UNIT 2

SHIPS DIMENSIONS

1. LENGTH

A ships length is measured in different ways for ships officers, for architects and designers, and for registry. Terms used for technical or registry purposes include registered length, tonnage length, floodable length, and length by ABS rules. We mention these terms for familiarization only. The more commonly used length measurements-length overall, length between perpendiculars, and length on load waterline are discussed as follows.

1.1.Length Overall (LOA)

A ships Length Overall is measured in feet and inches from the extreme forward end of the bow to the extreme aft end of the stern. Watercraft operators must be familiar with this and similar dimensions to safely manoeuvre the ship. The dimension is commonly found in lists of ships data for each vessel.

1.1.2.Length Between Perpendiculars (LBP)

A ships Length Between Perpendiculars is measured in feet and inches from the forward surface of the stem, or main bow perpendicular member, to the after surface of the sternpost, or main stern perpendicular member. On some types of vessels this is, for all practical purposes, a waterline measurement.

1.13. Length on Load Waterline (LWL)

A ships Length on Load Waterline is an important dimension because length at the waterline is a key factor in the complex problem of speed, resistance, and friction. On vessels with a counter stern, the LWL and LBP can be the same or about the same. On a ship with a cruiser stern, the LWL is greater than the LBP.

1.2. WIDTH

A ships width or, more properly a ships breadth is expressed in a number of ways and, like length, for a number of reasons.

1.2.1. Maximum/Extreme Breadth

A ships maximum/extreme breadth is measured in feet and inches from the most outboard point on one side to the most outboard point on the other at the widest point on the ship.

1.2.2. Beam

The beam of a ship is the width of the ship (over the plating) taken at any position along the length. When giving a brief summary of ships measurements there is a tendency to use the term beam for maximum/extreme breadth.

1.3. DEPTH

The depth of a vessel involves several important vertical dimensions. They involve terms like freeboard, draft, draft marks, and load lines. The vessels depth is measured vertically from the lowest point of the hull, ordinarily from the bottom of the keel, to the side of any deck that you may choose as a reference point.

1.3.1. Freeboard

When a ship floats, a large part of it is below the waterline. The waterline is the line at which a ship floats in the water, depending on its load. The vertical distance from the waterline to the edge of the lowest outside deck is the freeboard.1.3.2. Draft/Draught

The vertical distance form the waterline to the lowest part of the ships bottom is the draft. The draft is also the least depth of water in which a ship will float. The draft of a ship will vary according to the weight with which it is loaded. A fully-loaded ship will have a deeper draft than when unloaded. An unloaded ship will have a shallow draft. There may be a difference between the ships draft aft and her draft forward according to the weight of the load carried. Large vessels are usually vessels of deep draft or hampered vessels. They have to comply with maritime international regulations relating to the maximum draft permitted in various navigable areas.

1.3.3. Draft marks and load lines

A vessel that was overloaded might become unstable and sink. To stop that from happening there are very strict laws governing the loading of ships. On the side of every vessel there is painted a line (like the one in the drawing) which shows the safe level at which the ship floats in water of different densities. The vessel must never be loaded so that this line goes below the level of the water. This safety line carries the name of the man who advocated it- Samuel Plimsoll. It is called the Plimsoll Line. A set of marks are painted on the bows, the stern and amidships. These marks show the vertical height of the hull from the underside of the keel to just the load line. These marks are called draft marks.

1.3.4.Trim and List

The relation of the length of the draft and the bow and stern is called the trim. The ship in the figure below is horizontal, so we say its in trim. Sometimes either the bow or stern is lower in the water than it should be. Then we say the ship is out of trim. When this happens we say that the ship is trimmed by the head or trimmed by the stern/down by the head or down by the stern.

If the ship is out of balance from left to right, she is said to have a list. The ship may have a list to port/starboard of.degrees. In order to upright the ship you have to transfer fuel/ ballast water/ fresh water/oil from one tank to another to correct the list. If cargo is not properly lashed, it may shift and cause a list of the ship to port or starboard. In this case you have to move the cargo to correct the list.

Study the diagram below showing some important ship dimensions:

1.4. EXPRESSING GENERAL DIMENSIONS

1.4.1. Study the table below

NounAdjective

lengthlong

widthwide

breadthbroad

depthdeep

thicknessthick

heighthigh

1.4.2. We can describe the length, breadth, depth and height of an object by using four different patterns:

1. The beam is three metres in length.

2. The beam has a length of three metres.

3. The length of the beam is three metres.

4. The beam is three metres long.

In order to describe the radius, diameter or the circumference of an object you will have to use only the patterns 1,2 and 3.

1.4.3. We can describe the dimensions of a ship using the following patterns:

1. The ships overall length (LOA) is 146 metres.

2. The overall length (LOA) of the ship is 146 metres.

3. The ship has an overall length (LOA) of 146 metres.

2. VOCABULARY

Words and phrases

Length = lungime

LOA(length overall) = lungime maxim

LBP(length between perpendiculars) = lungime a navei ntre perpendiculare

LWL( length on load waterline) = lungime a navei la linia de plutire de ncrcare

Width = lime

Breadth = lime a navei

Beam = lime maxim (a navei); traversul navei

Depth = adncime(a apei);nal]ime a bordului; pescaj

Freeboard = bordul liber

Draught/draft = pescaj

Draught /draft forward =pescaj prova

Draught/draft aft = pescaj pupa

Draught/draft marks = scara de pescaj/ncrcare

Load lines = marca de ncarcare, marca de bord liber

Plimsoll line/mark = semn Plimsoll, marca de bord liber

Trim = asiet, diferen de pescaj; nclinare longitudinal

Trimmed by the bow/head/stem = (nav) aprovat

Trimmed by the stern = (nav) apupat

List = canarisire, nclinare transversal permanent/static, unghi de canarisire/a se nclina, a se canarisi

To have/take a list = a (se) canarisi

Counter stern = pup cu bolt

Cruiser stern = pup de crucitor

4. Vocabulary Practice

I. Answer the following questions.

1. How is a ships measurement expressed?

2. What does LOA stand for?

3. What does LBP stand for?

4. What does LWL stand for?

5. What is the ships maximum breadth?

6. What is meant by the beam of a ship?

7. How do you measure a vessels depth?

8. What is the freeboard?

9. What is the draft of a vessel?

10. What does in trim mean?

II. Complete the following statements with the appropriate term(s).

1. The painted line which shows the safe level at which the ship floats in water of different densities is called the..Line.

2. The of a ship is the width of the ship (over the plating) taken at any position along the length.

3. When either the bow or stern is lower in the water than it should be, we say the ship is

4. If the ship is out of balance from left to right, she is said to have a

5. Ais the line at which a ship floats in the water.

III. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Am pescaj maxim 6m, bord liber 2m i nlimea 12m.

2. Pescajul prova este de 25 picioare, pescajul pupa este de 27 picioare, bordul liber 9 picioare i nlimea 38 picioare.

3. Nava mea este aprovat.

4. Nava Osiris este stnjenit de pescaj.

5. Am o nclinare de 10 grade spre babord.

6. Care este lungimea maxim?

7. Care este pescajul maxim actual?

8. Pescajul maxim permis este de 20m

9. Lungimea maxim a navei este de 146m

10. Tancul are o adincime de 3m.

6. SELF-TESTI. Match the terms in column A with their definitions in column B.

A

B

1. LOAa)The relation of the length of the draft and the bow and stern

2. Trimb)The vertical distance from the waterline to the lowest part of the ships bottom

3. LBPc) It is measured from the extreme forward end of the bow to the extreme end of the stern

4. Beamd)It is measured from the forward surface of the stem to the after surface of the sternpost.

5. Drafte)The ship is out of balance from left to right.

6. Listf)The width of the ship (over the plating) taken at any position along the length.

12p

II. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate term(s).

1. A ships --- --- ---is an important dimension because length at the waterline is a key factor in the complex problem of speed, resistance, and friction.

2. The---is the line at which a ship floats in the water, depending on its load.

3. A set of marks are painted on the bows, the stern and amidships. These marks are called--- ----

4. Large vessels are usually vessels of deep draft or--- ----

8p

III. Give Romanian equivalents to the following Standard Marine Communication Phrases

1. What is your draft forward?

2. What is your present maximum draft?

3. I have a list to starboard of 10 degrees.

4. What is your freeboard?

5. The vessel is on even keel.

6. Maximum permitted draft is 20m.

7. The vessel is trimmed by the head.

8. What is your LOA?

9. What is your LBP?

10. Do you have a list?

7. Self-Test-Answer-key

1c; 2a; 3d; 4f; 5b;6e

1. length on load waterline

2. waterline

3. draft marks

4. hampered vessels

1. Care este pescajul prova?

2. Care este pescajul maxim actual?

3. Am o nclinare spre babord

4. Care este bordul liber?

5. Nava este pe chil dreapt

6. Pescajul maxim permis/admis

7. Nava este aprovat

8. Care este lungimea maxim?

9. Care este lungimea ntre perpendiculare?

10. Eti canarisit/bandat?

PROPULSION, STEERINGAND THE BRIDGE

1.Ships are pushed through the water by screws (propellers). This process is known as propulsion, which means to be driven forward. A ship with one propeller is known as a single-screw ship. One with two propellers is known as a twin-screw ship. Some have four propellers and are known as four-screw ships. The screws are connected to the main propulsion engine by a shaft. The main propulsion engine, often called the main engine, provides a ship with power to move. A shaft is a long cylinder that transmits power by rotation. The power for a ships engine is usually from a turbine engine. This is a type of motor with blades that rotate inside and are moved by a steam, electric, diesel, diesel-electric, or nuclear source.

1.1.A ship is steered by its rudder and screws. A rudder is a flat, vertical structure at the stern of the ship that moves from side to side causing the ship to change direction. One or more screws can work separately or together with the rudder during a turn. If the rudder moves right, the ship turns right. If the rudder moves left, the ship turns left. Rudders are turned in the water by steering engines, and the combination of equipment used to turn and power them is the steering gear. The steering engines, located in the rear of the ship are controlled by the wheel. The wheel is found on the bridge and is turned by the helmsman. This is the customary name for the sailor who has the job of steering.

1.2.The bridge, mentioned in the unit on ship structure, is the main point and nerve center of any ship. All orders and commands come from there, while the ship is underway. The master and the officer of the deck have their main places of duty on the bridge, which is also called the conn. The officer of the deck is the officer on the bridge who is in charge of the ship for a special period of duty. This is also where the helm is found. Helm is another word for the wheel used to steer the ship. One of the main tasks performed on the bridge is navigation. This is finding the position, course (direction), and distance travelled. Because of this, the equipment on the bridge includes the binnacle, which holds the magnetic compass giving the magnetic direction. There is also a gyro-repeater, connected to the gyrocompass below the main deck, to give readings on true direction. The gyrocompass operates by means of gyroscopes, which are wheels free to spin, free to separately rotate about one or both of two axes. There is also a radar repeater which gives readings from the ships radar system to locate objects outside of the ship. Communications equipment on the bridge includes an engine order telegraph for transmitting engine orders to the engineers. There are also telephones, and intercommunication sets commonly called squawk boxes. These are used for communication to various parts of the ship. There is also a fathometer, which measures the depth of the water. Around the enclosed bridge there is usually an open platform from which lookouts(observers) and the officer of the deck may determine the position of other ships and objects of interest.

2. On-board communication phrases

2.1. Standard wheel orders

All wheel orders given should be repeated by the helmsman and the officer of the watch should ensure that they are carried out correctly and immediately. All wheel orders should be held until countermanded. The helmsman should report immediately if the vessel does not answer the wheel.

ORDER

MEANING

1. Midships

Rudder to be held in the fore and aft position = mijloc crma

2. Port five

5(of port rudder to be held

= babord cinci

3. Port ten

10( of port rudder to be held = babord zece

4. Port fifteen

15( of port rudder to be held= babord cincisprezece

5. Port twenty

20( of port rudder to be held= babord douzeci

6. Port twenty-five25( of port rudder to be held= babord douzeci i cinci

7. Hard-a-port

Rudder to be held fully over to port= banda stnga

8. Starboard five5( of starboard rudder to be held = tribord cinci

9. Starboard ten

10( of starboard rudder to be held = tribord zece

10.Starboard fifteen 15( of starboard rudder to be held = tribord cincisprezece

11.Starboard twenty20( of starboard rudder to be held = tribord douzeci

12.Starboard twenty-five25(of starboard rudder to be held = tribord douzeci i cinci

13.Hard-a-starboardRudder to be held fully over to starboard= banda dreapta

14.Ease to five

Reduce amount of rudder to 5(and hold = redu la cinci

15.Ease to ten

Reduce amount of rudder to 10(and hold = redu la zece

16.Ease to fifteenReduce amount of rudder to 15(and hold = redu la cincisprezece

17.Ease to twentyReduce amount of rudder to 20(and hold = redu la douzeci

18.Steady

Reduce swing as rapidly as possible.=drept aa

19.Steady as she goes Steer a steady course on the compass

heading indicated at the time of the order=ine-o drept aa

20.Keep the buoy/mark/beaconon port side = ine geamandura/semnul/baliza..n babord

21.Keep the buoy/mark/beacon on starboard side = ine geamandura/semnul/baliza n tribord

22.Report if she does not answer the wheel =raporteaz dac nu rspunde la crm

When the officer of the watch requires a course to be steered by compass, the direction in which he wants the wheel turned should be stated followed by each numeral being said separately, including zero, for example:

ORDER

COURSE TO BE STEERED

Port, steer one eight two(Babord,guverneaz unu opt doi) 182(

Starboard, steer zero eight two(Tribord, guverneaz zero opt doi)082(

Port, steer three zero five(Babord, guverneaz trei zero cinci) 305(

On receipt of an order to steer, for example, 182(, the helmsman should repeat it and bring the vessel round steadily to the course ordered. When the vessel is steady on the course ordered the helmsman is to call out:

Steady on one eight two(Stabil pe unu opt doi)

The person giving the order should acknowledge the helmsmans reply. If it is desired to steer on a selected mark the helmsman should be ordered to:

Steer on..buoy../mark/beacon.(Guverneaza pegeamandura/semnul/..baliza)

2.2. Standard engine orders

Any engine order given should be repeated by the person operating the bridge telegraph and the officer of the watch should ensure the order is carried out correctly and immediately.

ORDER

1. Full ahead = Toat (viteza) nainte

2. Half ahead = Jumtate (vitez) nainte

3. Slow ahead = Incet nainte

4. Dead slow ahead =Foarte ncet nainte

5. Stop engine(s) = Stop maina

6. Dead slow astern = Foarte ncet napoi

7. Slow astern = ncet napoi

8. Half astern = jumte(viteza) napoi

9. Full astern = Toat (viteza) napoi

10. Emergency full ahead = Toat viteza nainte(de urgen)

11. Emergency full astern = Toata viteza napoi (de urgen)

12. Stand-by engine = Maina pe ateniune

13. Finished with engines = Liber la main

In vessels fitted with twin propellers, the word both should be added to all orders affecting both shafts, e.g. Full ahead both, and Slow astern both, except that the words Stop all engines should be used, when appropriate. When required to manoeuvre twin propellers independently, this should be indicated, i.e. Full ahead starboard, Half astern port, etc.

Where bow thrusters are used, the following orders are used:

14.Bow thrust full (half) to port = Propulsor prova, toat/jumtate (viteza)babord

15.Bow thrust full ( half) to starboard=Propulsor prova, toat/jumtate(viteza)tribord

16.Stern thrust full ( half) to port =Propulsor pupa, toat/jumtate(viteza)babord

17.Stern thrust full (half) to starboard=Propulsor pupa, toat/jumtate(viteza)tribord

18. Bow (stern) thrust stop = propulsor prova/pupa, stop.

4. Vocabulary Practice I. Answer the following questions relating to propulsion and steering.

1. Ships are pushed through the water by propellers. Whats another word for propellers?

2. What is the action of being driven forward called?

3. What is a ship with one propeller called?

4. What is a ship with two propellers called?

5. What is a ship with four propellers called?

6. Which engine drives the ship?

7. What is a turbine engine?

8. How are main engines powered?

9. What is the flat, vertical structure at the stern that causes a ship to turn?

10. What is the source of power to turn rudders?

11. What are the motors and control equipment used to turn and power the rudder called?

12. What controls the steering engines?

13. Who turns the wheel?

II. Complete the following sentences with the appropriate term(s)

1. Another word for propellers is.

2. The process of being driven forward is called..

3. A ship with one propeller is a.. .ship.

4. A ship with two propellers is a .. .ship.

5. A ship with four propellers is a .ship.

6. The screws are connected to the . ..by a

7. An engine with blades that rotate inside is called aengine.

8. Modern ships are powered by ,,,

9. A ship is steered by its..and screws.

10. The power for a rudder is provided by its.

11. The combination of equipment used to turn and power a ship is called its. ..

12. The steering engines are controlled by the. which is turned by a sailor known as the..

III. Answer the following questions relating to the Bridge.

1. What do we say about a ship when its free to move in the water?

2. What is another word for the bridge of a ship?

3. What is another word for the wheel used to steer a ship?

4. What is the science of finding the position, course, and distance travelled by a ship called?

5. What is the course of a ship?

6. What is a binnacle?

7. What is a gyrocompass?

8. What is a gyro-repeater?

9. What is the wheel within a gyrocompass called?

10. What is an engine order telegraph?

11. What is another word for intercommunication sets?

12. What is a fathometer?

13. What is a radar repeater?

14. What is a platform?

15. What is a lookout?

IV. Complete the following sentences with the appropriate term(s)

1. The course of a ship is its..

2. The magnetic compass is housed in the.

3. A gyrocompass is used to determine..

4. Gyrocompasses contain..

5. The gyrocompass reading is seen on the bridge on the..

6. Intercommunication sets are commonly called..

7. The radar reading is seen on the bridge on the

8. A fathometre measures theof the water.

9. A raised floor around the bridge used for observation is a..

10. A seaman who observes the sea from the bridge is called the.

V. Give Romanian equivalents to the following standard wheel orders.

Midships; port twenty; hard-a-port; starboard ten; ease to five; steady;

Steady as she goes; keep the buoy/mark/beaconon port side

VI. Give English equivalents to the following standard engine orders.

Toat viteza nainte; ncet nainte; foarte ncet napoi; jumtate napoi;

Toata inapoi; toata viteza inapoi (de urgenta); liber la masina; propulsor prova jumtate babord

6. SELF-TEST

I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate term(s).

1. Ships are pushed through the water by..

2. A ship with one propeller is known as a.

3. The screws are connected to the main propulsion engine by a .

4. The power for a ships engine is usually from a .engine.

5. A ship is steered by its..and screws.

6. Rudders are turned in the water by. ..

7. The combination of equipment used to turn and power the steering engines is the .

8. The steering engines, located in the rear of the ship are controlled by the.

9. The wheel is found on the bridge and is turned by the .

10. Another word for propeller is

II. Give Romanian equivalents to the English maritime terms:

Conn; course; binnacle; fathometer; gyrocompass; lookout; underway; gyro-repeater; OOD; engine order telegraph

III. Answer the following questions and statements with complete sentences.

1. What does the term the ship is underway mean?

2. What is a helm?

3. What is navigation?

4. What is the conn of the ship?

5. What is the course of a ship?

IV. Complete the following sentences with appropriate terms.

1. The magnetic compass is housed in the

2. A gyrocompass is used to determine.

3. Gyrocompasses contain..

4. Another word for the ships direction is

5. A fathometer measures the..of the water.

7. Self-test-Answer-key

I.

1. screws(propellers)

2. single-screw ship

3. shaft

4. turbine

5. shaft

6. steering engines

7. steering gear

8. wheel

9. helmsman

10. screwII.

Punte de comand; drum; habitaclu; sond ultrason; girocompas; om de veghe/observator; in mar; repetitor girocompas; ofier de cart; telegraf de main.

III.

1. Free to move in water

2. A helm is a wheel used for steering the ship

3. The science of finding the position, course and distance travelled by a ship

4. The conn of a ship is the bridge from where the ship is control.

5. A course of a ship is its direction.

IV.

1. binnacle

2. true direction

3. gyroscope

4. ships course

5. depthDIRECTIONS

TERMS RELATING TO POSITION ON BOARD SHIP

1.One way in which the language of the sea and the language used on land are different is in the terminology of directions. When a sailor gets on a ship he goes aboard. He doesnt go to the back of the ship, he goes aft. If he wants to walk toward the bow of the ship, he goes forward .If he doesnt find what he wants, he checks fore and aft, which means from the bow to the stern. If that doesnt help, he looks abaft which means further to the rear, or astern (behind the stern). He never watches the sea from the right side of the ship, he watches from the starboard. The left side is always called the port side. If he sees something directly off either side of the ship, its located abeam. An object or area which lies across the ship from the starboard to the port side is said to be athwartships. Anything in the centre of the ship is located amidships. A sailor looking to either side of the ship from amidships is facing outboard. Somebody watching him from either side has to face inboard. Something over him from any part of the ship is above. If its very high, such as on a mast, its aloft .If its under him, its below. Something away from the wind is lee. If its in a lee direction, its leeward.If it moves in a lee direction, it goes leeway. If its near the ship, its close aboard.

2. VOCABULARY

Words and phrases

Aft = n spate, spre pupa

Forward = n fa, spre prova

Fore and aft = de-a lungul

Abaft = la pupa, aproape de pupa; napoia, spre/ctre/nspre pupa

Astern = napoi, n spate, la/n pupa; mers napoi; cu mers/mar napoi

Starboard side = tribord

Port side = babord

Abeam = la travers, de la travers

Athwartships = transversal/travers pe nava; la traversul navei

Amidships = la centrul/mijlocul navei; in axul navei; la cuplul maestru; pozitie zero a cirmei

Outboard = peste bord, in exteriorul navei

Inboard = interior, in interiorul navei

Above = deasupra; in amonte

Aloft = n gabie, n arborad, sus pe verga

Below = jos, sub

Lee = bord de sub vnt, zona de calm( n bordul de sub vnt al navei) ; sub vnt

Leeward = bord de sub vnt; a veni sub vnt(despre nava);sub vnt, la adapost de vnt

Close aboard = foarte aproape, la mic distan (de nav)

2.1.Look at the diagram below and identify the following directions:

( forward, aft, abaft, astern, on the port side, on the starboard side, abeam, athwartships ,amidships)

e.g. a is forward

i

a

f

b

g

c

h

d

e

2.2.Now study this diagram of a traditional general cargo ship and read the description below :

A traditional general cargo ship has her engine room and bridge superstructure amidships. She may have three holds forward of the bridge and two holds aft of the bridge. Forward of No.1 hold is the forecastle and right forward is the jackstaff. Derricks are supported by masts and samson posts. They are stowed fore and aft when the ship is at sea. There are two lifeboats, one on the port side amidships another on the starboard side amidships, abaft the funnel. The poop is situated aft and there is an ensign right aft.

2.3.Study the diagram below and read the description of a modern general cargo:

A modern general cargo ship has her engine room and bridge superstructure aft. She may have four holds forward of the bridge and one hold aft of the bridge. Forward of No.1 hold is the forecastle and right forward is the jackstaff. Derricks are supported by masts and Samson posts. They are stowed fore and aft when the ship is at sea. There are two lifeboats, one on the port side aft, another on the starboard side aft, abaft the funnel. The poop and the bridge superstructure are combined. There is an ensign staff right aft.

2.4. Terms describing position in relation to a ship

Study the diagram below:

As you have noticed, there is a tanker at the centre of the diagram and a host of ships around her. The position of these ships in relation to the tanker can be expressed in the following way:

a) Ship A is (dead) ahead./Ship A is ahead of the tanker.

b) Ship B is on the starboard bow.

c) Ship C is before the starboard beam.

d) Ship D is abeam/Ship D is on the starboard beam.

e) Ship E is abaft the starboard beam.

f) Ship F is on the starboard quarter.

g) Ship G is (dead astern)/Ship G is astern of the tanker.

h) Ship H is on the port quarter.

i) Ship I is abaft the port beam.

j) Ship J is abeam./Ship J is on the port beam

k) Ship K is before the port beam.

l) Ship L is on the port bow.

2.5.Answer to task 2.1.

A is forward; b is aft; c is abaft; d is astern; e is on the port side; f is on the starboard side; g is abeam; h is athwartships; I is amidships

4. Vocabulary PracticeI. Answer the following questions.

1. What does go aboard mean?

2. What is aft?

3. What does forward mean on a ship?

4. What is fore and aft?

5. What is abaft?

6. What is astern?

7. What is starboard?

8. What is port?

9. Where is an object thats abeam.

10. What does athwartships mean?

11. What is amidships?

12. What does looking outboard mean?

13. What does looking inboard mean?

14. What is aloft?

15. What does above mean in a naval context?

16. What does below mean in a naval context?

17. What is lee?

18. What is leeward?

19. What is leeway?

20. What is close aboard?

II. Complete the following sentences with the appropriate term(s).

1. An object located amidships off either side of a ship is said to be---

2. Something high above the main structure of a ship is---

3. Something away from the wind is---

4. An object in a lee direction is---

5. An object moving in a lee direction goes---

6. If its near the ship, its --- ---

7. When a sailor faces the bow of the ship, he faces---

8. If you are standing at the center of a ship, youre standing---

9. The starboard side of a ship is the---

10. If you go along the ship from stem to stern, you go ---and---the ship.

III. Fill in the blank spaces using the words provided below.

Amidships; abaft; fore and aft; portside; forward of; aft of; right forward; starboardside; right aft

A traditional general cargo ship has her engine room and bridge superstructure---.She may have three holds --- ---the bridge and two holds --- ---the bridge. Forward of No.1 hold is the forecastle and --- ----is the jackstaff. Derricks are supported by masts and samson posts. They are stowed --- and

when the ship is at sea. There are two lifeboats, one on the ---amidships another on the ---amidships,---the funnel. The poop is situated aft and there is an ensign--- ---

IV. Translate the following text into Romanian paying attention to the terms relating to directions and position in a ship

A modern general cargo ship has her engine room and bridge superstructure aft. She may have four holds forward of the bridge and one hold aft of the bridge. Forward of No.1 hold is the forecastle and right forward is the jackstaff. Derricks are supported by masts and Samson posts. They are stowed fore and aft when the ship is at sea. There are two lifeboats, one on the port side aft, another on the starboard side aft, abaft the funnel. The poop and the bridge superstructure are combined. There is an ensign staff right aft.

6. SELF-TEST

I. Decide if the following statements are TRUE(T) or FALSE(F).Circle the correct answer.1.When a sailor gets on a ship he goes aboard.

T/F

2.Fore and aft means from side to side.

T/F

3.Athwartships means along the ship.

T/F

4.The right side of the ship is called starboard side.

T/F

5.Anything in the centre of the ship is located amidships.

T/F

6. A sailor looking to either side of the ship from amidships is facing

Inboard.

T/F

7.If something is very high, such as on a mast, its aloft.

T/F

8.Something away from the wind is leeway.

T/F

9.If something moves in a lee direction, it goes close aboard.

T/F

10.The lifeboat is abaft the funnel.

T/F

Give General English equivalents to the following terms used at sea.

Example: aft at the after end of the ship

Abaft; forward of; amidships; athwartships; fore and aft; port side;

Starboard side; fore; right forward; right aft.

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate term(s).

In a modern tanker, the hull is divided up into a number of watertight compartments by decks and steel bulkheads. At the---and---ends of the hull are the ---peak tanks and the ---peak tanks. The engine room is situated at the ---end of the ship to leave more room for cargo. Between the engine room and the cargo space is the coffer dam. The cargo space is divided up into a number of tanks. --- the main deck is the superstructure. At the --- end is the forecastle. At the --- end the bridge superstructure and the poop are combined.

8p7. Self-test Answer-key

I. 1.T; 2.F; 3.F; 4.T; 5.T; 6.F; 7.T; 8.F; 9.F; 10.T.

II. abaft=behind

forward of=before/in front of

amidships=in the middle/center

athwartships=across

fore and aft=along

port side=left side

starboard=right side

fore=at/towards the front of the ship

right forward=the extreme front end of the ship

right aft=the extreme back end of the ship

III. at the fore and after ends

fore peak tanks and the after peak tanks

at the after end

above

at the fore end

at the after end

NAVAL EQUIPMENT: GROUND TACKLE

1.Ground tackle is the term used to include all equipment used for mooring and anchoring ships. Mooring means to tie or make fast a boat or ship to the land or a mooring buoy.

Anchoring means to keep a ship in place at sea by a heavy metal object on the end of a rope. Ground tackle includes the anchors, chains, shackles, and stoppers necessary for these operations.

An anchor is hoisted (raised) and lowered by a windlass.

This is a motor that turns a shaft on which is mounted a wildcat or chain grab, which is the wheel that takes up the chain. This equipment is located in the windlass room. Below the windlass room is the chain locker where the chain is kept. The chain travels below through a hawsepipe

When a ship is anchored, the chain is held with one to three stoppers consisting of a pelican hook and a turnbuckle in a short length of chain. The stopper helps the chain to hold. A pelican hook is a hinged hook held in place by a ring. The turnbuckle can be set to make the stopper tight or loose.

Among the deck fittings (tools and machinery found on the deck) are capstans and winches. The capstan is a powered item of equipment used for handling mooring lines (ropes and chains) and for other functions requiring strong power. Winches are pulling machines, mainly used to handle cargo which consists of supplies and materials being transported.

1.1.VOCABULARY

Words and phrases

Ground tackle = instalaie de ancorare

Mooring = ancorare, legare la cheu, acostare

To make fast = a volta, a lega o nava la cheu, a amara

Mooring buoy = geamandur de legare

Chain = lan de ancor, a lega cu lan

Shackle = cheie de lan (unitate de lungime pentru lanul de ancor); cheie de mpreunare/tachelaj

Stopper = stopa; a bloca, a zvor

Windlass = vinci de ancor

Wildcat = barbotin

Chain grab = barbotin

Chain locker = pu al lanului de ancor; magazie de lanuri

Windlass room = compartiment al vinciului de ancor

Hawsepipe = manon al nrii de ancor

Pelican hook = crlig cu cioc de papagal

Turnbuckle = ntinztor metalic/cu filet

Deck fittings = instalaii/mecanisme de punte

Winch= vinci

Capstan = cabestan

Mooring lines = parme de acostare/legare, legatur

Cargo = marf

2. DECK FITTINGS

Deck fittings include a number of devices that lines or wires can be belayed (attached or secured) to. Deck fittings are attached to ships decks and bulkheads, or to piers (landing places), depending on their functions.

Figure 1 shows a cleat. Cleats are found throughout ships on decks and bulkheads, and on piers. On modern ships, they are made of metal, usually steel. Wires and lines used for many purposes are belayed to them.

Figure 1. Cleat

Figure 2. Bitts

Figure 2 shows a pair of bitts. These are cylindrical fittings made of iron or steel. Each pair is mounted on a footing (base). The footing is attached to the deck by bolts, or by welding (united metals by heat). The shipboard (on the ship) ends of mooring lines are attached to the bitts. Figures 3, 4,and 5 show a series of chocks. Chocks are heavy fittings with smooth surfaces through which mooring lines are led. Mooring lines are run from bitts on deck through chocks to the pier. There are three types. Figure 3 shows an open chock, which is open at the top. Figure 4 is of a closed chock .It is closed by metal at the top. Figure 5 is a roller chock. Roller chocks contain round cylinders to reduce friction.

Figure 6 is of a bollard. This is a strong fitting which is found on piers. The mooring lines from the ship are attached to it.

Figure 7 shows a padeye. Padeyes are metal fittings welded to decks and bulkheads. They are used for attachments which will require great strength such as towing (ship pulling)

operations. They are also used with chain stoppers, and cargo blocks and tackles.

A seaman needs to be able to recognize and know the functions of all of these fittings. Much of his work will involve them.

2.1. VOCABULARY

deck fittings = instalaii/mecanisme de punte

to belay = a lua volta (la tachet sau cavil); a amara

pier = mol, dig spargeval

cleat = tachet, pan

bitt = bint, baba de lemn; bint de lan

footing = suport

welding = sudur

shipboard = la bordul navei

chock = ureche de ghidare; nar de parm; cavalet de barc; prai ( de fixare a ncrcturii);tac; pan;colar scurt de stringher

open chock = ureche de ghidare deschis

closed chock = ureche de ghidare nchis

roller chock = ureche de ghidare cu turnichet/ omar (la barc)

bollard = baba de cheu, bolard

padeye = plac cu ochi

towing = remorcare

block = macara ( scripete )

tackle = greement; palanc;tachelaj

4. Vocabulary Practice

I. Answer the following questions.

1. What is ground tackle?

2. What is mooring?

3 What is anchoring?

4. What does make fast mean?

5. What is a mooring buoy?

6. What does hoist mean?

7. What is a windlass?

8. What is a chain grab?

9. What is a windlass room?

10. What is a wildcat?

11. What is a chain locker?

12. What is a hawsepipe?

13. What are deck fittings?

14. What is a capstan?

15. What are mooring lines?

16. What are winches?

II.Complete the following sentences by filling in the blank spaces with the appropriate term(s):

1. The equipment known as _______ _______is used for mooring and anchoring ships.

2. Tying a ship to the land or a buoy is known as_________________________

3. Keeping a ship in place at sea with a weight and chain is_________________

4. Another word for tying is to________________________________________

5. A heavy weight at the end of a chain to keep a ship in place is called an______

6. A series of metal rings joined together form a __________________________

7. A U-shaped metal ring for connecting tackle is a________________________

8. A short length of rope or chain used for holding a line or chain is a_________-

9. To raise or lift is to_______________________________________________

10. A motor that pulls in an anchor is a __________________________________

11. A wheel on the windlass that takes the anchor chain up is the______________

12. Another word for wildcat is________________________________________

13. The compartment in which the windlass is located is the__________________

14. The anchor chain is kept in the______________________________________

15. The part of a stopper consisting of a hinged hook held in place by a ring is called a________________________________________________________

16. The opening through which the anchor chain moves is the________________

17. The metal device used to make a stopper tight or loose is the______________

18. Tools and machinery found on the deck are known as____________________

19. The powered equipment used to handle mooring lines is the_______________

20. Ropes and chains used to moor a ship are called_______________________

21. Pulling machines used to handle cargo are_____________________________

III. Answer the following questions:

1. What are deck fittings?

2. What does belay mean?

3. What does shipboard mean?

4. What is welding?

5. What is towing?

6. What devices do deck fittings include?

7. How would you say that the sailor attached a line to a cleat?

8. What would you call the end of mooring line that is on a ship?

IV. Identify the following objects.

A is a___________________________________________________________

B is an___________________________________________________________

C is a____________________________________________________________

D is a ___________________________________________________________

E is a____________________________________________________________

F is a____________________________________________________________

G is a____________________________________________________________

6. SELF-TEST

I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate term(s)

1. . .. is the term used to include all equipment used for.and.ships.

2. Mooring means to tie or a ship to the land or ..

3. .means to keep a ship in place at sea by a heavy metal object on the end of a rope.

4. Ground tackle includes the,.,.., and.necessary for these operations.

5. An anchor is. and lowered by a

6. Below the windlass room is the where the anchor chain is kept.

7. The chain travels below through a.

8. When a ship is anchored, the chain is held with one or three stoppers consisting of a. ..and a in a short length of chain.

9. .include a number of devices that lines or wires can be..to.

10. There are three types of chocks: open chock,chocks and chocks.

20p

II. Answer the following questions.

1. Where can you find cleats?

2. What are bitts?

3. What do we attach to the bitts?

4. What are chocks?

5. What is a bollard?

6. What are padeyes?

7. What are padeyes used for?

8. What is welding?

9. What is footing?

10. Why do roller chocks contain round cylinders?

10p

7. Self-test - Answer Key

I.

1. Ground tackle; mooring; anchoring

2. make fast; mooring buoy

3. anchoring

4. anchors; chains; shackles, and stoppers

5. hoisted; windlass

6. chain locker

7. hawsepipe

8. pelican hook; turnbuckle

9. deck fittings; belayed

10. closed; roller

II.

1. Throughout ships on decks and bulkheads and on piers.

2. They are cylindrical fittings made of iron or steel.

3. The shipboard ends of mooring lines are attached to the bitts.

4. Chocks are heavy fittings with smooth surfaces through which mooring lines are led.

5. This is a strong fitting which is found on piers.

6. Padeyes are metal fittings welded to decks and bulkheads.

7. Padeyes are used for attachments which will require great strength such as towing operations.

8. Joining metals by heat.

9. Base.

10. Roller chocks contain round cylinders to reduce friction.

StabilityMost travellers take it for granted that their ship will float the right way up. This it will only do if it has been correctly designed and constructed. A ship will experience many forces that will try to turn it over.

The ship must of course be capable to resist these forces by what is commonly known as stability. Too much stability is undesirable because this may cause unpleasant motions and can be costly due to a high fuel consumption.Too little stability will make the ship heel over easily and capsize.

Thus, as with so many other features of design, stability is a compromise.

A body is said to be in a state of equilibrium when the resultant of all the forces that act on it is zero and the resultant moment of the forces is also zero.If a body, subject to a small disturbance, from a state of equilibrium tends to return to that state, it is said to possess a positive stability - it is in a state of equilibrium.

If, following the disturbance, the equilibrium is reduced even more, then the body is said to be in a state of unstable equilibrium - it has a negative stability.

To reach the state of equilibrium, buoyancy and the gravity (weight) must be equal and the two forces must act along the same line.Another term for buoyancy is upthrust, which of course is related to Archimedes' Law (or Archimedes' Principle), which says that when a body is immersed in a liquid it will experience an upthrust that is equal to the weight of the displaced liquid.For conventional ships the longitudinal stability is always high. This is not always the case for offshore drilling barges and other less conventional vessels.

Unless a ship is stable it will not float upright, because, although in the upright position it is in equilibrium, there will always be disturbances - from the sea, air or movement within the ship - which will force it out of the upright position.An "unstable"ship will not return to this position. And even if it does not actually capsize, it would be unpleasant to be in a ship that lolls to one side constantly. Circumstances that will cause a ship to heel may be external or internal. External influences are:

- the action of the wind, which will be most influential with ships with high freeboards and large superstructures;

- the action of waves, causing the rolling and pitching, heaving, surging, swaying and yawing of vessels in rough seas;

- wafer properties, such as density (or specific gravity). The density of the water in which a vessel floats will affect her draft and trim. Density will mainly depend upon the temperature and the salinity of the water;

- kinematic viscosity. This is particularly relevant to the frictional resistance a ship wilt experience when proceeding through the water salinity. Values for samples of seawater will vary from area to area and will depend, among other things, upon the salinity. Many objects will float in the Dead Sea, but would sink in fresh water.

Internal influences mostly relate to the human element, or, as it is often called, the Human Factor (HF). Examples are:

- the action of the rudder when a ship is being manoeuvred;

- loading and discharging cargoes: if the stowage plan has been drawn up badly the vessel will soon heel over to port or starboard.

Questions on Stability

Answer the questions about the text in full sentences,

1) What is meant by "stability"?

2) Why is stability a compromise?

3) What ts meant by "equilibrium"?

4) Explain: positive stability.

5) Explain: negative stability.

6) What is Archimedes' Principle?7) Mention the factors that will cause instability.

8) On what does the density of the water have its effects?

9) What factors determine the specific gravity of water?

10) What is the relation between the kinematic viscosity and the frictional resistance of a ship proceeding through the water?11) What is the relation between "the action of the rudder when a ship is manoeuvring" and HF?

General Arrangement PlanSpaces and separations

The general arrangement plan shows the division of a vessel into compartments in cross sections and longitudinal sections.

The compartments are formed by vertical separations (longitudinal and transverse bulkheads) and horizontal separations (decks).

These compartments and spaces serve as storage spaces for cargoes, stores, equipment, spare parts, liquids, etc., as accommodation spaces for passengers and members of the crew, and as "domestic spaces", such as galley, pantries, dispensary, etc. The extreme fore end of the vessel is called stem. The extreme aft end is the stern.

The upper deck, or main deck (a), is often the deck that is exposed to sea and weather.

That is why the main deck is also called the "weather deck". In fact, it provides a "shelter" for all the contents of the vessel. The foremost part of the upper deck is called the forecastle (b - pronounced as

[fooksl]).. The anchor winches are situated on this deck.

The tweendeck (c) is the intermediate deck between upper deck (a) and the inside bottom of the vessel,

called tanktop (d). The tweendeck divides the vessel into separate holds.

The upper holds and lower holds (e) are the spaces that contain the cargoes.

Spaces for liquid cargoes are called tanks.

Access to a hold can be obtained through hatches. On freighters these hatches must be sufficiently broad for grabs to be lowered into the holds.

The foremost and aftermost spaces of the vessel are the peak tanks (f).

They may serve as storage spaces for ballast water and are capable of "absorbing" a part of the impact-forces that are released in case of a collision.

The anchor chain is stored in the chain locker (g). It is situated over the fore peaktank.

The upper part of the fore peaktank is called the boatswain's (or bosun's) locker (h), where ropes, paint and dunnage are kept.

Bulkheads are the vertical separations between holds and spaces.

The fore peak bulkhead and after peak bulkhead (i) are the so-called collision bulkheads. These transverse bulkheads are watertight and prevent the vessel from flooding in case the vessel collides with an other vessel. Collision bulkheads are also fire-retarding or even fireproof.

Apart from transverse bulkheads tankers are also fitted with 2 longitudinal bulkheads that divide the vessel into starboard- and port wing tanks and a centre tank.

The engine room (j) is a watertight machinery space that contains the vessel's propulsion plant. The steering engine room (k) must also be a watertight compartment and is very often situated over the after peaktank (f).

Due to large stresses that occur under the engine room and peaktanks, additional strengthenings are often inserted.

The double bottom (I) provides strength and storage space for fuel, lubricating oil, fresh water, salt (ballast) water and potable water.

To prevent liquids from leaking from one double bottom tank into the other, longitudinal and transverse separations are used between the tanks. These separations, which are in fact empty spaces, are called cofferdams (m).

On the main deck we find the so-called superstructure (n) with the accommodation for the crew and passengers, the messroom, the galley and the pantry.

The navigating bridge contains the wheelhouse with the control station, the chartroom where charts, pilot books and publications are kept, and the radio room.

There are the instruments for navigation, such as the Radar, the log, the echo sounder, the steering compass and repeater compass.

The master compass is usually situated on the monkey island, a small deck or platform over the wheelhouse.The upper deck

The imaginary line from stem to stern is called the fore-and-aft line. It divides the vessel into a starboard- and portside (when facing forward). "Abeam" is used to indicate direction at a right angle to the fore-and-aft line.

The terms used to indicate directions in which the vessel can proceed are: ahead and astern, starboard and port.

The upper deck, or main deck, is divided into the foremost deck (a), called "forecastle", the centre deck, called "midships" (b), and the aft deck, called "quarterdeck" (c). A raised quarterdeck is called "poopdeck".

The foremost part of the vessel is divided into the starboard bow and port bow (d). The quarterdeck is divided into the starboard quarter and port quarter (e).

GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE

Types of Vessels

Generally speaking a vessel can be classified according to the purpose she serves. The most common purposes are:

transportation of cargo or/and passengers;

assistance and service (by so called "special purpose vessels");

the catching of fish (fishermen);

peace keeping (warships).

Furthermore we can make the distinction between sea-going vessels and vessels for coastal trade and/or inland waterways.

Transportation Liners and Tramps

Vessels that have been designed to transport cargo or/and passengers are called merchant ships. They may be classified as liners or tramps.

A liner carries cargoes between two fixed destinations.

Her sailing schedule has been prearranged - she has a fixed homeport, port of destination and port(s) of call, and fixed ETA's and ETD's (Estimated Times of Arrival and Estimated Times of Departure). A liner-vessel is allowed to carry up to 12 passengers.

Freighters that carry cargoes according to schedules that are not fixed are called tramps. Homeports, ports of destination, ports of call, ETA's and ETD's differ with every voyage.

Merchant ships may carry general cargoes, bulk cargoes, refrigerated cargoes, heavy cargoes, timber, and many many more.General Cargo Ships

General cargo is cargo that has been packed in crates, boxes or bags, or cargo coming in pieces (unpacked cargo items).

Cargo is loaded and discharged by the vessel's own derricks or by shore based cranes. The conventional general cargo ship has several tweendecks, so that the cargoes for the various destinations can be reached and discharged without having to remove cargo for other destinations first.

Under the influence of cargo-palletization the "open freighter" was fitted with two or even three hatches side by side.

Both types of vessels, the general cargo ship and the open freighter, are becoming rather obsolete, since general cargo is more and more transported by vessels that have been designed to carry general cargo in containers.

Bulk CarriersBulk cargo is unpacked cargo of one commodity. Dry bulk cargo, such as grain, ore, fertilizers, etc. is carried in specially designed vessels with holds that have been divided into compartments by longitudinal and transverse separations, so that the ship's stability will not be affected by a full cargo. The holds of these ships are often constructed in such a way that they are self-trimming; this means that the surface of the cargo is constantly made equal by special pumps in rolling circumstances or when the vessel has a list.

Dry bulk cargo is loaded and discharged by cranes with grabs or by pumps.

Liquid cargoes such as crude oil, petroleum, edible oils, etc. are carried in tankers, for example in Very Large Crude Carriers (VLCC's), chemical tankers, such as Liquefied Petroleum Gas tankers (LPG carriers) or Liquefied Natural Gas tankers (LNG carriers).

Product tankers are small tankers that carry different sorts of oils.

For safety reasons tankers must be fitted with double bottoms. These spaces also provide storage for fuel, lubricating oil and waters.

Tankers are divided into compartments by longitudinal and transverse bulkheads.

Cofferdams are empty spaces between the tanks and in the double bottom. They serve as separations to prevent liquids from leaking from one tank into the other.

Cofferdams often serve as pump-rooms. Pumps for loading and discharging the cargo may be installed in these compartments. Tankers are often loaded and discharged in the offing by means of flexible pipes. This system of wet bulk handling reduces the number of laydays.Container shipsCargo that has been containerized is carried by container ships.

Containers are most often measured in Twenty Feet Equivalent Units (TEU's) and are stowed in a cellular arrangement in flows, Bays and Tiers. The rows run abeam, or athwartship; the bays run fore to aft and the tiers are horizontal layers. The three-figure code on each container refers to this stowage system. Thus, each container can easily be found. Container ships are sometimes equipped with their own gantry cranes that load and discharge the containers. Container ships may carry general cargoes, liquid cargoes or refrigerated cargoes. The advantages of carrying cargo in containers are: short lay time because of efficient and rapid cargo handling; few stevedores are required; less pilferage because the cargo has been stored in locked containers.

Roll-on / Roll-off ships (Ro / Ro ships)On a Ro / Ro ship cargo is rolled on and rolled off by lorries or trailers.

The great advantage of this system is that no cargo handling equipment is required. The loaded vehicles are driven aboard via ramps through special stern and bow doors and are properly secured for the passage. Upon arrival in the port of discharge, the vehicles are released and driven ashore to their destinations.

Coasters

A coaster carries cargo along the coast or on sea-voyages. Trans-Atlantic voyages are quite common. A coaster is of limited length and tonnage. Her engine room is situated aft Often there are no tweendecks and the cargo spaces have no obstacles, so that a variety of cargo can be handled. Hatches are very broad and cover most of the main deck surface. Because of her limited length she will hardly experience any problems related to longitudinal stresses. However, due to the broad hatchways, transverse strengthening is necessary to avoid difficulties caused by transverse stresses.

Refrigerated-eargo vessels (Reefers)

Refrigerated-cargo vessels are ships that carry perishable cargoes, such as meat or fruit. These cargoes require cooling and must be stored in spaces that have precise temperature- and humidity controls during the voyage.

Reefers, as these ships are also called, are equipped with refrigerating plants.

Lash-vessels

"Lash"stands for "Lighter Aboard Ship". A Lash-vessel has a main deck that is flat and without any obstacles. A lighter is a container that floats in the water. The containers may be hoisted on board by the vessel's own heavy derricks that stack them on board. Another way of loading the containers on board is by submerging the vessel first (for this she must be equipped with a powerful pumping-system), then have tugs or push boats tow or push the lighters over the Lash-vessel, after which the vessel will emerge again and will "pick up" the lighters. This type of vessel is also referred to as a "Seabee".

Heavy-load vessel

Heavy-load vessels have been designed to lift and carry extremely heavy cargo on the main deck. Their most prominent features are very heavy derricks ("booms"), masts and lifting-blocks. Their cargoes, such as drilling platforms, engines, yachts, trains, derelicts and wrecks, are loaded onto the main deck, which is flat and free from any obstacles.

A special way of loading and carrying heavy cargo is performed by submerging the ship and have the cargo-module float over it. She must be equipped with a powerful pumping-system.

After pumping the ship empty the vessel will emerge again and will pick up the cargo. Multi-Purpose Vessels

Cargo ships that carry both general cargo, bulk cargo and containerized cargo are called multi-purpose (or multi-loads) vessels. These ships are equipped with a variety of cargo handling gears to load and discharge the different types of cargoes.

An OBO-ship has been designed to carry oil/bulk/ore. She has been subdivided in such a way that oil can be carried in the largest compartments and ore can be carried in the smaller compartments.

Passenger Ships

Passenger ships, such as cross-Channel ferries, have been designed to carry passengers and their vehicles on a prearranged route.

Their main features are more or less the same as the features of the Ro/Ro vessels.

Cruise ships have been especially designed to carry holidaymakers.

Assistance and Service Ships

Vessels that render assistance and service have been designed to perform specific tasks, for example assisting other vessels, or providing special services to navigation.A tug is a vessel that assists other vessels with entering or leaving the port, tows an oil rig to its position or assists with a salvage operation. There are sea-going tugs and harbour tugs. Their engines must be capable to develop enormous powers.

The largest and most powerful tugs are often fitted with Controllable Pitch Propellers (C.P.P.) that have adjustable blades.

Their manoeuvrability will be enhanced even more by bow thrusters and stern thrusters.

One of the main features is that the aft deck of a towing vessel is kept clear of all obstructions that may interfere with the towing-line.

A salvage vessel is a vessel that rescues other ships and their cargoes from loss at sea. She must be equipped with heavy derricks to lift wrecks from the seabed.

A buoyage vessel places and maintains buoys. Her aft deck is flat and provides room to carry or haul in the buoys with her hoisting installation.A survey vessel performs marine research. She is equipped with oceanographic instruments to carry out all kinds of measurements and assessments.A supply boat supplies oil rigs with stores, spare parts and supplies For domestic use. Her aft deck must be flat.

Additional duties may include the towing of rigs and extinguishing fires, for which they must be equipped with high-capacity fire-extinguishing pumps.

A SAR-vessel performs Search and Rescue when a ship is in distress. She must be capable to develop high speeds and must be equipped with the most modern communication equipment to maintain contact with Rescue Co-ordination Centres (RCC).

A Firefloat is a fire fighting vessel. She must have a powerful fire-extinguishing system on board.

A pilot tender (or pilot launch) is a small boat that may be launched from the pilot boat. The pilot will embark the ship that has requested pilotage from the pilot tender. She is often fitted with a sheltered aft deck to prevent the pilot from getting wet.A cable layer lays cables on the bottom of the sea. She is fitted with a huge horizontal wheel that reels off the cable.

This type of ship is often equipped with a Dynamic Positioning System to keep her in the

exact position when the submarine cable is reeled off.

A lightship serves as a beacon for navigation and is anchored in the vicinity of crowded channels or seaways. She is usually not self-propelled, which means that she has to be towed to her position.

Icebreakers are designed to ride up the ice and crush a way through for other ships to follow. This requires a powerful engine and a considerable strengthening of her stem.

A dredger deepens out harbours and ports, fairways, approaches and entrances, inlandwaterways, anchorages, roadsteads, etc. Spoil is discharged into an integrated hopper or into a hopper that is moored alongside. To keep her in position she is often spudded.

There are bucket dredgers, grab dredgers (or backhoe dredgers) and suction dredgers with drag heads. A cutterhead is used to disintegrate rocky bottoms.

FishermanLarge and modern fishing vessels (fishermen) are capable of catching and processing enormous quantities of fish. They may be underway for weeks before they return to their homeports. Large refrigerating plants on board provide deepfreezing facilities. Before the fish are deep-frozen they are often stored in RSW-tanks (Refrigerated Sea Water Tanks). Powerful winches are used for hoisting the nets on board.

Man-of-warPeace-keeping vessels (warships / men-of-war) are measured by weight, contrary to merchant ships, which are measured by volume. Warships must be capable to develop speeds of 25 knots and more, and must therefore be equipped with a high-power propulsion plant.Figure 3 Open chock

Figure 5 Roller chock

Figure 4 Closed chock

Figure 7. Padeye

Figure 6. Bollard

Longitudinal section with spaces & separations