crittenden plan: a last ditch appeal to sanity senator john j. crittenden (know-nothing-ky) john j....
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Crittenden Plan:A Last Ditch Appeal to Sanity
Crittenden Plan:A Last Ditch Appeal to Sanity
Senator John J. Crittenden
(Know-Nothing-KY)
Senator John J. Crittenden
(Know-Nothing-KY)
John J. Crittenden proposed a compromise plan involving six constitutional amendments and four resolutions.
The heart of the compromise was an amendment prohibiting slavery in all territory of the United States "now held, or hereafter acquired," north of latitude 36 degrees.
Jefferson Davis
• Jefferson Finis Davis served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history.
• After Davis was captured May 10, 1865, he was charged with treason, though not tried, and stripped of his eligibility to run for public office.
War Erupts
• The first shots were fired at Fort Sumter in South Carolina.
• On April 12, 1861 the guns began to fire upon the fort.
Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861
Draft Laws
• Conscription: forced enrollment in the military.• The South- all able bodied men age 18-45.• Planters who owned 20 or more slaves were exempt.• Wealthy men could hire substitutes for $6,000.
• The Union offered $300 bounties to those who voluntarily joined.
• Draft numbers were low in the North but it was very unpopular.
The Trouble with Generals
The South• General Robert E. Lee- Top
Graduate from West Point.• Offered appointment to
command the Union Army.• His loyalty to Virginia was
greater than his loyalty to the military.
• He was the greatest asset to the South.
Northern Generals
• General McClellan: In 1862, General McClellan successfully stopped Lee’s army from invasion but failed to finish him off when he had the chance. Lincoln was frustrated with him and had him replaced.
• General Burnside: Burnside also proved to be a disappointment after he attacked Confederate Troops who were known to have dug in with trenches. The result of the attack was 12,000 Union casualties.
• General Hooker: Hooker is best remembered for his horrible defeat at Chancellorsville. He and Lincoln disagreed how best to finish off Lee’s Army while protecting Washington D.C. Before he could be fired he resigned.
More Generals…
• General Meade: After their severe losses at Gettysburg, Lee’s Army once again retreated back to Virginia. Lincoln felt that this was a lost opportunity to finish off Lee and end the war. He replaced Meade with Grant. Meade stayed on as a subordinate to Grant.
• General Grant: After relentless pressure in April of 1865, Grant’s Army forced Lee into retreat. Grant offered generous terms to Lee for surrender that would preserve the dignity of the South and help start the healing process.
Life on the Battlefield
• Only officers had tents
• Carried all their belongings on their backs
• Very boring when not actually fighting
• Played games• Wrote letters
Life on the Homefront
• Women had to run farms and businesses
• Worried about soldiers
• Wrote letters• Worked as nurses• Often lost everything
CHOOSING SIDES• Both sides knew that the more important tactic was to get the
side of the border states.
• The border states included Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri.
• Keeping Maryland in the Union was most important because of its proximity to Washington D.C.
• Kentucky was important to both sides because of its rivers.
• In the end, 24 states will remain in the Union and 11 states will secede.
War Strategies
THE NORTH
The North wanted to bring Southern states back into the Union.
They developed the Anaconda Plan which was to cripple the South’s economy like a giant snake.
The tactics of this plan were to use blockades to stop trade.
THE SOUTH
The Confederacy wanted to defend its position and remain independent.
In order to remain independent they would have to depend on trade with Europe.
The year before the war began there was a surplus of cotton so the Europeans did not need to get involved.
The Road to Emancipation• Issued after the start of the war due to pressure by
Frederick Douglass to allow African Americans to fight in the war.
• Lincoln had to be careful to not anger the border states.
• Some of the border states were slave states and could still leave the Union and join the Confederacy.
• In September 1862, Lincoln announced a plan to free the slaves in the Confederate states. Lincoln eventually knew he would have to take a stronger stand on the issue.
Emancipation Proclamation
• Lincoln’s plan was for gradual emancipation. He understood the political dangers of the issue of slavery.
• Lincoln at first shied away from total abolition and suggested that southerners gradually free their bondspersons.
Confiscation Acts: radical Republicans demanded immediate emancipation. One of their first attempts to achieve was a law that allowed the confiscation of slaves as contraband.
The Emancipation Proclamation
• In addition to freeing the slaves in the seceded states, the Emancipation Proclamation declared that any African American man who was willing to fight would be allowed into the Armed Services.
Frederick Douglass
• Frederick Douglass had argued for the recruitment of black soldiers since the start of the war.
• Before the Emancipation Proclamation the U.S. Government discouraged African Americans from enrollment.
The Regiments
• African Americans were organized into all black regiments led by white officers.
• In most cases they were given worst jobs to do and were paid less money.
• More than one regiment insisted on fighting without pay rather than accepting less pay than whites.
Robert Gould Shaw
• The 54th Massachusetts was organized in March of 1863 and headed by Robert Gould Shaw.
• Shaw was the son of prominent Boston abolitionists.
The 54th
• As one of the first all black regiments organized in the North, the 54th was the object of great interest and curiosity.
• The regiment was composed primarily of free blacks from throughout the North, particularly Massachusetts and Pennsylvania.
Charles and Lewis Douglass
• Among the recruits were the two sons of abolitionist, Frederick Douglass.
• Lewis served with the 54th Massachusetts during the ill-fated assault on Battery Wagner, in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina, on July 18, 1863. He was wounded but soon recovered.
Alexander H. Johnson
• Alexander H. Johnson enlisted at the age of 16 as a drummer boy of the 54th Massachusetts. He was the first black musician to enlist during the Civil War
The Battles
ANTIETAM• After a wave of victories Lee decided to invade the Union.• He hoped that taking the North would convince Lincoln to
talk peace.• The Confederates planned to plunder Northern farms for
supplies.
Antietam
• Lee lost 1/3 of his fighting force and retreated into Virginia.
• McClellan did not pursue Lee and his crippled army which angered Lincoln.
• The Battle of Antietam is the bloodiest day in American history.
• 25,000 were dead or wounded in one day.
Battle of Gettysburg
• The battle of Gettysburg, PA took place on July1-3, 1863.
• The Confederate troops were looking for supplies.
• In late June 1863, Lee crossed into southern Pennsylvania after learning of a supply of shoes in the town of Gettysburg.
• On July 1, 1863 they ran into Union troops and both sides called in reinforcements.
• The Battle of Gettysburg was the battle with the largest number of casualties in the American Civil War and is often described as the war's turning point.
• The fighting raged for 3 bloody days.• 90,000 Union troops fought against 75,000
Confederate troops.• 28, 063 Confederate Casualties• 23,049 Union Casualties.
The Sniper’s Nest
Gettysburg Address
• On November 19,1863. President Lincoln gave Gettysburg Address.
Prison Camps
• The prison camps in the North and the South had terrible conditions.
• The camp with the worst reputation was Andersonville in the South.
• It was built to house 10,000 prisoners but at some points had 33,000.
• 100 men died per day from disease.
Andersonville Cemetery
End of the War• At the end of the war Lee’s troops were forced to flee West.
Grant followed in pursuit.• Eventually Lee sent a letter to Grant telling him he was ready
to surrender.• On April 9, 1865, Lee and Grant met to arrange the surrender.• The surrender took place at Appomattox Courthouse, a small
village in Virginia.
Strange But True• Wilmer McClean owned the property at Bull Run where the first land
battle of the Civil War broke out.
• He decided to move to a more peaceful location in the small town of Appomattox Court House.
• Lee sent one of his man to stop the first person they ran into to ask for a location for the peace agreement to be signed. That man was Wilmer McClean.
• The war began and ended on Wilmer’s property.
LINCOLN
The Conspiracy
• During the end of the war a group of conspirators led by John Wilkes Booth plotted to kidnap Lincoln.
• The group planned to kidnap the president and exchange him for Confederate prisoners of war.
• After several unsuccessful attempts, Booth revised his plans.
Lincoln’s Speech• Shortly after the surrender of Lee,
the President gave a speech which would end up to be his last.
• Lincoln spoke of giving the newly freed African Americans voting rights based on their education and if they served in the army.
• Booth and the other conspirators were in the audience.
John Wilkes Booth
• Booth was a well known actor and Southern supporter.
• Booth became enraged during the speech and vowed to do away with Lincoln.
The Plan
• Booth hatched a plan that one of the conspirators would kill General Grant.
• Another conspirator was assigned to kill Vice President Andrew Johnson.
• Booth planned that he would kill the President.
• The attacks were to take place simultaneously at 10:15 p.m.
Ford’s Theater
Ford’s Theater was built in 1863 after the original theater burned down. John Wilkes Booth had a drink at the tavern to the right of the theater right before shooting the President. Ironically, Lincoln’s bodyguard, coachman, and valet were also having a drink at that time and during the assassination.
Our American Cousin
• On April 14, 1865, President Lincoln and Mrs. Lincoln went to see “Our American Cousin” at the theater.
Timing• Booth knew the exact timing of the play “Our American
Cousin”.• The shooting was planned to take place at a time in the play
where there would be laughter and applause.• Booth was able to slip into Lincoln’s unguarded box
unnoticed.
The Attack
• Booth shot the President in the back of the head with a single shot from derringer. The derringer was found on the floor of the State Box at the theater.
The Escape• After Lincoln was shot, Major Henry Rathbone attempted
to stop Booth from escaping.• Booth stabbed Rathbone in the arm. Rathbone
contintued to try to stop Booth and he was stabbed again.
• Booth leaped from the box catching his spur of his boot on one of the flags that adorned the front.
The Contents of Lincoln’s Pockets
The Peterson House
• Lincoln was carried up the steps into the Peterson House where he later died.
• This is the room where President Lincoln died on April 15, 1865 at 7:22am. He was shot while attending a play at the Ford's Theatre and then taken to the Peterson House which was across the street. The original bed where Lincoln died is in Chicago Historical Society
Booth Escapes
• The rewards for the capture of the assassins spurred thousands of soldiers and detectives to search. 26 people descended on the barn that Booth was hiding in and it took several years to decide who should receive the reward.
Lincoln Memorial
Lincoln/Kennedy Coincidences
TRUE OR FALSE?
Elected Office
• Lincoln was elected to Congress in 1846.
• Kennedy was elected Congress in 1946.
• Lincoln was elected as President in 1860.
• Kennedy was elected as President in 1960.
Name Length• Both Lincoln and Kennedy have 7
letters.
• Both Andrew Johnson and Lyndon Johnson have 13 letters.
• Both assassins names are 15 letters in length.
John Wilkes Booth
Lee Harvey Oswald
The Vice President
• Lincoln’s vice president was Andrew Johnson. Born 1808.
• Kennedy’s vice president was Lyndon Johnson. Born 1908.
The Assassins• Both are know by three
names.
• John Wilkes Booth born 1839.
• Lee Harvey Oswald born 1939.
• Both were Southerners.
• Both were killed before they could go to trial.
The Assassination• Both presidents were
shot on a Friday.• Both were warned
not to go to the theater/Dallas.
• Both were shot in the head.
• Both were with their wives at the time of the assassination.
Other items of interest• Booth shot Lincoln in a theater and fled to a
warehouse.• Oswald shot Kennedy from a warehouse and fled
to a movie theater.• Lincoln was shot in Ford’s Theater and Kennedy
was shot while riding in a Lincoln Ford Limousine.
Strange But Not True
• Lincoln’s secretary was named Kennedy.
• Kennedy’s secretary was named Lincoln.
Kennedy did have a secretary with the last name Lincoln and she did warn him not to go to Dallas. There is no evidence that Lincoln had a secretary named Kennedy.