d5 urinary stones their cause and treatment, as

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Ranes C. CHAKRAVORTY (Salem, U.S.A.) D5 URINARY STONES THEIR CAUSE AND TREATMENT, AS DESCRIBED IN THE SUSHRUTASAMHITA Introduction : The Sushrutasamhita is one the three main texts of Ayurveda, the original indian system of medicine. Prior to the beginnings of islamic incursion from 1000 AD onwards, the Ayurvedic system was essentially hindu, though there is evidence of interchange with other cultures, mainly arab and greek (4,8). The exact date of compilation of the Sushruta is unknown. In its primitive form, it was probably composed in the fifth or sixth century before Christ. Its present form dates from the 1st to the 4th century after Christ (4,8), and the most well- known redaction, that by Dallhana, seems to be of the 11th to 13th century AD. The present communication deals with the theories of causation, description of symptoms and suggested surgical treatment of urinary stones as is to be found in the Sushrutasamhita, the source of the translations are indicated within parentheses with the section, chapter and verse(s) being put in that order. The sanskrit texts of Ghanekar and Shastri (5, 7) have been used. The ancient Indians, who composed the Sushruta inhabited the region that today is represented by northwestern India, Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan. Then, as now, urinary stones were very common in this area and preoccupation with this disease is therefore understandable. Divisions of the Sushruta : The Samhita is divided into six major sections Sustrasthanam (Su), Nidanasthanam (Ni), Sharirasthanam (Sh), Chikitsasthanam (Ch), Kalpasthanam (Ka) and Uttaratantram (Ut). Each section is subdivided into chapters and each chapter contains a number of verses, or less commonly short prose sections. Except for the Kalpasthanam, all the other sections discuss some aspect of urinary stones. Sushrutian physiology : The concept of health and disease is based on the balance of three Doshas or primal forces and blood. These are Vayu wind), Pitta or Agni (fire, bile) and Kapha or Sleshma (phlegm, mucus). These forces are as much philosophical concepts as physiological and their functions difficult to comprehend (4). They will 328

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Page 1: D5 URINARY STONES THEIR CAUSE AND TREATMENT, AS

R a n e s C. C H A K R A V O R T Y ( S a l e m , U . S . A . )

D5

URINARY STONES THEIR CAUSE AND TREATMENT,

AS DESCRIBED IN THE SUSHRUTASAMHITA

Introduction :

T h e S u s h r u t a s a m h i t a i s o n e t h e t h r e e m a i n t e x t s o f A y u r v e d a , t h e o r i g i n a l i n d i a n s y s t e m of m e d i c i n e . P r i o r t o t h e b e g i n n i n g s of i s l a m i c i n c u r s i o n f r o m 1000 A D o n w a r d s , t h e A y u r v e d i c s y s t e m w a s e s s e n t i a l l y h i n d u , t h o u g h t h e r e i s e v i d e n c e of i n t e r c h a n g e w i t h o t h e r c u l t u r e s , m a i n l y a r a b a n d g r e e k ( 4 , 8 ) .

T h e e x a c t d a t e o f c o m p i l a t i o n o f t h e S u s h r u t a i s u n k n o w n . I n i t s p r i m i t i v e f o r m , i t w a s p r o b a b l y c o m p o s e d i n t h e f i f t h o r s i x t h c e n t u r y b e f o r e C h r i s t . I t s p r e s e n t f o r m d a t e s f r o m t h e 1st t o t h e 4 t h c e n t u r y a f t e r C h r i s t (4 ,8) , a n d t h e m o s t w e l l -k n o w n r e d a c t i o n , t h a t b y D a l l h a n a , s e e m s t o b e of t h e 11 th t o 13 th c e n t u r y A D .

T h e p r e s e n t c o m m u n i c a t i o n d e a l s w i t h t h e t h e o r i e s o f c a u s a t i o n , d e s c r i p t i o n o f s y m p t o m s a n d s u g g e s t e d s u r g i c a l t r e a t m e n t o f u r i n a r y s t o n e s a s i s t o b e f o u n d i n t h e S u s h r u t a s a m h i t a , t h e s o u r c e of t h e t r a n s l a t i o n s a r e i n d i c a t e d w i t h i n p a r e n t h e s e s w i t h t h e s e c t i o n , c h a p t e r a n d v e r s e ( s ) b e i n g p u t i n t h a t o r d e r . T h e s a n s k r i t t e x t s o f G h a n e k a r a n d S h a s t r i (5 , 7) h a v e b e e n u s e d .

T h e a n c i e n t I n d i a n s , w h o c o m p o s e d t h e S u s h r u t a i n h a b i t e d t h e r e g i o n t h a t t o d a y i s r e p r e s e n t e d b y n o r t h w e s t e r n I n d i a , P a k i s t a n a n d e a s t e r n A f g h a n i s t a n . T h e n , a s n o w , u r i n a r y s t o n e s w e r e v e r y c o m m o n i n t h i s a r e a a n d p r e o c c u p a t i o n w i t h t h i s d i s e a s e i s t h e r e f o r e u n d e r s t a n d a b l e .

Divisions of the Sushruta :

T h e S a m h i t a i s d i v i d e d i n t o s i x m a j o r s e c t i o n s — S u s t r a s t h a n a m ( S u ) , N i d a n a s t h a n a m ( N i ) , S h a r i r a s t h a n a m ( S h ) , C h i k i t s a s t h a n a m ( C h ) , K a l p a s t h a n a m ( K a ) a n d U t t a r a t a n t r a m ( U t ) . E a c h s e c t i o n i s s u b d i v i d e d i n t o c h a p t e r s a n d e a c h c h a p t e r c o n t a i n s a n u m b e r of v e r s e s , o r l e s s c o m m o n l y s h o r t p r o s e s e c t i o n s . E x c e p t f o r t h e K a l p a s t h a n a m , a l l t h e o t h e r s e c t i o n s d i s c u s s s o m e a s p e c t o f u r i n a r y s t o n e s .

Sushrutian physiology :

T h e c o n c e p t o f h e a l t h a n d d i s e a s e i s b a s e d o n t h e b a l a n c e o f t h r e e D o s h a s o r p r i m a l f o r c e s a n d b l o o d . T h e s e a r e — V a y u w i n d ) , P i t t a o r A g n i ( f i re , b i l e ) a n d K a p h a o r S l e s h m a ( p h l e g m , m u c u s ) . T h e s e f o r c e s a r e a s m u c h p h i l o s o p h i c a l c o n c e p t s a s p h y s i o l o g i c a l a n d t h e i r f u n c t i o n s d i f f i c u l t t o c o m p r e h e n d (4 ) . T h e y w i l l

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n o t b e d i s c u s s e d f u r t h e r h e r e . H o w e v e r , t h e t e r m s w i l l b e u s e d t o e l u c i d a t e t h e S u s h r u t i a n v i e w of t h e c a u s e s o f s t o n e f o r m a t i o n .

Sushrutian anatomy :

T h e i m p o r t a n c e of d i s s e c t i o n a n d a k n o w l e d g e o f a n a t o m y i s e m p h a s i s e d i n t h e S u s h r u t a ( S u 3/47-53 : S a 5 /59-62) . M o s t o f t h e a n a t o m i c a l d e s c r i p t i o n s o f t h e u r i n a r y s y s t e m a r e t o b e f o u n d i n t h e S h a r i r a s t h a n a m , t h o u g h r e l e v a n t s u r g i c a l a n a t o m y i s d i s c u s s e d e l s e w h e r e .

T h e k i d n e y s ( V R K K A ) a r e o n l y m e n t i o n e d ( S a 4 / 3 0 ) a n d t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p t o t h e u r e t e r s s e e m s t o h a v e b e e n i g n o r e d . T w o c h a n n e l s ( S h r o t a s ) c o n s t a n t l y c a r r y u r i n e t o t h e b l a d d e r a s r i v e r s d r a i n i n t o t h e s e a . T h e y h a v e t h o u s a n d s o f o p e n i n g s t o o f i n e t o s e e a s t h e i r o r i g i n a n d i s s u e f r o m b e t w e e n t h e s t o m a c h a n d t h e i n t e s t i n e s . W h e t h e r in s l e e p o r a w a k e n i n g t h e b l a d d e r f i l l s w i t h u r i n e a s a n e w e a r t h e n p i t c h e r f i l l s t h r o u g h i t s l a t e r a l f i n e p o r e s w h e n p l a c e d i n w a t e r ( N i 3 /18-24) . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e S h a r i r a s t h a n ( S a 9 / 6 , 7) , o f t h e 24 d u c t s ( D h a m a n i ) , 14 c o u r s e d o w n w a r d s — t w o of t h e s e c a r r y u r i n e i n t o t h e b l a d d e r .

T h e b l a d d e r ( M u t r a s a y a , M u t r a v a s t i ) , i s s h a p e d f r o m t h e e s s e n c e of b l o o d a n d K a p h a m ( p h l e g m ) a n d i s s h a p e d b y P i t t a m ( b i l e ) a n d V a y u ( w i n d ) ( S a 4 /26-29) . I t i s o n e t h e s e v e n r e c e p t a c l e s ( A s a y a ) o f t h e m a l b o d y — ( e i g h t i n w o m e n ) ( S a 5 / 8 ) . T w o u r i n e c a r r y i n g d u c t s h a v e t h e i r r o o t s i n t h e b l a d d e r a n d t h e p e n i s ( S a 9 / 1 1 , 1 2 ) — t h i s p r o b a b l y r e f e r s t o t h e u r e t e r s ( a u t h . ) . T h e u r e t h r a i s o n e o f t h e n i n e b o d i l y c h a n n e l s ( S h r o t a s ) t o t h e e x t e r i o r ( S a 5 / 1 0 ) . I t i s t e r m e d M u t r a n a l a n d M u t r a m a n i e l s e w h e r e ( U t 5 5 / 1 5 ) .

Cause of bladder stone formation :

( R e n a l a n d u r e t e r a l s t o n e s a r e n o t r e c o g n i s e d i n t h e S u s h r u t a — a l l f u r t h e r d i s c u s s i o n i s t h e r e f o r e of b l a d d e r o r u r e t h r a l s t o n e s . )

( S l e s h m a o r K a p h a m i s t h e l u b r i c a t i n g p r i n c i p l e o f t h e o r g a n i s m . ) D e r a n g e m e n t of K a p h a m ( p h l e g m ) i s t h e e s s e n t i a l c a u s e of s t o n e f o r m a t i o n t h o u g h o t h e r f a c t o r s m a y h a v e a n i m p o r t a n t i n f l u e n c e ( N i 3 / 2 ) . B l a d d e r s t o n e s a r e t e r m e d A s m a r i ( r o c k ) w h e n l a r g e a n d S a r k a r a ( g r a v e l ) w h e n f i n e . K a p h a m i s n o r m a l l y c a r r i e d i n t o t h e b l a d d e r . If t h e i n t e r n a l c h a n n e l s a r e n o t k e p t c l e a n o r u n w h o l e s o m e f o o d i s e a t e n , t h e m i x t u r e o f d e r a n g e d K a p h a m a n d u r i n e f o r m s s t o n e s ( N i 3 / 3 ) . A s m a r i s f o r m i n t h e s a m e f a s h i o n a s t h e p r e c i p i t a t e t h a t o c c u r s a f t e r s o m e t i m e w h e n e v e n c l e a r w a t e r i s k e p t i n a n e w p i t c h e r . V a y u a n d A g n i ( P i t t a m ) a c t in c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h K a p h a m i n t o t h e b l a d d e r u r i n e a n d p r o d u c e s t o n e s j u s t a s V a y u a n d t h e f i r e o f l i g h t n i n g a c t t o g e t h e r t o f o r m h a i l s t o n e s f r o m r a i n w a t e r ( N i 3 / 2 6 ) .

( V a y u i s t h e m o t i v e f o r c e of t h e o r g a n i s m . ) W h e n a c t i n g p r o p e r l y , V a y u p r o d u c e s n o r m a l u r i n a r y f l o w f r o m t h e b l a d d e r . W h e n t h e f l o w o f V a y u i s r e v e r s e d o r o b s t r u c t e d m a n y u r i n a r y a n d s e m i n a l d i s e a s e s a n d A s m a r i o c c u r ( N i 3 /27-28) . R e p r e s s i n g t h e d e s i r e t o u r i n a t e o b s t r u c t s V a y u a n d c a u s e s a d i s e a s e c a l l e d M u t r a g h a t a w h i c h i s u r i n a r y r e t e n t i o n n o t d u e t o s t o n e t h o u g h t h e s y m p t o m s a r e s i m i l a r ( U t 55, 5 8 / 1 9 ) . V a y u , P i t t a a n d K a p h a e n t e r t h e b l a d d e r i n t h e s a m e w a y a s u r i n e , a n d w h e n d e r a n g e d f o r m s t o n e s ( N i 3 / 2 4 ) . A p a r t f r o m t h e t h r e e t y p e s o f b l a d d e r s t o n e s d u e t o V a y u ( V a t a s m a r i ) , P i t t a ( P i t t a j a s m a r i ) a n d K a p h a ( K a p h a -s m a r i ) , c o n c r e t i o n s of s e m e n ( S u k r a s m a r i ) f o r m a s u b s i d i a r y t y p e of b l a d d e r s t o n e ( N i 3 / 1 6 ) . T h e s e a r e d u e t o c o i t u s i n t e r r u p t u s o r e x c e s s i v e c o i t u s ( N i 3 / 1 6 , U t 5 5 / 1 5 ) .

B l a d d e r s t o n e s a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y c o m m o n i n c h i l d r e n a s t h e y s l e e p d u r i n g t h e d a y , e a t u n w h o l e s o m e f o o d a n d a s t h e i r b l a d d e r s h a v e s m a l l c a p a c i t y a n d p o o r

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m u s c u l a t u r e . S t o n e s i n c h i l d r e n a r e e a s i l y e x t r a c t e d w i t h i n s t r u m e n t s (Mi 3/11).

Appearance of different types of stones :

T h e S l e s h m a s m a r i ( d u e t o d e r a n g e d K a p h a m ) i s w h i t e w i t h a s m o o t h s u r f a c e a n d i s a s l a r g e a s a h e n ' s e g g . T h e P i t t a j a s m a r i ( d u e t o d e r a n g e d P i t t a m ) i s h a r d , l a r g e a n d r e d d i s h , y e l l o w i s h o r h o n e y - c o l o r e d . T h e s t o n e s d u e t o d e r a n g e d V a y U ( V a t a s m a r i ) a r e d u s k y , v e r y h a r d , u n e v e n i n s h a p e o r w i t h a s p i k y e x t e r i o r ( N i 3 ) .

Treatment of Asmari and Sarkara :

G e n e r a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s — g e n e r a l p r i n c i p l e s o f s u r g i c a l t r e a t m e n t a r e d e a l t w i t h i n t h e S u t r a s f h a n a m . S p e c i f i c s o f t r e a t m e n t a r e t o b e f o u n d i n t h e C h i k i t s a -s t h a n a m .

A s m a r i i s a d a n g e r o u s a n d ( p o t e n t i a l l y ) l e t h a l d i s e a s e . R e c e n t d i s e a s e c a n b e t r e a t e d m e d i c a l l y , s u r g e r y i s n e e d e d i n t h e c h r o n i c s t a t e ( C h 7 / 3 ) .

M e d i c a l t r e a t m e n t — I n t h e e a r l y s t a g e s t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f o i l y s u b s t a n c e s ( S n e h a ) w i t h f o o d o r e x t e r n a l l y b y b l a d d e r i r r i g a t i o n ( s e e l a t e r ) a n d m a s s a g i n g ( K h e d a ) c a n c u r e A s m a r i ( C h 7/4). V a r i o u s h e r b a l m i x t u r e s , s p e c i a l d i e t s , a n d m e d i c a t i o n s m a d e w i t h h e r b s , m i n e r a l s a n d e x c r e t a of a n i m a l s a r e d e s c r i b e d f o r t h e c u r e o f s t o n e s p r o d u c e d b y t h e d e r a n g e m e n t o f s p e c i f i c d o s h a s ( C h 7/5-26) .

S u r g i c a l t r e a t m e n t ( i f o i l s , a l k a l i s , a s t r i n g e n t s , m i l k o r b l a d d e r i r r i g a t i o n s f a i l ) , t h e n t h e s t o n e m u s t b e c u t o u t ( C h 7 / 2 7 ) . S u r g e r y i s t h e w o r s t ( m o s t r a d i c a l , m o s t d a n g e r o u s ) t r e a t m e n t , a s e v e n i n t h e h a n d s o f t h e e x p e r i e n c e d s u r g e o n o p e r a t i o n s a r e n o t c e r t a i n t o b e s u c c e s s f u l ( C h 7 / 2 8 ) . A s t h e p a t i e n t i s s u r e t o d i e if n o t o p e r a t e d u p o n a n d t h e o u t c o m e o f o p e r a t i o n i s u n c e r t a i n , t h e s u r g e o n s h o u l d t a k e p e r m i s s i o n t o o p e r a t e f r o m t h e a u t h o r i t i e s ( C h 7 / 2 7 ) .

T h e p a t i e n t s h o u l d b e a p p r o p r i a t e l y p r e p a r e d a n d a r r a n g e m e n t s f o r o p e r a t i o n b e m a d e a s d e s c r i b e d i n t h e A g r o p a h a r a n i y a s e c t i o n ( S u 5 ) ( 1 , 3 ) . T h e p a t i e n t s h o u l d b e r e a s s u r e d . I f h e i s s t r o n g a n d u n a f r a i d , t h e u p p e r p a r t o f h i s b o d y s h o u l d b e p l a c e d o n t h e l a p of a p e r s o n s e a t e d o n a p l a t f o r m a t t h e h e i g h t o f t h e k n e e a n d f a c i n g e a s t . T h e p a t i e n t ' s w a i s t s h o u l d r e s t o n a c l o t h c u s h i o n . H i s k n e e s a n d e l b o w s s h o u l d b e f l e x e d a n d t i e d t o g e t h e r w i t h s t r i p s o f c l o t h o r r o p e . T h e h y p o g a s t r i c r e g i o n s h o u l d b e r u b b e d w e l l w i t h o i l a n d s t r o n g p r e s s u r e a p p l i e d w i t h t h e c l o s e d f i s t o n t h e l e f t s i d e of t h e h y p o g a s t r i u m t o m a k e t h e s t o n e d e s c e n d . T h e s u r g e o n s h o u l d t h e n i n t r o d u c e t h e s e c o n d a n d t h i r d d i g i t s o f h i s l e f t h a n d i n t o t h e r e c t u m of t h e p a t i e n t . T h e n a i l s s h o u l d h a v e b e e n p a r e d a n d t h e f i n g e r s c o a t e d w i t h o i l . W i t h t h e f i n g e r s i n t h e m i d l i n e (o f t h e r e c t u m ) t h e s t o n e s h o u l d b e p u l l e d d o w n w i t h c a r e f u l p r e s s u r e t o p r e s e n t a s a n e l e v a t e d s w e l l i n g b e t w e e n t h e r e c t u m a n d t h e p e n i s ( C h 7 / 3 0 ) . ( I t w o u l d a p p e a r t h a t t h e a i m w a s t o g e t t h e s t o n e i n t o t h e u r e t h r a a n d r e m o v e i t f r o m t h e r e .

O n p u l l i n g d o w n t h e s t o n e , if t h e p a t i e n t f a i n t s , h i s n e c k e l o n g a t e s ( i .e . , h i s h e a d r o l l s t o o n e s i d e ) h i s e y e s h a v e a v a c a n t s t a r e a n d h e b e c o m e s l i k e d e a d , a t t e m p t s a t r e m o v i n g t h e s t o n e s h o u l d b e a b a n d o n e d a s t h e p a t i e n t w o u l d t h e n d i e . O t h e r w i s e e x t r a c t i o n m a y b e d o n e ( C h 7 / 3 0 ) .

t h e s e a m ( S i b a n i ) ( t h e m e d i a n p e r i n e a l r a p h e ) . S o m e e x p e r t s r e c o m m e n d a t h e s e a m ( S i b a n i ) ( t h e m e d i a n p e r i n e a l r a p h e — a u t h . ) . S o m e e x p e r t s r e c o m m e n d r i g h t s i d e d i n c i s i o n if n e e d e d f o r e a s e o f e x t r a c t i o n — a n d i t s l e n t h s h o u l d b e a p p r o p r i a t e t o t h e s i z e o f t h e s t o n e . C a r e i s n e e d e d t o s e e t h a t t h e s t o n e i s n o t b r o k e n o r c r u s h e d w h i l e t h e i n c i s i o n i s b e i n g m a d e . I f e v e n a s m a l l p i e c e i s

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r e t a i n e d i t w i l l l a t e r e n l a r g e i n s i z e . A l l s t o n e s s h o u l d t h e r e f o r e b e e x t r a c t e d w i t h a n i n s t r u m e n t w i t h a r e c u r v e d t ip ( A g r a b a k r a y a n t r a ) ( C h 7 / 3 3 ) (1).

I n w o m e n ( t h e f i n g e r s o f t h e s u r g e o n s h o u l d b e i n t h e v a g i n a ) t h e u t e r u s i s n e x t t o t h e b l a d d e r — t h e r e f o r e t h e i n c i s i o n s h o u l d n o t b e t o o d e e p a s a u r i n a r y f i s t u l a m a y r e s u l t . I n m e n , a u r i n a r y f i s t u l a m a y r e s u l t i f t h e b l a d d e r i s i n j u r e d . W o u n d s of t h e b l a d d e r c a u s e d b y o t h e r c a u s e s t h a n l i t h o t o m y , o r t w o i n c i s i o n s m a d e i n t o t h e b l a d d e r f o r r e m o v a l o f s t o n e s , d o n o t h e a l . A b l a d d e r i n c i s i o n f o r l i t h o t o m y h e a l s if p o s t o p e r a t i v e m e a s u r e s a r e p r o p e r l y c a r r i e d o u t a n d if t h e q u a n t i t y o f u r i n e i s i n c r e a s e d ( C h 7/33-34) .

Surgical errors to be avoided :

A t t h e t i m e o f o p e r a t i o n c a r e f u l l y a v o i d d a m a g i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g — t h e u r e t e r s , t h e v a s a d e f e r e n t i a , t h e f e m a l e o r g a n s , t h e s p e r m a t i c c o r d s , t h e u r e t h r a , t h e p e r i n e a l r a p h e , t h e r e c t u m a n d t h e b l a d d e r . I n j u r y t o t h e b l a d d e r ( ? u r e t e r ) c a u s e s d r i b b l i n g of u r i n e o r d e a t h w i t h t h e b l a d d e r f i l l i n g w i t h u r i n e . I n j u r y t o t h e v a s a d e f e r e n t i a o r t h e s p e r m a t i c c o r d s c a u s e s d e a t h , s t e r i l i t y o r i m p o t e n c e . I n j u r y t o t h e f e m a l e g e n i t a l s o r t h e p e r i n e a l r a p h e c a u s e s e x c r u c i a t i n g p a i n . T h e r e s u l t s o f i n j u r y t o t h e b l a d d e r o r t h e r e c t u m a r e e x t r e m e l y g r a v e a n d a r e d e t a i l e d i n t h e s e c t i o n o n M a r m a s o r v i t a l p o i n t s ( C h 7 / 3 6 ) .

Postoperative management:

A f t e r l i t h o t o m y t h e p a t i e n t s h o u l d s i t i n a t u b f i l l e d w i t h w a r m w a t e r t o k e e p t h e b l a d d e r f r o m f i l l i n g w i t h b l o o d . If t h e b l a d d e r d o e s f i l l w i t h b l o o d i t s h o u l d b e i r r i g a t e d w i t h t h e e x t r a c t o f t h e K s h e e r a b r k s h a u s i n g a c a t h e t e r s h a p e d l i k e t h e s t e m of a f l o w e r ( P u s h p a n e t r a ) . T h e a l k a l i f r o m t h e ( e x t r a c t o f t h e ) K s h e e r a b r k s h a c l e a r s t h e b l a d d e r of s t o n e a n d b l o o d ( C h 17/33-34) .

T h e p a t i e n t s h o u l d b e f e d r i c e a n d m o l a s s e s t o c l e a r t h e u r i n a r y p a s s a g e s . H o n e y a n d c l a r i f i e d b u t t e r s h o u l d b e a p p l i e d t o t h e i n c i s i o n a f t e r w a r m w a t e r s o a k s . T h e p a t i e n t i s t o e a t t w o d a i l y m e a l s of b a r l e y c o o k e d i n m a t e r i a l s t h a t p u r i f y u r i n e a n d m i x e d w i t h w a r m c l a r i f i e d b u t t e r . F o r t e n d a y s t h e r e a f t e r a d i e t o f w e l l - c o o k e d s o f t r i c e m i x e d w i t h l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s o f m i l k a n d m o l a s e s w i l l k e e p t h e b l o o d a n d u r i n e p u r e a n d t h e w o u n d m o i s t . F o r t e n m o r e d a y s s o u r f r u i t s a n d s o u p m a d e f r o m t h e m e a t o f w i l d a n i m a l s s h o u l d b e g i v e n . T h e p a t i e n t s h o u l d b e c a r e f u l l y m a s s a g e d w i t h o i l y a n d w a t e r y a p p l i c a t i o n s f o r t e n m o r e d a y s ( C h 7 / 3 5 ) .

C a r e o f t h e i n c i s i o n — T h e w o u n d s h o u l d b e w a s h e d w i t h t h e e x t r a c t o f K s h e e r a b r k s h a a n d a n o i n t e d w i t h a l e v i g a t e d p a s t e b a s e d o n a m i x t u r e of s e s a m u m a n d h o n e y ( K a l k a ) c o n t a i n i n g v a r i o u s b o t a n i c a l s ( R o d h r a , M a d h u k a , M a n j i s t h a , P u n d a r i ) . T h e s a m e m i x t u r e w i t h a d d e d t u r m e r i c i s t o b e m a s s a g e d i n t o t h e w o u n d . C o l l e c t i o n s of b l o o d i n t h e b l a d d e r s h o u l d b e r e m o v e d b y i r r i g a t i o n w i t h a c a t h e t e r . I f m i c t u r i t i o n d o e s n o t b e c o m e n o r m a l ( ? p e r s i s t e n t u r i n a r y l e a k a g e — a u t h . ) a f t e r s e v e n d a y s , t h e w o u n d m a y n e e d t o b e c a u t e r i s e d . O n c e m i c t u r i t i o n i s n o r m a l , t h e b l a d d e r s h o u l d b e i r r i g a t e d w i t h w a t e r y a n d o i l y e x t r a c t s o f s w e e t a n d a s t r i n g e n t s u b s t a n c e s ( A n u b a s h a n a a n d A s t h a p a n a v a s t i ) ( C h 7 / 3 5 ) .

Stones in the urethra :

T h e s e s h o u l d b e e x t r a c t e d t h r o u g h t h e ( n o r m a l ) p a s s a g e . If t h i s i s n o t p o s s i b l e , t h e u r e t h r a i s t o b e i n c i s e d a n d t h e s t o n e r e m o v e d w i t h a h o o k - s h a p e d i n s t r u m e n t

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( B a d i s h a y a n t r a ) ( l ) . F o r a y e a r a f t e r t h e c o m p l e t e h e a l i n g o f t h e w o u n d , t h e f o l l o w i n g a c t i v i t i e s a r e t o b e a v o i d e d — r i d i n g o n h o r s e s o r e l e p h a n t s , l i f t i n g h e a v y w e i g h t s , s w i m m i n g , c l i m b i n g m o u t a i n s , s e x u a l i n t e r c o u r s e a n d h e a v y l i f t i n g ( C h 7 / 3 5 ) .

Summary :

T h e S u s h r u t a s a m h i t a b e a r s s u r p r i s i n g l y d e t a i l e d i n s t r u c t i o n s o n t h e s u r g i c a l m a n a g e m e n t o f b l a d d e r s t o n e s . W h i l e l i t h o t o m y w a s r e c o g n i s e d a s b e i n g a d a n g e r o u s e x p e d i e n t o t b e r e s o r t e d t o w h e n e v e r y t h i n g e l s e h a d f a i l e d , t h e d e t a i l s o f t h e o p e r a t i v e t e c h n i c b e a r s a m p l e t e s t i m o n y t o t h e o p e r a t i o n b e i n g p e r f o r m e d w i t h h o p e s of s u c c e s s . E v e n w i t h l i m i t e d , a n d s o m e t i m e s e r r o n e o u s , i d e a s o f t h e a n a t o m y a n d p h y s i o l o g y o f t h e u r i n a r y t r a c t a n d o f t h e c a u s e s o f s t o n e f o r m a t i o n , t h e t e c h n i c s a n d m a n a g e m e n t d e s c r i b e d s o u n d f a m i l i a r e v e n t o d a y !

R E F E R E N C E S

1. C h a k r a v o r t y , R .C. : S u r g i c a l I n s t r u m e n t s a s d e s c r i b e d in the S u s h r u t a s a m h i t a , R K M S P S o u ­venir , 1968.

2 . C h a k r a v o r t y , R.C. : T h e T r e a t m e n t o f w o u n d s a n d a b s c e s s e s i n t h e S u t r a s t h a n a m of t h e Sushrutasamhi ta , Ind . Journ. Surg. , 31, 261-266, 1969.

3 . C h a k r a v o r t y , R.C. : M a n a g e m e n t o f c l e a n w o u n d s a n d a b s c e s s e s a s d e s c r i b e d i n the S u s h r u t a ­samhi ta , 560-562, Actes , X X V e Congrès Internat ional de l 'Histoire de la Médec ine , Québec , 1976.

4. Fil l iozat, J. : La doctr ine c lass ique de la m é d e c i n e indienne , ses or ig ines et ses paral lè les grecs . Impr imer ie Nat iona le , Paris , 1949.

5. Ghanekar, B.G. : Sushrutasamhi ta (Sutras thanam) , Mehrchand Lachmandas , Delhi , 2003

6. Prakash, U . B . S . : Sushruta of Ancient India, Surg. Gynec. Obst . , 176, 1978. 7. Shastri , A. : Sushrutasamhi ta (vo ls . I & I I ) , C h o w k h a m b a Sanskri t Samsthan Varanasi ,

1972, 1979. 8. W i n t e r n i t z , M. : A H i s t o r y o f i n d i a n l i t e r a t u r e . V o l . 3 , Pt . 2 ( t r a n s l a t e d b y J h a , S.) :

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