cycles of the earth
DESCRIPTION
Cycles of the Earth. Hydrological Cycle. Taxonomy of Clouds. Luke Howard (1772-1864), Britain. Fitzroy and the Weather Forecast. In the British Navy and responsible for weather reports Coined phrase Weather Forecast Convinced that barometer readings foretell tomorrow’s weather - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Cycles of the Earth
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• Hydrological Cycle and Weather• Climate• Chemical Cycles• Ice Ages• Rock Cycle• Geological Time Scale
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Hydrological Cycle
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Taxonomy of Clouds
Luke Howard (1772-1864), Britain
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Fitzroy and the Weather Forecast• In the British Navy and
responsible for weather reports
• Coined phrase Weather Forecast
• Convinced that barometer readings foretell tomorrow’s weather
• Committed suicide after he was ridiculed by the press and the Admiralty dropped the need for forecasting
Vice-Admiral Robert Fitzroy (1805-1865), Britain
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High and Low Pressure
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Cyclonic Circulation
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Collision of Air Masses
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Ocean Currents
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Movement of the Air
Hadley cell named for George Hadley (1685-1768) tried to explain why trade winds seemed to flow to the west
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Climate Conveyor
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Global Climates
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El Niño & Gilbert Thomas Walker
1868-1958; England & India
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Chemical Cycle: Carbon
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Chemical Cycle: Oxygen
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Chemical Cycle: Nitrogen
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Ice Ages
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Evidence of Glacial Action
• Moraines• Glacial Till and Flour• Erratics• U-Shaped Valleys
Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz (1807-1873); Switzerland and USAProposed Europe had been subjected to an Ice Age (1837-1840)
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Svante August Arrenius
• Developed theory of Greenhouse Effect to explain Ice Ages
• 1896 calculated how changes in CO2 concentration could change climates
1859-1927; Sweden
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James Croll
• Used the formulas developed by Le Verrier on planetary orbital variations
• Developed a theory about orbital variations influencing the amount of snow
• Orbital eccentricity should cause ice ages on a 22,000 year cycle
• Largely dismissed by end of the 19th Century 1821-1890; Britain (Scotland)
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Milutin Milanković
• Canon of the Earth’s Insolation: climates of the planets
• Explanation of changes in Earth’s climate by interactions of three planetary cycles 1879-1958 (a Serb) born
in Kingdom of Hungary and died in Yugoslavia
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Milanković Cycles• Eccentricity of earth’s
orbit (Kepler’s theory) has a 100,000 year cycle from 0.005 (nearly circular) to 0.058 (mildly eliptical)
• Axial tilt has a 41,000 year cycle (tilt changing from 22.1o to 24.5o )
• Precession has a 23,000 year cycle (suggested by Hipparchus in 130 BCE)
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Inference of Climate Based on Temperature Proxies
PollenTree ringsIce coresRatio of oxygen isotopesCoralsDiatoms and foraminifera
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Rock Cycle1. Magma2. Crystallization (freezing)3. Igneous rock4. Erosion5. Sedimentation6. Sediments & sedimentary rock7. Tectonic burial and
metamorphism8. Metamorphic rock9. Melting
Defined by Hutton and Lyell and modified by John Tuzo Wilson (1908-1993), Canada.His Ph.D. advisor: Harry HessRock cycle explained by erosion and action of plate tectonics
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Using Steno’s Laws, attempt to interpret geological strata by relative time
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Jean Léopold Nicolas Frédéric Cuvier& Alexandre Brongniart
• Together studied geology of Paris basin• Defined concept of faunal succession• Theory of cycle of repeated catastrophes
Cuvier(1769-1832) France
Brongniart(1770-1847)France
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William ‘Strata’ Smith• Surveyor• Strata of coal
mines and canals• Used principle of
faunal succession to define layers
• Life’s work: Geological map of England and Wales
1769-1839, England
A plate of Smith’s fossils
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Roderick Impey Murchison, 1st Baronet
• Independently wealthy, urged by Humphry Davy to turn his focus to science
• Became interested in the geology of Wales, England, Alps, Russia, Scotland
• Helped define the Silurian, Devonian, and Permian Systems 1792-1871, Britain (Scotland)
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Adam Sedgwick• Cambridge University faculty
(ordained in the Church of England)
• Defined Cambrian system• Worked with Murchison to
define Devonian in England and on the system in the Alps
• Charles Darwin was his student who helped to define the sequence of Cambrian rocks in Wales
1785-1873, England
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Arthur Holmes• Pioneer of radiometric dating
(Uranium-Lead method). Wrote this in a book by the time he was 24.
• Provides absolute time to strata
• Showed the earth was more than 1 BY old (most geologists had accepted that the earth was only 100 MY old)
• Completed the Geological Time Scale in 1944
1890-1965; England
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Geological Time Scale
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