agi mega, skeda mazmur baka ti dinyanyi dalam greja: agi mega, ator sambeyang ti enggau masok ka orang nyadi bishop, padri enggau dikon. (The Book of Common Prayer of the Sea Dyak Mission). London 1914. XXXVI + 398 pp.

75 [A. J. SPARROW], Slalu sambiyang. London 1937. 44 pp. Type-written note in copy of SO AS : A book of private prayers in the Sea Dyak language.

76 JOHN BUNYAN, Jerita pasal orang ti ngiga penyamai dalam menoa Serga. "The Pilgrim's Progress" translated into the Sea Dayak language by A. W. STONTON, Archdeacon of Sarawak. London 1948. 128 pp.

77 Surat pengajaran. Kanowit 1948. 28 pp.

78 Jalai Pengidup. The Story of the Old and the New Testaments in the language of the Sea Dayaks of Sarawak by the Ven. A. W. STONTON, B.Sc. (S.P.G. Mission, Sarawak). London 1949. Pt. I Penyanggup Lama, 206 pp., Pt. II Penyanggup Baru, 189 pp.

79 Tuku Sacramenta. No place, no year. P. 97-171.

80 A. W. KLERK, Jerita empekat lama unggau empekat baru. Turn­hout (Belgium), no year. 124 + IX pp.

81 Jerita Pasal Menoa Sarawak. A brief History of Sarawak com­piled by the Rev. A. W. STONTON, B.Sc., for use in Dayak Schools. London 1938. VII + 24 pp.

56

82 A. W. STONTON, Hygiene iya nya Jalai ngintu tuboh diri grai nyamai. For use in the Sea Dayak schools of Sarawak. 2ad edit. (Revised). London 1948. 80 pp.

83 Surat Tangga (New Edition). Sea Dyak. Kuching 1905. 16 pp. Spellingbook; Confession of Faith, the Lord's Prayer and the Ten Commandments.

84 A. W. STONTON, Surat tangga enggau Surat bacha No. 1. London, no year. 43 pp.

85 Surat bacha No.2. J erita mayoh macham ti ditusi mensia dalam mayoh bengkah menoa sablah dunya. Collected and translated by A. W. STONTON. London, no year. 111 pp.

86 Longmans' Penemu Peniap kena sekula di Sarawak. (Longmans' Practical Sea Dayak Arithmetic. Book Two.) London, New York, Toronto 1952. IV + 92 pp.

86a Father LEO J. BARRY, English-Iban Phrase Book. Kuching 1954. Title taken from HEDDA MORRISON, Sarawak. London 1957.

87 E. DUNN, The Mengap Bungai Taun, the "Chant of the Flowers of the Year", a sacred chant used by the Sea-Dyaks on the occasion of a sacrificial feast to invoke a blessing on the fruits of the field. Anthropos 7 (1912) p. 135-154, 634-648; 8 (1913) p. 22-39; 9 (1914) p. 494--528, 873-913; 11 (1915-1916) p. 332-357, 817-843. Text with translation.

88 J. PERHAM, Mengap, the Song of the Dyak Head-feast. JSBRAS 2 (1878) p. 123-135.

89 A. J. N. RICHARDS, The migrations of the Ibans and their Poetry. SMJ 5. 1 new ser. (= 16 old ser.), 1949, p. 77-87. Fragments of the text of an ensera (chant).

90 W. HOWELL, A Sea-Dayak Dirge. SMJ 1. 1 (1911) p. 5-73. Recited by a professional wailer living in the Undup in a village called Siga, Batang Lupar district.

91 BIRAI ANAK DAP, Two Dayak Chants. SMJ 5. 1 new ser. (= 16 old ser.), 1949, p. 73-76. Different versions of the texts in J AMUH'S article in the same issue of the SMJ, and another Saratok Dayak Melody. Author is from Saratok (Rumah Burna, Melupa Krian).

57

92 G. JAMUH, Tanong Umor. SMJ 5. 1 new ser. ( 16 old ser.), 1949, p. 69-73. Some invocations in Iban (Sea Dayak).

93 W. R. BARRY GIFFORD, A Dayak Song. SMJ 2. 5-7 (1914-1917) p. 187-188.

94 M. G. DICKSON, Four Saribas Dayak Songs. SMJ 5. 3 new ser. (= 18 old ser.), 1951, p. 457--460. A. J. N. RICHARDS, Notes on two Cradle Songs from the Saribas (number 3 & 4 above), ibid. p. 460--461.

95 P. DONATUS DUNSELMAN, Kana Sera, zang der zwangerschap. VKI 17 (1955). 284 pp. With ill. and map of the Mualang region and surrounding area. Text of 3067 lines in Mualang with Dutch translation and notes; Remarks on the sound system, p. 17-19. Remark on DIu Malay, p. 56 note 386.

96 P. DONATUS DUNSELMAN, Over de huwelijksadat der Moealang­Dajaks van West-Borneo. BKI 106 (1950) p. 1-45. Terms of Customary Law and two chants with incantation formulas. On the relationship of the various Dayak groups, p. 1.

97 P. J. VETH, Borneo's Wester-Afdeeling, geographisch, statistisch, historisch, voorafgegaan door eene algemeene schets des ganschen eilands. Zaltbommel 1854 and 1856. Vol. I, XCVIII + 385 pp., vol. II, XI + 656 pp. Vol. I, p. 164-169: on classification of tribes and languages. Vol. II, p. 232-241: survey of languages and literature.

98 O. VON KESSEL, Statistieke aanteekeningen omtrent het Stroom­gebied der Rivier Kapoeas, Wester-afdeeling van Borneo. Indisch Archief I. 2 (1850) p. 165-204. Vocabulary (± 70 words): Dutch, North Western race, Malay race, Pari race, Punan and Mankettan, Bejadjouw, p. 202-203.

99 E. H. ELAM, Land Dayaks of the Sadong District, Sarawak. SMJ 4. 4 old ser. (= 15 new ser.), 1937, p. 373-394. Ethnographical data and English-Sadong Land Dayak vocabulary, p. 392-394. On the language and dialects, p. 375.

99a Father A. REIJFFERT, Vocabulary of English and Sarawak Land Dyak (Singhi Tribe). Kuching 1956. Title taken from HEDDA MORRISON, Sa.rawak. London 1957.

58

100 P. DONATUS DUNSELMAN, Bijdrage tot de kennis van de taal en adat der Kendajan-Dajaks van West-Borneo. BKI 105 (1949) p. 59-105, 147-218; 106 (1950) p. 321-373.

101 P. DONATUS DUNSELMAN, Adatgebruiken van Kendajan-Dajak's van West-Borneo in acht te nemen na een brand. BKI 108 (1952) p.62-68.

102 M. C. SCHADEE, Bijdrage tot de kennis van den godsdienst der Dajaks van Landak en Tajan. BKI 55 (1903) p. 321-343. Prayer in the dialect of the Ayuh Dayak, p. 329-33t. Prayer in the dialect of the Bukit Dayak, p. 332--333. Continued BKI 56 (1904) p. 532-547. Communication on bird-orac1es composed in Malay by a chieftain of the Manyuke Dayak, p. 533.

Continued BKI 58 (1905) p. 489-513. "Lenggang"-song in the language of Landak mediums with words that are probably Malayisms, p. 497-498. Song being a welcome to the Mambang Kuning, many Malayisms, p. 501-502. Incantations, strongly influenced by Malay, p. 504--508. Unggang-pantuns, almost entirely Malay, p. 509-510. Song by which ghosts are welcomed, almost entirely Malay, p. 511-512.

Continued BKI 59 (1906) p. 207-228, 616-647. Some "balian" words.

Continued BKI 60 (1908) p. 101-127.

M. C. SCHADEE, Het familieleven en familierecht der Dajaks van Landak en Tajan. BKI 63 (1910) p. 390-489. Formula at confinement (many Malay words), p. 395. Codification of customary law, Malay, p. 444--462.

M. C. SCHADEE, Het strafrecht der Dajaks van Tajan en Landak. BKI 66 (1912) p.274-302. Codification of customary law, Malay, p. 275-286. Agreement of reconciliation, Malay, p. 295-298.

M. C. SCHADEE, Gebruiken bij de rijstteelt in Tajan en Landak. BKI 67 (1912) p. 237-244. M. C. SCHADEE, De tijdrekening bij de Landak-Dajaks in de Westerafdeeling van Borneo. BKI 69 (1914) p. 130---139.

103 [J. R. LOGAN]' The languages of the Indonesian Archipelago. Journ. Ind. Arch. 3 (1849) p. 203-234.

59

104 Kitab Indjil Karangan Markus dibahasai gi bahasa Balantian. Djakarta 1952. 47 pp.

105 E. H. ELAM, Slakow and Larah Land Dayaks of Lundu. SMJ 4. 3. 14 (1935) p. 241-251. Vocabulary English-Slakow-Laras (± 275 words), p. 242-247.

106 Letter from the interior of Borneo (West Coast), no. III. Kara­ngan, July 10th

, 1848. Journ. Ind. Arch. 2 (1848) misc. notices, etc. p. L-LV. On the language p. L-LII.

107 The virgin daughter of Sultan Bongsu. A Dayak tale, with '1

translation. Journ. Ind. Arch. 2 (1848) p. 758-763.

108 Toespraak, gehouden door een Dajakschen toekang bitjara enz. Notulen Bataviaasch Genootschap 59 (1921) p. 48-50.

109 C. KATER, De Dajaks van Sidin. TBG 16 (1866) p. 183-188. On the language p. 187-188.

110 A. A. FOKKER, Korte aanteekeningen over het Behe-Dajaksch. Tijdschr. B.B. 4 (1890) p. 344-347.

111 W. S. B. BUCK, Vocabulary of Land Dayak as spoken in Kam­pong Boyan, Upper Sarawak. SMJ 4. 2. 13 (1933) p. 187-192.

112 G. BERESFORD STOOKE, Some Land-Dayak Words. JMBRAS 2. 1 (1924) p. 78-83.

113 N. MACE, A list of Land Dayak words collected at Tebekang. SMJ 4. 3. 14 (1935) p.253.

114 G. ROBERTS, Descent of the Sadong Bidayuh. SMJ 5. 1 new ser. (= 16 old ser.), 1949, p. 88-94.

115 P. AICHNER, Some Notes on Land-Dayaks. Their language. SMJ 5. 1 new ser. (= 16 old ser.), 1949, p. 95-97.

116 W. R. GEDDES, The Land Dayaks of Sarawak. Colonial Research Studies no. 14. London 1954. 113 pp. Land Dayak words, mostly in Mentu Tapuh (Sadong) dialect. Kinship terms, p. 15, 35. Spell, text and translation, p. 20. Invocation, text and t.ranslation, p. 28-31. Remarks on linguistic position, p. 31.

60

117 R NYANDOH, The Story of Kumang Ruwai. Sirituh Kumang Ruwai. SMJ 7. 7 new ser. (= 22 old ser.), 1956, p. 208-220. Text with interlinear English translation.

118 WILLIAM JOHNNY, The Honey Song. SMJ 5. 2 new ser. (= 17 old ser.), 1950, p. 181-186.

119 J. STAAL, Folklore of Sadong Dayaks. JMBRAS 18. 2 (1940) p.55-82. Texts of prayers with translation, glossary and explanations.

120 Surat Peminyuh Daya Sarawak. Singapore 1862. I + 24 pp. According to a prefatory notice, signed W. C(HALMERS), Quop, Sarawak Nov. 1861, this spelling book is w;ritten in the dialect of the tribe of Sentah. Contains beside short reading lessons: Ten Commandments, Articles of Faith, songs, Lord's Prayer and other prayers, parable of the prodigal son (St. Luke 15), parable of the weeds (St. Matthew 13), parable of the Sower (St. Matthew 13).

121 Surat tangga Bidayiih. (Land Dayak). RC. Mission. Serian no year (printed Breda-Holland). 18 pp. Prim~, alphabet, words, short sentences, tales, biblical parables.

122 P. H. H. HOWES, Surat Basa. A Land Dayak (Biatah) Primer. London, no year (according to Cat. SOAS: 1952). 31 pp.

123 P. H. H. HOWES and EWIIM JABOH, Hygiene anti inti simuki patut kingat ptirting-ganan shitin-i bua sanang, being a translation into Biatah Land Dayak of the Sea Dayak "Hygiene iya nya jalai ngintu tuboh diri grai nyamai", by A. W. STONTON, B.Sc. London 1948.80 pp.

124 Sambayang di Greja Quop. Sarawak 1875. 36 pp.

125 Puji-pujian adi ni nyanyi di anuh Sambayang darum Peminyuh Daya Kuab. Sarawak 1876. 72 pp. Collection of Christian hymns; the "God save the King".

126 The order of the Administration of the Holy Communion. Sam­bayang Sakramen Yukaris di Greja Quop. Sarawak 1876. No pag. [contains 18 pp.].

127 Injil Agah Salamat (Sentah dialect). Sarawak 1879. 166 pp. Notice inside copy of SOAS: Bible. Dayak. Parallel passages from the Gospels in Land Dyak.

128 Land Dyak. Injil Tuhan Isa Almesih Penubos-ta. San Markus. Sarawak 1887. 72 pp.

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129 Land Dyak. Injil Tuhan Isa Almesih Penubos-ta. San Lukas. Sarawak 1887. 125 pp.

130 Doa, Epistola nga Injil, stekud sawa. 32 pp. This booklet is to be found in the library of the BFBS; the cover page is lacking, it begins with "Minggo ni darum Advent" and ends with "Minggo num ripas Epipani". It is bound together with the following booklets:

Doa, Epistola nga Injil. Minggo Septuagesima nug ka Minggo num darum Lent. Quop Mission Press 1889, 22 pp. Doa, Epistola nga Injil. Minggo Ister nug ka Anu Selasa ripas Pentekost. Quiop Mission Press 1889. 23 pp. Doa, Epistola nga Injil. Minggo Triniti nug ka Minggo Duwuh­puru-rimuh ripas Triniti. Quop Mission Press 1889. 40 pp.

131 Form of Prayer used at the Consecration of Burial-grounds. Atur nyikudus tana Tinungan. No place, 1891. 8 pp.

132 Land Dyak. Injil adi nuris San Mataios darum Pimiu Beta. Sarawak 1898. 93 pp.

133 So-pat Injil samun Karja pinganai Murid darum pimiu Beta. London 1912. 400 pp. Inside: Gospels and Acts in Beta.

134 Kitab nyanyi Daya Biatah, Quop. Land Dyak Hymns. Singapore 1921. 52 pp.

135 Liturji puankah Sambahyang Sakramen purung nga Deya Tuhan Isa traun dog sabUt Sakramen Yukaris, tambah guh atur Sambah­yang Sidia ka Sambahyang Ngyen Trima Kaseh amai Sakramen, nga tambah guh ni Pingaku pinyabah. Magnificat. Nunc dimittis. Angelus. Darum piminyu Daya Bidayuh Siburan, Biatah. Q110P Dyaks. Kuching 1923. 39 pp.

136 Liturji puan-kah Sakramen Yukaris Purung nga Deya Tuhan Isa traun dog sabut Sambahyang Mass. Tambah guh atur Sambah­yang sidia ka Sambahyang ngyen trima kaseh amai Sakramen, nga tambah glih ni Pingaku Pinyabah Angelus, Anima Kristi, Atin Tuhan Isa, Puji-puji Tuhan Allah ka atur Sambahyang Isan-isan ka singumi anu. Darum priminyu Daya Bidayuh-Sibu­ran, Biatah, Quop Dayaks. Kuching 1927. 58 pp.

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137 Kitab Keda Mazmur so Kitab Mazmur Daud. Daya Biatah QUop. Book I, Land Dyak Psalms, 1928. 79 pp.

138 Kitab Sambahyang Darum Piminyu Daya Biatah. A Service Book, with Hymns, in the Land Dayak (Biatah) language, autho­rized for use in the Diocese of Labuan and Sarawak. London 1949. XV + 532 pp.

139 Injil nunda San Markus. No place, no year. 72 pp.

140 J. B. ARCHER, Melanau as it is spoken. (A review). SMJ 5. 1 new ser. (= 16 old ser.), 1949, p. 98-102. A. DRUCE, A Melanau Comment on the Above. SMJ 5. 1 new ser. (= 16 old ser.), 1949, p. 102-103.

141 H. S. MORRIS, Report on a Melanau Sago Producing Community in Sarawak. Colonial Research Studies no. 9. Published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office for the Colonial Office. (London) 1953. VI + 184 pp. Contains many Melanau-words, especially from Medong on the OyaS River. Remarks on the language p. 2-3, 53, 88--89, 148. The "Government Liko Law" printed in English and the Melanau dialects of Mukah and Oya s, p. 90. Melanau Kinship Terms, p. 109-118. On death chants, p. 148. Map of Melanau area between pp. 3 and 4.

142 A Vocabulary of Mukah Milano. SMJ 4.1. 12 (1930) p. 87-130. Remarks on the region where Melanau is spoken, on accents and pronunciation, on loanwords, p. 87-88. English-Melanau wordlist, p. 89-126. Supplement: list of verb-forms.

143 R. G. AIKMAN, A Vocabulary of Matu Melanau. Kuching 1947. 35 pp. Some words and compounds. Index on the Melanau words, p. 24--29. Id. on Malay words, p. 3{}'-35.

144 W. S. B. BUCK, Notes on Oya Milanos. SM] 4. 2. 13 (1933) p.157-174. Melanau words passim.

145 G. ]AMUH, Some Melanau Pastimes. SMJ 5. 3 new ser. (= 18 old ser.), ]951, p. 446-456.

63

146 A. E. LAWRENCE and J. HEWITT, Some Aspects of Spirit worship amongst the Milano of Sarawak. JRAI 38 (1908) p. 388-408. Incantation Chant, p. 407-408.

147 Melanau catechism and prayers. Mukah 1950. 28 pp.

148 Melanau catechism and prayers. Dalat 1953. 30 pp.

149 T. HARRISSON, "Bisaya": Borneo-Philippine Impacts of Islam. SMJ 7. 7 new ser. (= 22 old ser.), 1956, p. 43-47.

150 Kitab Injil yang senurat S. Markus. (Inside:) St. Mark in Bisaya (Sarawak) (Tentative Edition). London 1938. 72 pp.

151 R. A. BEWSHER, Bisayan Accounts of Eearly Bornean Settlements in the Philippines. Recorded by Father SANTAREN. SMJ 7. 7 new ser. (= 22 old ser.), 1956, p. 48-53.

152 R. NEEDHAM, A Note on some Murut Kinship Terms. JMBRAS 28. 1 (1955) p. 159-161. . Some Lun Daya words, p. 159-160.

152a R. NEEDHAM, A Note on some North Borneo Kinship Terminol­ogies. JMBRAS 26. 1 (1953) p. 221-223.

153 F. H, POLLARD, The Muruts of Sarawak. SMJ 4. 2. 13 (1933) p. 139-155. Remarks on the language and wQ\"dlist, p. 142-143.

154 C. HUDSON SOUTHWELL, Structure of the Murut Language. SMJ 5. 1 new ser. (= 16 old ser.), 1949, p: 104-115.

155 A. BOLANG and T. HARRISSON, Murut and Related Vocabularies with special reference to North Borneo Terminology. SMJ 5. 1 new ser. (= 16 old ser.), 1949, p. 116--124.

156 J. C. MOULTON, An Expedition to Mt. Batu Lawi. JSBRAS 63 (1912) p. 1-104. Appendix IX: Tabun- Murut- Kelabit- vocabulary, p. 100-104.

157 R. S. DoUGLAS, A comparative Vocabulary of the Kayan, Kenyah and Kalabit Languages. SMJ 1. 1 (1911) p. 75-119.

158 M. W. F. TWEEDIE, Reptiles from the Kelabit Plateau. SMJ 5. 1 new ser. (= 16 old ser.), 1949, p. 154-155. The Kelabit names of these reptiles, collected by T. HARRISSON at Bario, a,re added.

64

159 F. H. POLLARD, Some comparative notes on Muruts and Kelabits. SMJ 4. 3. 14 (1935) p. 223-227. On the language, p. 225.

160 A. MORRISON, Murut Pottery. SMJ 6. 5 new ser. (= 20 old ser.), 1955, p. 295-296.

161 Injil luk inaiyud S. Markus. (Inside:) St. Mark's Gospel in Murut (Lun Daya). Sydney 1947.

162 T. HARRISSON and F. MANIS, Hairpins from Borneo Hill Peoples. SMJ 5. 2 new ser. (= 17 old ser.), 1950, p. 242-255. A Kelabit folksong, p. 252.

163 J. C. MOULTON, Trengs. SMJ 1. 2 (1912) p. 91-95. Note on the language, p. 94-95.

164 OWEN RUTTER, The Pagans of North Borneo. London 1929. 288 pp. + map. Murut classification, p. 34-36 + sketch map. Comparative vocabulary, Appendix A, p. 26~275. Texts, Appendix B, p. 276-279.

165 N. B. BABONEAU, A Murut Vocabulary. With an Introductory note by G. C. WOOLLEY. JSBRAS 86 (1922) p. 343-375.

166 G. C. WOOLLEY, Murut Basketwork JMBRAS 10. 1 (1932) p. 23-26, contino p. 27-28. G. C. WOOLLEY, Some Notes on Murut Basket Work and Patterns. JMBRAS 7.2 (1929) p. 291-315. Some names of patterns.

167 H. G. KEITH, Some Ulun-no-Bokan (Murut) words from North Borneo. JMBRAS 14.3 (1936) p. 314-322. A Bokan-Malay-Technical English list of animal names. Some of the Malay words are Brunei Malay. H. G. KEITH, Ulun-no-Bokan (Murut) folklore. JMBRAS 14. 3 (1936) p. 323-326. H. G. KEITH, A few Ulun-no-Bokan (Murut) taboos. JMBRAS 14. 3 (1936) p. 327-329. H. G. KEITH, Some UIun-no-Bokan (Murut) charms. JMBRAS 14. 3 (1936) p. 330.

168 G. C. WOOLLEY, Two Murut Pantuns from the Dalit District Keningau, British North Borneo. JMBRAS 5. 2 (1927) p. 366-369.

65

169 A. L. GoSSENS, A Grammar and Vocabulary of the Dusun Language. ]MBRAS 2. 2 (1924) p. 87-220. Grammar p. 87-96 English-Dusun vocabulary, containing about 5500 a 6000 words, p. 96-220.

170 J. STAAL, The Dusuns of North Borneo. Anthropos 18-19 (1923-1924) p. 958-977; 20 (1925) p. 120-138, 929-951.

171 I. H. N. EVANS, The religion of the Tempasuk Dusuns of Borneo. Cambridge 1953. XVIII + 579 pp. Besides many Dusun words texts with translation and notes in Appendices I and II.

172 W. F. SCHNEEBERGER, A short Vocabulary of the Banggi and Bajau language. JMBRAS 15. 3 (1937) p. 145-164.

173 H. L. E. LUERING, A vocabulary of the Dusun language of Kimanis. ]SBRAS 30 (1897) p. 1-29.

174 ]. STAAL, The Dusun language. Anthropos 21 (1926) p. 938-951. English-Tuaran-Putatan-Papar vocabulary, p. 944-951. Map of North Borneo.

175 G. C. WOOLLEY, A Dusun Vocabulary in the dialect of the District of Tambunan North Borneo. Sandakan 1940. IV + 55 pp.

176 I. H. N. EVANS, Some Dusun Measures and the Classification of Domestic Animals. SM] 5. 2 new ser. (= 17 old ser.), 1950, p.193-195.

177 J. W. VAN DAPPEREN, De "Maragang". Bulletin van het Koloniaal Museum te Haarlem 1896, p. 31-37.

178 EDMUND MAJUSIM BIN MAJINAL, Some Notes on the Dusun Language. SMJ 5. 1 new ser. (= 16 old ser.), 1949, p. 125-129.

179 ]. PRENGER, The Dusuns of Borneo and their Riddles. Actes du dixieme Congres Intern. des orientalistes. Session de Geneve, 1894, 4" Partie, Section V, p. 19-52. 101 riddles with translation. Some remarks on Dusun dialects, p. 26-27. A few lines on the Dusun morphological system, p. 28.

180 J. STAAL, Dusun drinking- and love-songs. Anthropos 21 (1926) p. 182-191. Texts with translation. 5

66

181 J. STAAL, A Heathen Dusun Prayer. Anthropos 22 (1927) p. 197-201. Text with translation.

182 Katekismus. Jesselton 1950. 104 pp. Catechism in Dusun (N. Borneo).

183 A. ANTONISSEN, Koimaan ngaavi do Tuan Jezus. Singapore 1955, 293 pp. Life of Jesus according to the gospels in Dusun (N. Borneo).

184 A. ANTONISSEN, Oi Tuan, ajalo zou do sumambayang. Buuk do Sambayang. Singapore, no year. XIII + 144 + IV pp. Prayer-book in Dusun (N. Borneo).

185 Father LAMPE, Tanong ngaavi tongotopot do Testamentum Haid. Singapore 1956. 150 + III pp. Tales from the old Testament in Dusun (N. Borneo).

186 I. H. N. EVANS, Some Dusun Fables. SMJ 6. 5 new ser. (= 20 old ser.), 1955, p. 245-247. Three very short fables with English translation; two fables in translation only.

187 I. H. N. EVANS, Fifty Dusun Riddles. SMJ 5. 3 new ser. (= 18 old ser), 1951, p. 553-561.

188 I. H. N. EVANS, More Dusun Riddles. SMJ 6. 4 new ser. (= 19 old ser.), 1954, p. 20-35.

189 I. H. N. EVANS, Some Dusun Proverbs and Proverbial Sayings. SMJ 6. 5 new ser. (= 20 old ser.), 1955, p. 233-244. 51 proverbs in the language of the valley of the Tempasuk (Kedamaian) River in North Borneo, the majority being from Kahung Saraiyoh (Kaung Ulu) , 28 miles from Kota Belud, but others from Tambatuon, 22 miles from Kota Belud, and from the lowland villages of Kadamaian (Tempasuk) and Tombulion.

190 N. ADRIANI, De talen der Togian-eiIanden. TBG 42 (1900) p. 428-490, 539-566.

191 A. R. WALLACE, The Malay Archipelago: The Land of the Orang-Utan, and the Bird of Paradise. London 1869. Vol. I, XXIII + 478 pp., Vol. V, 524 pp. Bajau wordlist in Vol. II, p. 476-501.

192 I. H. N. EVANS, Bajau Pottery. SMJ 6. 5 new ser. (= 20 old ser.), 1955, p. 297-300.

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193 ABDUL GHANI BIN BAGUL, Notes on the Bajau language. SM] 5. 2 new ser. (= 17 old ser.), 1950, p. 196-200.

194 I. H. N. EVANS, Notes on the Bajaus and other Coastal Tribes of North Borneo. ]MBRAS 25. 1 (1952) p. 48-55.

195 ]. MONTANO, Rapport it M. Ie Ministre de l'Instruction Publique sur une mission aux iles Philippines et en Malaisie. Archives des missions scientifiques et litteraires, 3me ser. t. XI (1885) p.271-479. Malay, Sulu, Bisaya (= Phil. Bisaya!)-Bulud-Upi vocabulary, p. 432-439.

196 J. MONTANO, Voyage aux Philippines et en Malaisie. Paris 1886. VIII + 351 pp. On Bulud-Upi, p. 189-191.

197 A. COWIE, English-Sulu-Malay vocabulary, with useful sentences, tables etc., edited by WM. CLARK COWIE. London 1893. XLVIII + 288 pp. A few grammatical notes, p. IX-XL VIII.

198 M. W. H. BEECH, The Tidong dialects of Borneo. With Preface and notes by Dr. ABR. ANTH. FOKKER. Oxford 1908. 120 pp.

199 W. AERNOUT, Een woordenlijstje der Tidoengsche taal. Indische Gids 7. 1 (1885) p. 536-550.

200 P. VAN GENDEREN STORT, Nederlandsch-Tidoengsch-Tinggalim Dajaksche woordenlijst. VBG 61. 5 (1916). IV + 100 pp.

201 L. RUTTEN, Reisherinneringen uit Zuid-Oost Boelongan (Oost Borneo). TNAG 2"e ser., 33 (1916) p. 236-253. List of words in Sajau Basap (Bulungan), p. 251-253.

202 A. H. SPAAN, De landstreek tusschen Sangkoelirang en Doema­ring (Borneo). TNAG 2de ser., 35 (1918) p. 781-790 with map.

203 P. VAN GENDEREN STORT, Nederlandsch-Kenja Dajaksche Woor­denlijst. VBG 59. 3 (1912). 33 pp.

204 ]. M. ELSHOUT, Over de geneeskunde der Kenja-Dajak in Cen­traal-Borneo in verband met hunnen godsdienst. Amsterdam doctoral thesis. Amsterdam 1923. 218 pp. On the dwelling places of the Kenyah tribes, p. 12. On the language, p. 12, 106, 122, 183-184.

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Invocations, incantations, fragments of chants, p. 104, 106-114, 129-132, 134, 137, 147-148, 166, 171-173, 179-182, 186-187, 191-193, 199, 203. Many Kenyah words and sentences.

205 J. M. ELSHOUT, De Kenja-Dajaks uit het Apo-Kajangebied. Bijdragen tot de kennis van Centraal-Borneo. 's-Gravenhage 1926. XI + 523 pp. Many Kenyah words and sentences. Fragments of chants and incantations. Map of the Apo Kayan area in front of the book.

206 E. W. F. VAN WALCHREN, Eene reis naar de bovenstreken van Boe1oengan (Midden-Borneo), 12 Nov. 1905-11 April 1906. TNAG 2de ser. 24 (1907) p. 755-844. Some Kenyah words. Teknonymic terms in the Pujungan area, p. 791. Sketch-map of the Kayan, Bahau and Pujungan-rivers.

207 H. E. D. ENGELHARD, Aanteekeningen betreffende de Kindjin Dajaks in het landschap Baloengan. TBG 39 (1897) p. 458-495. Remarks on the language, p. 483-484; numerals and names of the months, p. 484--486; wordlist (about 140 words), p. 491-494.

208 1. A. N. URQUHART, Some Interior Dialects. SMJ 6. 5 new ser. (= 20 old ser.), 1955, p. 193-204. About 200 words in 17 Bornean languages: Sarawak Malay, Iban (Sea-Dayak), Kayan, Kenyah Sambup" Punan Batu, Punan Lusong, Punan Gang, Punan Bah, Speng, Bah Malei, Sekepan, Bukitan, Ukit, Kajaman, Lahanan, Tanjong, Maloh.

209 E. BANKS, Some Kalamantan vocabularies. SMJ 4. 3. 14 (1935) p.257-259. Malay, Sibop, Skapan, Sabup, Long Bangan, Kajaman, Lanun, Kenyah, Milano.

210 F. H. POLLARD and E. BANKS, Teknonymy and other customs among the Kayans, Kenyahs, Kelamantans and others. SMJ 4. 4. 15 (1937) p. 395--409.

211 E. BANKS, Rice planting customs in the Baram district, Sarawak. JMBRAS 18. 2 (1940) p. 83-104.

212 S. WAN UWK and A. D. GALVIN, A Kenyah Song. SMJ 6. 5 new ser. (= 20 old ser.), 1955, p. 287-289. Song of the Kenyah in the Baram River.

213 J. P. J. BARTH, Boesangsch-NederIandsch Woordenboek. Batavia 1910. XXVIII + 343 pp. + map.

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214 R. BURNS, A Vocabulary of the Kayan language of the North­West of Borneo. Journ. Ind. Arch. 3 (1849) p. 182-192.

215 R. NEEDHAM, Penan and Punan. JMBRAS 27. 1 (1954) p. 73-83.

216 R. NEEDHAM, A Penan Mourning-Usage. BKI 110 (1954) p.263-267.

217 R. NEEDHAM, Punan Ba. JMBRAS 28. 1 (1955) p. 24-36. The Punan Ba historically and linguistically and in many cultural respects distinct from the Punan and from the Penan, p. 31. On the language, p. 32. Some kinship terms and other words, p. 32, 35.

218 R. S. DOUGLAS, Some Murik Words. SMJ 1. 2 (1912) p. 86-87.

219 R. S. DOUGLAs, The Muriks. SMJ 1. 1 (1911) p. 146-148.

220 E. V. ANDREINI, A Punan Vocabulary. SMJ 4. 3. 14 (1935) p.261-262.

221 C. BOCK, The head-hunters of Borneo. London 1881. XVI + 344 pp. Appendix IV p. 334-335, approx. 140 Long Wai words.

222 C. BOCK, Reis in Oost- en Zuid-Borneo van Koetei naar Banjer­massin, ondernomen op last der Indische Regeering in 1879 en 1880. Met aanteekeningen en bijlagen van P. J. B. C. ROBIDE VAN

DER AA, eene historische inleiding over Koetei en de betrekkingen van dit leenrijk tot de regeering van Nederlandsch-Indie, door S. W. TROMP, en een atlas van 30 ethnografische platen in kleurendruk en schetskaart. 's-Gravenhage 1887. 129 pp. Long Wai wordlist, p. 113-123.

223 A. H. SPAAN, Een landreis van Berouw naar Samarinda. TNAG zte ser. 18 (1901) p. 7-33, 199-224.

224 M. A. BOUMAN, Ethnografische aanteekeningen omtrent de Gou­vernementslanden in de boven-Kapoeas, Westerafdeeling van Borneo. TBG 64 (1924) p. 173-195.

225 J. c. M. RADERMACHER, Bijvoegsels tot de beschrijving der Sun­dasche eilanden Java, Borneo en Sumatra. VBG III (1781; in edition printed in Holland: 1787) p. 423-464. List of words of the language spoken in upper Sanggau, p. 4~39; in the new edition of 1824 the list is found on p. 280--281.

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226 O. CH. DAHL, Malgache et Maanjan. Une comparaison linguis­tique. Avhandlinger utg. avo Egede-Instituttet 3. Oslo 1951. 408 pp. Reviews by: A. CAPELL in Oceania 23 (1952--3) p. 76-78; I DYEN in Language 29 (1953) p. 577-590; A. G. HAUDRICOURT in Word 9 (1953) p. 314-315. N. C. SCOTT in Man 53 (1953) article no. 140, p. 93.

227 H. TROMP, Versuch einer Grammatik der Sprache des dajak­kischen Stammes der Olon-Maanjan. Mit Anhang: Mythen Erziihlungen, Sprichwortern.

228 H. SUNDERMANN, Der Dialekt der Olon Maanjan (Dajak) in Siid­Ost-Borneo. BKI 67 (1913) p. 203-236.

229 H. SUNDERMANN, Dajakkische Fabeln und Erziihlungen. BKI 66 (1912) p. 169-214. Eleven tales in Maanyan and five in Ngaju with German translation.

230 Surat pangurukan na pakai kawan ia mangadji hang sakola. Bandjermasin 1897. 90 pp. Reading book and a few poems.

231 Sarita teka surat Alatalla. Bandjermasin 1883/5. 218 pp. The Calwer Bible Stories. Second edit. 1907, 272 pp. Third edit. 1938, 171 pp. (new title: Soerat sa-rita hengka soerat lengan Alatalla).

232 Surat putut adjar Agama olon Kristen, surat lakudoa anri surat nj anj ian. Bandjermasin 1910. 158 pp. Note in copy of SOAS: Catechism & Hymnbook in the language of the Maanyan. Second edit. % pp., no year, title with oe-spelling instead of u.

233 Surat lengan AlataIIa. Bandjermasin 1917. 176 pp. Fragments from the New Testament.

234 Lalan Salamat, natotoi hawoeang lengan Alatalla. Bandjermasin 1936. 15 pp. Fragments from the Bible.

235 Soerat njanit, pakaini ngoerok ia masa soerat. Bandjermasin 1880. 28 pp.

236 Habar salamat manjoe kasaksian Loekas. (Inside:) Lucas Maan­jan-Dajak. No place, no year. 99 pp. The gospel according to St. Luke [1950].

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237 ]. MALLINCKRODT, Het huwe1ijksrecht bij de Dajaks in de onder­afdeeling Boentok. TBG 66 (1926) p. 553-603. List of kinship terms in Maanyan, Lawangan and Dusun, p. 567.

238 [A Sihong translation of Genesis I-XXVI: 5]. Banjermasin 1858.80 pp. On the first page of the copy of BFBS a handwritten note: The first writing of the language of Sihong on Borneo (150 miles northern from Banjermasin), containing a translation of Genesis from chap. 1 to 26 : 5 by E. DENNINGER, missionary.

239 Soerat pangadjaran agama olon kristen. Hoeang bahasa Dajak Samihim. Bandjermasin, no year. 40 pp.

240 J. MALLINCKRODT, Grond- en waterrechten in de onderafdeeling Boentok. Ko!. T. 15 (1926) p.60-102. Data on the tribes living in Buntok and their languages, p. 60-62.

241 J. MALLINCKRODT, De Njoe1i-beweging onder de Lawangan­Dajaks van de Zuider- en Oosterafdeeling van Borneo. Kol. St. 9. 6 (1925) p. 396-425. A few Lawangan words.

242 Soerat Batang adjar agaman oloh kristen. Tinai Soerat Lakoe doa hapan Basa Taboejan. No place, no year. 8 pp. The Ten Commandments, Confession of Faith, some prayers.

243 Soerat sarita neke soerat oe1ek Alahtalla. No place, no year. 44 pp. Biblical tales in Tabuyan.

244 Surat hurup hapa madjar anak 010 mambasa. Bandjermasin 1857. 24 pp. Several times reprinted.

245 Soerat Hoeroep. Bagi Ia. Ingoean awi Seminarie goeroe Bandjer­masin. Mangalur 1933. 44 pp. Spelling book.

246 Soerat hoeroep. Bagi lb. Ingoean awi Seminarie goeroe Bandjer­masin. Mangalur 1930. 45 pp. Spelling book.

247 Surat itong akan ihapan anak oloh huang skola. Part 1 + 2, Bandjermasin 1893. 56 + 51 pp. Part 3, Bandjermasin 1894. 58 pp. Arithmetic-book.

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248 Lima sansanan 010 Ngadjoe. Bandjermasin 1877. 35 pp. Five tales in Ngaju.

249 Lima sarita akan 010 Ngadjoe idja radjit'l mambasa soerat, injali­nan bara basa Balanda akan basan 010 Ngadjoe awi C. VAN HOEFEN. Bandjermasin 1877. 56 pp.

250 Soerat krookjes akan anak 010 idjii haroe taoe mambasa isoet, injalinan bara basa balanda akan basan 010 Ngadjoe, awi C. VAN HOEFEN. Bandjermasin 1880. 30 pp.

251 Viooltjes, soerat sarita akan anak 010 mangadji, injalinan bara basa Balanda akan basan 010 Ngadjoe awi C. VAN HOEFEN. Bandjermasin 1880. 89 pp.

252 Hakabeken sarita indu adjar akan oloh bakas tabela. Bandjer­mas in 1892. 175 pp.

253 Hakabeken sarita indu adjar akan oloh bakas tabela. Bandjer­masin 1909. Vol. I, 106 pp., vol. II, 80 pp.

254 Hakabeken Sarita. Bagi I. Ingoean awi Seminarie hong Bandjer­masin. Mangalur 1933. 44 pp.

255 Hakabeken Sarita. Bagi II. Ingoean awi pandita KUHNLE Meng­katip toentang Seminarie goeroe hong Bandjermasin. Mangalur 1927.62 pp.

256 Surat rinting agama. Bandjarmasin 1854. 112 pp.

257 Palisang oIoh Kristen, manintu lewu sorga, tumon djehi injarita awi JOHN BUNYAN. Bandjermasin 1879. 104 pp. Translation of "The Pilgrim's Progress". Sec. edit. 1928. 186 pp.

258 Surat Sarita bara Surat Auh Hatalla. 3rd edit., Bandjermasin 1875. 244 pp.; 4th edit., Bandjermasin 1883. 292 pp.

259 Surat Djumala Augh bara Surat Hatalla Awang Kampili. Bandjarmasin 1855. 182 pp.

260 Surat batang adjar agaman oIoh kristen tinai surat laku doa tuntang surat njanji. Bandjermasin 1876. 96 + 95 pp. Many times reprinted, with small differences in title and contents.

261 Saritan Gawin Rasul. Bandjermasin 1904. 135 pp.

73

262 Ampin hoeang atei olon, ie hoeman Hatalla atawa eka setan djete imprahan awi sapoeloeh gambar idje inarang awi JOHANNES GoSSNER, injalinan bara basa Doeis awi Pandita C. HENDRICK. 3'd edit. Stuttgart 1927. 55 pp. The first edit. appeared in 1905 (64 pp.); on the title-page the missionary H. TROMP is mentioned as collaborator.

263 Djalan salamat, insanan hoeang hakabeken bawak aoech Soerat Hatalla. Pandahang batang adjar. 3rd edit. Bandjermasin 1933. 16 pp. Fragments of the New Testament.

264 Soerat Pandohop akan Pansanan Ewanggelion. Rinting horoi kakare adjar akan oloh idje handak tame Oengkoep Oloh Kristen. 2nd edit. Bandjermasin 1937. 15 pp. Inside a note: Hilfsbiichlein fiir Evangelisten in der Ngadju-Dajak Sprache. The first edit. appeared in 1913.

265 Panoendjoek djalan salamat, soerat adjar tahioe kapertjajan oIoh Kristen Evangelis injalinan toentang ingoean toemon soerat toean E. BUDDEBERG awi K. E[PPLE]. Bandjermasin 1937. 106 pp. Inside a note: Ein Wegweiser zur Seligkeit. Christliche Glaubenslehre.

266 Saritan Toehan Jesoes hoeang Minggo Toenis. 1941. 34 pp. 267 Dindang induan bara Almanak 1910, ingarang awi ARNOLD

NGANTOENG. Bandjermasin 1910. 15 pp. Microfilm in the Royal Institute in The Hague; one copy of the book is in Basle.

268 Atoran hoeang oengkoep oloh kristen hong Borneo Salatan. No place, 1930. 28 pp. Regulations for Christian communities in S. Borneo.

269 Soerat atoran sombahjang toentang kare gawe brasih hoeang Gredja Dajak Evangelis. 2"d edit. Bandjermasin 1937. 65 pp. Inside a note: Agende fUr die Evangelische Dajakkirche.

270 Tahioe Gredja Dajak. Ampin tamparae toentang Pesta Pangingat 100 njelo. Bandjermasin 1935. 20 pp. Booklet published on the occasion of the centenary of the mission and the Qreation of an independent Dayak church.

271 Daftar bawak Kotak, idje babehat rimae hoeang soerat Bibel tinai Aoech Hatalla idje taoe imbasa akan hakabeken katikae. Bandjer­masin 1938. 27 pp. Inside note: Biblische Hauptbegriffe (Konkordanz).

74

272 Soerat Lagon Njanji, idje ihapan oloh Kristen hoeang sombahjang toentang metoh pesta. 2nd edit. Hildburghausen, no year. 158 pp.

273 Soerat njanji akan anak sakola. 2nd edit., no place, 1924. 16 pp.

274 Njanji Pesta akan oloh kristen lintih toentang igoean tingkat idje doee, awi pandita K. EpPLE. Bandjermasin 1924.40 pp.

275 Soerat njanji idje ihapan oIoh kristen. Bandjermasin 1923. 158pp. Another slightly enlarged edition appeared in 1930. 176 pp.

276 Njanji Taheta, Pandahang soerat njanji akan oloh kristen impa­Ioea awi njonjah R. KUHNLE. Bandjermasin 1937.

277 Soerat njanji pandehan idje ihapan hoeang Geredja Dajak. Basel 1948. Booklet containing a selection of hymns from the congregational hymnbook, which is out of print. It was printed under the supervision of the Rev. GOTTIN [note on the cover of the copy of the Basle Mission].

278 Surat Brasi Djandji Taheta ain Toehan toentang djoeroe salamat itah Jesoes Kristoes, injalinan Bara Poena Basae akan Basan Oloh Ngadjoe hong Poelau Borneo. Kaapstad 1846. 458 pp. First ed. of the New Testament.

279 Surat brasih Djandji idjii solake. Amsterdam 1858. Vol. I, 768 pp., vol. II, 568 pp. Translation of the Old Testament. The same translation is found in the complete edition of the Bible.

280 Bibel Hi iii: hapus surat Hatalla idjii brasih, djandji idjii solake tuntang djandji taheta. Amsterdam 1858. 1336 + 541 pp. Translation of the Old and New Testament.

281 Soerat Brasih Djandji Taheta ain Toehan Toentang Djoeroe­salamat itah Jesoes Kristoes, injalinan bara poena basae akan basan oloh Ngadjoe hong Poelau Borneo. Leiden 1926. III + 511 pp. Third ed. of the translation of the New Testament.

282 Surat Barasih injalinan bara puna basae akan basan Oloh Ngadjoe hong pulau Kalimantan. Djakarta 1955. 1193 + 416 + 2 pp. Second ed. of the Old and New Testament. A few comments on biblical terms and proper names, p. 416-418.

283 Ewanggelion injoerat Mateoes. Bandjermasin 1940. 132 pp.

75

284 Keleh djaka ikan mangasene. No place, no year. 2 pp. The title is a translation of St. Luke 19 : 42. Not available in Holland, one copy in Basle.

285 Surat Imadeddin, atawa saritan oloh pintar, idja solake salam rahian mandjadi oloh Kristen. 1a

• ed. Tumbang-Kapuas 1897. 30 pp. 2nd ed. Bandjermasin 1885. 16 pp. Life story of an Islamite convewted to Christianity, translated into Ngaju by B. VAN NES.

A microfilm is now in the library of the Royal Institute in The Hague.

286 Katapas itah ngadju tuntang djalan dohop tinai auh adjar mala­wan hadat mihop. No place, 1895. 32 pp. Tract against alcoholic excess. A microfilm is in the library of the Royal Institute in The Hague, a copy of the book is in Basle.

287 ROSA KUHNLE, Mahaga anak awau. Bandjermasin 1937. 62 pp. On baby care.

288 Pira-pira tjerita bara surat Hatalla. Batavia 1843. Stories from Genesis, II + 37 pp. Stories kom the New Testament, II + 100 pp.

289 A. HARDELAND, Duii tamparae sombajang; awi - pandita, Borneo, Pulopetak, 1845. 10 pp.

290 Tjerita karadjan Hatalla tuntang augh adjar bara surat Hatalla tinei sombajang dan nj anj ian. Elberfeld 1845. History of the Kingdom of God in Ngaju. Hymns with music.

291 A. HARDELAND, Pira-pidi njanjian akantara Hatalla. Borneo, injurat hong Pulautelo. 1845. 20 pp.

292 Surat akan 010 Ngadju hong pulau Borneo. Ilambagan hong lewu Kapstad, tanah Aprika. Njelo 1846. IV + 131 pp. Lessons in history in Ngaju. By A. HARDELAND.

293 Surat tjerita bara karadjaan Hatalla, tuntang augh adjar bara surat Hata1la, tuntang augh hapan sombajang; laku doa; njanian. Kapstad, tanah Aprika. Njelo 1846. IX + 221 pp. History and Lessons, with Hynms in Ngaju. By A. HARDELAND.

294 Surat hapan adjar membasa. Kapstad 1846. 24 pp. without title­page. Ngaju-primew. By A. HARDELAND.

76

295 Brita Bahalap. Publication of the Christian Community, appears every fortnight at Banjar­masin. Although probably the publication started already in 1913 no copies of the period 1913-1923 were to be found; the Basle Mission only possesses the series 1924-1940. In 1954 the paper reappeared as a monthly, edited in the Bahasa Indonesia. The issues of the year 1927 can be consulted in the Royal Institute at The Hague.

296 Almanak atawa Rinting andau, bulan (later: boelan). Bandjer­masin 1880 and following years. 63 pp.

297 H. C. VON DER GABELENTZ, Beitriige zur Sprachenkunde. Erstes Heft: Grammatik der Dajaksprache. Leipzig 1852. 48 pp.

298 A. HARDELAND, Versuch einer Grammatik der Dajackschen Sprache. Amsterdam 1858. VIII + 374 pp. Texts with interlinear German translation and notes p. 207-374.

299 A. HARDELAND, Dajacksch-Deutsches Worterbuch. Amsterdam 1859. VIII + 638 pp.

300 Miss. Inspektor WALLMANN, Grammatik der Pulopetak-Dajack­sprache fUr Anfiinger. Barmen 1856.47 pp. ShQrt grammatical sketch with little wordlist p. 1-23, followed by a translation of the Gospel of St. Mark XIV in Pulopetak, Banjar-Malay and classical Malay. A copy is available at Wuppertal; the Royal Institute at The Hague possesses a microfilm-reproduction.

301 H. KERN, Taalkundige gegevens ter bepaling van het Stamland der Maleisch-Polynesische volken. Collected writings 6 (1917) p.l05-120.

302 R. BRANDSTETTER, Malaio-polynesische Forschungen. Zweite Reihe. III. Ein Prodomus zu einem vergleichenden Worterbuch der malaio-polynesischen Sprachen fUr Sprachforscher und Ethnographen. Luzern 1906. 74 pp.

303 R. BRANDSTETTER, Mata-Hari oder Wanderungen eines indone­sischen Sprachforschers durch die drei Reiche der Natur. Luzern 1908. 55 pp.

304 R. BRANDSTETTER, Wurzel und Wort in den indonesischen Spra­chen. Luzern 1910. 50 pp.

77

305 O. DEMPWOLFF, Entstehung von Nasalen und Nasalverbindungen im Ngadju (Dajak). ZES 13 (1922) p. 161-205.

306 O. DEMPWOLFF, Vergleichende LautIehre des austronesischen Wortschatzes. Zweiter Band: Deduktive Anwendung des Ur­indonesischen auf Austronesische Einzelsprachen. Berlin 1937. p.45-71.

307 W. AICHELE, Eine neu erschlossene friihindonesische Literatur­sprache in ihrem Einflusz auf das Altjavanische. ZDMG 90 (1936) p. *18*-*19*.

308 I. DYEN, Dempwol££'s R. Language 29. 3 (1953) p. 359-366.

309 I. DYEN, The Ngaju-Dayak 'Old Speech Stratum'. Language 32. 1 (1956) p. 83-87.

310 K. D. EpPLE, Kurze Einfiihrung in die Ngadjoe-Dajaksprache. Bandjermasin 1933. 84 pp.

311 K. D. EpPLE, Soerat Logat Basa Ngadjoe. Orthographisches Worterverzeichnis der Sprache der Oloh Ngadjoe Dajak. Bandjermasin 1922. 73 pp.

312 J. C. M. RADERMACHER, Beschrijving van het eiland Borneo, voor zo verre het zelve, tot nu toe, bekend is. VBG 2 (1780) p. 107-148. In second Batavia ed. (1823) p. 43-69. 17 Banjarese words, p. 115. In second Batavia ed. on p. 48. Wordlist of "Biadjoos" (21 WQl"ds), p. 138-139. In second Batavia ed. on p. 63.

313 K. W. TIEDTKE, Woordenlijst der Sampitsche en Katingansche taal. VBG 36 (1872) p. 1-93. Wordlist: Malay, Sampit, Katingan, Dutch, with the numerals at the end.

314 C. HUPE, Korte verhandeling over de godsdienst, zeden, enz. der Dajakkers. TNI 8. 3 (1846) p. 127-172, 245-280. Several words of the Pulopetak language. Prayer, text and translation, p. 133-134. Curses, text and translation, p. 165--166. On the "Behasa Sangiang" p. 166-167. A text, "Dayak manuscript" (?), with translation, p. 167-172. Riddles (tingkes), text and 1;ranslation, p. 252r-280.

315 F. GRABOWSKY, Ueber Aesserungen geistigen Lebens bei den 010 Ngadju in Sued-Ost-Borneo. BKI 38 (1889) p. 144-152. A few sayings.

78

316 F. GRABOWSKY, Familie, Verwandtschaft und Freundschaft bei den 010 Ngadju in S.O.Borneo. BKI 38 (1889) p. 463-466. A few kinship terms.

317 J. MALLINCKRODT, Ethnografische mededeelingen over de Dajaks in de afdeeling Koealakapoeas (Res. Zuider- en Oosterafd. van Borneo). BKI 80 (1924) p. 397-446, 521-600; 81 (1925) p. 62-115, 165-310.

318 J. MALLINCKRODT, Het begrip djawi bij de Dajak van Zuid Borneo. Kol. T. 16. 6 (1927) p. 629-651.

319 J. MALLINCKRODT en L. MALLINCKRODT-DJATA, Het magah liau, een Dajaksche priesterzang. TBG 68 (1928) p. 292-347.

320 H. SCHARER, Die Gottesidee der Ngadju Dajak in Sud-Borneo. Leiden doctoral thesis. Leiden 1946. VII + 236 pp. + pI. + map of S. Borneo. Beilage I, Die Schopfungsmythe, p. 185-223; text with translation in German.

321 K. M. HELBIG, Die Insel Borneo in Forschung und Schrifttum. Sprachforschung, p. 187-188. Schrift und Sprache, p. 321-324. Mitteilungen der Geograph. Gesellschaft in Hamburg, 52 (1955) p. 105-395; with ill. and map. On linguistic research, p. 187-188.

322 K. EpPLE, Aoech Bara ahkan Oeloen Kristen. Banjermasin 1937. 32 pp. sec. edit. Biblical stories, Prayers and hymns in Ot Danum, first edit. 1914.

323 N ain bara indan Doeloen kristen soewan ingkan soerat Mahatara hintang nain butang bara. No place (Bandjermasin ?), 1931. 44 pp. Biblical stories, catechism, prayers in Siang Dayak.

SOME GENERAL REFERENCE WORKS

Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch-Indie, 2nd ed. I-IV, A-Z, samengesteld door J. PAULUS e.a. Den Haag-Leiden 1917-1921. V -IXj2 Supplement, onder redactie van D. G. STIBBE e.a. Ibid. 1927-1940.

79

J. C. HOOYKAAs, Repertorium op de koloniale litteratuur ... 1595-1865. Ter perse bezorgd door W. N. DU RlEU. 2 vols. Amsterdam 1877-1880. Continued in: A. HARTMANN, Repertorium op de litteratuur betreffende de Neder­landsche Kolonien, voor zoover zij verspreid is in tijdschriften en mengelwerken. I, Oost-Indie. 1866-1893. 's-Gravenhage 1895. 1·'°--8'" vervolg. 1894-1932. Ibid. 1901-1935. Continued in: Netherlands East Indies: a bibliography of books published after 1930 and periodicals articles after 1932 available in U.S. libraries. By B. LANDHEER. 208 pp. Washington 1945.

Catalogus der Bibliotheek van het Koninklijk Instituut voor de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Ned.-Indie en het Indisch Genoot­schap, door G. P. ROUFFAER en W. C. MULLER. IX + 1053 pp. 's-Gravenhage 1908. Eerste Supplement, door W. C. MULLER. VIII + 426 pp. ibid. 1915. Tweede Supplement, door W. C. MULLER. VIII + 459 pp. ibid. 1927. Derde Supplement, VIII + 439 pp. ibid. 1937. A fourth Supplement is in preparation.

R. KENNEDY, Bibliography of Indonesian peoples and cultures. Revised ed. New Haven 1955.

F. H. VAN NAERSEN, Litteratuur-overzicht voor de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde en geschiedenis van Nederlandsch-Indie voor het jaar 1936, 1937. 's-Gravenhage [1937], 1938. id. 1938, 1939 door H. VAN MEuRs. Ibid. 1939, 1940. For further years see the bibliography in Culturee1 Indie (Leiden 1939-1946) and now in TNAG.

Linguistic bibliography for the years 1939 ~ . Utrecht-Anvers

1949 ~. For Sanskrit words in Indonesian languages see: J. GoNDA, Sanskrit

in Indonesia. XXIX + 456 pp. With linguistic map. Nagpur 1952. For the lan&uages of Borneo see especially p. 51.

BFBS

BKI

Geogr. Journ. JMBRAS

JRAI

JSBRAS

J ourn. Ind. Arch.

Kol. St.

Kol. T.

80

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

The British and Foreign Bible Society.

Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (before 1949 ~ van Nederlandsch-Indie), ed. by Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (before 1949 K. I. voor de T. L. en V. van Nederlandsch-Indie).

The Geographical Journal. Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society.

The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Lreland.

Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society.

The Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia.

Koloniale Studien.

Koloniaal Tijdschrift.

Proc. R. Ge<>gil". Soc. Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society.

SMJ The Sarawak Museum Journal.

SOAS

TNAG

TBG

TNI

Tijdschr. BB

VBG

VKI

ZDMG

ZES

School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.

Tijdschrift Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap.

Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde.

Tijdschrift vow. Nederlandsch-Indie.

Tijdschrift voor het Binnenlandsch Bestuur.

Verhandelingen van het (Koninklijk) Bataviaasch Genoot­schap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen.

Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde.

Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft.

Zeitschrift fur Eingebot"enen-Sprachen.

81

INDEX OF LANGUAGES AND DIALECTS

Adang 22

Bajau 27-28 Ba Mali 34 Banjarese 9-10 Basap dialects 31 Beketan 36-37 Bintulu 20 Bisaya 20-21 Bok 35 Brunei Malay 8 Bulud-Upi 28-29 Busang 33-34

Dali Dusun 25 Delang 10 Dusun 24, 39-41 Dusun De(y )ah 39-41

Embaloh 38-39

Iban (- Sea Dayak) 10-12 Ida'an 25 Illanun 28

Kajaman 35 Kayan 33-34 Kelabit 22 Kendayan Dayak 13-17 Keningau 23-24 Kenyah 32-33 Kimanis 25 Kuijau 23 Kutai-Malay 8

Labu 31 Lahanan 35 Land Dayak 13-17 Lawangan 41 Long Glat 38 Long Wai 38

Maanyan 39-41 Malay Dialects 7-13 Matu Melanau 19 Melanau 17-20 Modang 38 Mualang 12 Mukah Melanau 19 Murik 34--35

Ngaju 42-45 Nibong 35 Nonukan 30 North Borneo Murut

Dialects 23-24

Ot Danum 45-46 Oya S Melanau 19

Padas 22 Pa Kemaloh 23 Pasir Malay 9 Peluan 23 Penchangan 30 Penihing 37 Penyabung 37 Punan Ba 36-37 Punan Batu 37

Rundum 23

Sajau Basap 31 Sambas Malay 10 Samihim 39-41 Sarawak Malay 7-8 Sarawak Murut 21-23 Sea Dayak (= Iban) 10--12 Sedalir 30 Segai 38 Sekapan 36 Semabu 24 Sembakung 30 Seputan 37 Sibop 35 Si(h)ong 39-40 Simbakong 30

82

Sintang Malay 10 Speng 35 Sulu 29

Tabuyan 42 Tarakan 30 Tempasuk 25 Tengara 23 Tidung dialects 29-30 Timugan 24 Treng 23 Trusan 22

Ubian 28 Ukit 36-37 Ulu Malay 10