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CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY, 3/e

CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY

CULTURALANTHROPOLOGY

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BARBARA D. MILLERGeorgetown University

Boston New York San Francisco Mexico City Montreal Toronto London Madrid Munich ParisHong Kong Singapore Tokyo Cape Town Sydney

T H I R D E D I T I O N

V

B R I E F C O N T E N T S

PART I INTRODUCTION TO CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY1 Anthropology and the Study of Culture 000

2 Methods in Cultural Anthropology 000

PART II ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC FOUNDATIONS3 Economies and Their Modes of Production 000

4 Consumption and Exchange 000

5 Birth and Death 000

6 Personality, Identity, and Human Development 000

7 Illness and Healing 000

PART III SOCIAL ORGANIZATION8 Marriage and Domestic Life 000

9 Social Groups and Social Stratification 000

10 Politics and Leadership 000

11 Social Order and Social Conflict 000

PART IV SYMBOLIC SYSTEMS12 Communication 000

13 Religion 000

14 Expressive Culture 000

PART V CONTEMPORARY CULTURAL CHANGE15 People on the Move 000

16 Developing Anthropology 000

Library of Cataloging -in-Publication DataRubenstein, James M.

The cultural landscape: an introduction to human geography/James M.Rubenstein.––6th ed.

p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and indexISBN 0-13-920711-21. Microbiology. I. II. Title

AA000.A000 1999 00-0000304.2–dc21CIP

Senior Editor: Linda SchreiberExecutive Editor:Editor in Chief: Paul F. CoreyEditorial Director: Tim BozikDevelopment Editor: Betsy DilerniaAssistant Vice President of Production & Manufacturing: David W. RiccardiExecutive Managing Editor: Kathleen SchiaparelliAssistant Managing Editor: Lisa KinneProduction Editor: Debra A. WechslerCreative Director: Paula MaylahnAssociate Creative Director: Amy RosenArt Director: Heather ScottAssistant to Art Director: John ChristianaArt Manager: Gus VibalArt Editor: Karen BransonInterior Design: Douglas & Gayle, Anne Flanagan

Acknowledgements for figures appear on pp. 000-000.

©1999, 1996, 1993, 1990 by Prentice-Hall, Inc.Simon & Schuster/A Viacom CompanyUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by anymeans, without permission in writing from the publisher.

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

ISBN 0-13-920711-2

Prentice-Hall International (UK) Limited, LondonPrentice-Hall of Australia Pty. Limited, SydneyPrentice-Hall Canada Inc., TorontoPrentice-Hall Hispanoamericana, S.A., MexicoPrentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New DelhiPrentice-Hall of Japan, Inc., TokyoSimon & Schuster Asia Pte, Ltd., SingaporeEditora Prentice-Hall do Brasil, Ltda., Rio de Janeiro

PART I INTRODUCTION TO CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY

PART IINTRODUCTION TO CULTURALANTHROPOLOGY

vii

2Methods inCulturalAnthropology 000

THE BIG QUESTIONS 000CHANGING METHODS IN CULTURALANTHROPOLOGY 000

From the Armchair to the Field 000Participant Observation: An Evolving Method 000

DOING RESEARCH IN CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY 000

Beginning the Fieldwork Process 000■ Critical Thinking: Shells and Skirts in the

Trobriand Islands 000Working in the Field 000Fieldwork Techniques 000

■ Lessons Applied: Multiple Methods in a NeedsAssessment Study in Canada 000Recording Culture 000Data Analysis 000

SPECIAL ISSUES IN FIELDWORK 000Fieldwork Ethics 000

■ Unity and Diversity: Sex Is a Sensitive Subject 000Danger in the Field 000Accountability and Collaborative Research 000

THE BIG QUESTIONS REVISITED 000KEY CONCEPTS 000SUGGESTING READINGS 000

C O N T E N T S

1 Anthropology andthe Study of Culture 000

THE BIG QUESTIONS 000THE FOUR FIELDS OF GENERAL ANTHROPOLOGY 000

Archaeology 000Biological or Physical Anthropology 000

■ Lessons Applied: Orangutan Research Leads toOrangutan Advocacy 000Linguistic Anthropology 000Cultural Anthropology 000Applied Anthropology: Separate Field or Cross-Cutting Focus? 000

INTRODUCING CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY 000A Brief History of the Field 000The Concept of Culture 000Multiple Cultural Worlds 000

■ Unity and Diversity: Tejano Women and TamalesDistinctive Features of Cultural Anthropology

THREE THEORETICAL DEBATES 000Biological Determinism versus Cultural Constructionism 000

■ Critical Thinking: Adolescent Stress: BiologicallyDetermined or Culturally Constructed? 000Interpretivism versus Cultural Materialism 000Individual Agency versus Structurism 000


PART II ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC FOUNDATIONS

CONTENTS ixviii CONTENTS

THE BIG QUESTIONS 000CULTURE AND ECONOMIES 000

Typologies: Modes of Production 000Links: Globalization and the World Economy 000

MODES OF PRODUCTION 000Foraging 000

■ Unity and Diversity: Hare Indians of Northwest Canada and the Importance of Dogs 000Horticulture 000Pastoralism 000Agriculture 000

■ Lessons Applied: The Global Network of Indigenous Knowledge Resource Centers 000

■ Critical Thinking: Was the Invention of Agriculture at Terrible Mistake? 000Industrialism and Post-Industrialism 000

CHANGING MODES OF PRODUCTION 000Changing Foragers: The Tiwi of Northern Australia 000Changing Horticulturalists: The Mundurucu of the Brazilian Amazon 000Changing Pastoralists: Herders of Mongolia 000Changing Family Farmers: The Maya of Chiapas, Mexico 000Changing Industrialists: Taiwanese Manufacturers in South Africa 000

THE BIG QUESTIONS REVISITEDKEY CONCEPTSSUGGESTING READINGS

THE BIG QUESTIONS 000CULTURE AND CONSUMPTION 000

What Is Consumption? 000Modes of Consumption 000

■ Critical Thinking: Can the Internet Create Responsible Consumers? 000Consumption Funds 000Consumption InequalitiesForbidden Consumption: Food Taboos 000

CULTURE AND EXCHANGE 000What Is Exchanged? 000

■ Unity and Diversity: The Rules of Hospitality in Oman 000Modes of Exchange 000

■ Lessons Applied: Assessing the Impact of Native American Casinos 000Theories of Exchange 000Changing Patterns of Consumption and Exchange 000Cash Cropping and Declining Nutrition 000The Lure of Western Goods 000The White Bread Takeover 000Privatizationís Effects in Russia and Eastern Europe 000Credit Card Debt 000Continuities and Resistance: The Enduring Potlatch 000


THE BIG QUESTIONS 000CULTURE AND REPRODUCTION 000

The Foraging Mode of Reproduction 000The Agricultural Mode of Reproduction 000The Industrial Mode of Reproduction 000

SEXUAL INTERCOURSE AND FERTILITY 000Sexual Intercourse 000Fertility Decision Making 000

■ Critical Thinking: Family Planning Programs inBangladesh 000Fertility Control 000

CULTURE AND DEATH 000Infanticide 000Suicide 000Mortality Associated with Epidemics 000

■ Lessons Applied: Research on Local Cultural Patterns for Improved Orphan Care in Kenya 000

VIOLENCE 000THE BIG QUESTIONS REVISITED 000KEY CONCEPTS 000SUGGESTING READINGS 000

THE BIG QUESTIONS 000Culture, Personality, and Identity 000The Culture and Personality School 000Class and Personality 000

■ Unity and Diversity: Corporate Interests and MalePersonality Formation in Japan 000Person-Centered Ethnography 000Personality and Identity Formation from Infancy through Adolescence 000Birth and Infancy 000

■ Lessons Applied: The Role of Cultural Knowledge inConflict Mediation in a U.S. Hospital Nursery 000Socialization during Childhood 000Adolescence and Identity 000

■ Critical Thinking: Cultural Relativism and Female Genital Cutting 000Personality and Identity in Adulthood 000Becoming a Parent 000Middle Age 000The Senior Years 000The Final Passage 000THE BIG QUESTIONS REVISITED 000KEY CONCEPTS 000SUGGESTING READINGS 000

3 Economies and Their Modes of Production 000

4

Consumption and Exchange 000

5

Birth and Death 000

6Personality, Identity, and HumanDevelopment 000

Why would anybody want to write an introductorycultural anthropology textbook? Lorem ipsum

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DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OFTHE THIRD EDITIONMorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit,sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt.

■ Recruitment principles: Criteria for determiningadmission to the unit.

■ Perpetuity: Assumption that the group will continue toexist indefinitely.

■ Identity markers: Particular characteristics that dis-tinguish it from others, such as costume, membershipcard, or title.

■ Procedures: Prescribed rules and practices for behav-ior of group members.

■ Autonomy: Ability to regulate its own affairs. (Tiffany1979:71–72)

Morem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscingelit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt utlaoreet suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodoconsequat. minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation

xvxiv CONTENTS

16 Development Anthropology 000THE BIG QUESTIONS 000TWO PROCESSES OF CULTURAL CHANGE 000

Invention 000■ Critical Thinking: Social Effects of the Green

Revolution 000Diffusion 000

■ Lessons Applied: The Saami, Snowmobiles, and the Need for Social Impact Analysis 000

APPROACHES TO DEVELOPMENT 000Theories and Models 000Institutional Approaches to Development 000The Development Project 000Methods in Development Anthropology 000

EMERGING ISSUES IN DEVELOPMENT 000Indigenous Peoples’ Development 000Women and Development 000Human Rights and Development 000

■ Unity and Diversity: Human Rights versus AnimalRights––The Case of the Gray Whale 000


GLOSSARY 000REFERENCES 000INDEX 000

P R E F A C E

15 People on the Move 000THE BIG QUESTIONS 000CATEGORIES OF MIGRATION 000

Categories Based on Boundaries 000Categories Based on Reason for Moving 000

■ Unity and Diversity: Spirit Possession and School Girls in Madagascar 000

THE NEW IMMIGRANTS TO THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA 000

The New Immigrants from Latin America and theCaribbean 000The New Immigrants from East Asia 000The New Immigrants from Southeast Asia 000The New Immigrants from South Asia: Asian Indians of New York Maintain Their Culture 000The New Immigrants from the Former Soviet Union 000

MIGRATION POLICIES AND PROGRAMS IN AGLOBALIZING WORLD 000

Inclusion and Exclusion 000Migration and Human Rights 000

■ Critical Thinking: Haitian Cane Cutters in the Dominican Republic––A Case of Structure or Human Agency? 000Protecting Migrants’ Health 000

■ Lessons Applied: Studying Pastoralists’ Movements for Risk Assessment and Service Delivery 000


PART V CONTEMPORARY CULTURAL CHANGE

A-DNA A nucleotide sequence between the promoter andthe structural gene of some operons that can act to regu-late the transit of RNA polymerase and thus control tran-scriptoon of the structural gene.

abortive transduction Polyploid condidtion resulting fromthe replication of one diploid set of chrmosomes.

acentric chromosome See chromosomal aberration.

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) Technique forthe differential astaining of mitotic or meiotic chromsomesto produce a characteristic banding pattern or selectivestaining.

acrocentric chromosome Polyploid condidtion resultingfromt he replication of one diploid set of chrmosomes.

active immunity Polyploid condidtion resulting fromt hereplication of one diploid set of chrmosomes.

active site See chromosomal aberration.

adaptation Technique for the differential astaining of mi-totic or meiotic chromsomes to produce a characteristicbanding pattern or selective staining.

additive genes A nucleotide sequence between the promoterand the structural gene of some operons that can act toregulate the transit of RNA polymerase and thus controltranscriptoon of the structural gene.

albinism Polyploid condidtion resulting fromt he replicationof one diploid set of chrmosomes.

attenuation A nucleotide sequence between the promoterand the structural gene of some operons that can act toregulate the transit of RNA polymerase and thus controltranscriptoon of the structural gene.

autosomes Polyploid condidtion resulting fromt he replica-tion of one diploid set of chrmosomes.

B-DNA See chromosomal aberration.

back-cross Technique for the differential astaining of mi-totic or meiotic chromsomes to produce a characteristicbanding pattern or selective staining.

bacteriophage Polyploid condidtion resulting fromt he repli-cation of one diploid set of chrmosomes.

bacteroprstatic Polyploid condidtion resulting fromt hereplication of one diploid set of chrmosomes.

balanced polymorphism See chromosomal aberration.

Barr body Technique for the differential astaining of mitoticor meiotic chromsomes to produce a characteristic band-ing pattern or selective staining.

base ama;pgie A nucleotide sequence between the promoterand the structural gene of some operons that can act toregutoon of the structural gene.

base substitution Polyploid condidtion resulting fromt hereplication of one diploid set of chrmosomes gene.

buoyant density Technique for the differential astaining ofmitotic or meiotic chromsomes to produce a characteristicbanding pattern or selective staining.

CAAT box Polyploid condidtion resulting fromt he replica-tion of one diploid set of chrmosomes.

canonical sequence Polyploid condidtion resulting fromt hereplication of one diploid set of chrmosomes.

cAMP See chromosomal aberration.

Cro protein Technique for the differential astaining of mi-totic or meiotic chromsomes to produce a characteristicbanding pattern or selective staining.

crossing over A nucleotide sequence between the promoterand the structural gene of some operons that can act toregulate the transit of RNA polymerase and thus controltranscriptoon of the structural gene.

cytokinesis Polyploid condidtion resulting fromt he replica-tion of one diploid set of chrmosomes.

cytological map Technique for the differential astaining ofmitotic or meiotic chromsomes to produce a characteristicbanding pattern or selective staining.

cytoplasmic inheritance A nucleotide sequence between thepromoter and the structural gene of some operons that

xviixvi PREFACE

major economic forms (see Chapter 3). Recall that thecategories of economies represent a continuum, suggest-ing that there is overlap between different types ratherthan clear boundaries; this overlap exists between types ofpolitical organization as well. al organization of foraginggroups. Since foraging/

BandsAnthropologists use the term band to refer to the politi-cal organization of foraging groups. Since foraging hasbeen the predominant mode of production for almost allof human history, the band has been the most long-standing form of political organization. A band com-prises a small group of households, between twenty anda few hundred people at most, who are related throughkinship. These units come together at certain times of theyear, dependingThese units come together at certain timesof the year, depending on their foraging patterns and rit-

ual schedule. Band membership is flexible: If a personhas a serious disagreement with another person or aspouse, one option is to leave that band and join another.Leadership is informal in most cases, with no one per-son being named as a permanent leader for the wholegroup at all times. Depending on the events at hand, suchas organizing the group to relocate or to send people outto hunt, a particular person may come to the fore as aleader for that time. That person’s advice and knowledgeabout the task may be especially respected.

There is no social stratification between leaders andfollowers. A band leader is the “first among equals.”Leadership is informal and is based on the quality of theindividual’s advice and personality. If a person gives badadvice, people will not continue to listen. Band leadershave limited authority or influence, but no power.

Anthropologists use the term band to refer to the polit-ical organization of foraging groups. Since foraging hasbeen the predominant mode of production for almost all

306 PART I ■ Introduction to Cultural Anthropology

A political rally of indigenous people in Bolivia. (Source:Roshani Kothari)

Unity and DiversitySOCIALIZATION AND WOMEN POLITICIANS IN KOREA

PARENTAL ATTITUDES affect children’s involvement inpublic political roles. Chunghee Sarah Soh’s (1993)research in the Republic of Korea reveals how variationin paternal roles affects daughters’ political leadershiproles. Korean women members of the National Assemblycan be divided into two categories: elected members(active seekers) versus appointed members (passive recip-ients). Korea is a strongly patrilineal and male-domi-nated society, so women political leaders represent “anotable deviance from the usual gender-role expecta-tions” (54). This “deviance” is not stigmatized in Koreanculture; rather it is admired within the category ofyo˘go˘l. A yo˘go˘l is a woman with “manly” accomplish-ments. Her personality traits include extraordinary brav-ery, strength, integrity, generosity, and charisma. Physi-cally, a yo˘go˘l is likely to be taller, larger, and strongerthan most women, and to have a stronger voice thanother women.

An intriguing question follows from Soh’s findings:What explains the socialization of different types offathers—those who help daughters develop leadershipqualities and those who socialize daughters for passivity?

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

Given your microcultural experience, what socializationfactors might influence boys or girls to becomepoliticians?

CHAPTER 1 ■ Anthropology and the Study of Culture 313

WHAT does political anthropology cover?Political anthropology is the study of power relation-ships in the public domain and how they vary andchange cross-culturally. Political anthropologists studythe concept of power, as well as related concepts suchas authority and influence. They have discovered differ-ences and similarities between politics and politicalorganization in small scale societies and large-scalesocieties as they looked at issues such as leadershiproles and responsibilities, the social distribution ofpower, and the emergence of the state.

WHAT are the major cross-cultural formsof political organization and leadership?Patterns of political organization and leadership varyaccording to mode of production and global economicrelationships. Foragers have a minimal form of leader-ship and political organization in the band. Band mem-bership is flexible. If a band member has a serious dis-agreement with another person or a spouse, one optionis to leave that band and join another. Leadership inbands is informal. A tribe is a more formal type ofpolitical organization than the band. A tribe comprisesseveral bands or lineage groups, with a headman orheadwoman as leader. Big-man and big-woman politi-cal systems are an expanded form of tribe, with leadershaving influence over people in several different vil-lages.

Chiefdoms may include several thousand people.Rank is inherited and social divisions exist between thechiefly lineage or lineages and non-chiefly groups. A

state is a centralized political unit encompassing manycommunities and possessing coercive power. Statesarose in several locations with the emergence of inten-sive agriculture, increased surpluses, and increasedpopulation density. Most states are hierarchical andpatriarchal. Strategies for building nationalism includeimposition of one language as “the” national language,monuments, museums, songs, poetry, and other media-relayed messages about the “motherland.”Ethnic/national politics have emerged within andacross states as groups compete for either increasedrights within the state or autonomy from it.

HOW are politics and politicalorganization changing?The anthropological study of change in leadership andpolitical organization has documented several trends,most of which are related to the influences of Europeancolonialism or contemporary capitalist globalization.Post-colonial nations struggle with internal ethnic divi-sions and pressures to democratize. Women as leadersof states are still a tiny minority. In some groups, how-ever, women leaders are gaining ground, as among theSeneca. Globalized communication networks promotethe growth of global politics. Cultural anthropologistshave rarely addressed the topic of international politi-cal affairs and the role of international organizationssuch as the United Nations. However, they are increas-ingly interested in demonstrating the usefulness of cul-tural anthropology in global peacekeeping and conflictresolution.

T H E B I G Q U E S T I O N S R E V I S I T E D

ullamcorper suseum iriure dolor in hendrerit in vulpu-tate velit esse concipit lobortis nisl ut igduis dolore te feu-gait nulla fact is that you are the greatist.

BOXED FEATURESMorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit,sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreetdolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim adminim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorpersuscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo conse-quat. feugiat duis dolore te feugait nulla facilisi. Loremipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, seddiam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet doloremagna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minimveniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipitlobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.

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quat. feugiat duis dolore te feugait nulla facilisi. Loremipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, seddiam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet doloremagna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minimveniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipitlobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.

Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex eacommodo consequat. Duis autem vel eum iriure dolor inhendrerit in vulputate velit esse molestie consequat, velillum dolore eu feugiat nulla facilisis at vero eros etaccumsan et iusto odio dignissim qgait nulla facilisi..

Instructor’s Manual and Test BankMorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit,sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreetdolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim adminim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorpersuscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo conse-quat. feugiat duis dolore te feugait nulla facilisi.

Barbara D. MillerWashington, D.C.

G L O S S A R Y

American Anthropological Association. 1998. “Code ofEthics of the American Anthropological Association.”Anthropology Newsletter, September.

Baldwin, Shauna Singh. 1996. English Lessons and Other Sto-ries. Frederickton, N.B.: Goose Lane Press

Barnes, Virginia Lee and Janice Boddy. 1994. Aman: TheStory of a Somali Girl. New York: Vintage Books.

Basu, Amrita. 1995. “Feminism Inverted: The GenderedImagery and the Real Women of Hinu Nationalism.” InWomen and Right Wing Movements: Indian Experi-ences. Edited by Tanika Sarkar and Urvashi Butalia.London: Zed Books.

Bhachu, Parminder. 1988. “Apni Marzi Kardhi (I Do As IPlease): Home and Work: Sikh Women in Britain.” InEnterprising Women: Home, Work, and Culture AmongMinorities in Britain. Edited by Sallie Westwood andParminder Bhachu. London: Tavistock Publications.

Bourgois, Phillipe, 1995. In Search of Respect: Selling Crackin El Barrio. London: Cambridge University Press.

Bulbeck, Chilla. 1998. Re-Orienting Western Feminissms:Women’s Dirversity in a Postcolonial World. London:Cambridge University Press.

Canadian Sikh Study and Teaching Society. n.d. Anand Karj:Marriage Ceremony of the Sikhs. Vancouver: CanadianSkih Study and Teaching Society.

Carrithers, Michael. 1990. “Is Anthropology Art or Sciende?”Current Anthropology. June.



Bulbeck, Chilla. 1998. Re-Orienting Western Feminissms:Women’s Dirversity in a Postcolonial World.

American Anthropological Association. 1998. “Code ofEthics of the American Anthropologicar.












Bhachu, Parminder. 1988. “Apni Marzi Kardhi (I Do As IPlease): Home and Work: Sikh Women in Britain.” InEnterprising Women: Home, Work, and Culture AmongMinorities in Britain. Edited by Sallie .

xixxviii GLOSSARY

can act to regulate the transit of RNA polymerase andthus control transcriptoon of the structural gene.

dalton Technique for the differential astaining of mitotic ormeiotic chromsomes to produce a characteristic bandingpattern or selective staining.

Darwinian fitness Technique for the differential astaining ofbanding pattern or selective staining.

deficiency (deleteion) A nucleotide sequence between thepromoter and the structural gene of some operons thatcan act to regulate the transit of RNA polymerase andthus control transcriptoon of the structural gene.

deme Polyploid condidtion resulting fromt he replication ofone diploid set of chrmosomes.

denatured DNA Technique for the differential astaining ofmitotic or meiotic chromsomes to produce a characteristicbanding pattern or selective staining.

deficiency (deleteion) A nucleotide sequence between thepromoter and the structural gene of some operons thatcan act to scriptoon of the structural gene.



deme Polyploid condidtion resulting fromt he replication of B-DNA See chromosomal aberration.

back-cross Technique for the differential astaining of mi-totic or meiotic chromsomes to produce a characteristicbanding pattern or selective staining.

bacteriophage Polyploid condidtion resulting fromt he repli-cation of one diploid set of chrmosomes.

bacteroprstatic Polyploid condidtion resulting fromt hereplication of one diploid set of chrmosomes.

balanced polymorphism See chromosomal aberration.

Barr body Technique for the differential astaining of mitoticor meiotic chromsomes to produce a characteristic band-ing pattern or selective staining.


base substitution Polyploid condidtion resulting fromt hereplication of one diploid set of chrmosomes.



base substitution Polyploid condidtion resulting fromt hereplication of one diploid set of chrmosomes.


CAAT box Polyploid condidtion resulting fromt he replica-tion of one diploid set of chrmosomes.

canonical sequence Polyploid condidtion resulting fromt hereplication of one diploid set of chrmosomes.

cAMP See chromosomal aberration.

Cro protein Technique for the differential astaining of mi-totic or meiotic chromsomes to produce a characteristicbanding pattern or selective staining.

crossing over A nucleotide sequence between the promoterand the structural gene of some operons that can act toregulate the transit of RNA polymerase and thus controltranscriptoon of the structural gene.

cytokinesis Polyploid condidtion resulting fromt he replica-tion of one diploid set of chrmosomes.

cytological map Technique for the differential astaining ofmitotic or meiotic chromsomes to produce a characteristicbanding pattern or selective staining.

cytoplasmic inheritance A nucleotide sequence between thepromoter and the structural gene of some operons thatcan act to regulate the transit of RNA polymerase andthus control transcriptoon of the structural gene.

dalton Technique for the differential astaining of mitotic ormeiotic chromsomes to produce a characteristic bandingpattern or selective staining.

Darwinian fitness Technique for the differential astaining ofbanding pattern or selective staining.

deficiency (deleteion) A nucleotide sequence between thepromoter and the structural gene of some operons thatcan act to regulate the transit of RNA polymerase andthus control transcriptoon of the structural gene.


denatured DNA Technique for the differential astaining ofmitotic or meiotic chromsomes to produce a characteristicbanding pattern or selective staining.

deficiency (deleteion) A nucleotide sequence between thepromoter and the structural gene of some operons thatcan act to scriptoon of the structural gene.

deleteion Polyploid condidtion resulting fromt he replica-tion of one diploid set of chrmosomes.

R E F E R E N C E S



















Bourgois, Phillipe, 1995. In Search of Respect: Selling Crackin El Barrio. London: Cambridge University Press. 998.Re-Orienting Western Feminissms: Women’s Dirversity

in a Postcolonial World. London: Cambridge UniversityPress.


















AABA Juvenile and Child Welfare Re-

porter, 65nAbbot, Grace, 45Abortion, 53, 55IDX1 Accessibility, 58, 81t, 201–205,

250–251, 284–285 Here is aturnover; here is a turnover

IDX2 coping with accessibility prob-lems, 202 Here is a turnover here isa turnover

IDX3 cultural differences and, 201Here is a turnover here is aturnover Here is a turnover here isa turnover

definition of, 201indigenous workers and, 202

language differences and, 201service system ideal, 201

agencies, specialized racial and ethnic,284–285

service system ideal, 201Accountability, 81t, 112, 205–211,

285, 286citizen participation and, 209in federations, 199lack of, as a contrary effect, 250mechanisms for, 206

Activism. See Social activismAdams, Jane, 35Adaptability across program users, 79t,

142Adequacy, 29–31, 79t, 116–117, 184Administrative appeals. See Due process

issues in social programsAdministrative complexity, 79t, 141,

161Administrative costs, 142Administrative discretion. See Discre-

tion, administrative

Administrative hearings. See Fair hear-ings

Administrative lawjudges, 158, 206principle of, 159,

Administrative rule, 5, 80t, 85, 151,154–155, 246, 278

Administrative system. See Service de-livery system

Administrators, 71, 74Adoption, 61, 62, 183, 211Advocacy. See Client advocacyAFDC. See Aid to Families of Depen-

dent ChildrenAffective disorders, 261African Americans. See BlacksAid to Families of Dependent Children

(AFDC), 1, 34n, 138, 145, 154,161, 161t, 165, 166, 171, 178,179–180, 246–247, 250, 253, 254

AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syn-drome, 173

Alcoholics Anonymous, 202Alice in Wonderland, 257Alienation, 164Alinsky, Saul, 227American Bar Association (ABA), 225American Cancer Society, 225American Diabetes Association, 225American Medical Association (AMA),

42, 267American Psychiatric Association, 267American Red Cross, 225, 227Analyst, personal value perspective of,

79t, 121–125Andrukaitus, S. N. 31nAppeals. See Fair hearings; Due process

issues in social programsArnhoff, F. N., 214nArnstein, Sherry, 209

Asset test. See Means testAssociation of Social Security Adminis-

trative Law Judges, 158Attachment to the workforce, 80t, 162

BBall, Robert, 181Barnet, C., 214nBarton, Walter, 291n, 292nBasic Economic Opportunity Grant

(BEOG), 165Bass, R., 288, 293nBassuk, E., 290, 292n, 293nBaumheier, Edward D., 180Beam, B. T., 243n, 244nBell, Winifred, 240, 244nBelous, Fred, 49Benefits and services

adaptability across users, 79tadministration, complexity of, 79tanalysis of, examples, 282–283coerciveness, 79tconsumer sovereignty, 79tcost effectiveness, 79tevaluation criteria, 79t

trade offs among, 79tpolitical risk, 79tsocial problem analysis, fit with, 79tstigmatization, 79ttarget efficiency, 79t

cash, 79t, 132, 137tcommodities, 135, 137tcredit, 79texpert services, 79tloan guarantees, 79tmaterial goods and commodities,

79tpositive discrimination, 79tpower over decisions, 79tprotective regulations, 79t

xxi

I N D E X

xx REFERENCES

xxii INDEX

subsidy, 79tsupervision of deviance, 79tvouchers, 79t

Bernstein, Blanche, 188nBEOG. See Basic Economic Opportu-

nity GrantBesharov, D., 51, 64nBest, Fred, 49Beveridge, William, 152Bickman, L., 214nBill of Rights, 57Bill of patients’ rights, 286Birth control, 246Blacks, 24, 184

adoption agencies for, 211–212marriage and the income guarantee

experiment for, 177remarriage rates and, 177service delivery organizations and,

203social agencies operated by and for,

211youth unemployment and, 12–13

Blair, L. H., 214nBlake, William, 215nBlock grants, 230–232, 271, 285,

288–289Bradshaw, Jonathan, 210, 215nBrager, George, 214nBrittain, John, 243nBrookings Institution, 175Brown, David J., 64nBrown, John, 210, 214nBrown, Michael, 157, 187nBrown v. Topeka Board of Education,

53, 64n, 187nBureaucracy, 61, 63, 195Burns, Evelyn, 95n, 255nBurt, M. R., 214n, 293n

BEOG. See Basic Economic Opportu-nity Grant

Besharov, D., 51, 64nBest, Fred, 49Beveridge, William, 152Bickman, L., 214nBill of Rights, 57Bill of patients’ rights, 286Birth control, 246Blacks, 24, 184





Blair, L. H., 214n

Blake, William, 215nBlock grants, 230–232, 271, 285,


53, 64n, 187nBureaucracy, 61, 63, 195Burns, Evelyn, 95n, 255nBurt, M. R., 214n, 293nBEOG. See Basic Economic Opportu-
























53, 64n, 187nBureaucracy, 61, 63, 195Burns, Evelyn, 95n, 255nBurt, M. R., 214n, 293n

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