Data Gathering

and

Research

Instruments

QUANTITATIVE TYPE OF RESEARCH

Methodoly of

Research

(Educ 503)

ELAINE BALEN-CLIMACOSA

Quantita

tive

Rese

arch

This approach typically

concentrates on

measuring or counting

and involves collecting

and analyzing numerical

data and applying

statistical tests.

“The collection of

numerical data in order to

explain, predict and/or

control phenomena of

interest.”

 

 L.R.

Gay 

Grant

Henning

“The kind of research that

involves the tallying,

manipulation, or

systematic aggregation of

quantities of data.“

  

“An inquiry into a social or human

problem based on testing a theory

composed of variables, measured

with numbers, and analyzed with

statistical procedures, in order to

determine whether the predictive

generalizations of the theory hold true.”

 John W. Creswell 

“It is indeed based on much of what it’s nomenclature

indicates: quantities. ”

 Cresswell

DATA

o These are “Raw Materials” with which an

evaluation is built.oAre systematically collected information

relevant to your program

that will be used in assessing whether your

program achieved its

objectives.surv

eys

qu

esti

on

nair

es

inte

rvie

ws

Talli

es

from

lo

gs

Info

rmati

on

fro

m

scale

s a

nd

self

-assessm

en

ts

in an established systematic

fashion that enables one to answer stated

research questions, test

hypotheses, and evaluate

outcomes. 

The process of gathering and

measuring information on

variables of interest

DATA COLLECTION

Ability to

answer

research

questions

accurately

Ability to

validate the

study

Having fair

findings

resulting in

worthy

resources

Leading other

researchers to

pursue fruitful

avenues of

investigation

Not to cause

harm to

human

participants

and animal

subjects

Data

Colle

ction

It involves

administering

instruments as well

as gathering and

organizing

responses and

measures for

analysis.

A well-planned

data collection

consistent

reliable

useful informatio

n

Data Collection

STEPS IN DATA

COLLECTION

surveys

questionnaires

interviews

1. Identify Data Types and

Sources 2. Identify Who Will Be

Involved 3. Set a Schedule 4. Train Your Data Collectors 5. Pilot Test Your Collection

Processes 6. Implement Your Data

Collection

STEP

S…

INSTRUMENTAT

ION

INSTR

UM

EN

T

Is the generic term that researchers use for a measurement device

"Careful planning for data collection can help with setting realistic goals.

Data collection instrumentation, such as surveys, physiologic measures (blood pressure or

temperature), or interview guides, must be identified and described.

Using previously validated collection instruments can save time and increase the study's

credibility. Once the data collection procedure has been

determined, a time line for completion should be established."

(Pierce, 2009, p. 159)

INSTRUMENT

INSTRUMENTATION

• SURVEY

• TEST

• QUESTIONNAIRE

• THE COURSE ACTION• THE PROCESS OF DEVELOPING• TESTING• USING OF DEVICE

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INSTRUMENT

AND INSTRUMENTATION

QU

ESTIO

NN

AIR

E The most common

instrument or tool of

research for obtaining

data within or beyond

the physical reach of the observer.

TW

O FO

RM

S O

F

QU

ESTIO

NN

AIR

E

Closed form/Closed-ended

Are you pregnant?

Are you happy?

Is he dead? What was your high

school experience

like?

What makes the

leaves change

color?

Open-form/open-ended

GU

IDELI

NES IN

U

SIN

G

QU

ESTIO

NN

AIR

E

oClarity of languageoSingleness of purposeoRelevance to the

objective of the studyoCorrect grammar

Adva

nta

ges…

oFacilitates data gathering

oEasy to test data for

reliability and validity

oLess in time-consuming

than in interview and

observation

oPreserves the anonymity

and confidentiality of the

respondents’ reactions and

answers

Dis

adva

nta

ges…

oPrinting and mailing are

costlyoResponse rate maybe low

oRespondents may provide

only socially acceptable

answersoThere is less chance to

clarify ambiguous answers

oRespondents must be no

physical handicapsoRate of retrieval can be

low

INTERV

IEW

It is a sense of an

oral questionnaire.

PU

RPO

SE O

F

INTERV

IEW

oTo collect data

oTo verify information

gathered from written

sources

oTo clarify points of

information

oTo update information

TYPES…

oStructured/standardizedoUnstructured/unstandardizedoTelephone