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Cultural Changes and Cultural Changes and Environmental WorldviewsEnvironmental Worldviews
Cultural ChangesCultural Changes
– Major Human Cultural ChangesMajor Human Cultural Changes Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural Revolution Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution
Cultural Changes and Cultural Changes and Environmental WorldviewsEnvironmental Worldviews
Cultural ChangesCultural Changes
– Impacts of Major Human Cultural Impacts of Major Human Cultural ChangesChanges
Increased energy supplyIncreased energy supply New technologies to alter and New technologies to alter and
control the planet to meet our needscontrol the planet to meet our needs
Cultural Changes and Cultural Changes and Environmental WorldviewsEnvironmental Worldviews
Cultural ChangesCultural Changes
– Impacts of Major Human Cultural Impacts of Major Human Cultural ChangesChanges
Expanded food suppliesExpanded food supplies Increased population Increased population Increased life spansIncreased life spans Increased resource use and pollutionIncreased resource use and pollution
Cultural Changes and Cultural Changes and Environmental WorldviewsEnvironmental Worldviews
Cultural ChangesCultural Changes
– Hunter-gatherers Hunter-gatherers Lived in small nomadic bandsLived in small nomadic bands Subsisted on wild plants, hunting, Subsisted on wild plants, hunting,
fishingfishing Possessed expert knowledge of their Possessed expert knowledge of their
natural surroundingsnatural surroundings
Cultural Changes and Cultural Changes and Environmental WorldviewsEnvironmental Worldviews
Cultural ChangesCultural Changes
– Hunter-gatherers Hunter-gatherers Had available to them three main Had available to them three main
energy sources:energy sources:– Sunlight captured by plants (perpetual Sunlight captured by plants (perpetual
and potentially renewable resources)and potentially renewable resources)– FireFire– Their own muscle powerTheir own muscle power
Cultural Changes and Cultural Changes and Environmental WorldviewsEnvironmental Worldviews
Cultural ChangesCultural Changes
– Hunter-gatherers Hunter-gatherers High infant mortality ratesHigh infant mortality rates Estimated life span = 30-40 yearsEstimated life span = 30-40 years Very slow population growth ratesVery slow population growth rates
Cultural Changes and Cultural Changes and Environmental WorldviewsEnvironmental Worldviews
Cultural ChangesCultural Changes
– Hunter-Gatherers Hunter-Gatherers Environmental Impacts Environmental Impacts
– Use of fire converted forests into Use of fire converted forests into grasslandsgrasslands
– Possible extinction of some large animalsPossible extinction of some large animals
Cultural Changes and Cultural Changes and Environmental WorldviewsEnvironmental Worldviews
Cultural ChangesCultural Changes
– Hunter-Gatherers Hunter-Gatherers Environmental ImpactsEnvironmental Impacts
– Changes in plant diversity distributionChanges in plant diversity distribution– Overall, the impacts were localized, Overall, the impacts were localized,
limited, and easily repaired by natural limited, and easily repaired by natural processesprocesses
Cultural Changes and Cultural Changes and Environmental WorldviewsEnvironmental Worldviews
Cultural ChangesCultural Changes
– Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural Revolution Began 10,000-12,000 years agoBegan 10,000-12,000 years ago Earliest form of agriculture was Earliest form of agriculture was
subsistence farmingsubsistence farming– Family only grew enough food/livestock Family only grew enough food/livestock
for itselffor itself– Depended on human muscle and crude Depended on human muscle and crude
implementsimplements
Cultural Changes and Cultural Changes and Environmental WorldviewsEnvironmental Worldviews
Cultural ChangesCultural Changes
– Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural Revolution Methods of subsistence farming:Methods of subsistence farming:
– AgroforestryAgroforestry– Slash-and-burnSlash-and-burn– Shifting cultivationShifting cultivation
Cultural Changes and Cultural Changes and Environmental WorldviewsEnvironmental Worldviews
Cultural ChangesCultural Changes
– Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural Revolution Subsistence evolved to farming Subsistence evolved to farming
methods that relied extensively on methods that relied extensively on domesticated animalsdomesticated animals– Pulling plowsPulling plows– Hauling loadsHauling loads– Meat and milkMeat and milk– ManureManure
Cultural Changes and Cultural Changes and Environmental WorldviewsEnvironmental Worldviews
Cultural ChangesCultural Changes
– Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural Revolution Environmental ImpactsEnvironmental Impacts
– Using domesticated animals allowed for Using domesticated animals allowed for the expansion of agriculturethe expansion of agriculture
– Increase in birth rates and population Increase in birth rates and population due to a larger and more reliable food due to a larger and more reliable food supplysupply
Cultural Changes and Cultural Changes and Environmental WorldviewsEnvironmental Worldviews
Cultural ChangesCultural Changes
– Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural Revolution Environmental ImpactsEnvironmental Impacts
– Increases in farm area as people cleared Increases in farm area as people cleared more landmore land
– Widespread use of irrigation systems to Widespread use of irrigation systems to transfer watertransfer water
Cultural Changes and Cultural Changes and Environmental WorldviewsEnvironmental Worldviews
Cultural ChangesCultural Changes
– Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural Revolution Environmental ImpactsEnvironmental Impacts
– Surplus of food Surplus of food
– Growth of cities and development of Growth of cities and development of merchant and artisan professionsmerchant and artisan professions
Cultural Changes and Cultural Changes and Environmental WorldviewsEnvironmental Worldviews
Cultural ChangesCultural Changes
– Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural Revolution Environmental ImpactsEnvironmental Impacts
– Expansion of commerce and tradeExpansion of commerce and trade
– Increased demand for metals and other Increased demand for metals and other nonrenewable mineral resourcesnonrenewable mineral resources
Cultural Changes and Cultural Changes and Environmental WorldviewsEnvironmental Worldviews
Cultural ChangesCultural Changes
– Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural Revolution Environmental ImpactsEnvironmental Impacts
– Land and water disputesLand and water disputes– Loss of biodiversity Loss of biodiversity – Soil erosionSoil erosion– Increased waste generationIncreased waste generation– Spread of diseaseSpread of disease– Fall of civilizationsFall of civilizations
Cultural Changes and Cultural Changes and Environmental WorldviewsEnvironmental Worldviews
Cultural ChangesCultural Changes
– Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution Began in England in mid-1700sBegan in England in mid-1700s Major transformations:Major transformations:
– Potentially renewable to nonrenewable Potentially renewable to nonrenewable energy sources to fuel technology explosionenergy sources to fuel technology explosion
– Increased per capita energy consumptionIncreased per capita energy consumption– Expansion in production, commerce, and Expansion in production, commerce, and
trade trade
Cultural Changes and Cultural Changes and Environmental WorldviewsEnvironmental Worldviews
Cultural ChangesCultural Changes
– Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution Environmental ImpactsEnvironmental Impacts
– Increased urbanizationIncreased urbanization– Forced child laborForced child labor– Unsafe working conditionsUnsafe working conditions– Pollution-pollution-pollution!Pollution-pollution-pollution!– Isolation of more people from natureIsolation of more people from nature
Cultural Changes and Cultural Changes and Environmental WorldviewsEnvironmental Worldviews
Environmental WorldviewsEnvironmental Worldviews
– Worldview - how people think the Worldview - how people think the world works, what they think world works, what they think their role in the world should be, their role in the world should be, and what they believe is right and what they believe is right and wrong environmental and wrong environmental behavior (environmental ethics)behavior (environmental ethics)
Cultural Changes and Cultural Changes and Environmental WorldviewsEnvironmental Worldviews
Environmental WorldviewsEnvironmental Worldviews
– Two Major Environmental Two Major Environmental WorldviewsWorldviews
Individual Centered Individual Centered (Atomistic/Frontier)(Atomistic/Frontier)
Earth-Centered (Holistic)Earth-Centered (Holistic)
Cultural Changes and Cultural Changes and Environmental WorldviewsEnvironmental Worldviews
Environmental WorldviewsEnvironmental Worldviews
– Individual-Centered WorldviewsIndividual-Centered Worldviews Human-Centered (Anthropocentric)Human-Centered (Anthropocentric) Life-Centered (Biocentric)Life-Centered (Biocentric)
– Species-CenteredSpecies-Centered– Individual-CenteredIndividual-Centered
Cultural Changes and Cultural Changes and Environmental WorldviewsEnvironmental Worldviews
Environmental WorldviewsEnvironmental Worldviews
– Earth-Centered WorldviewsEarth-Centered Worldviews Biosphere-CenteredBiosphere-Centered Ecosystem-CenteredEcosystem-Centered
Cultural Changes and Cultural Changes and Environmental WorldviewsEnvironmental Worldviews
Environmental WorldviewsEnvironmental Worldviews
– Human-Centered Worldview - Human-Centered Worldview - Basic BeliefsBasic Beliefs
Grounded in the concept of Grounded in the concept of “planetary management”“planetary management”
Human beings are the planet’s most Human beings are the planet’s most important species, and we are in important species, and we are in charge of the rest of nature charge of the rest of nature
Cultural Changes and Cultural Changes and Environmental WorldviewsEnvironmental Worldviews
Environmental WorldviewsEnvironmental Worldviews
– Human-Centered Worldview - Basic Human-Centered Worldview - Basic BeliefsBeliefs
Nature can be conquered and controlledNature can be conquered and controlled Earth has unlimited resourcesEarth has unlimited resources Resource conservation and Resource conservation and
environmental management is environmental management is unnecessary unnecessary
Cultural Changes and Cultural Changes and Environmental WorldviewsEnvironmental Worldviews
Environmental WorldviewsEnvironmental Worldviews
– Human-Centered Worldview - Human-Centered Worldview - Basic BeliefsBasic Beliefs
Focuses on short-term economic Focuses on short-term economic growth regardless of long-term growth regardless of long-term consequencesconsequences
Cultural Changes and Cultural Changes and Environmental WorldviewsEnvironmental Worldviews
Environmental WorldviewsEnvironmental Worldviews
– Earth-Centered Worldview - Basic Earth-Centered Worldview - Basic BeliefsBeliefs
Nature cannot and should not be Nature cannot and should not be conqueredconquered
All life forms have inherent valueAll life forms have inherent value Earth does not have infinite Earth does not have infinite
resourcesresources
Cultural Changes and Cultural Changes and Environmental WorldviewsEnvironmental Worldviews
Environmental WorldviewsEnvironmental Worldviews
– Earth-Centered Worldview - Basic Earth-Centered Worldview - Basic BeliefsBeliefs
Nature cannot and should not be Nature cannot and should not be conqueredconquered
All life forms have inherent valueAll life forms have inherent value Nature is interconnected and Nature is interconnected and
integrated, not fragmentedintegrated, not fragmented
Cultural Changes and Cultural Changes and Environmental WorldviewsEnvironmental Worldviews
Environmental WorldviewsEnvironmental Worldviews
– Earth-Centered Worldview - Basic Earth-Centered Worldview - Basic BeliefsBeliefs
Humans areHumans are part part of nature, not of nature, not apartapart from naturefrom nature
Earth does not have infinite resourcesEarth does not have infinite resources Must not engage in activities that Must not engage in activities that
degrade earth’s life-support systemsdegrade earth’s life-support systems