curriculum and instruction - fydhz. · pdf file0 react to learning situations in determining...
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EDU555 CURRICULUM AND INSTRUCTION
WEEK 3
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OBJECTIVES
METHODS
EVALUATION CONTENTS
Interaction Model
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Interaction / Dynamic Model 0 To overcome the weaknesses of the Tyler’s Model, Taba
(1962) and Cohen proposed a more dynamic process of curriculum development
0 It is a modification of the Tyler’s Model
0 In this model, curriculum development is seen as a dynamic process
0 It may begin with any of the four curriculum element i.e. objectives, contents, methods, evaluation and these elements can be followed in any sequence
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Interaction Model 0Curriculum development may begin with any of the
curriculum element i.e. need not follow the order or sequence as in Tyler’s Model.
0The four elements are regarded as interactive and modifiable i.e. changes can be made at any time.
0A change made to one element will similarly cause changes to the other elements.
0As such, the curriculum development process becomes flexible and dynamic.
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Interaction Model
Strengths: 0 Practical Represent a true picture of curriculum
development 0 Flexible Allows the curriculum developer to:
0 Change the order of planning, and thus, not restricted by a fixed procedure.
0 React to learning situations in determining the sequence to follow according to the curriculum element.
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Interaction Model Weaknesses: 0 No fixed objectives:
By not stating objectives first, the objectives may be
accommodated to suit the contents. As a result, the objectives are not in line with the initial
objectives. 0 No fixed direction
Continuous changing of direction during the process of
curriculum development will result in a disorganised curriculum.
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Interaction Model
0 The Interaction Model is practical and flexible and can be appropriately used to design the curriculum.
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Taba’s Model
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TABA’S MODEL
Taba’s Model
(Hilda Taba,
1962)
Most suitable
model for language program
Based on the Objective Model or
Tyler’s Model (Ralph Tyler, 1950)
Prominent model for
curriculum development and widely used as a
reference
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Taba’s Model
0 Also known as “Grass-roots approach’. 0 Based on the rationale that those who teach the curriculum
i.e. the teacher, should participate in developing the curriculum.
0 Teacher should have major input in curriculum
development.
0 Agreed with Tyler that there should be a definite order in developing the curriculum to facilitate attaining a more thoughtful and dynamically conceived curriculum.
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Taba’s Model
0 Steps or stages in curriculum development are almost similar to Tyler’s Model. The main difference is in the need to carry out a diagnosis of needs in Taba’s Model.
0 Inductive approach – start with specifics to a general design.
0 i.e. teachers start by creating teaching – learning units for the students, then narrow down to objectives.
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7 Steps of Taba’s Model
DIAGNOSIS OF NEEDS
SELECTION OF OBJECTIVES
SELECTION OF CONTENT
ORGANIZATION OF CONTENT
SELECTION OF LEARNING EXPERIENCES
ORGANIZATION OF LEARNING EXPERIENCES
DETERMINING OF WHAT TO EVALUATE AND HOW TO EVALUATE IT
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Taba’s Model 7 major steps: 1. Diagnosis of Needs: Begin by identifying the needs of the students for
whom the curriculum is planned.
2. Formulation of Objectives: Specify objectives to be accomplished.
3. Selection of Content: Match content and objectives.
4. Organisation of Content: Organise content in a sequence, taking into account
the maturity of the learners, their academic achievement and their interests.
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Taba’s Model
5. Selection of Learning Experiences: Teacher selects learning experiences and methods
that will involve the students with the content.
6. Organisation of Learning Experiences: Sequence and organise learning activities.
7. Evaluation and Means of Evaluation: Determine how objectives are to be accomplished
and what have been accomplished.
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CONTEMPORARY MODEL OR
FRAMEWORK OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
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Curriculum Development 0 Based on 3 models of curriculum development, the
contemporary model or framework of curriculum development involves 5 steps:
1) Needs analysis
2) Formulating Objectives
3) Selecting and organizing content
4) Implementing the curriculum
5) Evaluating the curriculum
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Contemporary Model N
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Curriculum Development
1) Needs analysis
It may include analyzing the needs of:
0 Students
0 Graduates
0 Employers
0 Industry
0 Stakeholders
0 National and global development
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Curriculum Development
2) Formulation of objectives
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Curriculum Development
3) Selection of Content
Sources of content:
0 Lecturers
0 SME
0 External examiners
0 Employers
0 Accreditation bodies
0 Politicians
0 IHL
0 Students
0 Academic advisors
0 Professional bodies
0 Alumni, graduates
0 Government policies
0 Academicians
0 Comparison and benchmarkin
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Curriculum Development
3) Selection of Content
Consider:
0 Breadth and depth
0 Relevance and Adequacy
0 Balance between knowledge, skills and attitude
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Curriculum Development
4) Implementation
0 Teaching and learning process
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Curriculum Development
5) Evaluation 0 Determine the method to measure whether the curriculum
is achieving the desired objectives or results
0 It involves an appraisal of the students’ actual behaviour
0 It should be carried out at several different times to secure evidence of the permanence of the learning achieved
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Curriculum Development
5) Evaluation
0 Using a variety of methods e.g. tests, work samples, questionnaires, records, etc.
0 Results should be used to:
0 indicate strengths and weaknesses of the program
0 to plan for revision
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