cummings chapters 63 & 64
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Cummings Chapters 63 & 64. Acute and Chronic Laryngitis Laryngeal and Tracheal Manifestations of Systemic Disease. Travis Shiba 12/6/13. Acute and Chronic Laryngitis. Key Points #1 cause of acute laryngitis = viral #1 cause of chronic laryngitis = reflux - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Cummings Cummings Chapters 63 & 64Chapters 63 & 64
Acute and Chronic LaryngitisAcute and Chronic Laryngitis
Laryngeal and Tracheal Laryngeal and Tracheal Manifestations of Systemic Manifestations of Systemic
DiseaseDiseaseTravis ShibaTravis Shiba12/6/1312/6/13
Acute and Chronic Acute and Chronic LaryngitisLaryngitis
Key PointsKey Points #1 cause of acute laryngitis = viral#1 cause of acute laryngitis = viral #1 cause of chronic laryngitis = reflux#1 cause of chronic laryngitis = reflux Candidal laryngitis can occur in non Candidal laryngitis can occur in non
immuno compromisedimmuno compromised Even in setting of likely neoplasm, still Even in setting of likely neoplasm, still
consider infectionconsider infection
LaryngitisLaryngitis
Inflammation of the larynxInflammation of the larynx Can impair swallowing, phonating and Can impair swallowing, phonating and
breathingbreathing
Acute LaryngitisAcute Laryngitis
PhonotraumaPhonotrauma Viral LaryngitisViral Laryngitis Acute Bacterial LaryngitisAcute Bacterial Laryngitis Acute Fungal LaryngitisAcute Fungal Laryngitis
Supepithelial hemorrhage from Supepithelial hemorrhage from phonotraumaphonotrauma
Supepithelial hemorrhage of R VC Supepithelial hemorrhage of R VC polyppolyp
Acute LaryngitisAcute Laryngitis
PhonotraumaPhonotrauma Viral LaryngitisViral Laryngitis Acute Bacterial LaryngitisAcute Bacterial Laryngitis Acute Fungal LaryngitisAcute Fungal Laryngitis
Viral LaryngitisViral Laryngitis Pathogens: rhinovirus, Pathogens: rhinovirus,
parainfluenza, RSV, adenovirus, parainfluenza, RSV, adenovirus, influenza, adenovirus…influenza, adenovirus…
SSx: dysphonia, hoarse voice, SSx: dysphonia, hoarse voice, coughcough
Rx: supportive care: hydration, Rx: supportive care: hydration, anti-inflam, voice rest, PPI +/- anti-inflam, voice rest, PPI +/- steroidssteroids
Croup: laryngotracheobronchitis Croup: laryngotracheobronchitis Typically parainfluenza 1,3 Typically parainfluenza 1,3 Steeple signSteeple sign
Acute LaryngitisAcute Laryngitis
PhonotraumaPhonotrauma Viral LaryngitisViral Laryngitis Acute Bacterial LaryngitisAcute Bacterial Laryngitis Acute Fungal LaryngitisAcute Fungal Laryngitis
Acute Bacterial Acute Bacterial LaryngitisLaryngitis
Supraglottitis Supraglottitis (epiglottitis)(epiglottitis) Pathogens: H influenza, Pathogens: H influenza,
Strep PNA, Staph Aureus, Strep PNA, Staph Aureus, Beta hemolytic strepBeta hemolytic strep
Decreased incidence with Decreased incidence with h flu B vaccineh flu B vaccine
Rx: airway control. Humid Rx: airway control. Humid air, IV antibiotics, air, IV antibiotics, monitored bed, steroids monitored bed, steroids
Whooping coughWhooping cough bordetella pertusisbordetella pertusis Vaccine protects ~ 3 yrsVaccine protects ~ 3 yrs Rx: erythromycin to prevent spreadRx: erythromycin to prevent spread
Acute Bacterial Acute Bacterial LaryngitisLaryngitis
Diptheria Corynebacterium
diptheria SSx: acetone breath, thick
grey membranous and friable plaque
Rx: airway via trach, diptheria anti toxins, PCN & clinda
Acute LaryngitisAcute Laryngitis
PhonotraumaPhonotrauma Viral LaryngitisViral Laryngitis Acute Bacterial LaryngitisAcute Bacterial Laryngitis Acute Fungal LaryngitisAcute Fungal Laryngitis
Acute Fungal LaryngitisAcute Fungal Laryngitis
Candiasis (moniliasis)Candiasis (moniliasis) usually seen with oral/esophageal sx or usually seen with oral/esophageal sx or
in a pt taking oral inhaled steroidsin a pt taking oral inhaled steroids White sessile plaques on erythematous White sessile plaques on erythematous
basebase Rx: Fluconazole Rx: Fluconazole
Chronic LaryngitisChronic Laryngitis
BacterialBacterial FungalFungal MycobacterialMycobacterial Non infectiousNon infectious
Chronic Bacterial Chronic Bacterial LaryngitisLaryngitis
Rhinoscleroma Rhinoscleroma Klebsiella rhinoscleromatosisKlebsiella rhinoscleromatosis Path: Mikulicz CellsPath: Mikulicz Cells Rx: fluouroquinolones/TCNRx: fluouroquinolones/TCN
SyphillisSyphillis Secondary: painless edemaSecondary: painless edema Tertiary: gummas + cartil destructionTertiary: gummas + cartil destruction Rx: PCNRx: PCN
Chronic Bacterial Chronic Bacterial LaryngitisLaryngitis
ActinomycosisActinomycosis Actinomycosis israeliiActinomycosis israelii Chronic suppurative infxn, rarely Chronic suppurative infxn, rarely
involves layrnxinvolves layrnx Histo:Histo:
Sulfur Granules Sulfur Granules Rx: PCN or ClindaRx: PCN or Clinda
Chronic LaryngitisChronic Laryngitis
BacterialBacterial FungalFungal
HistoplasmosisHistoplasmosis BlastomycosisBlastomycosis CryptococcusCryptococcus CoccidiomycosisCoccidiomycosis
MycobacterialMycobacterial Non infectiousNon infectious
HistoplasmosisHistoplasmosis
Histoplasmosis SCCA
HistoplasmosisHistoplasmosis
Histoplasma capsulatumHistoplasma capsulatum Mississippi River ValleyMississippi River Valley Acute/Chronic, Pulmonary/systemicAcute/Chronic, Pulmonary/systemic Laryngeal Lesions: anterior larynx and Laryngeal Lesions: anterior larynx and
epiglottisepiglottis Bx: poorly defined granulomas, Bx: poorly defined granulomas,
multinucleated giant cells and multinucleated giant cells and pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasiapseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia
Grows on Sabouraouds agarGrows on Sabouraouds agar Tx: Ampho/AzolesTx: Ampho/Azoles
BlastomycosisBlastomycosis
Blastomyces Dermatitides Blastomyces Dermatitides Central america/MidwestCentral america/Midwest Airborne to lung, to larynx Airborne to lung, to larynx
hematogenouslyhematogenously Larynx involved 2% - Larynx involved 2% -
exophytic/ulcerative mass usually on exophytic/ulcerative mass usually on TVCTVC
Histo: Broad based budsHisto: Broad based buds Rx: ampho/azolesRx: ampho/azoles
CryptococcusCryptococcus
Cryptococcus neoformansCryptococcus neoformans Bird droppingsBird droppings H&N Sx: meningitis (SNHL), H&N Sx: meningitis (SNHL),
membranous Npharyngitis; larynx membranous Npharyngitis; larynx (only TVC)(only TVC)
Dx: india ink stain showing capsulesDx: india ink stain showing capsules Tx: ampho/azolesTx: ampho/azoles
CoccidiomycosisCoccidiomycosis
Coccidioides Immitis Coccidioides Immitis ““valley fever” Southwest US and North valley fever” Southwest US and North
MexicoMexico H&N: lesions (nodules/erosions) of H&N: lesions (nodules/erosions) of
skin, mucous membranes, epiglottis, skin, mucous membranes, epiglottis, trachea, salivary glandstrachea, salivary glands
Histo: “Sac with bugs”Histo: “Sac with bugs” Rx: ampho/azoleRx: ampho/azole
Chronic LaryngitisChronic Laryngitis
BacterialBacterial FungalFungal MycobacterialMycobacterial Non infectiousNon infectious
MycobacterialMycobacterial LaryngitisLaryngitis
TubercolosisTubercolosis Direct from lungs or via bloodDirect from lungs or via blood Dx: PPD/Quant/AFBDx: PPD/Quant/AFB Tx: INH/Rifampin/voice restTx: INH/Rifampin/voice rest
Leprosy (Hansen’s)Leprosy (Hansen’s) AFB and granulomasAFB and granulomas Ulcerative supraglottisUlcerative supraglottis Dx: foamy leprous cellsDx: foamy leprous cells Rx: dapsone & CSRx: dapsone & CS
Chronic LaryngitisChronic Laryngitis
BacterialBacterial FungalFungal MycobacterialMycobacterial Non infectiousNon infectious
Non Infectious LaryngitisNon Infectious Laryngitis
SmokingSmoking PollutionPollution Vocal AbuseVocal Abuse RhinosinusitisRhinosinusitis Laryngopharyngeal RefluxLaryngopharyngeal Reflux
LPRLPR
Etiologies: acid/bile/pepsinEtiologies: acid/bile/pepsin RF: obsity, EtOH, hiatial hernia, preg, RF: obsity, EtOH, hiatial hernia, preg,
scleroderma, feeding tubescleroderma, feeding tube SSx: Hoarse (am>pm), globus, SSx: Hoarse (am>pm), globus,
dysphagiadysphagia Dx: trial of PPI/NP scopeDx: trial of PPI/NP scope
Barium swallowBarium swallow 24 hour dual pH probe24 hour dual pH probe esophagoscopyesophagoscopy
LPRLPR
Rx: Rx: Behavioral: smoking cessation, elevate HOB, Behavioral: smoking cessation, elevate HOB,
avoid late meals, overeating, avoid tight avoid late meals, overeating, avoid tight close/loose weightclose/loose weight Decrease caffiene, EtOH, mints, chocolate, Decrease caffiene, EtOH, mints, chocolate, Avoid ASA, nitrates, CCBAvoid ASA, nitrates, CCB
MedicationsMedications PPI (usually 2x dose for LPR versus GERD)PPI (usually 2x dose for LPR versus GERD) H2 blockersH2 blockers
SurgerySurgery FundoplicationFundoplication
Laryngeal and Tracheal Laryngeal and Tracheal Manifestations of Systemic Manifestations of Systemic
DiseaseDisease Key PointsKey Points
Symptoms: hoarseness, cough, stridor, Symptoms: hoarseness, cough, stridor, airway compromiseairway compromise
Mimic laryngeal carcinomaMimic laryngeal carcinoma
Wegener’s Wegener’s GranulomatosisGranulomatosis
Relapsing Relapsing PolychondritisPolychondritis
SarcoidosisSarcoidosis Rheumatoid Rheumatoid
ArthritisArthritis Pemphigus/Pemphigus/
pemphigoidpemphigoid AmyloidosisAmyloidosis
Wegener’s Wegener’s GranulomatosisGranulomatosis
Idiopathic necrotizing granulomatous Idiopathic necrotizing granulomatous vasculitisvasculitis
Types:Types: Limited (no renal)Limited (no renal) Systemic (pulm and renal)Systemic (pulm and renal)
Laryngeal SSx: subglottic mass, Laryngeal SSx: subglottic mass, dyspnea, biphasic stridordyspnea, biphasic stridor
Rx: Steroids + cyclophosphamide Rx: Steroids + cyclophosphamide then MTX/Azathiaprinethen MTX/Azathiaprine
Wegener’s Wegener’s GranulomatosisGranulomatosis
Replapsing Replapsing PolychondritisPolychondritis
Idiopathic inflammation of cartilageIdiopathic inflammation of cartilage Laryngeal SSx: 14% present with Laryngeal SSx: 14% present with
laryngeal sx; 50% eventually have laryngeal sx; 50% eventually have laryngeal sxlaryngeal sx
Radiology: non erosive arthopathyRadiology: non erosive arthopathy Histo: non specific inflammationHisto: non specific inflammation Rx: steroids, dapsone, azathiaprine, Rx: steroids, dapsone, azathiaprine,
cyclophosphamide, cyclosporinecyclophosphamide, cyclosporine
SarcoidosisSarcoidosis
Systemic granulomatosisSystemic granulomatosis Laryngeal SSx (1-5%): suprglottic Laryngeal SSx (1-5%): suprglottic
submucosal mass (“turbin like submucosal mass (“turbin like thickening”)thickening”)
Dx: biopsy, incr ACE, hypercalcemia, Dx: biopsy, incr ACE, hypercalcemia, hypergammaglobulinemiahypergammaglobulinemia
Histo: noncaseating granulomasHisto: noncaseating granulomas Rx: endoscopic removal of mass if Rx: endoscopic removal of mass if
symptomaticsymptomatic Systemic v injected steroidsSystemic v injected steroids
SarcoidosisSarcoidosis
Rheumatoid ArthritisRheumatoid Arthritis
AutoimmuneAutoimmune 25% Laryngeal involvement25% Laryngeal involvement
Acute: tender/erythematous larynxAcute: tender/erythematous larynx Chronic: cricoarytenoid ankylosis, Chronic: cricoarytenoid ankylosis,
submucosal nodulessubmucosal nodules Increased RF, ESR; decreased C’Increased RF, ESR; decreased C’ Rx: steroids and antirefluxRx: steroids and antireflux
Pemphigus/PemphigoidPemphigus/Pemphigoid
AutoimmuneAutoimmune Pemphigus vulgaris: anti desmosome tonofilament Pemphigus vulgaris: anti desmosome tonofilament
Intracellular bridges disrupted->intraepithelial blistersIntracellular bridges disrupted->intraepithelial blisters Bullous Pemphigoid: anti basement membraneBullous Pemphigoid: anti basement membrane
Subepidermal blisteringSubepidermal blistering
Laryngeal SSx: can occur on the mucosa if Laryngeal SSx: can occur on the mucosa if other oral lesions. Usually does not extend to other oral lesions. Usually does not extend to SGSG
Rx: corticosteroidsRx: corticosteroids
Pemphigus/PemphigoidPemphigus/Pemphigoid
AmyloidosisAmyloidosis
Abnormal deposition of Abnormal deposition of fibrillar protein and fibrillar protein and polysaccharide complexespolysaccharide complexes
Laryngeal SSx: anterior Laryngeal SSx: anterior subglottic masssubglottic mass
Dx: biopsy (congo red)Dx: biopsy (congo red) Rx: endoscopic removalRx: endoscopic removal