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MineforeverOuruseoftheEarth’sresources

DavidManningProfessorofSoilScienceNewcastleUniversity

NASA'sEarthObservatorySuomiNPPsatelliteimagecourtesyofNASA/GSFC

Minefor45minutes

• Whydoweneedminingatallinthisdayandage?• Miningandsustainabledevelopment• Quakersandmining• Ourresponsibilitiesformining• Mininginthefuture

Becauseweareallconsumers

Whydoweneedtomine?

• Mineralextractionunderpinstheconsumersociety• Aswegetmoreprosperous,we’buymorethings’,globally• Policyobjectivescreatenewneedsforrawmaterials• MineralrawmaterialsarestrategicallyimportantforUK• Weneedmoresustainablesourcesofsupply

Oursupermarketsareminingcompanies

Peoplearemovingfromthis

Tothis

Insteadofdrivingthis

http://www.classicandperformancecar.com/morris/minor

Peoplewanttodrivethis

uk.smart.com

SomewheretoliveSomethingtoeat/drinkSomethingtobuySomethingtoburn

Society’smineralusediffers

• Metaloresrising

• Mineralproductionrisingmuchmorerapidly

4 5 6 7

10

20

30

40

population (billion)

extra

cted

reso

urce

s (b

illion

T)

1980 20

13

A)

4 5 6 7

10

20

30

population (billion)

extra

cted

reso

urce

s (%

)

1980 20

13

B)industrial and construction minerals

ores

12%

Bricks,concrete,sand,gravel

Clays,glass,paper,plastics

Iron,steel,copper,zinc,tinetc

TheAmericanslovethissortofthing

Learn more at www.MineralsEducationCoalition.org

3.188 million pounds of minerals, metals, and fuels in their lifetime©2017 Minerals Education Coalition

Every American Born Will Need...

27,365 lbs.Salt

968 lbs.Copper

1.88 Troy oz.Gold

15,107 lbs.Phosphate

355,951 lbs.Coal

3,656 lbs.Bauxite

(Aluminum)23,011 lbs.

Iron Ore

51,720 lbs.Cement

828 lbs.Lead

419 lbs.Zinc

11,655 lbs.Clays

72,381 gallonsPetroleum

1.42 million lbs.Stone, Sand, & Gravel6.97 million cu. ft.

Natural Gas

plus 48,856 lbs

Other Minerals& Metals

AndsodoweFor further information about the data in this publication please contact:

Aurelie DelannoyChief Economist

Mineral Products AssociationE: [email protected]

www.mineralproducts.org

For further general information please contact:

Bob LeClercSecretary

CBI Minerals GroupE: [email protected]

Nigel JacksonChairman

CBI Minerals GroupE: [email protected]

www.cbi.org.uk

THE UK MINERAL EXTRACTION INDUSTRY

FEBRUARY 2016

Printed on Amadeus 100 pure whitesilk containing 100% recovered fibre

certified by the FSC®.Cover laminate is biodegradable

film which can be recycled.

Product code: 11358

February 2016© Copyright CBI 2016

The content may not be copied,distributed, reported or dealt

with in whole or in part withoutprior consent of the CBI.

Members of the CBI Minerals GroupAggregate Industries UK Ltd

Alliance Environment and Planning Ltd

Amec Environment & Infrastructure UK Ltd

British Aggregates Association

British Ceramic Confederation

British Geological Survey (observer status only)

British Gypsum/Saint-Gobain Construction Products UK Ltd

CEMEX UK/MPA

Cleveland Potash

Gerald Eve LLP

GVA LLP

Hanson UK/MPA

Imerys Minerals Ltd

Kier Minerals Ltd

Knights Solicitors

Mineral Industry Research Organisation (MIRO)

Mineral Products Association (MPA)

MJCA

Nabarro Solicitors

Omya UK Ltd

Sibelco

SLR Consulting Ltd

Stephens Scown Solicitors

Tarmac/MPA

The Banks Group Ltd

The Crown Estate (observer status only)

The Mining Association of United Kingdom

Wardell Armstrong LLPWolf Minerals/Minerals and Resource

The economy simply could not function without minerals. Without them, life as we know it could not be sustained on its current scale. The message from the underlying flowchart is clear: minerals underpin everything in the UK economy.

4 The UK Mineral Extraction Industry

Although oil and gas may be the most valuable minerals, the vast majority of the UK extraction in volume comprises 197 million tonnes of construction and industrial minerals, and 13 million tonnes of coal, which overall represented a total volume of 210 million tonnes in 2013 and a value of £3.2bn (at 2011 constant prices).

(1) Includes gold, silver, other non-ferrous metals, gypsum & anhydrite and miscellaneous minerals.

2.1 VALUE OF MINERAL EXTRACTION

Chart 2.1: Value of UK minerals production (2011 prices) (Source: BGS)

4,500

4,000

3,500

3,000

2,500

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

0

2013

5,000

Coal Sand & gravel

Potash

Silica sandLimestone, dolomite & chalk

Clay & shale

China & ball clay

Igneous rock

Sandstone

Salt

Other minerals(1)

Minerals directly contribute to the UK economy by generating £235bn in gross value added, representing 16% of the total UK economy.

Whilst this estimate already points to a significant contribution of minerals to the overall economic activity, it also remains significantly underestimated as it only includes the value added created by the production of raw minerals, the manufacture of “enabling” mineral products, and the production of finished goods that use minerals and minerals products as first use. For example, it would include the production of industrial sand, which is then used to manufacture glass, and then inputs to the manufacture of cars and computers. However, our GVA estimate does not include the value added generated by industries that rely entirely on cars and/or computers, such as services. In fact, as the flowchart on page 3 showed, if we were to include the value added of all sectors that are directly or indirectly dependent on minerals and mineral products in their activity, this estimate would easily reach the size of the entire economy.

2.2 GROSS VALUE ADDED (GVA)

Chart 2.2: GVA generated by minerals at various stages of the supply chain (2013) (Source: ABS, ONS, LFS, MPA)

Notes:(1) Production of raw materials.(2) Manufacture of “enabling” mineral products, eg cement, paper etc.(3) First use markets for mineral or mineral products, including construction.

Minerals extraction(1)

£5bnProducts manufacture(2)

£22bn

Minerals£235bn16%

Rest of the economy£1,283bn84%

First use markets(3)

£209bn

Minerals generate £235bn in total gross value added

5The UK Mineral Extraction Industry

We’remoreserious

www.cbi.org.uk/news/minerals-critical-to-the-uk-economy/

3The UK Mineral Extraction Industry

Other minerals

Chemicals & fertilisers

(inc potash)

Peat

Coal & lignite

Metal ores

Salt

Indu

stri

al s

and

Clay

s & ch

ina

clay

Building stone

Limestone

Gypsum

Chalk

Slate

Sand

& g

rave

l

£0.1bn

<£0.1bn

£1.6bn (2)

£2.2

bn

£0.1bn

£0.1bn

£0.4bnElectricity(3)

Basic metals

Clay building

materialsConcrete products

Cement (4)

Lime &

plaster

(inc industrial lime)

Dim

ension stone

Oth

er c

onst

ruct

ion

prod

ucts

Cera

mic

s

Refr

acto

ries

Glass

Water

Pulp & paper

Basic chemicals

Fertilisers

Rubber & plastic

Pharmaceuticals

£2.4bn

£3.0bn

£0.3bn

£1.7bn

£0.1bn

£0.3bn

£0.2

bn

£0.1

bn

£1.0

bn

£0.6bn

£2.4bn

£4.3bn

£0.4

bn

Pesticides

Food products

Soft drinks, mineral water

Paper products

Paint, varnishes, inks

Soaps & detergents

Cleaning & polishing

preparationsPerfum

es & cosmetics

Chemical products

Man-m

ade fibres

Pharmaceutical preparations

Electrical equipment

Machinery

Electronic components

Met

al p

rodu

cts

Com

pute

rs

Cons

umer

ele

ctro

nics

Med

ical

equ

ipm

ent

Optica

l ins

trum

ents

Measu

ring &

navigatio

n

Motor vehicles

Other transport e

quipment

Jewellery

Buildings

Other construction activities

Roads, railways, tunnels

Com

mun

icat

ion

equi

pmen

t

£35.5bn

£7.4bn

£0.2bn

£38.5bn

£18.2bn

£11.1bn

£0.3

bn

£0.3

bn

£0.4

bn

£4.3bn

£1.7

bn£1.1

bn

£13.

8bn

£1.6bn

£10.5bn

£4.2bn

£8.1bn

<£0.1bn£1.2bn

£1.6bn

£0.6bn

£1.3bn

£3.2bn

£1.3bn

£18.0bn

£0.2bn

Agriculture

Forestry

Fishing

Manufacturing

Electricity, gas

Water supply

Wholesale & retail trade

Repair of motor vehicles

& motorcycles

Transport & storageAccom

modation activities

Food service activitiesInform

ation &

comm

unication

Financial services

Insurances

Real estate activities

Legal & accounting services

Activity of head offi

ces

Arc

hite

ctur

e &

eng

inee

ring

Scie

ntifi

c re

sear

ch &

deve

lopm

ent

Adve

rtis

ing

& m

arke

tre

sear

ch

Vete

rina

ry a

ctiv

ities

Rent

al &

leas

ing

activ

ities

Empl

oym

ent a

ctiv

ities

Trav

el ag

ency

,

tour

oper

ator

s

Securit

y & in

vesti

gation

Office administratio

n

Defence

Education

Human health

Residential care

Social work activities

Other service activities

Arts, entertainment& recreation

ENERGY

METALS

CON

STRU

CTIO

N&

INDU

STRI

AL

Minerals (exc oil & gas)GVA

Turnover

Extraction£5bn

£15bn

Extraction£5bn

£15bn

Products manufacture£22bn£68bn

Products manufacture£22bn£68bn

First use£209bn£570bn

First use£209bn£570bn

Direct and indirectmarkets

Direct and indirectmarkets

The entire economy relies on minerals (total UK GVA = £1,519bn (1))

Crude oil & gas(2)

£24.1bn

Service

s to build

ing

& landsca

pe

Othe

r pro

fess

iona

l,

scie

ntifi

c &

tech

nica

l

Construction

Mining & quarrying

£5.1bn

Chart 2: The flow of minerals through the economy (2013) (Source: ONS, ABS, MPA)

Notes:(1) Sections A-S.(2) Includes mining support activities.(3) Production only. Does not include distribution or any other related services.(4) MPA believes the ONS estimate for the cement industry’s GVA is understated. 2013 GVA for this industry was estimated by MPA to be £329m.

2 ESSENTIAL TO THE ECONOMY1 KEY FACTS

Table 1: Minerals production in the UK (2013) (Source: BGS)

Construction minerals

Including Igneous rock (inc granite)

Limestone, dolomite & chalk(construction uses)

SandstoneSand & gravel - Land-won

Sand & gravel - Marine

Slate

Gypsum

Fireclay

Clay & shale

Industrial minerals

Limestone, dolomite & chalk(industrial & agricultural uses)

Silica (industrial) sand

China clay (kaolin)

Salt

Potassium compounds (potash)

Ball clay

Peat

Other industrial minerals(1)

Iron ore

Tungsten

Tin

Gold

Silver

Zinc

Copper

Lead

Oil(2)

Gas

Coal

Total

Milliontonnes196.9172.2

40.5

53.6

11.5

43.414.6

0.9

1.2

0.1

6.5

24.6

10.3

4.0

1.1

6.6

0.9

0.7

1.0

0.1

<0.0010.0

0.0

0.0

<0.001

<0.001

0.0

0.0

<0.001

90.040.6

36.5

12.8

286.9

(1) Includes Fuller’s earth (bentonite), barytes, fluorspar, talc, calcspar, chert & flint, china stone (feldspar), phosphorus.(2) Includes crude oil onshore and offshore, and condensates.

Chart 1: Estimated turnover of UK non-energy minerals and coal (2013) (Source: ONS, ABS, MPA)

Salt £413mPeat £162m

Chemical fertilisers andother minerals £786m

Sand & gravel, industrial sand,clays & china clays £7,049m

Building stone, limestone, gypsum, chalk & slate £6,133m

Coal & lignite £301m

Turnover of mineral products manufacture

Total gross value added generated by minerals, including mineral extraction, products manufacture and “first use” markets

Gross value added of mineral extraction

Turnover of mineral extraction

Share of the UK total economy directly attributable to minerals

People employed directly in mineral extraction

Jobs supported through the supply chain

Gross value added of mineral products manufacture

Gross value added of “first use” markets

UK mineral extraction210mt

£15bn

£68bn

£5bn

£22bn

£209bn

£235bn

16%

34,000

4.3m

Non-energy

Including

Including

Including

Metals

Energy

2 The UK Mineral Extraction Industry Theunderlyingflowchartwww.cbi.org.uk/news/minerals-

critical-to-the-uk-economy/

Weneedmineralsmorethanever• Asrawmaterialsforindustry• Tobuildhouses,roadsetc• Asfuels• AsfertilisersButtherearepressures:

• Howcanwemeettheneedsofaglobalpopulationthatisgrowinginnumberandwealth?

• Howcanweguaranteesecurityofrawmaterialsupply?

• Howcanweminesustainably?

Theconflictbetweenmineralsandsustainability

Theconflictbetweenmineralsandsustainability

• Sustainabilityrequiresustomakesurethatouractionsdonothaveharmfulconsequencesforfuturegenerations

• Onahumantimescale,mineralsareanon-renewableresource

• So,useofmineralsappearstobeunsustainable,bydefinition.Weneedtobeverygoodatrecycling.

• Thisisn’tpossibleformanymanufacturingprocesses.

Areminder– whatis‘sustainability’?Brundtland Report(1987)definessustainabledevelopmentas“developmentthatmeetstheneedsofthepresentwithout

compromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheir

ownneeds”.“Itcontainswithinittwokeyconcepts:• Theconceptof‘needs’,inparticulartheessentialneedsoftheworld’spoor,towhichoverridingpriorityshouldbegiven;and

• Theideaoflimitationsimposedbythestateoftechnologyand

socialorganizationontheenvironment’sabilitytomeet

presentandfutureneeds”

Peoplecannotsurvivewithoutmining• Humanlifeisunsustainablewithoutmining• Therefore,miningneedstopayattentiontosustainability,andtoitsthreepillars:economic,social,environmental

• Whatisdefinedassustainablechangeswithtime

economicsocial

environmental

Economicsustainability

• Miningcreatesjobs• MiningcreateswealthRemember,capitalexpenditurecanbeveryhigh

• Thosewhostartaminetakeafinancialrisk• Miningcannothappenwithoutpeoplebeingpreparedtotakeafinancialrisk

Socialsustainability

• Miningtakesplacewiththeconsentofthepeople

• Regulationgovernspermissiontomine• Regulationprotectstheinterestsofthecommunity

• Regulationprotectstheenvironment

Environmentalsustainability

• Mininghasahistoryofdamagingtheenvironment,sometimesonalargescale

• Manyeffortshavebeenmadeinthelate20thandthe21st centuriestocorrectpastdamageandtopreventfuturedamage

• Muchmoreneedstobedone• Futuregenerationsmayhavedifferentstandardsandtechnologies

Quakersandmining

• Asdissenters,Quakerscouldnotholdpublicoffice– somanywentintobusiness

Quakersandmining

• Asdissenters,Quakerscouldnotholdpublicoffice– somanywentintobusiness

• Chocolate• Biscuits• Banking• IronandSteel• Mining• Pottery

Quakermining

• NorthPennines• LondonLeadCompany

• Cornwall• WilliamCookworthy andchinaclay

TheLondonLeadCompany

TheLondonLeadCompanyNenthead


‘foundedtosavetheconsumptionofgreatquantitiesofwoodwhicharenowdailyspentinsmeltingoflead….atcheaperratesbypitcoalandseacoal’

Transactionsofthe

NewcomenSociety,1933

Quaker

Transactionsofthe


IntheNorthPennines AONB

Transactionsofthe


www.teesdalemarketing.co.uk


• 18th and19th century1692-1905• HadrootsintheRytonsmeltingcompany• Operated/ownedfullybyQuakersfrom1704– 1905• OwnedcoalminesatCoanwood• Wasconcernedforthewelfareoftheminersandtheirfamilies

• BuiltthevillageofNenthead (1753on)– school,watersupply,publicbathsetc

• ThrivingQuakercommunityinAllendalefromthestartofthe18th Century

TheQuakerlandscape:Rookhope

Legacyofoldworkings– nowSSSIsandnaturereservesButalsothemajorcurrentcauseofmetalpollutionincatchmentsdrainingtheminingregion.


TheLondonLeadCompany• Lasted200years– acommercialsuccess• Builtrealbenefitsforthecommunity– whichcontinuetoday

economicsocial

environmental

TheLondonLeadCompany• Lasted200years– acommercialsuccess• Builtrealbenefitsforthecommunity– whichcontinuetoday

• CausedpollutionthatstillbedevilstheTyneatNewcastle

economicsocial

environmental

MininginCornwall

Nilfanion;wikipedia commons

WilliamCookworthy• CreatedtheUK’schinaindustry

• DevelopedchinaclayinCornwall

• Usedtomakeporcelainfromthe1750son

commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_

William_Cookworthy_Wellcome_M0006705.jpg

Cookworthy’s legacy– StAustelltoday

Giantopenpits

Cookworthy’s legacy– Plymouthtoday

Drakewalls tin-tungstenmine

Google‘hemerdon tungstenmine’or‘WolfMinerals’

PotashandtheNorthYorkMoorsNationalPark

• ClevelandPotashLtd;mineconstructionstarted1969(ICI)• YorkPotashLtd– startingnowThefollowingmaterialcomesfromthecompanywebsites:• http://www.iclfertilizers.com/Fertilizers/ClevelandPotash• http://yorkpotash.co.uk

YorkPotashLtd

• Greenfieldsite

http://yorkpotash.co.uk/mine-location/location/

YorkPotash:anewmineinanationalpark

http://yorkpotash.co.uk/site/assets/files/1160/potash_newsletter_-_issue_3.pdf

Aninvisiblemine

• xx

YO

RK

PO

TAS

H U

PD

AT

E

2

YORK POTASH PROJECT UPDATE

OUR PROPOSALS FOR A NEW MODERN MINE AND SUPPORTING INFRASTRUCTURE HAVE BEEN CAREFULLY DEVELOPED TO REDUCE THE VISUAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ALL OPERATIONS. THIS IS A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF OUR PLANS - MORE DETAILED INFORMATION WILL BE AVAILABLE AT ALL OF OUR PUBLIC EXHIBITIONS AS WELL AS ON OUR WEBSITE: WWW.YORKPOTASH.CO.UK

OUR VISION: A MODERN, LOW IMPACT MINE

MINE LOCATION

The mine will be located at an existing farm and commercial forestry block, approximately two kilometres south of Sneaton. It is located off the B1416, close to Red Gate, and already benefits from extensive screening around it. The site provides access to the world-class mineral deposits whilst also being close to the services and housing that Whitby offers, yet is isolated and also heavily screened.

MINERAL TRANSPORT

We will process the potash outside the National Park at Teesside and transport it there via an underground pipeline. This will be unnoticeable once installed and will remove any need to move the mineral by road. A separate public consultation will be held before any planning application for a pipeline is submitted to the National Infrastructure Directorate.

SITE PLAN

To minimise the visual impact of the mine, the two shaft head frames will be sunk below ground level and covered with agricultural style buildings, in keeping with the rural nature of the area. We will do the same with the pipeline loading areas. Reed bed style ponds will provide drainage for the site and the other mine support buildings will be hidden within the commercial forestry block.

The site plan shows the existing forestry access being used. This would lead to a visitor centre prior to the mine area, which could be opened up to schools or tourist groups. The plan provides for parking on site, although the majority of staff would be brought in to work in shifts and via proposed Park & Ride services.

BUILDINGS OVER SHAFTS

NEW PLANTING

SETTLING PONDS FOR SITE DRAINAGE

PIPELINE LOADING AREA (SUB SURFACE)

MINE SUPPORT BUILDINGS

B1416 TO ACCESS A171

‘RED GATE’

EXISTING FORESTRYPARK & RIDE

SET DOWN

Potashinanationalpark

• Boulby mine– operatingsince1969• YorkPotashLtd– startingnow

economicsocial

environmental

economicsocial

environmental

1969 2013

Whataboutotherfertilizers?

• PeakPhosphorus• Nitrogenfertilizers,theHaber-BoschProcessandthefossilfuelindustry

Peakphosphorus• Peopletalkabout‘peakphosphorus’,basedonanalogieswithoil

• Cordell,D.,Drangert,J.-O.,andWhite,S.,(2009)TheStoryofPhosphorus:Globalfoodsecurityandfoodforthought.GlobalEnvironmentalChange,19,292-305

Publishedin2009–thingsthenchanged

Phosphorusisnotrare,afterall• USGSreportsthatthereare1600knownphosphorusmines,extinct,dormant,active.

• 3-400yearsreservesafterredefinedin2010

Peakphosphorus

paperpublished

TheHaber-BoschProcess

• Hasenabledtheworld’spopulationtorisefrom2billionto7billioninthelast100years

• Uses5%oftheworld’smethaneproduction– butasarawmaterial

• And1%oftheworld’senergyproduction

IsthereanalternativetotheHaber-BoschProcess?• Inapostfossil-fuelsworld,whatisthealternativeto:

Nitrogen(air)

Methane(naturalgas)

Hydrogen

Ammonia400– 450°C200atm

ironcatalyst

150milliontonnes/yr

100milliontonnes/yr

25milliontonnes/yr

125milliontonnes/yr

Methanetomakefertilizer

• 100milliontonnes ayearisneededasarawmaterial• Over1500oftheseships:

BacktotheQuakerapproach

Mining,ifcarriedouttheQuakerway,canaddresstheneedsofthepoor

Miningispartofeveryone’sdailylife

MiningneedsSociety’sconsent

http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/local-news/cramlingtons-

northumberlandia-shortlisted-national-award-2993499

Whatofthefuture?

• Aspopulationsandtheirprosperitygrow,wewillneedmoremineralrawmaterials

• Buttheseonlyoccurwheretheyoccur• IftheyarefoundintheUK,wehaveachoice:wecanmine‘athome’andcontrolwhathappens

• Orwecanimport(ifthatispossible)andperhapshavenocontroloverworkingconditions,environmentalmanagementetc

Whatofthefuture?

• Aspopulationsandtheirprosperitygrow,wewillneedmoremineralrawmaterials

• Buttheseonlyoccurwheretheyoccur• IftheyarefoundintheUK,wehaveachoice:wecanmine‘athome’andcontrolwhathappens

• Orwecanimport(ifthatispossible)andperhapshavenocontroloverworkingconditions,environmentalmanagementetc

• Quakersholdthatthereis‘thatofGodineveryperson’.Thatunderpinned200yearsofrunningaminingcompany,andisjustasvalidnow

We do not own the world, and its riches are not ours to dispose of at will. Show a loving consideration for all creatures, and seek to maintain the beauty and variety of the world. Work to ensure that our increasing power over nature is used responsibly, with reverence for life. Rejoice in the splendour of God’s continuing creation.Advices and Queries, no. 42

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