d- ungs 2040 human sciences law and jurisprudence (1)

7/28/2019 D- UNGS 2040 Human Sciences Law and Jurisprudence (1)

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Human Sciences &

Law & Jurisprudence

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Known in the West by the name Avicenna

born in Asfahan near Bukhara

(Central Asia)By the age of ten, he was well versedin the study of the Qur an and basicsciences.

He was the most famous physician,philosopher, encyclopedist,mathematician, and astronomer of his time.

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Abu Ali Al - Hassan Ibn

Abdullah

Ibn Sina (981 - 1037)


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At the age of seventeen, Ibn Sina was able to provide a cure to Nooh ibn Mansor,

king of Bukhara, of an illness well-

knownphysicians fail to treatOn his recovery, the king wished to

reward him. The young physician only requested permission to use his stockedlibrary.

Ibn Sina traveled to Jurjan after his father s death where he met his famous

contemporary Abu Raihan al - Biruni

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Ibn Sina s major contribution to medical

science is his famous book known as al-

Qanun fi al - Tibb , known as Canon in the West. In his book, Ibn Sina reviewed the medical

knowledge available from ancient and Muslimsources and made many originalcontributions.

Ibn S n was interested in the effect of the

mind on the body, and wrote a great deal onpsychology, likely influencing Ibn Tufayl andIbn Bajjah. He also introduced medical herbs.

the Canon was still used as a textbook in theuniversities of Leuven and Montpellier.

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A Latin copy of The Canon of Medicine , dated1484, located at the P.I. Nixon MedicalHistorical Library of The University of Texas

Health Science Center at San Antonio , USA.


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An Arabic copy of The Canon of Medicine , dated 1593


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Dr William Osler, author of the Evolutionof Modern Science, writes, The Qanunhas remained a medical bible for a longer

period than any other book.

Ibn Sina also wrote Kitab al - Shifa (Book of Healing), known in its Latin translation as Sanatio : A philosophical encyclopedia

covering a vast area of knowledge fromphilosophy to science.

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The Qanun deals with: general medicines, drugs (seven hundred and sixty), diseases affecting all parts of the body from head to

foot, especially pathology and pharmacopoeia. The Qanun was recognized as the most

authentic materia medica.

(Materia medica Materia medica Materia medica Materia medica is a Latin medical term for the body of collected knowledge about the therapeutic properties of any substance used for healing (i.e., medicines ). In Latin,

the term literally means "medical material/substance

and was replaced in medical education contexts by the termpharmacology . )

Among Ibn Sina s original contributions wasdiscovery of the contagious nature of phthisisand tuberculosis, distribution of diseases by

water and soil, and interaction betweenpsychology and health.

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Ibn Sina was the first to describe meningitis and made rich contributions to anatomy,

gynecology and child health.(Meningitis is inflammation of the protective membranescovering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the

meninges )

Ibn Sina was the first scientist to describethe minute and graphic description of different parts of the eye, such as conductive

sciera, cornea, choroid, iris, retina, layer lens,aqueous humour, optic nerve and optic chiasma.

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Ibn Sina condemned conjectures and presumptions in anatomy and called uponphysicians and surgeons to base their

knowledge on a close study of human body.

Ibn Sina observed that Aorta at its origincontains three valves which open when the blood rushes into it from the heart duringcontraction and closes during relaxation of the heart so that the blood may not be

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TheologyIbn Sn was a devout Muslim and sought to reconcile

rational philosophy with Islamic theology. His aim was toprove the existence of God and his creation of the worldscientifically and through reason and logic.[72] Avicennawrote a number of treatises dealing with Islamictheology. These included treatises on the Islamicprophets, whom he viewed as "inspired philosophers",and on various scientific and philosophicalinterpretations of the Qur'an, such as how Quraniccosmology corresponds to his own philosophicalsystem.[73]


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Avicennian philosophyIbn Sn wrote extensively on early Islamic philosophy, especiallythe subjects logic, ethics, and metaphysics . Ibn Sn'scommentaries on Aristotle often corrected the philosopher,

encouraging a lively debate in the spirit of ijtihad. In the medieval Islamic world, due to Avicenna's successfulreconciliation between philosophjy ( Aristotelianism and Neoplatonism) along with Kalam, Avicennism eventually becamethe leading school of Islamic philosophy by the 12th century, withAvicenna becoming a central authority on philosophy.[61]

Avicennism was also influential in medieval Europe, particular hisdoctrines on the nature of the soul and his existence-essencedistinction, along with the debates and censure that they raised inscholastic Europe (example: Paris).

His psychology and theory of knowledge influenced William of Auvergne and Albertus Magnus, while his metaphysics had animpact on the thought of Thomas Aquinas .


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Human Sciences:

Philosophy-Theology-Sociology

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The role of prominent Muslim Thinkers in thefield of aqidah and tasawwuf to the advanceof knowledge and contribution to the process of learning in the history of Islamic culture and

civilization.

Some names include,al-Ghazzali,al-Maturidi,al-Baqillani,

al-Shahrastani, Ibn al-Arabi,al-Qushayri

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Ibn Rushd Abul Walid Mohammad Ibn Rushd

(known as Averroes) He was a physician, philosopher

and jurist He wrote a 7-volume medical

encyclopedia, Kitab al-Kulliyat fi al-

Tibb (Latin name Colliget, acorruption of the wordkulliyat=generalities), used at

European universities until the eighteenth century.

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Ibn Rushd's philosophy: attempt tosynthesize/fuse the Islamic faith with reasonin light of the available Greek heritage.

Ibn Rushd asserted the "primacy of reason", or a purely philosophical rationalism For Ibn Rushd, the primacy of reason is

unquestioned but compatible with Islamicfaith.

Ibn Rushds contribution to philosophy wassignificant to Europe rather than to theMuslim world.

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Ibn Rushds contribution to Europe was in two major areas:1: transfer and commentary on Aristotlesphilosophy

2: Spreading rationalism European philosophers discovered Aristotle through

Ibn Rushd's writings and commentaries on Aristotlesworks. Ibn Rushd used to be called "the Great Commentator.

Ibn Rushds commentaries on Aristotle were

translated into Latin and Hebrew, and soon becamea part of the curriculum at different Europeanuniversities and institutions of learning.

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an Andalusian Muslim polymath ; a master of Aristotelian philosophy, Islamicphilosophy , Islamic

theology , Maliki law and jurisprudence , logic , psychology , politics , Arabicmusic theory, andthe sciences of medicine ,astronomy , geography , mathematics , physics and celestial mechanics

He has been described by some [1] as the founding father of secularthought inWestern Europe and "one of the spiritual fathers of Europe ,". [2][3][4]

verroes began his career with the help of Ibn Tufail ("Aben Tofail" to the West),the author of Hayy ibn Yaqdhan and philosophic vizier of Almohad amir Abu YaqubYusuf .

Averroes's aptitude for medicine was noted by his contemporaries and can beseen in his major enduring work Kitab al-Kulyat fi al-Tibb (Generalities) the workwas influenced by the Kitab al-Taisir fi al-Mudawat wa al-Tadbir (Particularities)of Ibn Zuhr

Averroes was also a student of Ibn Bajjah ("Avempace" to the West), another

famous Islamic philosopher who greatly influenced his own Averroist thought


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Averroes's works were spread over 20,000 pages covering a variety of different subjects, including early Islamic philosophy , logic in Islamicphilosophy , Arabic medicine , Arabic mathematics , Arabicastronomy , Arabic grammar , Islamic theology , Sharia (Islamic law),and Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence). In particular, his most important worksdealt with Islamic philosophy , medicine and Fiqh. He wrote at least 67original works, which included 28 works on philosophy, 20 on medicine, 8

on law, 5 on theology, and 4 on grammar, in addition to his commentarieson most of Aristotle's works and his commentary on Plato 's The Republic .[7] There were three levels of commentary: the Jami , the Talkhis and

the Tafsir is most important original philosophical work was The Incoherence of the

Incoherence (Tahafut al-tahafut ), in which he defended Aristotelianphilosophy against al-Ghazali 's claims in The Incoherence of thePhilosophers (Tahafut al-falasifa ). Al-Ghazali argued that Aristotelianism,especially as presented in the writings of Avicenna , was self-contradictoryand an affront to the teachings of Islam . Averroes' rebuttal was two-pronged: he contended both that al-Ghazali's arguments were mistakenand that, in any case, the system of Avicenna was a distortion of genuineAristotelianism so that al-Ghazali was aiming at the wrong target


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Averroes is also a highly regarded legal scholar of the Maliki school. Perhaps his best-known workin this field is Bidyat al-Mujtahid wa Nihyat al-Muqtaid ( ), a textbook of Maliki doctrine in a comparative framework.

According to Averroes, there is no conflictbetween religion and philosophy , rather thatthey are different ways of reaching the sametruth. He believed in the creating of the universeby an all perfect god contrary to Avicenna'sideology which was the universe is eternal sincegod doesn't have specific knowledge(this is theview of Avicenna).


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Rationalism ( Aqlaniyyah )

Ibn Rushd was regarded as the herald of

rationalism long before the Renaissance(Gilson)Later, his works became the ruling mode of social thought in the West. Scholars of medieval Europe were provoked andinspired by those writings.

A dominant and influential school of philosophical thought emerged under hisname (Averroism)

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From the end of the twelfth century- sixteenthcentury, Averroism remained the dominantschool of thoughtResults: the Renaissance in 13 th century &Protestant Reformation in 16 th

Ibn Rushds singular influence in stimulatingthe Western Renaissance is acknowledged "as the landmark in the history of Western civilization" (Gilson, 1938, 30).

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Ibn Khaldun (1332-

1395C.E)Full name, Abd al-Rahman bin Muhammad.

Born in Tunisia in 732A.H (1332 C.E) in an

influential and learnedfamily. Many of his ancestors

had held high posts in theTunis government.

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Studies:

His father avoided politics and devoted histime to study jurisprudence, philosophy andpoetry and excelled in all these branches of

knowledge.Unlike his father, Ibn khaldun was engagedin both learning and politics.

His close friend and associate, Ibn Khattab,described him as a virtuous man, good natured, shy, opposed to oppression, difficult tohandle, well-informed on intellectual and traditional science, wise of judgment and knowing a lot of things by heart.

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Ibn Khaldun made great intellectual contributionsin many areas of learning. He is internationallyrecognized as the founder and father of sociology,

father of philosophy, historian of civilization, and the father of the economic science.

He is best known for his famous Muqaddimah(prolegomena), a masterpiece in literature onphilosophy of history and sociology.

The main themes of Muqaddimah: identifypsychological, economic, environmental andsocial facts that contribute to the advancement of human civilization and the currents of history.

Ibn Khaldun analyzed the dynamics of grouprelationships and showed how group feelings, al-Asabiyyah, produce the ascent of a newcivilization and political power.

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Ibn Khaldun identified an almost rhythmic repetition of the rise and fall in humancivilization, and analyzed factorscontributing to it.Ibn Khalduns views attracted the attentionof Muslim scholars and many Westernthinkers.Ibn Khaldun pioneered the critical study of history.

Ibn Khaldun provided an analytical studyof human civilization, its beginning, factorscontributing to its development and thecauses of decline. 26


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Ibn Khaldun found a new science: the science of social

development or sociology (as it is called today)Ibn Khaldun wrote: I have written on history a book in which I discussed the causes and effects of the

development of states and civilizations, and Ifollowed in arranging the material of the book anunfamiliar method, and I followed in writing it a

strange and innovative way .Through selecting his particular method of analysis,Ibn khaldun developed two new sciences:

Historiography and Sociology Ibn khaldun views reason as a necessity in judginghistory and social events. injustice, despotism and

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Ibn Khaldun remarked that historianscommitted errors in their study of historicalevents because of three major problems/factors:

1.ignorance of the nature of civilization & of people

2.bias and prejudice3.blind acceptance of reports given by others.

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Ibn Khaldun pointed out that true progress and

development comes through correct understanding of history , and correct understanding of which canonly be achieved by observing the following threemain points:

1) A historian should not be prejudiced towards anyidea;

2) A historian needs to conform and scrutinize thereported information3) A historian should not limit history to the study of

political and military news or to the news of rulersand states. History should include the study of allsocial, religious and economic conditions.

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d- ungs 2040 human sciences law and jurisprudence (1)

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