Data Integrity

Q: Is it OK to use Excel for data entry?

Data Integrity

• Q: Is it OK to use Excel for data entry? – Still possible to sort a single column at a time

(disaster!) – No way of tracking changes made to data – Data validation is possible, but limited – No way to link related rows (as in a relational

database) – Often require significant manipulation before or

after transfer to stats package

Data Integrity

• Is it OK to use Excel for data programming?

Data Integrity

• Is it OK to use Excel for data programming? – Data programming – any post-entry manipulation

of data prior to statistical analysis (e.g., calculating total scores)

– Unless you’re using macros or VBA, there will be no documentation, or trail, showing what has been done.

– There is that sorting problem again, as well. – Tools like MS Access allow the use of queries that

don’t actually ‘change’ the source data.

Data Transfer

• Q: I took out SSN, address, names, and birthdates, so my file is now de-identified, right?

Data Transfer

• Q: I took out SSN, address, names, and birthdates, so my file is now de-identified, right?

• A: Maybe. All dates, including visit dates, dates of services, etc. must be year only. Ages 90+ can not be there, but must be aggregated to read 90+.

http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/privacy/hipaa/understanding/coveredentities/De-identification/guidance.html#standard

Data Transfer

• Q: If it’s not a visit registered in hospital software, is the visit date really confidential?

Data Transfer

• Q: If it’s not a visit registered in hospital software, is the visit date really confidential?

• A: Anything that could be used to link data back to an individual is potentially problematic, and should be avoided.

Data Security

• Q: Can data that has been completely de-identified be e-mailed or otherwise shared with colleagues?

Data Security

• Q: Can data that has been completely de-identified be e-mailed or otherwise shared with colleagues?

• A: Sharing may depend on what the original consent form specified. – Safe route is to add relevant collaborators to the IRB

for the study in question. Then, the data can be shared (SECURELY) with those people.

– In generally, it’s best to use the ‘need to know’ policy (send them ONLY what they need for their task).

– Email is a poor method of sharing.

Data Security

• Q: Is it OK to e-mail a colleague a data file with PHI if I password protect the datafile, and e-mail the password in a separate e-mail.

Data Security • Q: Is it OK to e-mail a colleague a data file with PHI if

I password protect the datafile, and e-mail the password in a separate e-mail.

• A: MS Office passwords can be breached in a matter of

minutes via free web tools. NOT SECURE!!! – If you have strongly encrypted the file (WinZip or 7-Zip

256-bit encryption), you technically could send via email (however, you would NOT send the password via email!)

– BUT, it’s more complicated then that. If you are sending PHI data, you need to know how THEY are going to protect it once they decrypt the file.

– Email isn’t desirable.

Data Security

• Q: I left my laptop in my car and someone broke in and stole it. I had lots of data on there, including PMI. What do I do now?

Data Security

• Q: I left my laptop in my car and someone broke in and stole it. I had lots of data on there, including PMI. What do I do now?

• A: Contact Corporate Security – Ideally, your laptop was encrypted

Data Security

• Q: When I need to share a datafile with someone, I just give them access to my dropbox. That’s OK, right?

Data Security

• Q: When I need to share a datafile with someone, I just give them access to my dropbox. That’s OK, right?

• A: NO!!! DropBox (and Google drive) is NOT secure. Why? – Problem 1: DropBox has access to it – Problem 2: In order for you to share it, you must

send a link. No authentication is required! – There are BETTER options.

Data Security

• Q: I have a multi-center sleep study that needs to have remote sites submit very large sleep study files to JHU for ‘scoring’. Requires 24-hour turnaround. What is the best way to move the data?

inSleep Remote Site – Data Collection / Submission

REDCap JShare

PSG Remote

Site

Data Entry

SIFT (Remote)

7-zip 256-bit Encryption

inSleep Central Site – Queue for Scoring

REDCap

JShare (Submitted PSG)

Scoring Center

SIFT (Central)

inSleep Scoring Center – Scoring / Reporting

REDCap JShare

Scoring Center

Scored Study Data

RDI / CPAP Level Notifications Remote Site

CRO

Encryption (Software)

• Q: How do I encrypt a file?

Encryption (Software) • Q: How do I encrypt a file? • Windows Zip Compression:

– Is NOT acceptable encryption • WinZip:

– About $30 – Familiar to most folks – 256-bit Encryption

• 7-Zip – FREE – Easy to use – 256-bit Encryption

Data Security

• Q: If I have to share data with PMI, what is the best way to do it?

Data Security

• Q: If I have to share data with PMI, what is the best way to do it? – GOOD: Encrypt the file with WinZip or 7-Zip 256-

bit encryption. Post to JShare or a suitable ‘private’ sharing environment (e.g. SpiderOak).

– BETTER: Copy to a HARDWARE encrypted thumb/flash drive and give/send it to them.

– BEST: Create a shared folder on the JHU/WIN Domain where only team members have access. Can access remotely with JHConnect.

Data Security

• Two Areas of Consideration – Data at Rest – Data In Motion

Data At Rest

• JHU Servers / Workstations – Generally secure if on the WIN Domain

• Laptops / Tablets – Should use Device Encryption – STRONG Passwords – Consider device tracking software – Consider TrueCrypt

• FREE • Creates a heavily encrypted partition on your hard drive (or

thumb drive)

Data At Rest (cont’d)

Portable Storage • If you are going to use portable devices they should

live in an ENCRYPTED state • CD/DVD’s are convenient for sharing, but tend to get

lost and left around. ENCRYPT prior to putting any data on these media.

• Portable/USB Hard Drive – Make sure it’s ENCRYPTED (consider TrueCrypt)

• Flash Drive – – Best to use a HARDWARE encrypted version. The entire

device is encrypted. Once you authenticate, it works as a normal drive.

– Consider TrueCrypt for standard USB drives.

Data At Rest (cont’d)

Remote Storage • JShare is a secure environment. Performance is a bit

lacking, but for most applications, it’s a suitable secure alternative for sharing data amongst team members.

• Some remote hosting sites are better than others. SpiderOak does NOT have any access to your encrypted data. If you forget the password… Sorry Charlie.

• Some remote hosting sites are weak (DropBox, G-Drive…). They retain access rights to your data.

• In most instances, you share a link for a file, but there is no password required.

Data At Rest

Sharing Sites • JShare – the JHU sharing site.

– Everyone with JHED ID has a JShare folder – Can create ‘tickets’ with or without passwords – Performance is somewhat lacking

• DropBox – Just Say NO! – SpiderOak (at least they don’t have access!)

Secure Portability

• Encrypt your laptop! • Encrypt your tablet! • Use HARDWARE encrypted thumb drives

– Imation Defender (bio) – Kangoru Defender – Kingston DataTraveler – Apricorn Aegis (PIN)

Hardware Encrypted Thumb Drives (consider a ‘managed’ drive)

Closing Thoughts

• Remember… PHI is SELDOM required for analysis. Leave it OUT!

• Just because it doesn’t contain PHI does NOT mean it’s not confidential!

Closing Thoughts • Try to use a shared folder on the WIN Domain when

possible! • Use JShare until JHU has provided a better alternative.

– Everyone with a JHED has JShare access • Use hardware encrypted thumb/flash drives (or an encrypted

partition on a standard flash drive [TrueCrypt]). • Email and CD/DVD are NOT good options!

– Email is “convenient”... but NOT for sending PHI – ALWAYS encrypt data when distributing via email, CD/DVD,

telepathy. – Just because it doesn’t contain PHI does NOT mean it’s not

confidential!

Helpful Links • HIPAA Privacy Rule: De-Identification Methods

– http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/privacy/hipaa/understanding/coveredentities/De-identification/guidance.html#standard

• WinZip – http://www.winzip.com/win/en/index.htm

• 7-Zip – http://www.7-zip.org/

• TrueCrypt – http://www.truecrypt.org/

• Eraser (an EXCELLENT program for securely erasing data on computers, laptops, and portable media) – http://eraser.heidi.ie/

• MS Access – Search YouTube for “MS Access Tutorial” or “MS Access Training”. There are

some excellent training tools that are presented in a very visual and clear way. It’s sometimes easier than trying to fit in a ‘course’.