Bradley Huffaker, Marina Fomenkov, and kc claffy

OARC Fall 2014 Workshop October 12, 2014

Dataset Comparison IPv4 vs IPv6 traffic seen at DNS root servers

IPv4 exhaustion

2

RIR

Add

ress

Poo

l (/8

s)

http://www.potaroo.net/tools/ipv4/

For most practical purposes IPv4 exhaustion is here.

goal

3

We compare country level allocation and observed deployment of IPv4 and IPv6 by examining DNS root traffic collected by DNS-OARC members as part of the Day In The Life (DITL) measurements.

http://www.dns-oarc.net/oarc/data/ditl

datasets• DNS root traces!

DNS-OARC Day In The Life (DITL)!!

• IP allocated blocks!RIR delegation files!also used for country-level geolocation!!

• IP announced prefixes!BGP tables collected by Route Views Project and RIPE NCC RIS!!

• Gross Domestic Product (GDP)!World Bank

4

http://www.caida.org/research/policy/dns-country/Number of Countries

Almost all countries now

have at least one IPv6

allocation and a growing

fraction were seen at the

DNS roots.

5

IPv4 IPv6

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

number of countries at least one allocation

http://www.caida.org/research/policy/dns-country/interactive web site

6

Allows users to switch between set views.

presets

manual controlAllows full control over both axis and node size

manual control switch

http://www.caida.org/research/policy/dns-country/fraction of blocks observed

Fraction of address blocks seen at the roots much tighter for IPv4 and IPv6 address blocks. Reflects more uniform usage

of IPv4 addresses. 7

IPv6

IPv4

countries with zero

China

U.S.A

Germany

India

Brazil

1e+0 2e+0 3e+0 1e+1 2e+1 3e+1 1e+2 2e+2 3e+2 1e+3 2e+3 3e+3

2014 IPv6 blocks allocated by RIR (blocks)1e+0

2e+03e+04e+0

1e+1

2e+13e+14e+1

1e+2

2e+23e+24e+2

2014

IPv6

blo

cks s

een

at th

e D

NS

root

s (bl

ocks

)

Russia

Saint Kitts and Nevis

U.S.A

Canada

1e+0 2e+0 1e+1 2e+1 1e+2 2e+2 1e+3 2e+3 1e+4 2e+4

2014 IPv4 blocks allocated by RIR (blocks)1e+02e+0

1e+12e+1

1e+22e+2

1e+32e+3

1e+4

2014

IPv4

blo

cks s

een

at th

e D

NS

root

s (bl

ocks

)

http://www.caida.org/research/policy/dns-country/

Russia

U.S.A

JapanFrance

Canada

Brazil

Monaco1e+0 2e+0 1e+1 2e+1 1e+2 2e+2 1e+3 2e+3 1e+4 2e+4

2014 IPv4 blocks allocated by RIR (blocks)1e+0

2e+03e+0

1e+1

2e+13e+1

1e+2

2e+23e+2

1e+3

2e+33e+3

2014

IPv6

blo

cks a

lloca

ted

by

RIR

(blo

cks)

Nigeria

Australia

Greece

Ukraine

Netherlands

China

U.S.A

Japan

Egypt

France

Germany

BrazilMonaco

Great Britain

1e+0 2e+0 1e+1 2e+1 1e+2 2e+2 1e+3 2e+3 1e+4 2e+4

2009 IPv4 blocks allocated by RIR (blocks)1e+0

2e+03e+0

1e+1

2e+13e+1

1e+2

2e+23e+2

1e+3

2e+33e+3

2009

IPv6

blo

cks a

lloca

ted

by

RIR

(blo

cks)

ratio IPv4 to IPv6 blocks

Only Monaco went to zero. Brazil went from unusually low ratio of IPv4 to IPv6, to higher then normal. Overall the ratio of

IPv4 and IPv6 allocations was more similar in 2014.8

2009

2014MonacoBrazil

http://www.caida.org/research/policy/dns-country/

China

Hong Kong

India

U.S.A

VietnamCroatia

France

Germany

1e+0 2e+0 1e+1 2e+1 1e+2 2e+2 1e+3 2e+3 1e+42014 IPv6 addresses seen by the DNS roots (addresses)

1e+0

1e+1

1e+2

1e+3

1e+4

1e+5

1e+6

2014

IPv6

pac

kets

seen

by

the

DN

S ro

ots (

pack

ets)

packets and addresses

Similar with other metrics, IPv4 is less scattered than IPv6.9

IPv6

IPv4

radius: packetsaddresses

Saint Vincent & GrenadinesHaiti

AlbaniaNigeria

Philippines

South Korea

ChinaU.S.A

Germany

1e+0 2e+0 1e+1 2e+1 1e+2 2e+2 1e+3 2e+3 1e+4 2e+4 1e+5 2e+5

2014 IPv4 addresses seen by the DNS roots (addresses)

1e+1

1e+2

1e+3

1e+4

1e+5

1e+6

1e+7

2014

IPv4

pac

kets

seen

by

the

DN

S ro

ots (

pack

ets)

http://www.caida.org/research/policy/dns-country/ratio packets / addresses

The countries with the largest ratios tend to have fewer addresses. China has 40% of US IPv6 addresses, but 80% of

it’s IPv6 packets.10

IPv4

radius: packetsaddresses

China

Hong Kong

India

U.S.A

Vietnam

France

Germany

1e+0 2e+0 1e+1 2e+1 1e+2 2e+2 1e+3 2e+3 1e+4

2014 IPv6 addresses seen by the DNS roots (addresses)1e+0

2e+03e+0

1e+1

2e+13e+1

1e+2

2e+23e+2

1e+3

2014

IPv6

num

ber o

f pac

kets

seen

by

the

DN

S ro

ots p

er a

ddre

ss (p

acke

ts/ad

dres

s)

Saint Vincent & Grenadines

HaitiAlbania

Nigeria

South KoreaSaint Kitts and Nevis China

Hong KongIndia

U.S.A

Germany

1e+0 2e+0 1e+1 2e+1 1e+2 2e+2 1e+3 2e+3 1e+4 2e+4 1e+5 2e+52014 IPv4 addresses seen by the DNS roots (addresses)

2e+0

1e+1

2e+1

1e+2

2e+2

1e+3

2e+3

1e+4

2014

IPv4

num

ber o

f pac

kets

seen

by

the

DN

S ro

ots p

er a

ddre

ss (p

acke

ts/a

ddre

ss)

IPv6

http://www.caida.org/research/policy/dns-country/Gross Domestic Product

There is a positive correlation between wealthier countries and the ratio of IPv4 blocks seen at the DNS roots, but not

IPv6 blocks.11

IPv6

IPv4

radius: IPv6 allocated blocks

radius: IPv4 allocated blocks

U.S.A

Canada

Russia

Australia

Germany

Brazil

China

Japan

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Solomon Islands

TurkmenistanEritrea

1e+8 1e+9 1e+10 1e+11 1e+12 1e+132014 GDP [Gross Domestic Product] (US$)

9e+01e+1

2e+1

3e+1

4e+1

5e+16e+17e+18e+19e+11e+2

2014

Rat

io o

f IPv

4 bl

ocks

seen

at t

he D

NS

root

s to

allo

cate

d (%

)

U.S.A

Brazil China

Japan

LiberiaMicronesia

1e+8 1e+9 1e+10 1e+11 1e+12 1e+13

2014 GDP [Gross Domestic Product] (US$)

2e+0

3e+04e+05e+0

1e+1

2e+1

3e+14e+15e+1

1e+2

2014

Rat

io o

f IPv

6 bl

ocks

seen

at t

he D

NS

root

s to

allo

cate

d (%

)

conclusion• number of countries with allocations!

IPv4 allocations almost 100% seen!IPv6 allocations have gone from 50% to 61% seen!Almost all countries now have at least one for both!!

• IPv6 fraction of blocks seen more dissimilar than IPv4!!

• correlation between number of IPv4 and IPv6 blocks increased between 2009 and 2014!!

• negative correlation between wealth and ratio of blocks seen in IPv4, but not IPv6

12

http://www.caida.org/research/policy/dns-country/