Содержание

Предисловие к русскому изданию ......................................................................................................................................xxxi

Ïðåäèñëîâèå ..................................................................................................................................................................xxxiii

Êðóã ÷èòàòåëåé ..................................................................................................................................................xxxiii

Äîñòóïíîñòü äîêóìåíòàöèè............................................................................................................................xxxiii

Äîïîëíèòåëüíàÿ äîêóìåíòàöèÿ ....................................................................................................................xxxiv

Òèïîãðàôñêèå ñîãëàøåíèÿ ............................................................................................................................xxxiv

Часть IЧто такое Oracle

Глава 1Введение в базы данных Oracle

Àðõèòåêòóðà áàçû äàííûõ Oracle..................................................................................................................1-1

Îáçîð Grid-àðõèòåêòóðû ..........................................................................................................................1-2

Îáçîð àðõèòåêòóðû ïðèëîæåíèé ..........................................................................................................1-2

Àðõèòåêòóðà êëèåíò-ñåðâåð ........................................................................................................1-2

Ìíîãîóðîâíåâàÿ àðõèòåêòóðà: ñåðâåðû ïðèëîæåíèé ..........................................................1-3

Ìíîãîóðîâíåâàÿ àðõèòåêòóðà: ñåðâèñ-îðèåíòèðîâàííàÿ àðõèòåêòóðà ............................1-3

Îáçîð ôèçè÷åñêèõ ñòðóêòóð áàçû äàííûõ ..........................................................................................1-3

Ôàéëû äàííûõ ................................................................................................................................1-4

Óïðàâëÿþùèå ôàéëû ....................................................................................................................1-4

Îïåðàòèâíûå æóðíàëüíûå ôàéëû ............................................................................................1-5

Ôàéëû àðõèâíûõ æóðíàëîâ ........................................................................................................1-5

Ôàéëû ïàðàìåòðîâ ........................................................................................................................1-5

Ñèãíàëüíûå è òðàññèðîâî÷íûå ôàéëû ....................................................................................1-5

Ôàéëû ðåçåðâíûõ êîïèé ..............................................................................................................1-6

Îáçîð ëîãè÷åñêèõ ñòðóêòóð áàçû äàííûõ ..........................................................................................1-6

Áëîêè äàííûõ ÁÄ Oracle ..............................................................................................................1-7

Ýêñòåíòû ..........................................................................................................................................1-7

Ñåãìåíòû ..........................................................................................................................................1-7

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Òàáëè÷íûå ïðîñòðàíñòâà ............................................................................................................1-7

Îáçîð ñõåì è îáúåêòîâ ñõåìû ................................................................................................................1-8

Òàáëèöû ..........................................................................................................................................1-8

Èíäåêñû ............................................................................................................................................1-8

Ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ ................................................................................................................................1-9

Êëàñòåðû ..........................................................................................................................................1-9

Ñèíîíèìû ........................................................................................................................................1-9

Îáçîð ñëîâàðÿ áàç äàííûõ Îðàêë ........................................................................................................1-9

Îáçîð ýêçåìïëÿðà Oracle ......................................................................................................................1-10

Ôîíîâûå ïðîöåññû â áàçàõ äàííûõ Oracle ............................................................................1-10

Ñòðóêòóðû ïàìÿòè ýêçåìïëÿðà ..............................................................................................1-11

Îáçîð äîñòóïà ê áàçå äàííûõ ..............................................................................................................1-12

Ñåòåâûå ñîåäèíåíèÿ ....................................................................................................................1-12

Çàïóñê áàçû äàííûõ ....................................................................................................................1-12

Êàê ðàáîòàåò áàçà äàííûõ Oracle ............................................................................................1-12

Îáçîð óòèëèò áàçû äàííûõ Oracle ......................................................................................................1-13

Âîçìîæíîñòè áàçû äàííûõ Oracle ............................................................................................................1-13

Îáçîð òåñòèðîâàíèÿ ïðèëîæåíèé ......................................................................................................1-14

Èíñòðóìåíò Database Replay ....................................................................................................1-14

Èíñòðóìåíò SQL Performance Analyzer ..................................................................................1-14

Îáçîð âîçìîæíîñòåé êîíêóðåíòíîãî äîñòóïà ................................................................................1-15

Êîíêóðåíòíûé äîñòóï ................................................................................................................1-15

Ñîãëàñîâàííîñòü ÷òåíèÿ ............................................................................................................1-16

Ìåõàíèçìû êåøèðîâàíèÿ ........................................................................................................1-17

Ìåõàíèçìû áëîêèðîâàíèÿ ........................................................................................................1-17

Îáçîð âîçìîæíîñòåé ïîâûøåíèÿ óïðàâëÿåìîñòè ........................................................................1-17

Àâòîìàòèçàöèÿ ñîïðîâîæäåíèÿ áàçû äàííûõ ....................................................................1-18

Çàäà÷è àâòîìàòè÷åñêîãî ñîïðîâîæäåíèÿ ..............................................................................1-18

Oracle Enterprise Manager ..........................................................................................................1-18

Èíñòðóìåíòû SQL Developer è SQL*Plus ..............................................................................1-19

Àâòîìàòè÷åñêîå óïðàâëåíèå ïàìÿòüþ ..................................................................................1-19

Àâòîìàòè÷åñêîå óïðàâëåíèå äèñêîâûì ïðîñòðàíñòâîì ....................................................1-19

Ìîíèòîð àâòîìàòè÷åñêîé äèàãíîñòèêè ................................................................................1-19

Êîíñóëüòàíò SQL Tuning Advisor ............................................................................................1-20

Êîíñóëüòàíò SQL Access Advisor ..............................................................................................1-20

Êîíñóëüòàíò Streams Performance Advisor ............................................................................1-20

Ïëàíèðîâùèê ..............................................................................................................................1-21

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Ìåíåäæåð ðåñóðñîâ Oracle ........................................................................................................1-21

Îáçîð âîçìîæíîñòåé äèàãíîñòèðîâàíèÿ ..............................................................................1-21

Îáçîð âîçìîæíîñòåé ðåçåðâèðîâàíèÿ è âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ ............................................................1-21

Îáçîð âîçìîæíîñòåé îáåñïå÷åíèÿ âûñîêîé äîñòóïíîñòè ............................................................1-23

Îáçîð âîçìîæíîñòåé áèçíåñ-àíàëèòèêè ..........................................................................................1-24

Õðàíèëèùà äàííûõ ....................................................................................................................1-24

Ìàòåðèàëèçîâàííûå ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ ......................................................................................1-25

Ñæàòèå òàáëèö ............................................................................................................................1-26

Ïàðàëëåëüíîå âûïîëíåíèå ......................................................................................................1-26

Àíàëèòè÷åñêèå âîçìîæíîñòè SQL ..........................................................................................1-26

Âîçìîæíîñòè OLAP ....................................................................................................................1-26

Ãëóáèííûé àíàëèç äàííûõ (Data Mining) 1-26

Ñâåðõáîëüøèå áàçû äàííûõ (Very Large Databases, VLDB) ..............................................1-27

Îáçîð âîçìîæíîñòåé óïðàâëåíèÿ êîíòåíòîì ..................................................................................1-27

Èñïîëüçîâàíèå XML â áàçàõ äàííûõ Oracle ..........................................................................1-27

Îáúåêòû LOB ................................................................................................................................1-28

Ìåòîä õðàíåíèÿ Secure Files ......................................................................................................1-28

Oracle Text ......................................................................................................................................1-30

Oracle Ultra Search ........................................................................................................................1-30

Oracle Multimedia ........................................................................................................................1-30

Oracle Spatial ..................................................................................................................................1-31

Îáçîð ñðåäñòâ îáåñïå÷åíèÿ áåçîïàñíîñòè ........................................................................................1-31

Ìåõàíèçìû çàùèòû ....................................................................................................................1-32

Îáçîð öåëîñòíîñòè äàííûõ è òðèããåðîâ ..........................................................................................1-32

Îãðàíè÷åíèÿ öåëîñòíîñòè ........................................................................................................1-32

Òðèããåðû ........................................................................................................................................1-33

Îáçîð âîçìîæíîñòåé èíòåãðàöèè èíôîðìàöèè ............................................................................1-33

Ðàñïðåäåëåííûé SQL ..................................................................................................................1-34

Oracle Streams ................................................................................................................................1-34

Øëþçû áàçû äàííûõ Oracle è èíòåðôåéñ Generic Connectivity ......................................1-36

Ðàçðàáîòêà ïðèëîæåíèé áàçû äàííûõ Oracle ......................................................................................1-36

Îáçîð SQL ................................................................................................................................................1-37

Îïåðàòîðû SQL ............................................................................................................................1-37

Îáçîð PL/SQL ................................................................................................................................1-38

Îáçîð Java ................................................................................................................................................1-39

Îáçîð ÿçûêîâ ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèÿ ïðèëîæåíèé (èíòåðôåéñîâ API) ........................................1-39

Îáçîð ñðåä ðàçðàáîòêè ïðèëîæåíèé ................................................................................................1-39

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Îáçîð òèïîâ äàííûõ ..............................................................................................................................1-40

Îáçîð ãëîáàëèçàöèè ..............................................................................................................................1-41

Часть IIАрхитектура базы данных Oracle

Глава 2Блоки данных, экстенты и сегменты

Ââåäåíèå â áëîêè äàííûõ, ýêñòåíòû è ñåãìåíòû ..................................................................................2-1

Îáçîð áëîêîâ äàííûõ ......................................................................................................................................2-3

Ôîðìàò áëîêà äàííûõ .............................................................................................................................. 2-3

Çàãîëîâîê (îáùèé è ïåðåìåííûé) ............................................................................................2-4

Ñïèñîê óêàçàòåëåé òàáëèö ..........................................................................................................2-4

Ñïèñîê óêàçàòåëåé ñòðîê ............................................................................................................2-4

Ñëóæåáíàÿ ÷àñòü áëîêà ................................................................................................................2-4

Äàííûå ñòðîê ..................................................................................................................................2-5

Ñâîáîäíîå ïðîñòðàíñòâî ..............................................................................................................2-5

Óïðàâëåíèå ñâîáîäíûì ïðîñòðàíñòâîì ..............................................................................................2-5

Äîñòóïíîñòü è îïòèìèçàöèÿ ñâîáîäíîãî ïðîñòðàíñòâà â áëîêå äàííûõ ........................2-5

Ðàñùåïëåíèå è ïåðåìåùåíèå ñòðîê ........................................................................................2-6

PCTFREE, PCTUSED è ðàñùåïëåíèå ñòðîê ........................................................................................2-6

Ïàðàìåòð PCTFREE ......................................................................................................................2-7

Ïàðàìåòð PCTUSED ......................................................................................................................2-7

Ñîâìåñòíîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå ïàðàìåòðîâ PCTFREE è PCTUSED ........................................2-8

Îáçîð ýêñòåíòîâ ..............................................................................................................................................2-10

 êàêèõ ñëó÷àÿõ âûäåëÿþòñÿ ýêñòåíòû ..............................................................................................2-10

Îïðåäåëåíèå êîëè÷åñòâà è ðàçìåðà ýêñòåíòîâ ..............................................................................2-10

Êàê âûäåëÿþòñÿ ýêñòåíòû ....................................................................................................................2-11

 êàêèõ ñëó÷àÿõ îñâîáîæäàþòñÿ ýêñòåíòû ........................................................................................2-11

Ýêñòåíòû íåêëàñòåðèçîâàííûõ òàáëèö ..................................................................................2-12

Ýêñòåíòû êëàñòåðèçîâàííûõ òàáëèö ......................................................................................2-12

Ýêñòåíòû ìàòåðèàëèçîâàííûõ ïðåäñòàâëåíèé è èõ æóðíàëîâ ........................................2-13

Ýêñòåíòû èíäåêñîâ ......................................................................................................................2-13

Ýêñòåíòû âðåìåííûõ ñåãìåíòîâ ..............................................................................................2-13

Ýêñòåíòû ñåãìåíòîâ îòêàòà ........................................................................................................2-13

Îáçîð ñåãìåíòîâ ..............................................................................................................................................2-13

Ââåäåíèå â ñåãìåíòû äàííûõ ................................................................................................................2-14

Ââåäåíèå â ñåãìåíòû èíäåêñîâ ............................................................................................................2-14

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Ââåäåíèå âî âðåìåííûå ñåãìåíòû ......................................................................................................2-14

Îïåðàöèè, äëÿ êîòîðûõ íóæíû âðåìåííûå ñåãìåíòû ......................................................2-14

Ñåãìåíòû âðåìåííûõ òàáëèö è èõ èíäåêñîâ ........................................................................2-15

Âûäåëåíèå âðåìåííûõ ñåãìåíòîâ ............................................................................................2-15

Ââåäåíèå â ñåãìåíòû îòêàòà è àâòîìàòè÷åñêîå óïðàâëåíèå îòêàòîì ........................................2-16

Ðó÷íîå óïðàâëåíèå îòêàòîì ......................................................................................................2-17

Êâîòà ñåãìåíòîâ îòêàòà ..............................................................................................................2-17

Óïðàâëåíèå äëèòåëüíîñòüþ õðàíåíèÿ äàííûõ îòêàòà ........................................................2-17

Глава 3Табличные пространства, файлы данных и управляющие файлы

Ââåäåíèå â òàáëè÷íûå ïðîñòðàíñòâà, ôàéëû äàííûõ è óïðàâëÿþùèå ôàéëû ........................3-1

Ôàéëû, óïðàâëÿåìûå ñåðâåðîì Oracle ................................................................................................3-2

Âûäåëåíèå äîïîëíèòåëüíîãî ïðîñòðàíñòâà äëÿ áàçû äàííûõ ......................................................3-2

Îáçîð òàáëè÷íûõ ïðîñòðàíñòâ ....................................................................................................................3-4

Òàáëè÷íûå ïðîñòðàíñòâà âèäà Bigfile ..................................................................................................3-5

Ïðåèìóùåñòâà òàáëè÷íûõ ïðîñòðàíñòâ Bigfile ......................................................................3-6

Ðàññìîòðåíèå òàáëè÷íûõ ïðîñòðàíñòâ âèäà Bigfile ..............................................................3-6

Òàáëè÷íîå ïðîñòðàíñòâî SYSTEM ........................................................................................................3-7

Ñëîâàðü äàííûõ ..............................................................................................................................3-7

Îïèñàíèå ïðîãðàììíûõ åäèíèö PL/SQL ................................................................................3-7

Òàáëè÷íîå ïðîñòðàíñòâî SYSAUX ........................................................................................................3-7

Òàáëè÷íûå ïðîñòðàíñòâà îòêàòà ..........................................................................................................3-8

Ñîçäàíèå òàáëè÷íûõ ïðîñòðàíñòâ îòêàòà ................................................................................3-8

Âðåìåííîå òàáëè÷íîå ïðîñòðàíñòâî ïî óìîë÷àíèþ ......................................................................3-8

Ñïîñîáû çàäàíèÿ âðåìåííîãî òàáëè÷íîãî ïðîñòðàíñòâà ïî óìîë÷àíèþ ......................3-9

Èñïîëüçîâàíèå íåñêîëüêèõ òàáëè÷íûõ ïðîñòðàíñòâ ......................................................................3-9

Óïðàâëåíèå ïðîñòðàíñòâîì â òàáëè÷íîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå ..............................................................3-10

Ëîêàëüíî óïðàâëÿåìûå òàáëè÷íûå ïðîñòðàíñòâà ..............................................................3-10

Óïðàâëåíèå ïðîñòðàíñòâîì ñåãìåíòà â òàáëè÷íûõ ïðîñòðàíñòâàõ

ñ ëîêàëüíûì óïðàâëåíèåì ........................................................................................................3-11

Òàáëè÷íûå ïðîñòðàíñòâà, óïðàâëÿåìûå ñ ïîìîùüþ ñëîâàðÿ äàííûõ ..........................3-11

Ïîääåðæêà íåñêîëüêèõ ðàçìåðîâ áëîêà äàííûõ ............................................................................3-12

Îïåðàòèâíûå è àâòîíîìíûå òàáëè÷íûå ïðîñòðàíñòâà ................................................................3-12

Ïåðåâîä òàáëè÷íûõ ïðîñòðàíñòâ â àâòîíîìíûé ðåæèì ..................................................3-12

Èñïîëüçîâàíèå òàáëè÷íûõ ïðîñòðàíñòâ òîëüêî äëÿ ÷òåíèÿ ........................................................3-13

Âðåìåííûå òàáëè÷íûå ïðîñòðàíñòâà ................................................................................................3-14

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Ñåãìåíòû ñîðòèðîâêè ................................................................................................................3-14

Ñîçäàíèå âðåìåííûõ òàáëè÷íûõ ïðîñòðàíñòâ ....................................................................3-14

Ïåðåìåùåíèå òàáëè÷íûõ ïðîñòðàíñòâ ìåæäó áàçàìè äàííûõ ..................................................3-15

Ðåïîçèòîðèé òàáëè÷íûõ ïðîñòðàíñòâ ....................................................................................3-15

Ïåðåìåùåíèå èëè êîïèðîâàíèå òàáëè÷íîãî ïðîñòðàíñòâà â äðóãóþ áàçó äàííûõ ..3-15

Îáçîð ôàéëîâ äàííûõ ....................................................................................................................................3-16

Ñîäåðæèìîå ôàéëîâ äàííûõ ..............................................................................................................3-17

Ðàçìåð ôàéëîâ äàííûõ ..........................................................................................................................3-17

Àâòîíîìíûå ôàéëû äàííûõ ................................................................................................................3-17

Âðåìåííûå ôàéëû äàííûõ ..........................................................................................................................3-18

Îáçîð óïðàâëÿþùèõ ôàéëîâ ......................................................................................................................3-18

Ñîäåðæèìîå óïðàâëÿþùåãî ôàéëà ..................................................................................................3-18

Ìóëüòèïëåêñèðîâàííûå óïðàâëÿþùèå ôàéëû ..............................................................................3-19

Глава 4Управление транзакциями

Ââåäåíèå â òðàíçàêöèè ....................................................................................................................................4-1

Âûïîëíåíèå îïåðàòîðîâ è óïðàâëåíèå òðàíçàêöèÿìè ..................................................................4-2

Îòêàò íà óðîâíå îïåðàòîðà ....................................................................................................................4-3

Âîçîáíîâëÿåìîå âûäåëåíèå ïðîñòðàíñòâà ..........................................................................................4-3

Îáçîð óïðàâëåíèÿ òðàíçàêöèÿìè ..............................................................................................................4-4

Ôèêñàöèÿ òðàíçàêöèé ..............................................................................................................................4-4

Îòêàò òðàíçàêöèé ....................................................................................................................................4-5

Òî÷êè ñîõðàíåíèÿ â òðàíçàêöèÿõ ..........................................................................................................4-6

Ïðèñâîåíèå èìåí òðàíçàêöèÿì ............................................................................................................4-7

Êàê èìåíóþòñÿ òðàíçàêöèè ........................................................................................................4-7

Êîììåíòàðèé ôèêñàöèè ..............................................................................................................4-7

Ìåõàíèçì äâóõôàçíîé ôèêñàöèè òðàíçàêöèè.................................................................................. 4-8

Îáçîð àâòîíîìíûõ òðàíçàêöèé ..................................................................................................................4-8

Àâòîíîìíûå áëîêè PL/SQL ....................................................................................................................4-9

Îïåðàòîðû óïðàâëåíèÿ òðàíçàêöèåé â àâòîíîìíîì áëîêå ................................................4-9

Глава 5Объекты схемы

Ââåäåíèå â îáúåêòû ñõåìû ............................................................................................................................5-1

Îáçîð òàáëèö ......................................................................................................................................................5-3

Õðàíåíèå òàáëè÷íûõ äàííûõ ................................................................................................................ 5-4

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Ðàçìåð è ôîðìàò ñòðîêè ..............................................................................................................5-5

Èäåíòèôèêàòîðû ñòðîê äëÿ îòðåçêîâ ñòðîêè ........................................................................5-7

Ïîðÿäîê ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ñòîëáöîâ ............................................................................................5-7

Ñæàòèå òàáëèö ..........................................................................................................................................5-7

Èñïîëüçîâàíèå ñæàòèÿ òàáëèö ..................................................................................................5-8

Ïóñòîå çíà÷åíèå îçíà÷àåò îòñóòñòâèå äàííûõ ..................................................................................5-8

Çíà÷åíèÿ ñòîëáöîâ ïî óìîë÷àíèþ ......................................................................................................5-9

Ñåêöèîíèðîâàííûå òàáëèöû ..............................................................................................................5-10

Âëîæåííûå òûáëèöû ..............................................................................................................................5-11

Âðåìåííûå òàáëèöû ..............................................................................................................................5-11

Âûäåëåíèå ñåãìåíòà ....................................................................................................................5-12

Ðîäèòåëüñêèå è äî÷åðíèå òðàíçàêöèè ..................................................................................5-12

Âíåøíèå òàáëèöû ..................................................................................................................................5-12

Äðàéâåð äîñòóïà ..........................................................................................................................5-13

Çàãðóçêà äàííûõ ñ ïîìîùüþ âíåøíèõ òàáëèö ....................................................................5-13

Ïàðàëëåëüíûé äîñòóï ê âíåøíèì òàáëèöàì ......................................................................5-13

Îáçîð ïðåäñòàâëåíèé ....................................................................................................................................5-14

Õðàíåíèå ïðåäñòàâëåíèé ......................................................................................................................5-15

Èñïîëüçîâàíèå ïðåäñòàâëåíèé ............................................................................................................5-16

Ìåõàíèçìû ïðåäñòàâëåíèé ..................................................................................................................5-16

Ïàðàìåòðû ïîääåðæêè ãëîáàëèçàöèè â ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿõ ................................................5-17

Èñïîëüçîâàíèå èíäåêñîâ äëÿ ïðåäñòàâëåíèé ......................................................................5-17

Çàâèñèìîñòè è ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ ............................................................................................................5-18

Îáíîâëÿåìûå ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ ñ ñîåäèíåíèåì ..................................................................................5-18

Îáúåêòíûå ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ ....................................................................................................................5-18

Âñòðîåííûå ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ ..................................................................................................................5-19

Îáçîð ìàòåðèàëèçîâàííûõ ïðåäñòàâëåíèé ..........................................................................................5-19

Îïðåäåëåíèå îãðàíè÷åíèé öåëîñòíîñòè äëÿ ïðåäñòàâëåíèé ....................................................5-20

Îáíîâëåíèå ìàòåðèàëèçîâàííûõ ïðåäñòàâëåíèé ..........................................................................5-21

Æóðíàëû ìàòåðèàëèçîâàííûõ ïðåäñòàâëåíèé ..............................................................................5-21

Îáçîð èçìåðåíèé ............................................................................................................................................5-21

Îáçîð ãåíåðàòîðà íîìåðîâ â ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè ............................................................................5-22

Îáçîð ñèíîíèìîâ ............................................................................................................................................5-23

Îáçîð èíäåêñîâ ................................................................................................................................................5-24

Óíèêàëüíûå è íåóíèêàëüíûå èíäåêñû ..............................................................................................5-25

Âèäèìûå è íåâèäèìûå èíäåêñû ........................................................................................................5-26

Ñîñòàâíûå èíäåêñû ................................................................................................................................5-26

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Èíäåêñû è êëþ÷è ....................................................................................................................................5-27

Èíäåêñû è çíà÷åíèå NULL ..................................................................................................................5-27

Èíäåêñû íà áàçå ôóíêöèé ....................................................................................................................5-27

Èñïîëüçîâàíèå èíäåêñîâ íà áàçå ôóíêöèé ..........................................................................5-28

Îïòèìèçàöèÿ ñ ïîìîùüþ èíäåêñîâ íà áàçå ôóíêöèé ......................................................5-28

Çàâèñèìîñòè èíäåêñîâ íà áàçå ôóíêöèé ..............................................................................5-29

Õðàíåíèå èíäåêñîâ ..................................................................................................................................5-29

Ôîðìàò èíäåêñíûõ áëîêîâ ........................................................................................................5-30

Âíóòðåííÿÿ ñòðóêòóðà èíäåêñà ................................................................................................5-30

Ñâîéñòâà èíäåêñîâ ......................................................................................................................5-31

Ïðåèìóùåñòâà ñòðóêòóðû B-äåðåâà ........................................................................................5-32

Ïîèñê â èíäåêñå óíèêàëüíîãî êëþ÷à ................................................................................................5-32

Ïîèñê â èíäåêñå äèàïàçîíà êëþ÷åé ..................................................................................................5-32

Ñæàòèå êëþ÷à ..........................................................................................................................................5-32

Ïðåôèêñû è ñóôôèêñû ..............................................................................................................5-32

Ïðîñòðàíñòâî è ïðîèçâîäèòåëüíîñòü ....................................................................................5-33

Èñïîëüçîâàíèå ñæàòèÿ êëþ÷à ..................................................................................................5-33

Èíäåêñû ñ èíâåðòèðîâàííûì êëþ÷îì ..............................................................................................5-34

Áèòîâûå èíäåêñû ....................................................................................................................................5-34

Ïðåèìóùåñòâà áèòîâîãî èíäåêñà â ïðèëîæåíèÿõ õðàíèëèù äàííûõ ..........................5-35

Êàðäèíàëüíîñòü ............................................................................................................................5-35

Ïðèìåð áèòîâîãî èíäåêñà ........................................................................................................5-36

Áèòîâûå èíäåêñû è íåîïðåäåëåííûå çíà÷åíèÿ ....................................................................5-37

Áèòîâûå èíäåêñû â ñåêöèîíèðîâàííûõ òàáëèöàõ ..............................................................5-38

Áèòîâûå èíäåêñû ñîåäèíåíèÿ ..............................................................................................................5-38

Îáçîð èíäåêñ-òàáëèö ......................................................................................................................................5-38

Ïðåèìóùåñòâà èíäåêñ-òàáëèö ............................................................................................................5-40

Èíäåêñ-òàáëèöû ñ îáëàñòüþ ïåðåïîëíåíèÿ ñòðîê ........................................................................5-40

Âòîðè÷íûå èíäåêñû èíäåêñ-òàáëèö ..................................................................................................5-41

Áèòîâûå èíäåêñû â èíäåêñ-òàáëèöàõ ................................................................................................5-41

Òàáëèöà ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ ................................................................................................................5-42

Ñåêöèîíèðîâàííûå èíäåêñ-òàáëèöû ................................................................................................5-42

Èíäåêñû â âèäå B-äåðåâà äëÿ îáû÷íûõ òàáëèö è èíäåêñ-òàáëèö

íà îñíîâå ñòîëáöîâ òèïà UROWID ....................................................................................................5-42

Ïðèëîæåíèÿ äëÿ èíäåêñ-òàáëèö ........................................................................................................5-42

Îáçîð èíäåêñîâ äîìåíà ïðèëîæåíèÿ ......................................................................................................5-43

Îáçîð êëàñòåðîâ ..............................................................................................................................................5-43

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Îáçîð õåø-êëàñòåðîâ ......................................................................................................................................5-45

Глава 6Зависимости объектов схемы

Îáçîð çàâèñèìîñòåé îáúåêòîâ ñõåìû ........................................................................................................6-1

Ïîèñê çàâèñèìîñòåé îáúåêòîâ ñõåìû ........................................................................................................6-4

Ñòàòóñ îáúåêòîâ ................................................................................................................................................6-4

Íåäåéñòâèòåëüíûé ñòàòóñ çàâèñèìûõ îáúåêòîâ ....................................................................................6-5

Ñîñòîÿíèå ñåàíñà è ññûëî÷íûå ïàêåòû ..............................................................................................6-9

Ïðîâåðêà ïðèâèëåãèé äîñòóïà ..............................................................................................................6-9

Ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî ñîêðàùåíèþ ÷èñëà íåäåéñòâèòåëüíûõ îáúåêòîâ ............................................6-9

Äîáàâëÿéòå íîâûå ýëåìåíòû â êîíåö ïàêåòà ....................................................................................6-9

Èñïîëüçóéòå âñå òàáëèöû ÷åðåç ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ ............................................................................6-10

Âîçâðàùåíèå îáúåêòàì äåéñòâèòåëüíîãî ñòàòóñà ..............................................................................6-10

Ðàçðåøåíèå èìåí îáúåêòîâ ........................................................................................................................6-11

Óïðàâëåíèå ëîêàëüíûìè çàâèñèìîñòÿìè ..............................................................................................6-12

Óïðàâëåíèå óäàëåííûìè çàâèñèìîñòÿìè ..............................................................................................6-12

Çàâèñèìîñòè ìåæäó ëîêàëüíûìè è óäàëåííûìè ïðîöåäóðàìè áàçû äàííûõ ......................6-13

Çàâèñèìîñòè äðóãèõ òèïîâ óäàëåííûõ îáúåêòîâ ............................................................................6-13

Çàâèñèìîñòè â ïðèëîæåíèÿõ ..............................................................................................................6-13

Óïðàâëåíèå çàâèñèìîñòÿìè ïðè óäàëåííîì âûçîâå ïðîöåäóð (RPC) ........................................6-13

Ñîïîñòàâëåíèå âðåìåííûõ îòìåòîê ..................................................................................................6-14

Ñîïîñòàâëåíèå ñèãíàòóð ........................................................................................................................6-15

Âëèÿíèå èçìåíåíèÿ òèïà äàííûõ ïàðàìåòðà íà ñèãíàòóðó ............................................6-17

Ïðèìåðû èçìåíåíèÿ ñèãíàòóð ïðîöåäóðû ..........................................................................6-18

Óïðàâëåíèå óäàëåííûìè çàâèñèìîñòÿìè ........................................................................................6-20

Ðàçðåøåíèå çàâèñèìîñòåé ........................................................................................................6-21

Ñîâåòû ïî óïðàâëåíèþ çàâèñèìîñòÿìè ................................................................................6-21

Óïðàâëåíèå çàâèñèìîñòÿìè ðàçäåëÿåìûõ îáëàñòåé SQL ................................................................6-22

Глава 7Словарь данных

Ââåäåíèå â ñëîâàðü äàííûõ ............................................................................................................................7-1

Ñòðóêòóðà ñëîâàðÿ äàííûõ ....................................................................................................................7-2

Ïîëüçîâàòåëü SYS - âëàäåëåö ñëîâàðÿ äàííûõ ..................................................................................7-2

Èñïîëüçîâàíèå ñëîâàðÿ äàííûõ ..................................................................................................................7-2

Êàê Oracle èñïîëüçóåò ñëîâàðü äàííûõ ..............................................................................................7-2

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Ïóáëè÷íûå ñèíîíèìû ïðåäñòàâëåíèé ñëîâàðÿ äàííûõ ......................................................7-3

Êåøèðîâàíèå ñëîâàðÿ äàííûõ äëÿ óñêîðåíèÿ äîñòóïà ......................................................7-3

Ñëîâàðü äàííûõ è äðóãèå ïðîãðàììû ....................................................................................7-3

Êàê ïîëüçîâàòüñÿ ñëîâàðåì äàííûõ ......................................................................................................7-3

Ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ ñ ïðåôèêñîì USER ..........................................................................................7-4

Ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ ñ ïðåôèêñîì ALL ..............................................................................................7-4

Ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ ñ ïðåôèêñîì DBA ............................................................................................7-5

Òàáëèöà DUAL ................................................................................................................................7-5

Äèíàìè÷åñêèå òàáëèöû ïðîèçâîäèòåëüíîñòè ..................................................................................7-5

Ìåòàäàííûå îáúåêòà áàçû äàííûõ ............................................................................................................7-6

Глава 8Архитектура памяти

Ââåäåíèå â ñòðóêòóðû ïàìÿòè Oracle ........................................................................................................8-1

Îñíîâíûå ñòðóêòóðû ïàìÿòè ................................................................................................................8-1

Îáçîð ñèñòåìíîé ãëîáàëüíîé îáëàñòè ......................................................................................................8-2

Áóôåðíûé êåø áàçû äàííûõ ..................................................................................................................8-3

Îðãàíèçàöèÿ áóôåðíîãî êåøà áàçû äàííûõ ..........................................................................8-3

Àëãîðèòì LRU è ïîëíûé ïðîñìîòð òàáëèö ..........................................................................8-4

Æóðíàëüíûé áóôåð ..................................................................................................................................8-4

Ðàçäåëÿåìûé ïóë ......................................................................................................................................8-5

Áèáëèîòå÷íûé êåø ........................................................................................................................8-5

Êåø ñëîâàðÿ äàííûõ ....................................................................................................................8-7

Êåø ðåçóëüòàòîâ ............................................................................................................................8-7

Áîëüøîé ïóë ..............................................................................................................................................8-8

Java-ïóë ........................................................................................................................................................8-9

Ïóë Streams ................................................................................................................................................8-9

Îáçîð ïðîãðàììíîé ãëîáàëüíîé îáëàñòè ..............................................................................................8-9

Ñîäåðæèìîå PGA ....................................................................................................................................8-10

Ïàìÿòü ñåàíñà ..............................................................................................................................8-10

Ïðèâàòíàÿ îáëàñòü SQL ..............................................................................................................8-10

Èñïîëüçîâàíèå PGA â ðåæèìå âûäåëåííîãî ñåðâåðà è â ðåæèìå ðàçäåëÿåìîãî ñåðâåðà ..8-12

Îáçîð ìåòîäîâ óïðàâëåíèÿ ïàìÿòüþ ......................................................................................................8-12

Îáëàñòè ïðîãðàììíîãî êîäà ......................................................................................................................8-15

Глава 9Архитектура процессов

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Ââåäåíèå â ïðîöåññû ........................................................................................................................................9-1

Ìíîãîçàäà÷íûå ñèñòåìû Oracle ............................................................................................................9-1

Òèïû ïðîöåññîâ ........................................................................................................................................9-2

Îáçîð ïîëüçîâàòåëüñêèõ ïðîöåññîâ ..........................................................................................................9-3

Ñîåäèíåíèÿ è ñåàíñû ..............................................................................................................................9-3

Îáçîð ïðîöåññîâ Oracle ..................................................................................................................................9-4

Cåðâåðíûå ïðîöåññû Oracle ..................................................................................................................9-4

Ôîíîâûå ïðîöåññû Oracle ......................................................................................................................9-4

Ïðîöåññû àðõèâèðîâàíèÿ (ARCn) ............................................................................................9-6

Ïðîöåññ âûïîëíåíèÿ êîíòðîëüíîé òî÷êè (CKPT) ................................................................9-7

Ïðîöåññ çàïèñè â áàçó äàííûõ (DBWn) ....................................................................................9-7

Ïðîöåññû âûïîëíåíèÿ î÷åðåäè çàäàíèé ................................................................................9-8

Ïðîöåññ çàïèñè â æóðíàë (LGWR) ............................................................................................9-9

Ïðîöåññ ìîíèòîðà ïðîöåññîâ (PMON) ..................................................................................9-10

Ïðîöåññ ìîíèòîðà î÷åðåäåé (QMNn) ....................................................................................9-11

Ïðîöåññ âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ (RECO) ............................................................................................9-11

Ïðîöåññ ñèñòåìíîãî ìîíèòîðà (SMON) ................................................................................9-11

Äðóãèå ôîíîâûå ïðîöåññû Oracle ..........................................................................................9-11

Ôàéëû òðàññèðîâêè è ñèãíàëüíûé ôàéë ..........................................................................................9-13

Àðõèòåêòóðà ðàçäåëÿåìîãî ñåðâåðà ........................................................................................................9-14

Î÷åðåäè çàïðîñîâ è îòâåòîâ äèñïåò÷åðà ..........................................................................................9-15

Ïðîöåññû äèñïåò÷åðà (Dnnn) ..................................................................................................9-16

Ïðîöåññû ðàçäåëÿåìîãî ñåðâåðà (Snnn) ................................................................................9-17

Îãðàíè÷åíèÿ íà îïåðàöèè ðàçäåëÿåìîãî ñåðâåðà ........................................................................9-17

Êîíôèãóðàöèÿ âûäåëåííîãî ñåðâåðà ......................................................................................................9-18

Ðåçèäåíòíûé ïóë ñîåäèíåíèé ....................................................................................................................9-19

Èñïîëüçîâàíèå ðåçèäåíòíîãî ïóëà ñîåäèíåíèé ............................................................................9-21

Êëàññû ñîåäèíåíèé ....................................................................................................................9-21

×èñòîòà ñåàíñà ..............................................................................................................................9-22

Ïðîãðàììíûé èíòåðôåéñ ............................................................................................................................9-22

Ñòðóêòóðà ïðîãðàììíîãî èíòåðôåéñà ..............................................................................................9-22

Äðàéâåðû ïðîãðàììíîãî èíòåðôåéñà ..............................................................................................9-23

Êîììóíèêàöèîííîå ïðîãðàììíîå îáåñïå÷åíèå äëÿ ÎÑ ............................................................9-23

Глава 10Архитектура приложения

Ââåäåíèå â àðõèòåêòóðó êëèåíò-ñåðâåð ..................................................................................................10-1

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Îáçîð ìíîãîóðîâíåâîé àðõèòåêòóðû ......................................................................................................10-3

Êëèåíòû ....................................................................................................................................................10-4

Ñåðâåðû ïðèëîæåíèé ............................................................................................................................10-4

Ñåðâåðû áàç äàííûõ ..............................................................................................................................10-4

Áàçà äàííûõ Oracle êàê ïðîâàéäåð âåá-ñåðâèñîâ ................................................................10-5

Îáçîð ñåðâèñîâ Oracle Net ............................................................................................................................10-5

Êàê ðàáîòàþò ñåðâèñû Oracle Net ......................................................................................................10-6

Ïðîöåññ ïðîñëóøèâàíèÿ ......................................................................................................................10-6

Ðåãèñòðàöèÿ èíôîðìàöèè î ñåðâèñàõ ....................................................................................10-7

Глава 11Утилиты базы данных Oracle

Ââåäåíèå â óòèëèòû Oracle ..........................................................................................................................11-1

Îáçîð ýêñïîðòà è èìïîðòà äàííûõ ñ ïîìîùüþ Data Pump ............................................................11-2

Óòèëèòà Data Pump Export ..................................................................................................................11-2

Óòèëèòà Data Pump Import ....................................................................................................................11-2

Îáçîð èíòåðôåéñà Data Pump API ............................................................................................................11-2

Îáçîð èíòåðôåéñà Metadata API ................................................................................................................11-3

Îáçîð óòèëèòû SQL*Loader ..........................................................................................................................11-3

Îáçîð âíåøíèõ òàáëèö ..................................................................................................................................11-4

Îáçîð óòèëèòû LogMiner ..............................................................................................................................11-4

Îáçîð óòèëèòû DBVERIFY ............................................................................................................................11-5

Îáçîð óòèëèòû DBNEWID ............................................................................................................................11-5

ADRCI: êîìàíäíûé èíòåðïðåòàòîð ADR ..............................................................................................11-5

Глава 12Запуск и остановка базы данных и ее экземпляра

Ââåäåíèå â ýêçåìïëÿð Oracle ........................................................................................................................12-1

Áàçà äàííûõ è åå ýêçåìïëÿð ................................................................................................................12-2

Âõîä ñ ïðèâèëåãèÿìè àäìèíèñòðàòîðà ............................................................................................12-2

Ôàéëû ïàðàìåòðîâ èíèöèàëèçàöèè è ïàðàìåòðîâ ñåðâåðà ........................................................12-3

Ôàéëû ïàðàìåòðîâ ñåðâåðà è àïïàðàòíàÿ ïîääåðæêà äàííûõ ......................................12-3

Êàê èçìåíÿþòñÿ çíà÷åíèÿ ïàðàìåòðîâ ..................................................................................12-3

Îáçîð çàïóñêà ýêçåìïëÿðà è áàçû äàííûõ ............................................................................................12-4

Êàê çàïóñòèòü ýêçåìïëÿð ......................................................................................................................12-5

Îãðàíè÷åííûé ðåæèì çàïóñêà ýêçåìïëÿðà ........................................................................12-5

Ïðèíóäèòåëüíûé çàïóñê â íåøòàòíûõ ñèòóàöèÿõ ..............................................................12-5

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Êàê ìîíòèðîâàòü áàçó äàííûõ ............................................................................................................12-5

Êàê ìîíòèðîâàòü áàçó äàííûõ â ñðåäå Real Application Clusters ....................................12-5

Êàê ìîíòèðîâàòü êëîí áàçû äàííûõ ......................................................................................12-6

×òî ïðîèñõîäèò ïðè îòêðûòèè áàçû äàííûõ ..................................................................................12-6

Àâàðèéíîå âîññòàíîâëåíèå è âîññòàíîâëåíèå ýêçåìïëÿðà ..............................................12-7

Ïîëó÷åíèå ïðîñòðàíñòâà îòêàòà è óïðàâëåíèå èì ............................................................12-9

Ðàçðåøåíèå ñîìíèòåëüíîé ðàñïðåäåëåííîé òðàíçàêöèè ................................................12-9

Îòêðûòèå áàçû äàííûõ “òîëüêî äëÿ ÷òåíèÿ” ......................................................................12-9

Îãðàíè÷åíèÿ íà áàçû äàííûõ â ðåæèìå “òîëüêî äëÿ ÷òåíèÿ” ......................................12-10

Îáçîð îñòàíîâêè áàçû äàííûõ è ýêçåìïëÿðà ....................................................................................12-10

Çàêðûòèå áàçû äàííûõ ........................................................................................................................12-11

Çàêðûòèå áàçû äàííûõ ïóòåì îñòàíîâêè ýêçåìïëÿðà ....................................................12-11

Äåìîíòèðîâàíèå áàçû äàííûõ ..........................................................................................................12-11

Îñòàíîâêà ýêçåìïëÿðà ........................................................................................................................12-11

Íåøòàòíàÿ îñòàíîâêà ýêçåìïëÿðà ........................................................................................12-11

Часть IIIВозможности базы данных ORACLE

Глава 13 Конкурентный доступ и согласованность данных

Ââåäåíèå â êîíêóðåíòíûé äîñòóï è ñîãëàñîâàííîñòü äàííûõ

â ìíîãîïîëüçîâàòåëüñêîé ñðåäå ................................................................................................................13-1

Íåæåëàòåëüíûå ÿâëåíèÿ è óðîâíè èçîëÿöèè òðàíçàêöèè ..........................................................13-2

Îáçîð ìåõàíèçìîâ áëîêèðîâàíèÿ ......................................................................................................13-3

Óïðàâëåíèå êîíêóðåíòíûì äîñòóïîì ê äàííûì è ñîãëàñîâàííîñòüþ â Oracle ......................13-3

Ìíîãîâåðñèîííîå óïðàâëåíèå êîíêóðåíòíûì äîñòóïîì ............................................................13-3

Ñîãëàñîâàííîñòü ÷òåíèÿ íà óðîâíå îïåðàòîðà ................................................................................13-4

Ñîãëàñîâàííîñòü ÷òåíèÿ íà óðîâíå òðàíçàêöèè ..............................................................................13-5

Ñîãëàñîâàííîñòü ÷òåíèÿ â ñðåäå Real Application Clusters ..........................................................13-5

Óðîâíè èçîëÿöèè Oracle ......................................................................................................................13-5

Óñòàíîâêà óðîâíÿ èçîëÿöèè ......................................................................................................13-6

Óðîâåíü èçîëÿöèè READ COMMITTED ................................................................................13-7

Óðîâåíü èçîëÿöèè Serializable ..................................................................................................13-7

Ñðàâíåíèå óðîâíåé èçîëÿöèè READ COMMITTED è SERIALIZABLE ....................................13-8

Ñîãëàñîâàííîñòü íà óðîâíå íàáîðà òðàíçàêöèé ..................................................................13-8

Áëîêèðîâêè íà óðîâíå ñòðîê ....................................................................................................13-9

Ññûëî÷íàÿ öåëîñòíîñòü ............................................................................................................13-10

Ðàñïðåäåëåííûå òðàíçàêöèè ..................................................................................................13-10

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Âûáîð óðîâíÿ èçîëÿöèè ......................................................................................................................13-10

Óðîâåíü èçîëÿöèè READ COMMITTED ..............................................................................13-11

Óðîâåíü èçîëÿöèè Serializable ................................................................................................13-11

Ïàññèâíîå ñîñòîÿíèå áàçû äàííûõ ........................................................................................13-12

Áëîêèðîâêà äàííûõ â Oracle ......................................................................................................................13-14

Òðàíçàêöèè è êîíêóðåíòíûé äîñòóï ê äàííûì ............................................................................13-14

Ðåæèìû áëîêèðîâîê ................................................................................................................13-15

Ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü áëîêèðîâîê ..........................................................................................13-15

Ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå áëîêèðîâêè äàííûõ è ýñêàëàöèÿ áëîêèðîâêè....................................13-15

Âçàèìîáëîêèðîâêè ..............................................................................................................................13-16

Îáíàðóæåíèå âçàèìîáëîêèðîâîê ........................................................................................13-17

Êàê èçáåæàòü âçàèìîáëîêèðîâîê ..........................................................................................13-17

Òèïû áëîêèðîâîê ..................................................................................................................................13-17

Áëîêèðîâêè DML ..................................................................................................................................13-18

Áëîêèðîâêè ñòðîê (TX) ............................................................................................................13-18

Áëîêèðîâêè òàáëèö (TM) ........................................................................................................13-19

Áëîêèðîâêè äàííûõ, àâòîìàòè÷åñêè ïîëó÷àåìûå îïåðàòîðàìè DML ........................13-23

Áëîêèðîâêè DDL ..................................................................................................................................13-24

Ìîíîïîëüíûå áëîêèðîâêè DDL ............................................................................................13-25

Ðàçäåëÿåìûå áëîêèðîâêè DDL ..............................................................................................13-25

Ïðåðûâàåìûå áëîêèðîâêè ðàçáîðà ......................................................................................13-25

Äëèòåëüíîñòü áëîêèðîâîê DDL ............................................................................................13-26

Áëîêèðîâêè DDL è êëàñòåðû ..................................................................................................13-26

Âíóòðåííèå áëîêèðîâêè è çàùåëêè ................................................................................................ 13-26

Çàùåëêè ......................................................................................................................................13-26

Âíóòðåííèå áëîêèðîâêè ..........................................................................................................13-26

ßâíîå (ðó÷íîå) áëîêèðîâàíèå äàííûõ ............................................................................................13-27

Ìåíåäæåð óïðàâëåíèÿ áëîêèðîâêàìè Oracle ..............................................................................13-28

Îáçîð ðåòðîñïåêòèâíûõ çàïðîñîâ ..........................................................................................................13-28

Ïðåèìóùåñòâà èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ðåòðîñïåêòèâíûõ çàïðîñîâ ......................................................13-30

Íåêîòîðûå ïðèìåíåíèÿ ðåòðîñïåêòèâíûõ çàïðîñîâ .................................................................. 13-31

Глава 14 Управляемость

Óñòàíîâêà è çàïóñê Oracle Database 11g ....................................................................................................14-1

Óïðîùåííîå ñîçäàíèå áàçû äàííûõ ..................................................................................................14-2

Ðåæèì Instant Client ..............................................................................................................................14-2

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Àâòîìàòèçèðîâàííàÿ ìîäåðíèçàöèÿ ................................................................................................14-3

Îñíîâíûå ïàðàìåòðû èíèöèàëèçàöèè ............................................................................................14-3

Çàãðóçêà, ïåðåäà÷à è àðõèâèðîâàíèå äàííûõ ..................................................................................14-3

Èíòåëëåêòóàëüíàÿ èíôðàñòðóêòóðà ........................................................................................................14-4

Àâòîìàòèçèðîâàííûé ðåïîçèòîðèé ðàáî÷åé íàãðóçêè ................................................................14-4

Çàäà÷è àâòîìàòè÷åñêîãî ñîïðîâîæäåíèÿ ........................................................................................14-5

Èíôðàñòðóêòóðà äèàãíîñòèêè íåèñïðàâíîñòåé ..............................................................................14-6

Ðåïîçèòîðèé àâòîìàòè÷åñêîé äèàãíîñòèêè ........................................................................14-7

Ñëóæáà IPS ....................................................................................................................................14-7

Ïðåäóïðåæäåíèÿ ñåðâåðà Oracle ........................................................................................................14-7

Ñðåäà âûïîëíåíèÿ êîíñóëüòàíòîâ ......................................................................................................14-8

Ìåíåäæåð îáðàáîòêè çàâèñàíèé ........................................................................................................14-8

Äèàãíîñòèêà ïðîèçâîäèòåëüíîñòè è ïîèñê íåèñïðàâíîñòåé ........................................................14-8

Íàñòðîéêà SQL è ïðèëîæåíèé ..................................................................................................................14-9

Óïðàâëåíèå ïàìÿòüþ ....................................................................................................................................14-11

Óïðàâëåíèå ïðîñòðàíñòâîì ......................................................................................................................14-12

Àâòîìàòè÷åñêîå óïðàâëåíèå îòêàòîì ..............................................................................................14-12

Ôàéëû, óïðàâëÿåìûå ñåðâåðîì Oracle ............................................................................................14-13

Óïðàâëåíèå ñâîáîäíûì ïðîñòðàíñòâîì ..........................................................................................14-13

Óïðåæäàþùåå óïðàâëåíèå ïðîñòðàíñòâîì ....................................................................................14-13

Èíòåëëåêòóàëüíîå ïëàíèðîâàíèå èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ïðîñòðàíñòâà ............................................14-14

Âûñâîáîæäåíèå ïðîñòðàíñòâà ............................................................................................................14-14

Àâòîìàòè÷åñêîå óïðàâëåíèå äèñêîâûì ïðîñòðàíñòâîì ................................................................14-16

Ðåçåðâèðîâàíèå è âîññòàíîâëåíèå ..........................................................................................................14-17

Óòèëèòà Recovery Manager ................................................................................................................14-17

Çàäàíèå ñðåäíåãî âðåìåíè âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ ..................................................................................14-18

Ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîå èñïðàâëåíèå îøèáîê ..........................................................................................14-19

Óïðàâëåíèå êîíôèãóðàöèåé ....................................................................................................................14-19

Óïðàâëåíèå ðàáî÷åé íàãðóçêîé ..............................................................................................................14-20

Îáçîð ìåíåäæåðà ðåñóðñîâ ................................................................................................................14-20

Îáùèå ïîíÿòèÿ ìåíåäæåðà ðåñóðñîâ ..................................................................................14-21

Îáçîð ñåðâèñîâ ......................................................................................................................................14-22

Óïðàâëåíèå ðàáî÷åé íàãðóçêîé ïðè ïîìîùè ñåðâèñîâ ..................................................14-23

Îáåñïå÷åíèå âûñîêîé äîñòóïíîñòè ïðè ïîìîùè ñåðâèñîâ ..........................................14-24

Ïëàíèðîâùèê ..................................................................................................................................................14-25

×òî ìîæåò ïëàíèðîâùèê ....................................................................................................................14-26

Ñîñòàâëåíèå ðàñïèñàíèé âûïîëíåíèÿ çàäàíèé ................................................................14-26

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Ñîñòàâëåíèå ðàñïèñàíèé ïî âðåìåíè ..................................................................................14-26

Ñîñòàâëåíèå ðàñïèñàíèé ïî ñîáûòèÿì ................................................................................14-26

Ñîçäàíèå ìíîãîøàãîâûõ çàäàíèé ........................................................................................14-27

Ñîñòàâëåíèå ðàñïèñàíèé, ìîäåëèðóþùèõ ïîòðåáíîñòè ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ ......................14-27

Óïðàâëåíèå çàäàíèÿìè è êîíòðîëü èõ âûïîëíåíèÿ ........................................................14-27

Âûïîëíåíèå è êîíòðîëü çàäàíèé â êëàñòåðèçîâàííîé ñðåäå ........................................14-27

Глава 15Резервное копирование и восстановление

Ââåäåíèå â ðåçåðâèðîâàíèå è âîññòàíîâëåíèå ....................................................................................15-1

Òðàíçèòíàÿ îáëàñòü âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ ..................................................................................................15-2

Ðåçåðâíûå êîïèè áàçû äàííûõ ..................................................................................................................15-3

×òî òàêîå ðåçåðâíûå êîïèè áàçû äàííûõ..........................................................................................15-3

Ïîëíûå è íåïîëíûå êîïèè áàçû äàííûõ ..........................................................................................15-3

Ñîãëàñîâàííûå è íåñîãëàñîâàííûå ðåçåðâíûå êîïèè ..................................................................15-4

Îáçîð ñîãëàñîâàííûõ ðåçåðâíûõ êîïèé ................................................................................15-4

Îáçîð íåñîãëàñîâàííûõ ðåçåðâíûõ êîïèé ........................................................................................15-5

RMAN è ïîëüçîâàòåëüñêîå ðåçåðâèðîâàíèå ....................................................................................15-6

Îïåðàòèâíûå ðåçåðâíûå êîïèè ..............................................................................................15-6

Ðåçåðâíûå êîïèè óïðàâëÿþùèõ ôàéëîâ ..............................................................................15-7

Ðåçåðâíûå êîïèè àðõèâíûõ æóðíàëîâ ..................................................................................15-7

Ïðîáëåìû, òðåáóþùèå èñïðàâëåíèÿ äàííûõ ......................................................................................15-8

Ñáîè íîñèòåëÿ ..........................................................................................................................................15-8

Îøèáêè ïîëüçîâàòåëÿ ..........................................................................................................................15-9

Èñïðàâëåíèå äàííûõ ......................................................................................................................................15-9

Êîíñóëüòàíò Data Recovery Advisor ..................................................................................................15-10

Òåõíîëîãèÿ Oracle Flashback ..................................................................................................15-11

Ðåòðîñïåêòèâíûé îòêàò áàçû äàííûõ Oracle ......................................................................15-11

Ðåòðîñïåêòèâíûé îòêàò òàáëèö ............................................................................................15-12

Ðåòðîñïåêòèâíîå âîññòàíîâëåíèå óäàëåííîé òàáëèöû ....................................................15-13

Âîññòàíîâëåíèå íîñèòåëÿ ....................................................................................................................15-13

Âîññòàíîâëåíèå íîñèòåëÿ íà óðîâíå ôàéëîâ äàííûõ ......................................................15-15

Âîññòàíîâëåíèå íîñèòåëÿ íà óðîâíå áëîêîâ ......................................................................15-15

Ïîëíîå âîññòàíîâëåíèå ............................................................................................................15-15

Âîññòàíîâëåíèå áàçû äàííûõ íà îïðåäåëåííûé ìîìåíò âðåìåíè ................................15-16

RMAN è ïîëüçîâàòåëüñêîå âîññòàíîâëåíèå ........................................................................15-17

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Глава16 Бизнес:аналитика

Ââåäåíèå â õðàíèëèùà äàííûõ è áèçíåñ-àíàëèòèêó ........................................................................16-1

Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè õðàíèëèù äàííûõ ..................................................................................................16-1

Ïðåäìåòíàÿ îðèåíòàöèÿ ............................................................................................................16-2

Èíòåãðèðîâàííîñòü ....................................................................................................................16-2

Ñòàáèëüíîñòü ................................................................................................................................16-2

Çàâèñèìîñòü îò âðåìåíè ............................................................................................................16-2

Ðàçëè÷èÿ ìåæäó õðàíèëèùåì äàííûõ è ñèñòåìàìè OLTP ..........................................................16-2

Ðàáî÷àÿ íàãðóçêà ..........................................................................................................................16-3

Èçìåíåíèÿ äàííûõ ......................................................................................................................16-3

Ñõåìû äàííûõ ..............................................................................................................................16-3

Òèïè÷íûå îïåðàöèè ..................................................................................................................16-3

Èñòîðè÷åñêèå äàííûå ................................................................................................................16-3

Àðõèòåêòóðà õðàíèëèùà äàííûõ ........................................................................................................16-3

Àðõèòåêòóðà õðàíèëèùà äàííûõ (îñíîâíàÿ) ........................................................................16-3

Àðõèòåêòóðà õðàíèëèùà äàííûõ (ñ ïðîìåæóòî÷íîé îáëàñòüþ õðàíåíèÿ) ..................16-4

Àðõèòåêòóðà õðàíèëèùà äàííûõ

(ñ ïðîìåæóòî÷íîé îáëàñòüþ õðàíåíèÿ è âèòðèíàìè äàííûõ) ........................................16-5

Îáçîð èçâëå÷åíèÿ, òðàíñôîðìàöèè è çàãðóçêè äàííûõ (ETL) ......................................................16-5

Ïåðåíîñèìûå òàáëè÷íûå ïðîñòðàíñòâà ............................................................................................16-6

Òàáëè÷íûå ôóíêöèè ..............................................................................................................................16-7

Âíåøíèå òàáëèöû ..................................................................................................................................16-7

Ñæàòèå òàáëèö ........................................................................................................................................16-8

Òåõíîëîãèÿ Change Data Capture ........................................................................................................16-8

Îáçîð ìàòåðèàëèçîâàííûõ ïðåäñòàâëåíèé äëÿ õðàíèëèù äàííûõ ............................................16-8

Îáçîð áèòîâûõ èíäåêñîâ â õðàíèëèùàõ äàííûõ ................................................................................16-9

Îáçîð ïàðàëëåëüíîãî âûïîëíåíèÿ ........................................................................................................16-10

Êàê ðàáîòàåò ïàðàëëåëüíîå âûïîëíåíèå ........................................................................................16-11

Îáçîð àíàëèòè÷åñêèõ âîçìîæíîñòåé SQL ..........................................................................................16-12

Âîçìîæíîñòè SQL äëÿ àãðåãèðîâàíèÿ ............................................................................................16-12

Âîçìîæíîñòè SQL äëÿ àíàëèçà ..........................................................................................................16-13

Âîçìîæíîñòè SQL äëÿ ìîäåëèðîâàíèÿ ..........................................................................................16-14

Îáçîð âîçìîæíîñòåé OLAP ........................................................................................................................16-14

Ïîëíàÿ èíòåãðàöèÿ ìíîãîìåðíûõ òåõíîëîãèé ............................................................................16-15

Ïðîñòîòà ðàçðàáîòêè ïðèëîæåíèé ..................................................................................................16-15

Ïðîñòîòà àäìèíèñòðèðîâàíèÿ ..........................................................................................................16-15

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Áåçîïàñíîñòü ..........................................................................................................................................16-16

Ïðîèçâîäèòåëüíîñòü è ìàñøòàáèðóåìîñòü ....................................................................................16-16

Ñîêðàùåíèå çàòðàò................................................................................................................................16-16

Îáçîð ãëóáèííîãî àíàëèçà äàííûõ ..............................................................................................................16-16

Глава 17 Высокая доступность

Àêòóàëüíîñòü âîïðîñîâ îáåñïå÷åíèÿ âûñîêîé äîñòóïíîñòè ........................................................17-1

Ïðè÷èíû ïðîñòîåâ ..........................................................................................................................................17-2

Çàùèòà îò ñáîåâ êîìïüþòåðà ......................................................................................................................17-2

Îáçîð êîðïîðàòèâíîé ñðåäû Grid-âû÷èñëåíèé íà îñíîâå Oracle RAC

è ÏÎ Oracle Clusterware ........................................................................................................................17-3

Ñðåäñòâà áûñòðîãî âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ ïîñëå ñáîÿ ..............................................................................17-4

Òåõíîëîãèÿ Oracle Data Guard ............................................................................................................17-5

Oracle Streams ..........................................................................................................................................17-5

Çàùèòà îò ñáîåâ äàííûõ ................................................................................................................................17-5

Çàùèòà îò ñáîåâ óñòðîéñòâ õðàíåíèÿ äàííûõ.................................................................................. 17-6

Çàùèòà îò ÷åëîâå÷åñêîãî ôàêòîðà ......................................................................................................17-7

Çàùèòà îò îøèáîê ïîëüçîâàòåëÿ ............................................................................................17-8

Ðåòðîñïåêòèâíûå òåõíîëîãèè Oracle ......................................................................................17-8

Óòèëèòà LogMiner - ñðåäñòâî äëÿ àíàëèçà æóðíàëüíûõ ôàéëîâ íà áàçå SQL ............17-13

Çàùèòà îò ïîâðåæäåíèé äàííûõ ..........................................................................................17-13

Çàùèòà îò àâàðèé ìàñøòàáà ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ ........................................................................17-17

Êàê èçáåæàòü ïðîñòîåâ ïðè ïðîâåäåíèè çàïëàíèðîâàííûõ ïðîöåäóð ñîïðîâîæäåíèÿ ..17-20

Êàê èçáåæàòü ïðîñòîåâ èç-çà èçìåíåíèé äàííûõ ........................................................................17-20

Îïåðàòèâíàÿ ðåîðãàíèçàöèÿ ñõåìû è äàííûõ ..................................................................17-21

Ñåêöèîíèðîâàííûå òàáëèöû è èíäåêñû ............................................................................17-21

Äèíàìè÷åñêîå ïðåäîñòàâëåíèå ðåñóðñîâ ............................................................................17-22

Êàê èçáåæàòü ïðîñòîåâ èç-çà èçìåíåíèé ñèñòåìû ......................................................................17-22

Ïîî÷åðåäíîå ïðèìåíåíèå èñïðàâëåíèé ÏÎ ......................................................................17-23

Ïîî÷åðåäíàÿ ìîäåðíèçàöèÿ âåðñèé ÏÎ ............................................................................17-23

Àðõèòåêòóðà ìàêñèìàëüíîé äîñòóïíîñòè: ïåðåäîâîé îïûò ........................................................17-24

Глава 18 Сверхбольшие базы данных (VLDB)

Ââåäåíèå â ñåêöèîíèðîâàíèå ......................................................................................................................18-1

Êëþ÷ ñåêöèîíèðîâàíèÿ ........................................................................................................................18-2

Ñåêöèîíèðîâàííûå òàáëèöû ..............................................................................................................18-2

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Ñåêöèîíèðîâàííûå èíäåêñ-òàáëèöû ................................................................................................18-3

Ìåòîäû ñåêöèîíèðîâàíèÿ ....................................................................................................................18-3

Îáçîð ñåêöèîíèðîâàííûõ èíäåêñîâ ........................................................................................................18-4

Ëîêàëüíûå ñåêöèîíèðîâàííûå èíäåêñû ..........................................................................................18-5

Ãëîáàëüíûå ñåêöèîíèðîâàííûå èíäåêñû ..........................................................................................18-5

Ãëîáàëüíûå èíäåêñû, ñåêöèîíèðîâàííûå ïî äèàïàçîíàì ................................................18-5

Ãëîáàëüíûå õåø-ñåêöèîíèðîâàííûå èíäåêñû ....................................................................18-6

Âåäåíèå ãëîáàëüíûõ ñåêöèîíèðîâàííûõ èíäåêñîâ ............................................................18-6

Ãëîáàëüíûå íåñåêöèîíèðîâàííûå èíäåêñû ....................................................................................18-6

Äîïîëíèòåëüíàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ î ñîçäàíèè èíäåêñîâ äëÿ ñåêöèîíèðîâàííûõ òàáëèö ........18-6

Îá èñïîëüçîâàíèè ñåêöèîíèðîâàííûõ èíäåêñîâ â ïðèëîæåíèÿõ OLTP ..................................18-7

Îá èñïîëüçîâàíèè ñåêöèîíèðîâàííûõ èíäåêñîâ

â õðàíèëèùàõ äàííûõ è ïðèëîæåíèÿõ DSS ....................................................................................18-7

Î ñåêöèîíèðîâàííûõ èíäåêñàõ â ñîñòàâíûõ ñåêöèÿõ ....................................................................18-7

Ñåêöèîíèðîâàíèå äëÿ ïîâûøåíèÿ ïðîèçâîäèòåëüíîñòè ..............................................................18-7

Îòñå÷åíèå ñåêöèé ....................................................................................................................................18-7

Ïðèìåð îòñå÷åíèÿ ñåêöèé ........................................................................................................18-8

Ñîåäèíåíèå ïî ñåêöèÿì ........................................................................................................................18-8

Глава 19 Управление контентом данных

Ââåäåíèå â óïðàâëåíèå êîíòåíòîì ..........................................................................................................19-1

Îáçîð ïðèìåíåíèÿ ÿçûêà XML â áàçàõ äàííûõ Oracle ......................................................................19-2

Îáçîð îáúåêòîâ LOB ......................................................................................................................................19-3

Îáçîð êîìïîíåíòà Oracle Text ....................................................................................................................19-4

Òèïû èíäåêñîâ Oracle Text ....................................................................................................................19-5

Ñåðâèñû Oracle Text äëÿ ðàáîòû ñ äîêóìåíòàìè ............................................................................19-5

Ïàêåò óïðàâëåíèÿ êîíòåêñòíûìè çàïðîñàìè Oracle Text ............................................................19-5

Äîïîëíèòåëüíûå âîçìîæíîñòè Oracle Text ......................................................................................19-5

Îáçîð êîìïîíåíòà Oracle Ultra Search ......................................................................................................19-6

Îáçîð êîìïîíåíòà Oracle Multimedia ......................................................................................................19-6

Îáçîð êîìïîíåíòà Oracle Spatial ..............................................................................................................19-7

Глава 20 Защита базы данных

Ââåäåíèå â áåçîïàñíîñòü áàçû äàííûõ ....................................................................................................20-1

Ïîëüçîâàòåëè áàçû äàííûõ è ñõåìû ..................................................................................................20-1

Äîìåí çàùèòû ..............................................................................................................................20-2

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Ïðèâèëåãèè ..............................................................................................................................................20-2

Ðîëè ..........................................................................................................................................................20-2

Ïàðàìåòðû õðàíåíèÿ è êâîòû ..............................................................................................................20-2

Òàáëè÷íîå ïðîñòðàíñòâî ïî óìîë÷àíèþ ..............................................................................20-3

Âðåìåííîå òàáëè÷íîå ïðîñòðàíñòâî ......................................................................................20-3

Êâîòû òàáëè÷íîãî ïðîñòðàíñòâà ..............................................................................................20-3

Ïðîôèëè è îãðàíè÷åíèÿ ðåñóðñîâ ..........................................................................................20-3

Îáçîð ïðîçðà÷íîãî øèôðîâàíèÿ äàííûõ ............................................................................................20-3

Îáçîð øèôðîâàíèÿ òàáëè÷íîãî ïðîñòðàíñòâà ..............................................................................20-4

Îáçîð ìåòîäîâ àóòåíòèôèêàöèè ..............................................................................................................20-4

Àóòåíòèôèêàöèÿ íà óðîâíå îïåðàöèîííîé ñèñòåìû ....................................................................20-5

Àóòåíòèôèêàöèÿ íà óðîâíå ñåòè ........................................................................................................20-6

Òåõíîëîãèè àóòåíòèôèêàöèè, îñíîâàííûå íà ñðåäñòâàõ

ñòîðîííèõ ïðîèçâîäèòåëåé ......................................................................................................20-6

Àóòåíòèôèêàöèÿ, îñíîâàííàÿ íà èíôðàñòðóêòóðå îòêðûòûõ êëþ÷åé ..........................20-6

Óäàëåííàÿ àóòåíòèôèêàöèÿ ......................................................................................................20-7

Àóòåíòèôèêàöèÿ íà óðîâíå áàçû äàííûõ Oracle ............................................................................20-7

Øèôðîâàíèå ïàðîëÿ ..................................................................................................................20-7

Áëîêèðîâàíèå ó÷åòíîé çàïèñè ................................................................................................20-7

Çàäàíèå ñðîêà äåéñòâèÿ ïàðîëÿ è âðåìåíè îêîí÷àíèÿ åãî äåéñòâèÿ ............................20-7

Ïðîâåðêà ñëîæíîñòè ïàðîëÿ ....................................................................................................20-8

Ìíîãîóðîâíåâàÿ àóòåíòèôèêàöèÿ è àâòîðèçàöèÿ ........................................................................20-8

Àóòåíòèôèêàöèÿ ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ïðîòîêîëà SSL ......................................................................20-9

Àóòåíòèôèêàöèÿ àäìèíèñòðàòîðîâ áàç äàííûõ ............................................................................20-9

Îáçîð àâòîðèçàöèè ......................................................................................................................................20-10

Îãðàíè÷åíèÿ ïîëüçîâàòåëüñêèõ ðåñóðñîâ è ïðîôèëè ................................................................20-10

Òèïû ñèñòåìíûõ ðåñóðñîâ è îãðàíè÷åíèÿ ..........................................................................20-11

Ïðîôèëè ......................................................................................................................................20-12

Îáùèå ñâåäåíèÿ î ïðèâèëåãèÿõ ........................................................................................................20-13

Ñèñòåìíûå ïðèâèëåãèè ..........................................................................................................20-14

Îáúåêòíûå ïðèâèëåãèè ............................................................................................................20-14

Ââåäåíèå â ðîëè ....................................................................................................................................20-14

Îáû÷íîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå ðîëåé ..............................................................................................20-16

Ìåõàíèçìû ðîëåé ......................................................................................................................20-16

Îïåðàöèîííàÿ ñèñòåìà è ðîëè ..............................................................................................20-17

Çàùèùåííûå ðîëè ïðèëîæåíèé ......................................................................................................20-17

Îáçîð îãðàíè÷åíèé äîñòóïà ê òàáëèöàì, ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿì, ñèíîíèìàì è ñòðîêàì ..........20-17

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Äåòàëüíûé êîíòðîëü äîñòóïà ............................................................................................................20-18

Äèíàìè÷åñêèå ïðåäèêàòû ......................................................................................................20-18

Êîíòåêñò ïðèëîæåíèÿ ........................................................................................................................20-19

Äèíàìè÷åñêèå êîíòåêñòû ........................................................................................................20-19

Äåòàëüíûé àóäèò ..................................................................................................................................20-20

Îáçîð ïîëèòèê áåçîïàñíîñòè ..................................................................................................................20-20

Ïîëèòèêà áåçîïàñíîñòè ñèñòåìû ......................................................................................................20-20

Óïðàâëåíèå ïîëüçîâàòåëÿìè áàçû äàííûõ ........................................................................20-21

Àóòåíòèôèêàöèÿ ïîëüçîâàòåëåé ..........................................................................................20-21

Áåçîïàñíîñòü îïåðàöèîííîé ñèñòåìû ..................................................................................20-21

Ïîëèòèêà çàùèòû äàííûõ ..................................................................................................................20-21

Ïîëèòèêà áåçîïàñíîñòè ïîëüçîâàòåëåé ..........................................................................................20-22

Îáùèå âîïðîñû áåçîïàñíîñòè ïîëüçîâàòåëåé ..................................................................20-22

Áåçîïàñíîñòü êîíå÷íîãî ïîëüçîâàòåëÿ ................................................................................20-22

Áåçîïàñíîñòü àäìèíèñòðàòîðà ................................................................................................20-23

Áåçîïàñíîñòü ðàçðàáîò÷èêà ïðèëîæåíèé ..........................................................................20-23

Áåçîïàñíîñòü àäìèíèñòðàòîðà ïðèëîæåíèé ......................................................................20-24

Ïîëèòèêà óïðàâëåíèÿ ïàðîëÿìè ....................................................................................................20-24

Ïîëèòèêà àóäèòà ..................................................................................................................................20-24

Îáçîð àóäèòà áàçû äàííûõ ........................................................................................................................20-25

Òèïû àóäèòà è çàïèñè àóäèòà ............................................................................................................20-25

Çàïèñè àóäèòà è æóðíàë àóäèòà ............................................................................................20-26

Глава 21 Целостность данных

Ââåäåíèå â öåëîñòíîñòü äàííûõ ................................................................................................................21-1

Ïðàâèëà öåëîñòíîñòè äàííûõ ..............................................................................................................21-1

Êàê Oracle îáåñïå÷èâàåò öåëîñòíîñòü äàííûõ ................................................................................21-2

Ñîñòîÿíèÿ îãðàíè÷åíèé öåëîñòíîñòè ..............................................................................................21-2

Îáçîð îãðàíè÷åíèé öåëîñòíîñòè ..............................................................................................................21-3

Ïðåèìóùåñòâà îãðàíè÷åíèé öåëîñòíîñòè ......................................................................................21-4

Ïðîñòîòà îáúÿâëåíèÿ ..................................................................................................................21-4

Öåíòðàëèçàöèÿ ïðàâèë ..............................................................................................................21-5

Ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ ýôôåêòèâíîñòü ïðè ðàçðàáîòêå ïðèëîæåíèé ........................................21-5

Íåìåäëåííàÿ îáðàòíàÿ ñâÿçü ñ ïîëüçîâàòåëåì ....................................................................21-5

Ãèáêîñòü ïðè çàãðóçêå äàííûõ è âûÿâëåíèè íàðóøåíèé îãðàíè÷åíèé ........................21-5

Âëèÿíèå îãðàíè÷åíèé öåëîñòíîñòè íà ïðîèçâîäèòåëüíîñòü ......................................................21-5

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Òèïû îãðàíè÷åíèé öåëîñòíîñòè ..............................................................................................................21-5

Îãðàíè÷åíèå öåëîñòíîñòè NOT NULL ..............................................................................................21-6

Îãðàíè÷åíèå öåëîñòíîñòè óíèêàëüíîãî êëþ÷à ..............................................................................21-6

Óíèêàëüíûå êëþ÷è ......................................................................................................................21-6

Îáúåäèíåíèå îãðàíè÷åíèé öåëîñòíîñòè óíèêàëüíîãî êëþ÷à è NOT NULL ..............21-6

Îãðàíè÷åíèå öåëîñòíîñòè ïåðâè÷íîãî êëþ÷à ................................................................................21-7

Ïåðâè÷íûå êëþ÷è ........................................................................................................................21-7

Îãðàíè÷åíèå ïåðâè÷íîãî êëþ÷à è èíäåêñû ........................................................................21-7

Îãðàíè÷åíèå ññûëî÷íîé öåëîñòíîñòè ..............................................................................................21-7

Ðåôëåêñèâíûå îãðàíè÷åíèÿ ññûëî÷íîé öåëîñòíîñòè ........................................................21-9

Íåîïðåäåëåííûå çíà÷åíèÿ è âíåøíèå êëþ÷è ..................................................................21-10

Äåéñòâèÿ, îïðåäåëÿåìûå îãðàíè÷åíèÿìè ññûëî÷íîé öåëîñòíîñòè ............................21-10

Óïðàâëåíèå êîíêóðåíòíûì äîñòóïîì, èíäåêñû è âíåøíèå êëþ÷è ..............................21-11

Îãðàíè÷åíèå öåëîñòíîñòè CHECK ..................................................................................................21-13

Óñëîâèå ïðîâåðêè ......................................................................................................................21-14

Èñïîëüçîâàíèå íåñêîëüêèõ îãðàíè÷åíèé CHECK ............................................................21-14

Ìåõàíèçìû ïðîâåðêè îãðàíè÷åíèé ......................................................................................................21-14

Çíà÷åíèÿ ñòîëáöîâ ïî óìîë÷àíèþ è ïðîâåðêà îãðàíè÷åíèé öåëîñòíîñòè ..........................21-16

Îòëîæåííàÿ ïðîâåðêà îãðàíè÷åíèé ....................................................................................................21-16

Àòðèáóòû îãðàíè÷åíèé öåëîñòíîñòè .............................................................................................. 21-16

Ðåæèì SET CONSTRAINTS ................................................................................................................ 21-17

Îãðàíè÷åíèÿ óíèêàëüíîñòè è èíäåêñû .......................................................................................... 21-17

Глава 22 Триггеры

Ââåäåíèå â òðèããåðû ...................................................................................................................................... 22-1

Èñïîëüçîâàíèå òðèããåðîâ .................................................................................................................... 22-2

Ïðåäóïðåæäåíèå îòíîñèòåëüíî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ òðèããåðîâ.............................................. 22-3

Òðèããåðû â ñðàâíåíèè ñ äåêëàðàòèâíûìè îãðàíè÷åíèÿìè öåëîñòíîñòè...................... 22-3

Êîìïîíåíòû òðèããåðà.................................................................................................................................... 22-3

Çàïóñêàþùåå òðèããåð ñîáûòèå ............................................................................................................ 22-4

Îãðàíè÷åíèå òðèããåðà .......................................................................................................................... 22-5

Äåéñòâèå òðèããåðà .................................................................................................................................. 22-5

Òèïû òðèããåðîâ ................................................................................................................................................ 22-5

Òðèããåðû ñòðîêè è òðèããåðû îïåðàòîðà .......................................................................................... 22-5

Òðèããåðû ñòðîêè .......................................................................................................................... 22-6

Òðèããåðû îïåðàòîðà.................................................................................................................... 22-6

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Òðèããåðû BEFORE è AFTER.................................................................................................................. 22-6

Òðèããåðû BEFORE ........................................................................................................................ 22-6

Òðèããåðû AFTER .......................................................................................................................... 22-7

Êîìáèíàöèè òèïîâ òðèããåðîâ.................................................................................................. 22-7

Ñîñòàâíûå òðèããåðû................................................................................................................................ 22-7

Òðèããåðû INSTEAD OF .......................................................................................................................... 22-8

Îáíîâëåíèå ïðåäñòàâëåíèé ...................................................................................................... 22-8

Íåîáíîâëÿåìûå ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ .............................................................................................. 22-9

Òðèããåðû INSTEAD OF äëÿ âëîæåííûõ òàáëèö ................................................................ 22-10

Òðèããåðû äëÿ ñèñòåìíûõ è ïîëüçîâàòåëüñêèõ ñîáûòèé.............................................................. 22-10

Ïóáëèêàöèÿ ñîáûòèé .............................................................................................................. 22-11

Àòðèáóòû ñîáûòèé .................................................................................................................... 22-11

Ñèñòåìíûå ñîáûòèÿ .................................................................................................................. 22-11

Ïîëüçîâàòåëüñêèå ñîáûòèÿ...................................................................................................... 22-12

Âûïîëíåíèå òðèããåðà .................................................................................................................................. 22-12

Ìîäåëü âûïîëíåíèÿ òðèããåðîâ.......................................................................................................... 22-13

Äîñòóï ê äàííûì äëÿ òðèããåðîâ........................................................................................................ 22-13

Õðàíåíèå òðèããåðîâ PL/SQL .............................................................................................................. 22-13

Âûïîëíåíèå òðèããåðîâ ........................................................................................................................ 22-14

Ïîääåðæêà çàâèñèìîñòåé äëÿ òðèããåðîâ .............................................................................................. 22-14

Глава 23 Интеграция информации

Ââåäåíèå â ñðåäñòâà èíòåãðàöèè èíôîðìàöèè Oracle ...................................................................... 23-1

Ôåäåðàòèâíûé äîñòóï .................................................................................................................................. 23-2

Ðàñïðåäåëåííûé SQL ............................................................................................................................ 23-2

Ïðîçðà÷íîñòü ðàçìåùåíèÿ äàííûõ.................................................................................................... 23-3

Ïðîçðà÷íîñòü îïåðàòîðîâ SQL è òðàíçàêöèé ................................................................................ 23-3

Îïòèìèçàöèÿ ðàñïðåäåëåííûõ çàïðîñîâ ........................................................................................ 23-4

Ñîâìåñòíîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå èíôîðìàöèè.............................................................................................. 23-4

Òåõíîëîãèÿ Oracle Streams .................................................................................................................... 23-5

Àðõèòåêòóðà Oracle Streams ...................................................................................................... 23-6

Òèðàæèðîâàíèå äàííûõ ñ ïîìîùüþ Oracle Streams .......................................................... 23-7

Òåõíîëîãèÿ Oracle Streams Advanced Queuing .................................................................... 23-9

Óâåäîìëåíèå îá èçìåíåíèÿõ â áàçå äàííûõ........................................................................ 23-11

Òåõíîëîãèÿ Change Data Capture .......................................................................................... 23-12

Íåîäíîðîäíûå ñðåäû................................................................................................................ 23-12

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Âàðèàíòû èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ Oracle Streams ............................................................................ 23-12

Ìàòåðèàëèçîâàííûå ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ ................................................................................................ 23-14

Ñðàâíåíèå è óñòðàíåíèå ðàçëè÷èé äàííûõ â Oracle ........................................................................ 23-14

Èíòåãðàöèÿ ñèñòåì äðóãèõ ïîñòàâùèêîâ ............................................................................................ 23-15

Èíòåðôåéñ Generic Connectivity........................................................................................................ 23-15

Часть IVРазработка приложений базы данных Oracle

Глава 24 SQL

Ââåäåíèå â SQL.................................................................................................................................................. 24-1

Îïåðàòîðû SQL ................................................................................................................................................ 24-2

Îïåðàòîðû ÿçûêà ìàíèïóëèðîâàíèÿ äàííûìè.............................................................................. 24-2

Ðåãèñòðàöèÿ îøèáîê DML ........................................................................................................ 24-3

Îïåðàòîðû ÿçûêà îïðåäåëåíèÿ äàííûõ............................................................................................ 24-3

Îïåðàòîðû óïðàâëåíèÿ òðàíçàêöèÿìè ............................................................................................ 24-4

Îïåðàòîðû óïðàâëåíèÿ ñåàíñîì ........................................................................................................ 24-4

Îïåðàòîðû óïðàâëåíèÿ ñèñòåìîé ...................................................................................................... 24-4

Âñòðîåííûå îïåðàòîðû SQL ................................................................................................................ 24-4

Êóðñîðû .............................................................................................................................................................. 24-5

Êóðñîðû ñ äâóíàïðàâëåííûì ïðîñìîòðîì ...................................................................................... 24-5

Ðàçäåëÿåìûå îáëàñòè SQL ............................................................................................................................ 24-5

Ðàçáîð .................................................................................................................................................................. 24-6

Îáðàáîòêà çàïðîñà .......................................................................................................................................... 24-6

Îáðàáîòêà îïåðàòîðîâ SQL ........................................................................................................................ 24-7

Áëîê-ñõåìà âûïîëíåíèÿ îïåðàòîðà SQL .......................................................................................... 24-7

Îïèñàíèå îáðàáîòêè îïåðàòîðà SQL ................................................................................................ 24-8

Ñòàäèÿ 1. Îòêðûòü èëè ñîçäàòü êóðñîð.................................................................................. 24-9

Ñòàäèÿ 2. Ïðîèçâåñòè ðàçáîð îïåðàòîðà .............................................................................. 24-9

Ñòàäèÿ 3. Îïðåäåëèòü, íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ëè îïåðàòîð çàïðîñîì ............................................ 24-9

Ñòàäèÿ 4. Îïèñàòü ðåçóëüòàòû çàïðîñà (òîëüêî äëÿ çàïðîñîâ)........................................ 24-9

Ñòàäèÿ 5. Îïðåäåëèòü ïàðàìåòðû ðåçóëüòàòà çàïðîñà (òîëüêî äëÿ çàïðîñîâ) .......... 24-9

Ñòàäèÿ 6. Ñâÿçàòü ïåðåìåííûå .............................................................................................. 24-10

Ñòàäèÿ 7. Ðàñïàðàëëåëèòü âûïîëíåíèå îïåðàòîðà (íå îáÿçàòåëüíî) .......................... 24-10

Ñòàäèÿ 8. Âûïîëíèòü îïåðàòîð.............................................................................................. 24-10

Ñòàäèÿ 9. Èçâëå÷ü ñòðîêè çàïðîñà (òîëüêî äëÿ çàïðîñà) ................................................ 24-10

Ñòàäèÿ 10. Çàêðûòü êóðñîð...................................................................................................... 24-10

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Îáðàáîòêà äðóãèõ òèïîâ îïåðàòîðîâ SQL...................................................................................... 24-11

Îáðàáîòêà îïåðàòîðîâ DDL.................................................................................................... 24-11

Îáðàáîòêà îïåðàòîðîâ óïðàâëåíèÿ òðàíçàêöèÿìè.......................................................... 24-11

Îáðàáîòêà äðóãèõ òèïîâ îïåðàòîðîâ .................................................................................. 24-11

Îáçîð îïòèìèçàòîðà .................................................................................................................................... 24-11

Óïðàâëåíèå ïëàíàìè SQL (SPM) ...................................................................................................... 24-12

Ïëàíû âûïîëíåíèÿ .............................................................................................................................. 24-12

Õðàíèìûå ïëàíû âûïîëíåíèÿ .............................................................................................. 24-13

Ðåäàêòèðîâàíèå õðàíèìîãî ïëàíà âûïîëíåíèÿ ................................................................ 24-13

Глава 25Языки разработки приложений

Ââåäåíèå â ÿçûêè ðàçðàáîòêè ïðèëîæåíèé áàçû äàííûõ Oracle .................................................. 25-1

Îáçîð ÿçûêîâ ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèÿ Ñ è Ñ++ ............................................................................................ 25-1

Îáçîð èíòåðôåéñà óðîâíÿ âûçîâîâ Oracle (OCI) ............................................................................ 25-2

Îáçîð èíòåðôåéñà Oracle C++ Call Interface (OCCI) ...................................................................... 25-3

Àññîöèàòèâíûé ðåëÿöèîííûé è îáúåêòíûé èíòåðôåéñû OCCI .................................... 25-3

Íàâèãàöèîííûé èíòåðôåéñ OCCI .......................................................................................... 25-3

Îáçîð òðàíñëÿòîðà òèïîâ Oracle ........................................................................................................ 25-4

Îáçîð ïðåäêîìïèëÿòîðà Pro*C/C++ .................................................................................................. 25-4

Äèíàìè÷åñêîå ñîçäàíèå è èñïîëüçîâàíèå îïèñàíèé òèïîâ ............................................ 25-5

Îáçîð PL/SQL .................................................................................................................................................... 25-6

Êàê ðàáîòàåò PL/SQL .............................................................................................................................. 25-6

Âûïîëíåíèå ñ èíòåðïðåòàöèåé................................................................................................ 25-6

Âûïîëíåíèå íà äàííîé ïëàòôîðìå ........................................................................................ 25-6

Êîíñòðóêöèè ÿçûêà PL/SQL ................................................................................................................ 25-8

Ïåðåìåííûå è êîíñòàíòû .......................................................................................................... 25-8

Êóðñîðû.......................................................................................................................................... 25-8

Èñêëþ÷åíèÿ .................................................................................................................................. 25-8

Äèíàìè÷åñêèé SQL â PL/SQL.................................................................................................... 25-9

Ïðîãðàììíûå åäèíèöû PL/SQL.......................................................................................................... 25-9

Õðàíèìûå ïðîöåäóðû è ôóíêöèè...................................................................................................... 25-9

Ïðåèìóùåñòâà ïðîöåäóð ........................................................................................................ 25-11

Ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî èñïîëüçîâàíèþ ïðîöåäóð .................................................................... 25-13

Àíîíèìíûå áëîêè PL/SQL â ñðàâíåíèè ñ õðàíèìûìè ïðîöåäóðàìè ........................ 25-13

Àâòîíîìíûå ïðîöåäóðû .......................................................................................................... 25-13

Óïðàâëåíèå çàâèñèìîñòÿìè õðàíèìûõ ïðîöåäóð ............................................................ 25-13

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Âíåøíèå ïðîöåäóðû ................................................................................................................ 25-13

Òàáëè÷íûå ôóíêöèè ................................................................................................................ 25-14

Ïàêåòû PL/SQL ...................................................................................................................................... 25-14

Ïðåèìóùåñòâà ïàêåòîâ ............................................................................................................ 25-16

Êîëëåêöèè è çàïèñè PL/SQL.............................................................................................................. 25-16

Êîëëåêöèè .................................................................................................................................. 25-17

Çàïèñè .......................................................................................................................................... 25-17

Ñåðâåðíûå ñòðàíèöû PL/SQL ............................................................................................................ 25-17

Îáçîð Java ........................................................................................................................................................ 25-18

Java è òåðìèíîëîãèÿ îáúåêòíî-îðèåíòèðîâàííîãî ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèÿ .............................. 25-18

Êëàññû .......................................................................................................................................... 25-18

Àòðèáóòû .................................................................................................................................... 25-19

Ìåòîäû ........................................................................................................................................ 25-19

Èåðàðõèÿ êëàññîâ.................................................................................................................................. 25-20

Èíòåðôåéñû............................................................................................................................................ 25-21

Ïîëèìîðôèçì........................................................................................................................................ 25-21

Îáçîð âèðòóàëüíîé Java-ìàøèíû (JVM) ........................................................................................ 25-22

Çà÷åì èñïîëüçîâàòü Java â Oracle ..................................................................................................... 25-23

Ìíîãîïîòî÷íàÿ îáðàáîòêà ...................................................................................................... 25-24

Àâòîìàòè÷åñêîå óïðàâëåíèå ïàìÿòüþ ................................................................................ 25-24

Îáúåì çàíèìàåìîé ïàìÿòè .................................................................................................... 25-25

Ïðîèçâîäèòåëüíîñòü ................................................................................................................ 25-25

Äèíàìè÷åñêàÿ çàãðóçêà êëàññîâ ............................................................................................ 25-26

Ñòðàòåãèÿ Oracle ïî ðàçâèòèþ ñðåäû ðàçðàáîòêè Java-ïðèëîæåíèé .................................... 25-27

Õðàíèìûå ïðîöåäóðû Java...................................................................................................... 25-28

Èíòåãðàöèÿ ñ PL/SQL................................................................................................................ 25-28

Èíòåðôåéñ JDBC ........................................................................................................................ 25-28

ßçûê SQLJ .................................................................................................................................... 25-29

Óòèëèòà JPublisher .................................................................................................................... 25-30

Èíòåðôåéñû Java Messaging Service...................................................................................... 25-30

Îáçîð ÿçûêîâ ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèÿ êîðïîðàöèè Microsoft ............................................................ 25-31

Îòêðûòûé èíòåðôåéñ âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ñ áàçàìè äàííûõ .......................................................... 25-31

Îáçîð ïðîäóêòà Oracle Objects for OLE (OO4O) ............................................................................ 25-31

Îáúåêòû OO4O Automation Server ........................................................................................ 25-32

Ýëåìåíòû óïðàâëåíèÿ Oracle Data Control ........................................................................ 25-32

Áèáëèîòåêà êëàññîâ C++ ïðîäóêòà Oracle Objects for OLE .............................................. 25-32

Òåõíîëîãèÿ Oracle Data Provider for .NET (ODP.NET).................................................................. 25-32

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Îáçîð óíàñëåäîâàííûõ ÿçûêîâ ................................................................................................................ 25-33

Îáçîð ïðåäêîìïèëÿòîðà Pro*COBOL.............................................................................................. 25-33

Îáçîð ïðåäêîìïèëÿòîðà Pro*FORTRAN........................................................................................ 25-33

Глава 26Типы данных Oracle

Ââåäåíèå â òèïû äàííûõ Oracle.................................................................................................................. 26-1

Îáçîð ñèìâîëüíûõ òèïîâ äàííûõ ............................................................................................................ 26-2

Òèï äàííûõ CHAR .................................................................................................................................. 26-2

Òèïû äàííûõ VARCHAR2 è VARCHAR ............................................................................................ 26-3

Òèï äàííûõ VARCHAR .............................................................................................................. 26-3

Ñåìàíòèêà äëèíû ñèìâîëüíûõ òèïîâ äàííûõ ................................................................................ 26-3

Òèïû äàííûõ NCHAR è NVARCHAR2.............................................................................................. 26-4

NCHAR .......................................................................................................................................... 26-5

NVARCHAR2 ................................................................................................................................ 26-5

Èñïîëüçîâàíèå äàííûõ ñ êîäèðîâêîé Unicode â áàçå äàííûõ Oracle ........................................ 26-5

Íåÿâíîå ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå òèïîâ äàííûõ ................................................................................ 26-5

Ñèìâîëüíûå òèïû äàííûõ LOB .......................................................................................................... 26-5

Òèï äàííûõ LONG ...................................................................................................................... 26-6

Îáçîð ÷èñëîâûõ òèïîâ äàííûõ .................................................................................................................. 26-6

Òèï äàííûõ NUMBER ............................................................................................................................ 26-6

Âíóòðåííèé ôîðìàò ÷èñåë ........................................................................................................ 26-7

×èñëà ñ ïëàâàþùåé òî÷êîé.................................................................................................................. 26-8

Òèï äàííûõ BINARY_FLOAT .................................................................................................... 26-8

Òèï äàííûõ BINARY_DOUBLE ................................................................................................ 26-8

Îáçîð òèïà äàííûõ DATE ............................................................................................................................ 26-9

Èñïîëüçîâàíèå þëèàíñêèõ äàò............................................................................................................ 26-9

Àðèôìåòèêà äàò .................................................................................................................................... 26-10

Ñòîëåòèÿ è ïðîáëåìà äâóõòûñÿ÷íîãî ãîäà .................................................................................... 26-10

Ïîääåðæêà ëåòíåãî âðåìåíè.............................................................................................................. 26-10

×àñîâûå ïîÿñà ........................................................................................................................................ 26-11

Îáçîð òèïîâ äàííûõ LOB .......................................................................................................................... 26-12

Òèï äàííûõ BLOB.................................................................................................................................. 26-13

Òèïû äàííûõ CLOB è NCLOB............................................................................................................ 26-13

Òèï äàííûõ BFILE ................................................................................................................................ 26-13

Îáçîð òèïîâ äàííûõ RAW è LONG RAW .............................................................................................. 26-14

Îáçîð òèïîâ äàííûõ ROWID è UROWID.............................................................................................. 26-14

xxx

Ïñåâäîñòîëáåö ROWID ........................................................................................................................ 26-15

Ôèçè÷åñêèå Rowid ................................................................................................................................ 26-15

Ðàñøèðåííûå Rowid ................................................................................................................ 26-16

Îãðàíè÷åííûå Rowid................................................................................................................ 26-17

Ïðèìåðû èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ Rowid............................................................................................ 26-17

Êàê èñïîëüçóþòñÿ Rowid ........................................................................................................ 26-18

Ëîãè÷åñêèå Rowid ................................................................................................................................ 26-18

Ñðàâíåíèå ëîãè÷åñêèõ è ôèçè÷åñêèõ Rowid ...................................................................... 26-19

Îöåíêè ôèçè÷åñêîãî ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ â ëîãè÷åñêèõ Rowid.............................................. 26-19

Rowid â ÑÓÁÄ äðóãèõ ôèðì .............................................................................................................. 26-20

Îáçîð òèïîâ äàííûõ ANSI, DB2 è SQL/DS .......................................................................................... 26-20

Îáçîð òèïîâ äàííûõ XML .............................................................................................................................. 26-20

Òèï äàííûõ XMLType .......................................................................................................................... 26-21

Îáçîð òèïîâ äàííûõ URI ............................................................................................................................ 26-21

Îáçîð îáúåêòíûõ òèïîâ äàííûõ è îáúåêòíûõ ïðåäñòàâëåíèé .................................................. 26-21

Ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå äàííûõ ............................................................................................................................ 26-21

Глоссарий

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