cse1720 summer 2005 final / 1 final lecture this is the final lecture for the semester we will be...

CSE1720 Summer 2005 Final / 1

Final LectureFinal LectureFinal LectureFinal Lecture

This is the final lecture for the Semester

We will be taking a brief look into the future -

and reviewing the Unit

and looking at some examination aspects


Future DirectionsFuture DirectionsFuture DirectionsFuture Directions

And what are some possible

future moves in Technology ?



LOGICAL PHYSICAL TranslationTranslation

ModelModel

User’s World Computer’s World

Human Languages Physical Structures



LOGICAL Business Rules

and Definitions

Presentation Data Access

Layer Layer

Different Client Server Different

User Runtime Runtime Database

Interfaces Modules Modules Interfaces

Client Hardware Server Hardware

PHYSICAL



• Two major components - software and hardware

Term commonly used - price/performance ratio

• Gradual substitution of hardware for software - the effort(cost) of producing efficient software is frequently not now justified in terms of throughput

• 3rd Generation languages - 4th Generation languages - One of the most significant differences is the Data Dictionary - ‘Intelligence’ aspects

• Developing technology allows for separation of logical from physical



• Replacement of software by hardware

Can apply to Interfacing of X to Y (a Word Document into PowerPoint)

• And multi functional keyboards

• Virtual Machines and Virtual environments

• Virtual and Shared memory

• Intelligent Application Software - with advanced statistical and probability built in functions



• Wider bandwidths for communications - E-Commerce, E-Business

• Expansion of Electronic Commerce

• More advances in Optical storage devices

• Higher chip speeds - 4000MHz, 6000MHz ?(4GHz, 6GHz)

• MPP or Massively Parallel Processing, Cluster Processing

• Voice controlled processes



• and perhaps we will see some attention given to– recovery from resource clashes (stalling) on modern

Personal Computers e.g. Pentium 4 and XP

such as ; a continuous logging device

automatic restart (intelligent software)

automatic log control - release

check points

transaction logging

error detection logging

self diagnostics



• Disk Technology : Performance (access speeds) improved by: Memory chips

type of CPU chip or perhaps chips

more memory data caching

hard coded compression routines used

‘elevator seek routines’ - small programs which examine the disk access queue and reorganise it -- speed improvement (also look ahead functions) - - sometimes known as read ahead and write ahead

intent

• Greater capacity, faster and ‘microsize’ storage devices



• RAID technology - Redundant arrays of Inexpensive Disks. Provides fault tolerance, and also improves access speeds by using data spread arrays

• Higher levels of Fault Tolerance - Redundancy

• These techniques remove the necessity for programmer, system designer/administrator ‘tuning’


A typical RAID unit - note the 7 disks

1 2 3 4 5 6 7



• Disk Drives : Caching makes large memory allocations unnecessary

Compression/Decompression makes program handling unnecessary

Data placement capabilities (horizontal and vertical partitioning) become irrelevant when RAID technology is used

Overall effect: Database software and user effort in optimising database access will be minimised/eliminated

User benefit : - faster access, less management (people) effort



Architecture for larger data warehouses :

Storage Area Network (SAN)

This effectively merges all of the diskdrives off mainframes and servers into a single location.

The benefits ?

High performance disk access

High performance transfers between applications

High performance direct transfer from disk to disk

Applications do not need to know where data is located (openness)



Server Server Server Server

Adapter Adapter Adapter Adapter

Switch Switch

Bridge

Disk Array Disk Array Disk Array

Tape Library

External LAN



A replacement for Silicon ?

Gallium Arsenide :

Faster movement of electronic impulses

Optical transmissions are possible (not so with silicon)

Higher temperature tolerance.

Generate less heat

Biotechnology ? Artificial growth of molecules as conductors

Vacuum tube chip farms ? Electrons travel faster in a vacuum as opposed to air. Possible very low heat levels.



• Intel announced (December 2001) semiconductor design which will help in continuing doubling the performance of microchips every 18 to 24 months until the end of the decade (2009, 2010 ?)

• This development is expected to decrease power requirements, and also power leakage

• Ability to mass produce microchips with 1,000,000,000 (109) transistors by 2007

• 10 times faster data switching than in 2002 - no increase in power consumption



• Nanotechnology - smaller, faster, more efficient, mobile (remember the article on RFIDs ?)

• Mobile services will continue to be come• smaller• faster• and embedded in many objects we touch

• They will enable– real-time interaction with customers– participation in collaborative projects – access to a global network of intelligence

• And the distinction between communication and computing will become imprecise



• Molecular Memory (there is an article in your notes)

• A means of ‘cramming’ more data into a memory cell

• Molecular wires - nanotechnology

• Molecular wires - parcels of charge around a molecule

• A grid of wires, each about 2 nanometres in diameter– A nanometre is one millionth of a millimetre (roughly 10

carbon atoms long)


Holographic Memory - What’s That ?Holographic Memory - What’s That ?

• It could be the replacement for hard disks

• Devices which use light (photo-optic) to store and read data

• Compact disks (CD) - 783 megabytes (soon 1.3 GB)

• DVD (Digital Versatile Disks) - 15.9 Gigabytes

• Data is stored as bits (binary digits) - and on the surface of the recording media


Holographic MemoryHolographic Memory

• New optical storage research is focused on 3D storage - to use the volume of the storage media - not just the surface area.

• Possibility of storing a terabyte (212 bytes) of data in a sugar-cube-size crystal - 1,000 gigabytes

• The data on 1,000 CDs could fit onto a holographic memory system

• Current PC hard disk drives hold about 80/120 Gigabytes - which is considerably smaller capacity that 1,000 Gigabytes

• Have you seen any advertising for an HDSS (desktop holographic storage system)

• Data transfer rate at 40 Megabytes per second


Linux ?Linux ?Linux ?Linux ?

• A possible replacement for Microsoft ?

• Cheaper, free downloads

• No server license fees, client accessing licences

• Cost effectiveness ? Less demanding on hardware platform

• Sound base for database applications - DB2, Oracle

• Business software - competitor to Office nnnn?



• We will see much development in the use of the World Wide Web and Internet resources

• Not only as an advertising or data resource, but as– a viable and secure means of transacting international

business– a teaching mechanism– a communications facility with auto-translate capabilities– a global interlink of finance, banking, markets, social,

cultural, and geographic data



• Expanded use of Portals - more ‘work’ performed by the software to support users

• Non structured data bases - more powerful construction, linking, and access tools. (also maintenance)

• Higher levels of security and reliability

• Multi dimensional access and retrieval tools



• More intelligent and interactive displays - visualisation

• More advanced, clearer, less volume, more focussed

• Cube displays, multi dimension displays of data (outputs)

• ‘Intelligent’ information

• More accurate, faster and easier to understand and assess



Data Mining

1. A marketing company using historical response data to build models to predict who will respond to a direct mail or telephone solicitation is using ‘data mining’

2. A manufacturer analysing sensor data to isolate conditions which lead to unplanned production stoppages is using ‘data mining’.



3. A Government agency which sifts through records of financial transactions looking for patterns which could indicate money laundering or drug trading is ‘mining data’ looking for evidence of criminal activity.

4. A computer based search through a document archive (such as the World Wide Web) for material on a specific topic is another example of ‘data mining’.

Were you ‘data mining’ in Assignment 1 ?



The concept of ‘mining’ data to produce important information or patterns could and should be of benefit to organisations.

Data mining is useful in exploratory analysis scenarios

(data = structured data and unstructured text)



It’s important to understand what data mining is NOT

Once a pattern has been established by data mining, it is a known or established pattern.

Analyses on known patterns are not data mining

Techniques which require implementation of rules, predefined training examples, automated supervised learning are not examples of data mining.



Monitoring involves ‘online pattern matching operations’.

Financial markets, air traffic control, road traffic, credit card transactions, medical billing are classic cases of ‘monitoring’ - the criteria for such monitoring need to be established



The ‘technical’ content of Data Mining has 3 well defined areas

• Algorithms and Techniques

• Data

• Modelling practices



The 3 threads or antecedents of Data Mining are

• Machine learning

• Statistics

• Decision Support


Some QuestionsSome Questions Some QuestionsSome Questions

• Is Industry really obtaining a return on its investments in Information Technology ?

• Or, is Industry squandering investments which do not return an ‘acceptable’ rate of return ?

• Is the continual development of new hardware, new software and new demands counter productive ?

• Is the Industry ‘Market Led’ or ’Business Requirement’

Led ?


An Oracle PredictionAn Oracle PredictionAn Oracle PredictionAn Oracle Prediction

This is a shortened version of an article by Kelli Wiseth, Editor in Chief of Oracle Magazine.

It is relative to the business world you will experience.

– Many businesses are, or will be, putting their shingle (a calling card) on the Web. Those who are not will be left behind in the new economy.

– When ‘everyone’ has an Internet presence, what makes a business different ?



– One way is to combine the capabilities of the infrastructure into the business model.

– How is this done ?

– Business theorists suggest that the new economic models require organisations to “deconstruct” the business model

– ‘Deconstruction’ is “the dismantling and reformulation of traditional business structures that result from two forces :



One of these forces is the separation of the economics of information from the economics of things,

Another is the expansion of the trade-off between richness of information as defined by the user,

and the number of people who participate in the sharing of that information

all nicely balanced within the economics of information.

[quality = accuracy, bandwidth, currency, customisation, interactivity, relevance, security]

Philip Evans and Thomas Wurster - Boston Consulting Group, Harvard Business Scholl Press, 1999. ‘Blown to Bits’



Once deconstruction is completed, reconstruction must take place, and developers must make real steps to design and develop those applications which will become the framework for the new business models.

New business models will be built in internet time, and applications which support business must be intelligently and thoughtfully crafted.

Perhaps no more ‘Business’ and ‘Information Technology’ camps - just one camp ?



And this is where and how you will be involved :

The historical separation between business and technology in organisations has begin to thaw.

Business users themselves will, and must, play a greater role in shaping the applications they need for these new e-businesses - including the B2B environments.

Knowledge Management

Competitive Business Intelligence


Unit OutlineUnit OutlineUnit OutlineUnit Outline


CSE1720 - Unit OutlineCSE1720 - Unit OutlineCSE1720 - Unit OutlineCSE1720 - Unit Outline

• Introduction, Objectives, Practical uses and Users of Computing

• Components of a Computer System.

Purpose of Computer Hardware and Software

• Combination of Hardware, Software, People Skills, Controls --- > System

• Input Equipment - Objectives, Variety, Applications

• Output Equipment - Objectives, Variety, Applications



• Windows 2000/XP Operating Systems– Registry– Hardware control– Process control– User control– Domains

• which really means more ‘software intelligence’• and computer based monitoring and response



• The Internet and the World Wide Web

– Web sites/Home pages– Developing a Web page– Security aspects– E-commerce



• Storage Requirements - High speed, High capacity

Memory - Volatile, high speed of access

Auxiliary - Stable, high capacity, slower access speeds

• Processors - Mainframe, Mini, Micro

Some boundaries

Configuration capabilities

and SuperComputers (Clusters, Massively Parallel Processing, Grid Computing)

• Business Software (micro based) - Windows, Excel, Access, Word, PowerPoint - Applications base



• Information Requirements - Information Life Cycle

System Development Cycle

Project Management

Decision Support

On line, Interactive, Batch

Centralised, Distributed Processing

• Communications and Capabilities - Connectivity Internet - Portals

• Hardware / Software Selection - User requirements, Data Analysis



• Data security, Recovery, Archiving, Access Security, Access Controls and Privileges

• Consumer and Customer focussed applications, including Data Mining

• Trends - faster, easier to use, language gap bridges, other forms of data (video, objects, sound, multi media), virtual concepts. ‘hard software and soft hardware’

• ‘Self Developing Applications’



• Some social implications of technology - skills, displacements, reliance, reliability, controls

– Ethics – Responsibilities – Safeguards

• Knowledge Workers - The Information Age

• Knowledge Management and Intelligence



• And …..– Are we (the users) able to

• Take advantage of large, costly and complex systems

• Are we able to ‘manage’ these applications• Are we skilled enough in defining what the real

current, short term, and long term information requirements are

• Do we really obtain a positive benefit • Do we capitalise on investments in Information

Technology


Well, that’s the end of the ‘formal’ material


The Examination !!The Examination !!


• Make sure of the TIME , DATE and LOCATION

• Misreading of the Time, Date or Location, IS NOT accepted for Supplementary or Deferred Examination application.

• Make sure you have your I.D. Card

Examination HintsExamination Hints


Examination HintsExamination HintsExamination HintsExamination Hints

Where is it ?

The exam will be conducted in Lecture Theatres

B 2.13 and B 2.14

Level 2 of B Block.

It will commence at 9.30am. You will start reading the paper at 9.30am, and will commence writing at 9.40am.

It will conclude at 11.40am

The Theatres will be opened at 9.15am.

Leave 1 seat space between yourself and the next person

Leave alternate rows of seats vacant



• Make sure your bag is on the floor, next to you, and unopened

• NO BOOKS, NOTES nor ACTIVE MOBILE PHONES

• A Calculator (not a WAP nor Palm Top) may be used. One of the Section B questions requires a calculation.



• Listen carefully to the Supervisor’s directions

• Use the 10 minutes ‘reading time’ to familiarise yourself with the instructions, layout and questions.

• Start writing when advised by the Supervisor - don’t lose marks unnecessarily

• Manage your time carefully


• If you are stuck on a question, MOVE ONTO ANOTHER ONE

• In answering questions, use• diagrams• text• note• point form - whichever you feel best suits

(Not Part A)



Examination HintsExamination HintsExamination HintsExamination HintsExamination structure

Part A 30 multichoice OR an Essay (30 marks)

Part B 20 questions Answer 15 only (30 marks)

Part C 7 questions Answer 4 only (40 marks)

Only answer the number of questions required.


• DO NOT WRITE after the Supervisor has given the termination notice - you could lose marks

• Make sure your I.D. and Name are on all materials handed up

• Hand up all required materials

• Leave the examination centre QUIETLY




• If you cannot attend the examination, notify your Faculty Office and make an application for Special Consideration WITH SOME DOCUMENTATION - e.g. medical certificate, statutory declaration .....


• Summary information at the end of appropriate chapters, in

Parker and Morley - plus the Unit notes and overheads from http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/courseware/cse1720s

• Review your Data Research, Windows, Excel and Access assignments

• Previous examination papers - at the website

Semester 1, 2003 and Semester 2, 2003 (with answers)

in Word Office97 format

Some Revision Guides


Section C TopicsSection C TopicsSection C TopicsSection C Topics

1. Environmental Considerations

2. Development of Web sites

3. Security Aspects of Systems

4. Explanation of Terms e.g. browser, network

5. System Development Methodologies

6. The links between Technology and Information

7. The need for the use of Web facilities in ‘new’ systems

8. What is ‘technology’ ?


And that’s it for this unit in the Summer Semester 2005

I hope you found the material interesting.

Best wishes for all your examinations

and for the successful completion of your Degree course.

2005 is the fifth year of the 21st Century.

cse1720 summer 2005 final / 1 final lecture this is the final lecture for the semester we will be...

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