data_management_seminar_dhara_shah
TRANSCRIPT
Open Source Software Development Model Main Paper:Why Hackers do what they do (Data Management Infrastructures Seminar)
Dhara Shah
The University of Bern
Abstract— This paper is based on the Main Paper “Why Hackers Do What They Do”
by Karim R. Lakhani and Robert G. Wolf1. Also following papers are taken into
account during the course of understanding:
Understanding knowledge sharing activities in free/open source software
projects: An empirical study by Suleiman k. Sowe, Ioannis Stamelos, Lefteris
Angelis.
A Case Study of the Open Source Software Development: The Apache Server
by Audris Mockus, Roy T. Fielding and James Herbsleb
Crowdsourcing Systems on the World Wide Web By Ahnai Doan, Raghu
Ramakrishnan and Alon Y. Halevy
What makes free/libre open source software (floss) projects successful? An
Agent based model of floss projects by Nicholas p. radtke, Marco A. Janssen
and James S. Collofello.
Based on all the papers mentioned above, main paper and a small survey
consisting of 20 students from the Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai I
present my views about Open Source Software Development.
Keywords: Open Source software projects; Knowledge Sharing; Knowledge providers;
Self-Organizing Communities.
I. INTRODUCTION
This paper is written to explain the motivations behind the developers in Free/Open Source
Software (F/OSS). The explanations are derived from the papers mentioned in the abstract
section and a small friendly survey conducted by me. Details about survey: The Survey was
a friendly questionnaire answered by 20 Computer Science Students of Indian Institute of
Technology Mumbai. All the 20 students are extremely good in studies with average 7.0
GPA overall and had been participating in various Open Source Software development
project.
As part of the seminar I read the Main paper and supporting papers and what found was the
paper was written mainly from the perspective of 1st World Developers involved in
Free/Open Source Software Development. Hence out of curiosity I conducted this survey by
personally contacting all the 20 students.
Now I shed some light on the selection of students and the questions asked to them.
All the 20 Students are from Computer Science Department of IIT, Mumbai. IIT Mumbai is
world renowned engineering college and admission to this University is extremely
competing. All the 20 students are Undergraduates. 3 of the students are entrepreneurs
running a free/open source software development company and teaching software
development.
Now the Survey questions each of the student had been part of open source software
development. Following were the questions asked to them:
1. Why were you part of an Open Source Software development team? What were your
motivations?
2. Were you paid in any form by the Software Development Company?
3. Do you expect to use this experience to yield some benefit?
4. Do you wish to continue to contribute in Open Source Software Development?
5. Who introduce u to open source software development? Or who motivated you?
6. Why u choose the project that u working on? Criteria for showing the project
7. How is your experience so far? Do you motivate others to be part of it?
The Above Questions were asked by the taking inspiration from the main paper. In the
remaining part of the paper following flow of idea shall be presented
1. Who are the developers?
2. Understanding Motivations of the F/OSS Developers
3. Intrinsic Motivations
4. Extrinsic Motivations
5. Critique about main paper
6. Summary of Survey
7. Conclusion of the paper
As the Survey conducted by me was extremely small compared to the survey
presented in the main it cannot be used to verify the findings of the main paper.
Nor can the survey conducted by me can be generalized to the developers in F/OSS
from 3rd
world countries. But the Survey conducted by me gave me clear idea and
understanding about the developers involved in F/OSS developers. And the Survey
can be considered as a sample of understanding of the F/OSS developers.
II. WHO ARE THE DEVELOPERS
According to my understanding from the papers, developers in open source software
development are mostly the developers with following traits:
Developers looking for challenging project other than their normal job work or
studies.
Or Developers who are students and trying to learn the subject by practically doing
projects.
Or Self-taught learners who want to learn by themselves programming language.
Or Students who want to enter job market by taking open source software
development as their experience in resume.
Or Employees of the company whose peers value employees working in open source
software development
Hence it can be concluded that whatever the reasons are they are not mostly linked to
common reason that developers are employees of the open source software
development company, also mostly the gain is not direct monetary gain but indirect
advantages.
III. UNDERSTANDING MOTIVATIONS OF THE F/OSS DEVELOPERS
By knowing who the developers are, their motivations also become quite clear. Still we can
categorize the motivations is largely 2 parts as follows:
Intrinsic Motivations
Extrinsic Motivations
The Above mentioned categories will be explained in detail in later section. For now I would
like present interesting finding from my paper which suggests who introduces the developers
to the open source software development. This question wasn’t answered to me by any of the
papers I read. From the Survey I found following initiation reasons:
One of the students started developing open source software development as he found
the project extremely good and he thought he can make a difference with the project.
He was introduced to the by his professor who was also part of the project. Hence
introduction to open source development can be by Academic personnel.
Few of the Students replied they were introduced to the open source development by
the fellow students who were having an open source software development start-up
company on campus. Hence introduction to open source development can be by
fellow students.
One of the student starting development with his father who was also involved in open
source development and they intend to start-up company with the product which
would be open source. Hence introduction done by personnel contact.
Few students replied that they had reviews from their peers that students involved in
open source development were placed (getting job) in high technically acclaimed
companies. Hence the introduction was by peers with agenda in mind.
IV. INTRINSIC MOTIVATIONS
In this section I would like to describe the motivations that developers have which are not
for any kind of gain.
Mostly as Intrinsic motivation it is for fun. In the papers it was mentioned that they found
developers who work on open source projects during their office hours. Also those
developers found open source software more interesting.
I found from my survey few students did open source development as they get more
responsibility and challenge working on it. As the part of Open Software development cycle,
one of the developers assume responsibility for the release and arranges for release
independently this gives developers a sense of importance.
One more interesting observation from the papers is that every person has a level of
difficulty or complexity which the individual perceive as challenge. If the individual’s flow
of work matches with the level of difficulty given by open source software development he
is more enthusiastic about his work. One of the reasons of Apache Server’s successful
development is perceived that the developers got the perfect project at the right time.
Though it looks very uncertain argument my talks with the students confirmed the argument.
They said that they worked on weekends, holidays and late nights on open source software
just for the fun of programming and because they were having a beautiful experience in
which they found themselves unable to isolate from project even during free time.
V. EXTRINSIC MOTIVATIONS
Various extrinsic motivations were found which have described below:
1. To improve faulty programming skills
2. Learn latest Software development techniques and implement the programming
knowledge to practical implementation.
3. To impress upon the superiors in the company by contributing in open source
development.
4. To able to show to companies about the one’s programming skills. This very helpful
for individuals starting in the industry.
5. To develop their initial ideas which could turn up into Startup Company?
In the paper it was mentioned that socio economic background plays major role in
individual’s motivations to contribute to the open source development.
In my survey I found that few students when asked would you continue contributing in open
source development or not replied that they are contributing to get job in this recession
market and once they get if the company requires them not to work on those open source
software development they wouldn’t. Where areas in paper it was mentioned that developers
during their office hours worked on the open source development just for the sake of fun and
not that they were required to it. So here one can see that open source software development
cannot be done faster in 3rd
world countries as their economic stability is at stake.
Extrinsic motivations can be classified as immediate benefit yielding motivation and delayed
benefits. In immediate yielding motivations related to learning and improving once skills
comes in. And in delayed benefits one being monitored by the superior or trying to get job
with open source software development experience comes in.
VI. CRITIQUE ABOUT MAIN PAPER
One most important point about the main paper is that title of the paper is misleading. As the
term “Hacker” is usually attached to negative development. But in the main paper it’s meant
as developers who are not following the traditional way of Software Development. Quite
later in the paper it’s explained that “hacker” for them is considered as a badge of honor in
F/OSS Community.
Otherwise the paper is very well written and explained. And the survey gave a very nice idea
to me to talk to budding developers and know if they are involved in such kind of open
source software development.
VII. SUMMARY OF THE SURVEY
Survey was the most exciting part of the paper. It helped me immensely under the
implications of the paper read. As the topic is very much discussed and being an open source
software development is no more work of genius.
The most interesting part was all the students were part of the Apache server development
team and as I read the case study was of Apache Server they answers where very much
helpful.
Exciting part of being open source software development for the students was the
responsibilities they can take which in a traditional organization they might be not given till
they have 10 years of experience. Also they have immense flexibility there is no pressure
about release there is no management issues to be handled which intrigued the students
most.
VIII. CONCLUSION OF THE PAPER
Overall the paper is very stimulating and helps understand the working of open source
software development. One can use these findings to motivate developers in traditional
organization. Understanding the complexity of a successful open source software and be
extremely helpful to future projects. And companies can decide depending on the
complexity of project to take up traditional approach or open software development project.
As open software development project gives geographical freedom also to the company.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
My sincere thanks to Prof. Philippe for conducting the seminar which gave me opportunity
to read such good papers. Also thanks to all the students of H batch (2005) of Computer
Science Department of Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai.
REFERENCES
1. “Why Hackers Do What They Do” by Karim R. Lakhani and Robert G. Wolf
2. Understanding knowledge sharing activities in free/open source software projects: An
empirical study by Suleiman k. Sowe, Ioannis Stamelos, Lefteris Angelis.
3. A Case Study of the Open Source Software Development: The Apache Server by
Audris Mockus, Roy T. Fielding and James Herbsleb
4. Crowdsourcing Systems on the World Wide Web By Ahnai Doan, Raghu
Ramakrishnan and Alon Y. Halevy
5. What makes free/libre open source software (floss) projects successful? An Agent
based model of floss projects by Nicholas p. radtke, Marco A. Janssen and James S.
Collofello.