david typology

7/31/2019 David Typology

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Te ypology of Davids Riseo Power: Messianic Paterns

in he Book of Samuel1 James M. Hamilton, Jr.

Daniel eie has asse e ha he issue h w we may ea he Ol es amen Ch is ianlyis he m s acu e ensi n wi h which aca emic biblical he l gy aces us.2 Tis ecen s a emen

e ec s a l ng-s an ing ques i n, as can be seenm he ac ha he ela i n-

ship be ween he Ol an New es amen s is he maj issueeal wi h in Reven l ws P b-

m B b T gy w C y.3 P g essn his ques i n will nly be

ma e by h se wh emb acean in e p e ive me h p ac-

ice by he biblical au h shemselves as hey in e p e e

ea lie passages Sc ip u e:

yp l gy.4

As F ancis Wa s npu s i , Wha is p p se isn an anach nis ic e u n p e-c i ical exegesis bu a a i-caliza i n he m e n he -l gical an exege ical c nce n

i en i y eve m e p ecisely h se cha acha a e peculia he biblical ex s.5 A e b ie y s a ing he signi cance

gy an e ning wha i is, his p esen a ic nsi e whe he we a e limi e he exa

yp l gical in e p e a i n seen in he ONew es amen s,6 whe he , aking u cu

m h se examples, we can buil up n hTe he y ha we can lea n in e p e h

yp l gically m he au h s he Newmen y m g

y will hen be es eagains he na a ives Davi s ise p

he b k Samuel.

TYPOLOGY: SIGNIFICANCE AND

DEFINITION

SignificanceUn e s an ing yp l gy is signi can bec

wi h u i we cann un e s an he Newamen s in e p e a i n he Ol . I w

un e s an he New es amen s in e p e a

James M. Hamilton, Jr. is Ass cia eP ess Biblical Te l gy a TeS u he n Bap is Te l gical Semina y.

In a i i n his le n he acul y,D . Hamil n als se ves as p eachingpas a Kenw Bap is Chu ch inL uisville, Ken ucky. P i his le aS u he n Semina y, D . Hamil n se veas Assis an P ess Biblical S u iesa S u hwes e n Bap is Te l gicalSemina ys H us n campus. He is

he au h zens a icles anessays, as well as a numbe b ks,inclu ingG I w g P : T M y H y S O N w m (B&H, 2006),G G y S g J gm : A B b T gy(C ssway, 2010),an R : T S S k C (C ssway, 2012).

SBJ 16.2 (2012): 4-25.

T y P E. E E g m yy B b , y m bj


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he Ol , we c ul be le alse c nclusi ns ab uhe legi imacy he he meneu ical m ves ma e

by he au h s he New es amen .Le nha G ppel e e e yp l gy as

he p incipal m he N s in e p e a i n Sc ip u e.7 Simila ly, Ea le Ellis w i es ha Te

N s un e s an ing an exp si i n he Olies a he hea i s he l gy, an i is p ima ily exp esse wi hin he amew k a yp l gicalin e p e a i n.8 An Davi Ins ne-B ewe s a es, yp l gy mina es he New es amen an , i messianic m vemen s a e an in ica i n p pula

h ugh , i als mina e p e-70 CE Pales inian Ju aism 9 G ppel , Ellis, Ins ne-B ewe , an

he s,10 hus in ica e ha yp l gical in e p e a-i n is cen al un e s an ing he New es a-

men s appeal he Ol es amen . By c n as ,he e is alm s n ea men yp l gical in e -

p e a i n in Richa L ngenecke s B b Ex g - A P.11 yp l gy is signi ican because i is use sen in he New es amen , an his means

ha un e s an ing his in e p e ive p ac ice canelive us m w ng c nclusi ns ega ing whahe New es amen claims ab u he Ol es a-

men . As Ea le Ellis has w iten, Pauls usage [ he O ] is n a bi a y agains he li e al

sense i he yp l gical usage be g an e .12 I havea gue elsewhe e ha a yp l gical ea ing he ul llmen passages in he s w chap e s Mathew allevia es he iss nance c ea e when we y ea he passages Mathew qu es as p e-

ic ive p phecies.13 Such a ea ing has implica-i ns n nly u un e s an ing he New es amen , bu als h w we un e s an he

Ol . I seems signi ican ha ne he majp p nen s he view ha ap s lic in e p e iveme h s a e n be p ac ice ay, Richa

L ngenecke , es n ec gnize yp l gy m. L ngenecke es iscussyp l gy as a ac in he c ncep ul llmen

in he New es amen , which, he w i es, hasm e wi h i eas c p a e s li a i yan yp l gical c esp n ences in his y han

wi h i ec p e ic i n.14 Bu when he c mes Exege ical P ce u es Ea ly Ch is ians, helimi s hese li e alis , mi ashic, peshe , analleg ical.15 his is a ca eg y mis ake: sinceL ngenecke es n ec gnize y p l gy as akin biblical he l gical in e p e ive p ce u e,

he w ngly labels yp l gical in e p e a i ns aspeshe in e p e a i ns (m e n his sh ly).16 His ejec i n he abi ing vali i y he he me-neu ical p ce u es empl ye by he au h s

he New es amen is hus calle in ques i n.I he ask yp l gy is simila he ask

biblical he l gy e ec ing n he esul s exe-gesis, an hus exege ing he can n as pp se exege ing a pa icula passage hen i appea s

ha when he biblical au h s engage in yp l gi-cal in e p e a i n hey a e in ac engaging in bibli-cal he l gical e ec i n. Wha F ei says ega ing

he c n ve sy be ween ce ain Deis s an heih x pp nen s ab u he ve aci y he asse -

i ns ma e in he New es amen ha ce ainOl es amen p phecies ha been ul lle in heNew es amen s y emains ue ay:

A s ake [is] he c ec ness inc ec ness a la e in e p e a i n he w s ea lie ex s.Di he ea lie ex s ac ually mean wha a a la es age hey ha been sai mean? We e heNew es amen w i e s c ec n when hey use he Ol es amen ex s as evi ence heNew es amen s wn his ical u h claims?

Defini tion His orical Correspondence and Escala ion

Ea le Ellis help ully explains ha yp l gy views he ela i nship O even s h se in

he new ispensa i n in e ms w p inci-ples, his ical c esp n ence an escala i n.Michael Fishbane w i es ha inne -biblical yp l-

gies c ns i u e a li e a y-his ical phen men n which is la es pe ceive c ela i ns be ween spe-ci c even s, pe s ns, places ea ly in ime wi h

hei la e c esp n en s. Tis basic e ni i n yp l gy is gene ally ag ee up n, wi h s me

excep i ns, bu he e a e i e ences ve whe he


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ypes a e p e ic ive an whe he yp l gy is anin e p e ive me h . Ou main in e es will be wi h he late ques i n, bu we can b ie y ep e-sen he c nce ns he me .

Re rospec ive or Prospec ive?

he e is a ispu e am ng h se wh ea heBible yp l gically ve whe he ypes a eye -

spec ive whe he hey als unc i n spec-ively, ha is, p e ic ively. On ne si e, R. . F ance

w i es: he e is n in ica i n in a ype, as such, any wa e e ence; i is c mple e an in el-

ligible in i sel . On he he si e, G. K. Beale s a esha he [ ul llmen ] mulas p e xe

ci a i ns m mally n n-p phe ic O pas-sages in he g spels ecisively a gue agains his. In be ween hese w p i ns, G an Osb ne w i es,I is likely ha he s lu i n lies in he mi le. TeO au h s an pa icipan s i n necessa ily

ec gnize any yp l gical ce in he iginal, buin he ivine plan he ea ly even i an icipa e hela e eali y. Te ul l lmen mulas in ica e

ha he N au h s un e s an he Ol es amenypes be p in ing wa , bu Osb ne is c ec

p in u ha m e nee s be sai ab uw an w hese ypes w ul have been un e sas p in ing wa . Engaging his eba e u he is bey n he sc pe his essay. Wha es c nce nus a p esen is whe he yp l gy sh ul be un e -s as an exege ical me h nly as, in L nge-necke s e ms, an exege ical p esupp si i n.

Me hod or Pr esuppos i ion? Reven l w s a es ha yp l gy is n he ask exegesis p pe , bu biblical he l gy; he -

me examines he li e a y es im ny an even ;he late c nnec s i wi h he even s which a eep e in he Bible. his is simila a ecen

bse va i n S ephen Demps e s ha biblicalhe l gy is s me hing al ng he lines e ec i nup n exegesis. I g an he p in ha we s in e -p e he nea c n ex w s, ph ases, c mple e

h ugh s, e c.in u exegesis. Tis cl se exege-sis pa icula passages hen p vi es e

e ec i n n an c ela i n wi h he p when we engage in biblical he l gy yp l

hinking. Wha mus be ec gnize , h weveha his c ela i n an e ec i n is s ill

. We a e s ill ing exegesis. Te i e enceha a he han exege ing a pa icula pass

a e exege ing he can n. Biblical he l gy an l gical in e p e a i n, hen, can be h ugh

m exegesis ha gives i sel he bex , he can nical c n ex , he passage aOne s me imes hea s he sugges i n ha

lical he l gy is an l mans game. he iseems be ha ne will spen he g ea e

nes li e exege ing in ivi ual passages in ii n, an nly when all ha l ng w k is ne in a p si i n make accu a e c ela

Bu i his is ue, why n sugges ha nspen he g ea e pa nes li e s u yingcal backg un s, ex ual c i icism, lan

lexic g aphy, syn ax, exege ical man nly nce hese app aches have been m

e e , begin he w k exegesis as an l mI seems bete g an ha biblical he

an y p l gical in e p e a i n have a igplace in he he meneu ical spi al. his he mneu ical spi al has s many u us u nall in e p e e s l y ungmus h lc nclusi ns wi h ue humili y. We n nly we mus engage in biblical he l gy an ypcal hinking as we exegesis. Na u ally we L will ing, bec me be e in e p e eg w in wis m an expe ience, bu ha mean ha we sh ul b acke pa heun il we each a ce ain age level expeEach spin h ugh he wh le he he menespi al b ings us cl se , i is h pe , un eing wha is happening in a ex . We cann a

e e he yp l gical u n. We mus a

naviga e hese cu ves. Jus as skill is culm p ac icing he he ben s in he spc n inue e ec i n n yp l gy an biblica

l gyc n inually e ne by p aye ul ean e- ea ing he Biblewill by G s p uce sc ibes aine he king m


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able b ing u easu es l an new.I we ask h w he c nclusi ns such exege i-

cal e ec i n migh i e m he , we n help m Reven l w, wh says ega ing

he : Te i e ence m he ypicalsense is seen lie in he ac ha i ela es he

w ing he Ol es amen ex s hemselves hus, whe eas yp l gy cuses n pa e ns

even s, e e s eepe ullemeanings w s s a emen s.

As n e ab ve, L ngenecke ea s s meins ances yp l gical in e p e a i n un e he

ub ic peshe in e p e a i n. Tis unhelp ully c n uses w ve y i e en me h s in e p e a-

i n. Peshe an yp l gy i e in b h m anc n en . he peshe i e m in e p e a i np ac ice a Qum an en inv lve he ci a i n la ge bl cks he Ol es amen , ll we by

he A amaic e m , s lu i n/in e p e a i n,ll we by he eluci a i n he c nsecu ive

lemma a m he ex a han wi h e e ences he p esen an u u e li e he c mmuni y.36

Tus, n he mal level, peshe in e p e a i nsa e usually ma ke by he use he w peshe .

By c n as , Michael Fishbane lis s seve alph ases ha a e cha ac e is ically use signal

yp l gical in e p e a i ns in he Ol es amen .He w i es:

the clause jus ass an i s va ian s a e pa icula ly equen

Now and then is eplace by an va ian s

juxtaposition of such terms as an , which in ica e s me hings,

ve agains [his e m akesa masc. pl. en ing n a eminine, c . Isa 41:4], which in ica e new late hings, ecu s

exclusively in [Isaiah] In a similar way, the prophet Jeremiah

jux ap ses l an new even s wi h a xe he-ical s yle, as can be seen by a c mpa is n

his s a emen in 31:30-2 ha he new c venan will n be like ( ) he l e ne bu

a he ( [v.33]) a i e en ype Apart from these instances, there is another

b a ca eg y whe ein he y p l gies a ein ica e by n n- echnical i i sync a icusages, empl ye by he speake hesi ua i n a han . A g example his

echnique may be un in Isa. 11:11, whe e YH WH s a es ha he will c n inue

e eem Is ael in he u u e, a sec n ime, jus like he s . Te language use

he e ma ks he yp l gical c ela i n ve y well, an ex plici ly in ica es i s w vi a l

ea u es, he new m meni s ei e a i n. In addition, there are many other cases of

inne -biblical yp l gy which a e n signale by echnical e ms a al l. ec gn ize he

yp l gies a han , he late - ay inves iga- mus be ale lexical c - ina es ha

appea c ela e appa en ly ispa a e ex s va i us ms pa a ac ic jux ap si-

i n. S me imes, m e ve , m i s a e jux a-p se , s me imes pe ic pae, an s me imes

ecu en scena i s.37

N ne he ccu ences , in e p e a-i n, in he Ol es amen in uce a yp l gi-

cal in e p e a i n (c . Eccl 8:1; Dan 4:3; 5:15, 26).Tus, n he mal level, he e appea s be n wa an g uping yp l gical in e p e a i nun e he umb ella peshe in e p e a i n.

As i e ences in c n en , C aig Evans help-ully c n as s yp l gy wi h he ms s

cen u y in e p e a i n:

A g z isc ve s m als an he l gi-cal symb ls an u hs m va i us e ails Sc ip u e; seeks unl ck he p phe icmys e ies hi en in Sc ip u e anm seeks

up a e ah an cla i y bscu i ies anp blems in Sc ip u e. Buy gyep esen she e c ina e he pas an p esen (anu u e) acc ing he maj even s, pe s ns

an ins i u i ns Sc ip u e.38


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yp l gy sh ul be ec gnize as an in e p e-ive me h . G an e , i ea s ivinely in en e

pa e ns even s seen in mul iple passages aspp se ea ing single passages in is la i n.

Bu yp l gy sh ul n be classe un e peshe , as Ge ge J. B ke has w iten,

i is imp an ha m e n c mmen a s n use he e m l sely, as i i c ul evec ve all ha he e is un e s an an ca al g inQum an biblical in e p e a i n. Peshe esc ibes

ne is inc ive kin in e p e a i n am nghe s. Te wa ning ab u he ca e ul use

he e m applies especially in ela i n he va i us kin s biblical in e p e a i n un

in he N .39

B ke hen s a es ha he e m peshe can be applie nly in cases whe e he N au hengages in he in e p e a i n un ul ille pa ially ul ille blessings, cu ses, an hep phecies.40 Peshe is n yp l gy, an nei hein e p e ive me h is cla i e by subsuming iun e he he .41

I yp l gy is n classi ie as , whichC aig Evans calls he m s is inc ive gen eam ng he Dea Sea Sc lls,42 i imme ia ely l ses s me he s igma atache ce ain is-c e i e me h s in e p e a i n p ac ice in

he ancien w l . Tis pens he a ec n-si e a i n he n ma iveness exempla y s a-

us43 he me h yp l gy.

THE LIMITS OF TYPOLOGICALINTERPRETATION?

Te e is n small ispu e ve whe he we a elimi e he yp l gical in e p e a i ns un in

he New es amen . Can we apply he me h

Ol es amen passages ha he New es amenes n i ec ly a ess? G aeme G l sw hy s a es he ques i n plainly when he w i es, Te ea e bvi us yp l gical in e p e a i ns in he New

es amen , bu a e we c n ne he ex s haa e speci ical ly aise in he New es amen ?44

Tis ques i n a ises because, as Reven l w n he eman is en ma e ha ypsh ul be limi e he examples explici ly

i ne in he New es amen .45 S an Gun y esc ibes Te ule humb

a ype is a ype nly when he New es amen

ci cally esigna es i be such as being a i n agains h se wh se yp l gy ha bec m

ex avagan ha i was p ac ically alleg46 Gun y explains:

wheneve yp l gy is use sh w he Chcen ic uni y he Bible, i is all ea

imp se an a i cial uni y (even assuming hahe e is a vali use he basic me h ). yp

c me be c ea e a he han isc ve e , he i in alleg ism c mes all easily

P pe ly speaking, yp l gy is a m e hiical un e s an ing. Te his ical value an

un e s an ing he ex be in e p e ehe essen ial p esupp si i n he use i

in he sea ch ypes i was all easy sec n a y hi en meanings un e lying h

p ima y an bvi us meaning. When ha happene , yp l gy began sha e in alleg y.47

I is imp an s ess ha i is phe na u e a ype ha is essen i

i being in e p e e yp l gically. his is ve sally ackn wle ge me h l gica l c na icula e by h se wh i e en ia e b

yp l gy an alleg y. Tus, i he ype becme ely a ciphe i s an i ype, he in ehas begun lean in he i ec i n allegFishbane w i es, he c nc e e his ici yc ela e a a means ha n new even ime ely a ype an he , bu always ehis ically unique cha ac e .48 Bu i is n nly

yha mate s, he e mus als be a genu. As R. . F ance says, he lack eal his ical c esp n ence e uces yp

alleg y.49 As whe he we can empl y his me

ay, Beale bse ves ha all in e p e ive


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s a e abuse an ha he abuse yp l gy esn invali a e i as a me h . Ra he , he abuse

yp l gy in he pas u ges ha we use i wi hg ea cau i n. M e ve , Beale c n en s, wenee n be inspi e by he H ly Spi i ea heOl es amen yp l gically. Te ac ha we a e

n inspi e , as he biblical au h s we e, simply means ha we wi ll lack he epis em l gical ce -

ain y enj ye by he ap s les. As Beale says, allin e p e ive c nclusi ns a e a mate eg ees p ssibili y an p babili y, an his will be ue

he yp l gical in e p e a i ns pu wa as weuse he me h ay.50

In spi e he ange alleg y, i is simply np ssible limi u yp l gical in e p e a i n

he Ol es amen h se examples explici ly ci e in he New es amen . he m s bvi us

eas n his is ha he New es amen esn ci e he ins ances he Ol es amen s

yp l gical in e p e a i n i sel .51 Tis meansha we mus ea he Ol es amen yp l gi-

callyan n ypes n explici ly i en i e inhe New es amen i we a e un e s an he

Ol es amen s in e p e a i n i sel . yp l-gy appea s be vi al a bus un e s an ing

he uni y he Bible.52 M e ve , seve al pas-sages in he New es amen invi e ea e s c n-clu e ha he Ol es amen is ul lle in Jesusan he chu ch in m e ways han a e explici ly qu e in he New es amen (c . Luke 24:25-27; J hn 5:39-46; Ac s 3:24; 17:2-3; R m 15:4; 1 C10:11; 2 C 1:20; Heb 8:5; 10:1; 1 Pe 1:10-12).53Te ex ha is pa icula ly elevan he exami-na i n Samuel bel w is Ac s 3:24, An all hep phe s wh have sp ken, m Samuel an h se wh came a e him, als p claime hese ays.54 C ul he p clama i n in view be yp l gical?

As we u n expl e a yp l gical ea ing

Davi s ise p we in Samuel, F eis w s will h pe ully ing ue: he me h gu alp ce u e [is] bete exhibi e in applica i n hans a e in he abs ac .55 As we p cee , we sin ag eemen wi h Richa B. Hays, wh has w i -

en Luke 24:27,

Lukes mula i n sugges s ha es im ny Jesus is be un in al l he sc ip u es ( , g),n jus in a ew is la e p ex s. Te wh les y Is ael buil s i s na a ive climax in Jesus, he Messiah wh ha su e be e en e -

ing in his gl y. Ta is wha Jesus ies eachhem n he a .56

MESSIANIC PATTERNS IN SAMUELBe e we l k a p ssible his ical c e-

sp n ences be ween an escala i ns ivinely in en e pate ns even s in Samuel, we sh ul b ie ly e ine h w he e m messianic is beingun e s he e. Te e m messianic is use he e

e e expec a i ns cuse n a u u e yalgu e sen by G wh will b ing salva i n

G s pe ple an he w l an es ablish a king-m cha ac e ize by ea u es such as peace an

jus ice. Te ph ase he Messiah is use e e he gu e a he hea hese expec a i ns.57

Wi h his e ni i n in min , we u n m hesigni cance an e ni i n yp l gy es he

he y ha we can engage in he me h exe-gesis ha is he cha ac e is ic use Sc ip u e in

he N .58 As we examine he na a ive Samuel,i is imp an s ess ha n hing is being akenaway m he his ici y hese na a ives, nis he human au h s in en i n in ec ing hem being vi la e in any way. hese na a ives can

nly be un e s yp l gically i hey a e akenp ecisely as na a ives ha have his ical mean-ing.59 In wha ll ws, I seek aw aten i n

he ways in which Davi s expe ience was ma chean excee e in he expe ience Jesus.

M s wha ll ws will cus n b a c -

esp n ences be ween sequences even s in hena a ives ha c nce n Davi in Samuel an Jesusin he g spels. I am sugges ing ha he au h s

he g spels have seen he c esp n ence be weenhe na a ives ab u Davi an he even s hahey kn w m he li e Jesus. Un e he in u-


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ence he na a ives ab u Davi , he au h s he g spels have shape hei na a ives ab u

Jesus such ha hey c esp n he na a ivesab u Davi , s as highligh he ways ha Jesushas yp l gically ul lle he pate ns seen in heli e Davi , even as he is he ul illmen he

p mise Davi in 2 Samuel 7.60

THE ANOINTED, SAVING R ESTRAINER Saul se ves as a il Davi in he na a ive

Samuel, an his expe ience as k ing Is ael p e-pa es he g un he un a i n Davi ickingship be lai . When Yahweh ins uc s Sam-uel ega ing he an in ing Saul, signi icans a emen s a e ma e ab u he kings le in Is ael:

m w ab u his ime I will sen y u aman m he lan Benjamin, an y u shallan in him be p ince ve my pe ple Is ael.He shall save my pe ple m he han hePhilis ines. F I have seen my pe ple, because

hei c y has c me me. When Samuel saw Saul, he Lord l him, He e is he man wh m I sp ke y u! He i is wh shall es ainmy pe ple (1 Sam 9:16-17, ESV).

We begin wi h h ee bse va i ns n wha hisex says ab u kingship in Is ael: i s , he king

is be (9:16). Te Pen a euch calls he an in ing p ies s, bu Deu e n my 17 es

n men i n ha Is aels king sh ul be an in e .La e , J hams pa able agains Abimelech ass ci-a es an in ing wi h k ingship (Ju g 9:8, 15). Buas we c nsi e he an in ing a king in biblical

he l gy, we cann ve s a e he signi cance he p phe Samuel eceiving i ec evela i n (1

Sam 9:15) ha Is aels king is be an in e . Sec-n , Yahweh ells Samuel ha he an in e king

wi ll his pe ple m he Philis ines (9:16).his ann uncemen es ablishes Is aels king as Yahweh s agen elive ance. As he na a ivep g esses, Saul is an in e (10:1), saves Is ael

m he Amm ni es (11:1-15, J na han e ea she Philis ines; 14:1-31); an when he pe ple ea

mea wi h he bl , Saul es ains hem bing hem slaugh e he mea as he law eq(14:33-34).

Tis pate n is ma che an excee e by Davi wh is an in e n nce bu h ee i meSamuel in p iva e (16:16), as king ve Ju ah

Sam 2:2), an as king ve Is ael (5:3).61 Simila ly, whe eas Saul ugh he Philis ines all his neve al ge he e ea ing hem (c . 1 Sam52), Davi s uck wn he Philis ine champ(17:49-51), k w hun e Philis ine e(18:27), an Yahweh gave he Philis ines inDavi s han (2 Sam 5:17-21, 22-25). In shDavi sub ue hem (8:1). Davi was n nan in e an n nly save he pe ple han he Philis ines, he als es aine

G s pe ple. Te pe ple wh ga he e aDavi while he was in he wil e ness we e h wh we e in i s ess, h se wh we e in an h se wh we e bi e in s ul (1 Sam 2

his ban malc n en s became he nucl Davi s king m. wice Davi s men u

him s ike Saul (24:4; 26:8), an wice Daes aine himsel an his men. In a i i

his espec Saul as he L s an in eing Saul w ul se a g isly p ece en wi h an unwan e king. Davi migh n wsuch a p ece en nce he became king. Simila whe eas Saul ha a un him he kin pe wh w ul s ike wn p ies s (22:9-19), D

i n le a e h se wh came him hha hey w ul bene i m he ea h

an J na han (2 Sam 1:1-16). N i Davi cg a ula e J ab his mu e Abne , bhim m u n Abne s ea h (3:26-31). An Dapunishe he mu e e s Ish-b she h (4:5Davi es aine evil by ing jus ice an ing en se an cul iva e mu e us me

in Is ael. As his pate n Saul being an in e , savG s pe ple, an es aining hei evil is maan excee e by Davi , s i is u l l le in J Jus as Davi was an in e wi h il h ee Jesus was an in eby S a his bap ism


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(Luke 3:21-22).62 Jus as Davi elive e G spe ple m he Philis ines, Jesus save his pe ple

m hei sins (Mat 1:21) by cas ing u he ule his w l (J hn 12:31), an he New es a-

men p mises ha he will c me again an e eahe enemies his pe ple (e.g., 2 hess 1:8; Rev

19:11-21). Jus as Davi es aine his men ancul iva e vi ue in Is ael (i seems ha s me

h se in is ess an bi e s ul became hemigh y men), s als Jesus es aine he wiel e

he sw n he nigh he was be aye (Mat26:51-52), p aye Pe e be e he was besi e (Luke 22:32), an ann unce ha all whl ve him will bey his c mman s (J hn 14:15).

THE UNEXPECTED KING Evi en ly n ne, n even Jesse, expec e ha

Davi migh be he ne wh m Samuel was sen an in . Te L sen Samuel an in ne

Jesses s ns as king (1 Sam 16:2), Jesse passe hiss ns be e Samuel (16:10), an Samuel ha ask i al l Jesses s ns we e p esen . he y unges ,Davi , was n even summ ne in m he cks

n his ccasi n (16:11). C nsi e e in w l ly e ms, he e a e ce ain expec e u es heh ne. Being he y unges s n, an la e , se ving

as a c u mins elplaying he ha p he si -ing king, a e n c nven i nal ea u es a kingsesume.63 Samuel seems have been imp esse

wi h he s a u e an appea ance Davi s l e b he El iab (16:6 -7), an Saul ex pec e hiss n succee him (e.g., 1 Sam 20:31). N is iexpec e ha he ne wh w ul be king w ul be chase h ugh he hil ls Is ael wi h a ban unimp essive l se s, as Nabals eac i n Davish ws (1 Sam 25:10).

In he same way, he es ablishmen is ha ly imp esse by he ci cums ances Jesus bi h

an he u e he akes he h ne. J hn 7:27in ica es ha Jesus was n pe ceive as ma ch-ing wha was expec e ab u whe e he Messiah w ul be b n an aise (c . 7:41-42). Te sugges-

i n ha Jesus was a Sama i an (J hn 8:48) may e ec specula i n n he ci cums ances esul ing

in he bi h Jesus. Jus as Jesse i n expec his y unges be an in e by Samuel, s Jesus am-ily appa en ly i n expec him be he Mes-siah hey h ugh he was u his min (Ma k 3:21), aun e him ab u g ing Je usalem, an

i n believe in him (J hn 7:1-9). Jus as he b y

playing he ha p was n expec e be king, she ca pen e he pe ple Naza e h knew was

n expec e be king (Ma k 6:1-4). An jus asDavi ha his bite in s ul eb s, s Jesus hahis unlea ne men wh i n keep he a i-

i ns he el e s (Ac s 4:13; Ma k 7:5).

ESTA BLISHMEN T OPPOSITION Davi was an in e as Is aels king by he

p phe Samuel acc ing he w he L(1 Sam 16:13). He playe he ha p Saul when

he evil spi i m G uble him (16:23). Hes uck G lia h wn an b ugh g ea vic y

Is ael (17:45-54). Ten Saul s a e h wingspea s a him (18:11; 19:10). Saul use his wn

augh e s as aps agains Davi (18:17, 21, 25).Davi was even ually ce lee (19:11-12),an h ugh u his ligh he av i e pen c n-

ic wi h Saul, us ing ha G w ul eal wi hSaul a he app p ia e ime (26:10). While Davi

e , J na han, wh as hei he h ne has beega e as an es ablishmen insi e , in e ce e

wi h Saul n behal Davi (20:28-29, 32). Saul was s en age by his ha he h ew his spea ahis wn s n J na han! (20:33).

Like Davi , Jesus was an in e as Is aels kingin he p esence he p phe J hn acc ing

he w he L (J hn 1:30-34). Jus as Daviminis e e Saul when he was uble by he evilspi i ,64 Jesus minis e e h se uble by evilspi i s by cas ing hem u (e.g., Ma k 1:21-27).65 Jus as Saul ha m e ega se ing a ap

Davi han he g his augh e , s hePha isees ha m e ega seting a ap Jesushan he wel a e he man wi h he wi he e

han (Ma k 3:1-2). Jus as Davi ha success in hem men s c isis wi h G lia h an when he k

he w hun e Philis ine eskins as he b i e-


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p ice Sauls augh e , s Jesus ha success in heve c n ve sies ec un e in Ma k 2:1-3:6. Jus as

Davi s m un ing iumphs esul e in Saul ea ingan pp sing him, s als Jesus iumphs esul ein he Pha isees an He ians, he es ablishmen ,pl ting his es uc i n (Ma k 3:6).66 Jus as Davi

e he wil e ness, s Ma ks ve c n ve siesa e p ece e by he n e ha Jesus c ul n l nge

penly en e a wn, bu was u in es la e places,an pe ple we e c ming him m eve y qua -

e (Ma k 1:45). Ten a e he ve c n ve siesculmina e in he pl kill Jesus (Ma k 2:1-3:6), we ea ha Jesus wi h ew wi h his isciples

he sea (3:7).

WANDERI NG ABOUT IN DESERTS AND MOU NTAINS , A ND I N DEN S A ND C AVESOF THE EARTH

Jus as Davi was iven m Is aels c uan ga he e a ll wing in he wil e ness (1 Sam22:2), s he Syn p ic G spels p esen Jesus nly en e ing Je usalem when he wen he e ie.Even in he G spel J hn, which in ica es ha Jesus ma e seve al ips Je usalem, he elu e

he clu ches his enemies jus as Davi haelu e Saul (J hn 7:30, 44; 8:59; 10:39). Sauls ugh [Davi ] eve y ay, bu G i n givehim in his han (1 Sam 23:14), an in he same way, in he G spels, Jesus elu e his enemies un il

he h u ha c me (J hn 12:23).Once iven u his h me, Davi wen

Ahimelech, he p ies a N b, an a e he h ly b ea (1 Sam 21:1-10). Davi hen wen hePhilis ines, wh ea e him, an he escape hecave A ullam (21:10-15, 22:1). Saul eac e Ahimelech assis ing Davi by e ing he ea h

he p ies s (22:9-19). Abia ha escape Davi ,an Davi k esp nsibili y he ea h he

p ies s (I have ccasi ne he ea h all he pe -s ns y u a he s h use, 22:22), even h ughhe ha av i e iscl sing he ci cums ances his

igh Ahimelech (21:1-9). Davi ha p bably av i e elling Ahimelech why he nee e an weap ns p ese ve Ahimelechs inn cence

be e Saul (see Ahimelechs eply Saul wcalle be e him, 22:14-15).

Jus as Davi e m cave cave aheSaul, s Jesus s a e ha he ha n place his hea (Mat 8:20). Jus as Davi wen Philis ines, s Jesus c sse in Gen ile

y (Ma k 5:1). Jus as he Philis ines ejDavi , s he Ge asenes began beg Jesu

epa m hei egi n (5:17). Jesus c man e u ne Jewish e i y (5:21-22)

As Davi an he h ly b ea , Jesus app his inci en in his e ense his isciples

he Pha isees c mplaine ha hey we e wha was n law ul n he Sabba h (Ma k Jesus emin e he Pha isees ha Davi a e

ha is n law ul any bu he p ies s als gave i h se wh we e wi h him (2:26). R. . F ance help ully iscusses his passin e ms ha appea legi ima e he yppe spec ive n he ela i nships be ween Dan Jesus being se h he e. F ance w i e

Jesus e ence his isciples allege vi la i he Sabba h by ci ing he s y Davi

he sh wb ea is n simply an appeal p ee en . I is a ques i n au h i y. Ma k 2claims ha Jesus has he igh egula e Sabb

bse vance. Te appeal he example Davihe e e has he ce: I Davi ha he i

se asi e a legal equi emen , I have much m eTe unexp esse p emise is a g ea e han Daviis he e: in ee he pa allel a gumen in Mathew12:5-6 in uces an equivalen mula.

Tis a gumen m he au h i y Davihe g ea e au h i y Jesus is bes expla

by an un e lying yp l gy. I Davi , he ypha he au h i y ein e p e he law, J

he g ea e an i ype, mus have ha au hin a highe eg ee.67

F ances e e ence an un e lying ypsugges s ha he e a e m e p in s hic esp n ence an escala i n han he


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explici ly men i ne in Ma k 2:23-28, an hisseems wa an he kin s sugges i ns beingpu wa he e. G ppel s c mmen s n hispassage a e simila : Ch is -Davi yp l gy is he backg un he saying an he gene al p esup-p si i n ha supp s i .68 When we c nsi e he

s ve chap e s Ma ks g spel,69 we n hell wing his ical c esp n ences be ween

Davi an Jesus, in wh m hese signi can mes-sianic pate ns n hei ul llmen (see g. 1).

C nsi e ing he way ha Jesus appeals heDavi ic ype in Ma k 2:23-28, G ppel awsa en i n he way ha Jesus n nly makes ac nnec i n be ween himsel an Davi in Ma k 2:25, he als links his isciples h se wh we e wi h [Davi ].70 Tis w ul seem invi e Ma ksau ience make he c nnec i ns be ween

h se inv lve in hese w even s. Much iscus-si n has been gene a e by he ac ha Ma k 2:26p ays Jesus e e ing he ime Abia ha

he high p ies , when i appea s ha a he ime, Ahimelech w ul have been he high p ies . G p-pel simply asse s: Ma k says Abia ha , bu ha is

an e .71 Bu pe haps he e a e yp l gical cesa w k he e, . Davi i in e ac wi h Ahime-lech in 1 Samuel 21:1-9, bu Abia ha is he p ies wh escapes m D egs slaugh e (22:20). C ul

he e e ence Abia ha be in en i nal? C ulMa k be p esen ing Jesus as in en i nally allu -

ing Abia ha s escape m he slaugh e hep ies s e e by Saul an ca ie u by D eg heE mi e? C ul his be a sub le way Jesus

emin he Pha isees (Have y u neve ea , Ma k 2:25) ha he pp si i n Davi was wicke anmu e us? I his is s , he yp l gical c nnec-

i n sugges e by he e e ence Abia ha in Ma k migh be ha jus as Saul an D eg pp se Davian Abia ha s h useh l , s als he Pha isees a e

pp sing Jesus an his ll we s.72

HE SHALL BE AR TH EI R I NIQU ITIES I n e ab ve ha Davi is p esen e as p e-

se ving Ahimelechs inn cence by n ivulginghe ue ci cums ances his nee an

a weap n when, having e m Saul, he a ivesa N b (1 Sam 21:1-9). his makes Sauls ven-

F g. 1. Typ g c P f C c b w S u d M k

Ref. in 1 Samuel Point of Contact Ref. in Mark

16:23 Power over unclean spirits 1:23-27, 34, etc.

18:7-30 Triumphs result in opposition 2:1-3:6

22:3 Disreputable associates 2:16

21:1-6 Above the law status 2:23-28

18:17, 21, 25 People who should be protected used as traps 3:1-2

19:1, etc. Enemies counsel to kill 3:6, etc.

19:18; 20:1 Withdrawal and avoidance of open con ict 1:45; 3:7

16:6-11 No regard from family members 3:21, 31-32

21:10-15 Trip into Gentile territory 5:1-20


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geance up n Ahimelech an his h use all he m e vici us, bu m e imp an ly u pu p seshe e, i has implica i ns Davi s esp nse Abia ha . As n e ab ve, when Abia ha c mes

Davi , Davi says him, I knew n ha ay, when D eg he E mi e was he e, ha he w ul

su ely ell Saul. I have ccasi ne he ea h allhe pe s ns y u a he s h use (22:22). Wha

Saul an D eg i was wicke , an ye Davi akesesp nsibili y he ea h Abia ha s kinsmen.

Davi is n guil y, an ye he akes he sins h-e s up n himsel .73

Tis pate n is ma che an excee e by Jesus, wh h ugh he was inn cen , neve heless i en i-

e wi h he sins he pe ple when he ul lleall igh e usness by un e g ing J hns bap ism

epen ance (Mat 3:13-17). Jesus, wh m n necan c nvic sin ( J hn 8:46), was neve helessnumbe e wi h he ansg ess s (Luke 22:37). Jus as Davi was inn cen ega ing he slaugh e

he p ies s, bu neve heless k esp nsibil-i y hei ea hs, s als Jesus was inn cen sin, bu neve heless came as he Lamb G wh akes away he sin he w l (J hn 1:29). Jus as Davi was inn cen w ng ing bu k

esp nsibili y, s als He c mmite n sin, nei-he was ecei un in his m u h, an ye He

himsel b e u sins in his b y n he ee, ha we migh ie sin an live igh e usness. By his w un s y u have been heale (1 Pe 2:22, 24). An he w s Davi Abia ha , S ay wi hme; n be a ai , he wh seeks my li e seeks y u li e. Wi h me y u shall be in sa ekeeping (1Sam 22:23), ypi y he ne wh sai h se whcame him, i y u seek me, le hese men g (J hn 18:8).

BET R AY ED BY THOSE H E SERVED

Davi elive e he ci y Keilah m hePhilis ines, an ye he pe ple Keilah we eea y han Davi ve Saul (1 Sam 23:1-12).

Simila ly, h ugh Davi ha elive e Is ael mG lia h, an h ugh he ha m e success agains

he Philis ines han all he se van s Saul s

ha his name was highly es eeme (18:30), pe ple Ziph ea ily ep his p esence (23:15-24). La e , he Philis ines e use Davi g in batle wi h hem (29:1-11), a when Davi an his men e u ne Ziklag

un i bu ne an all he w men an chil

aken cap ive (30:1-5). Rema kably, Davi s men, bite in s ul a his calami y, we e

s ne him (30:6). Al ng hese lines Jesus cas em ns u

many, heale many, an even aise pe ple he ea (e.g., Mat 4:23-25; Ma k 5; Luke 7:11-1

J hn 11). J hn in ica es ha Jesus als i sin Je usalem ( J hn 2:23; 5:1-9; 9:1-12). Even m s his migh y w ks we e n ne insalem, i is likely ha many in he c w shC uci y! ha c me Je usalem he Pa

m a eas whe e Jesus ha ne migh y w Jus as he ci y ha Davi elive e , Keila

ea y han Davi ve Saul, s he c wh m Jesus el ive e m em ns, isease

ea h, we e ea y han him ve R mas Davi s men we e ea y s ne him, Ju a

ea y be ay Jesus (e.g., Mat 26:14-16), anes he isciples aban ne him in his h

nee (26:56).

EN TRUSTI NG HI MSEL F TO GODSauls pu sui Davi was unjus , an whe

c nsul e he wi ch En (1 Sam 28:3-m ve in he i ec i n being em nic. In

he a ci y Saul e e in he slaughp ies s (22:6-19), in spi e he va i us ppni ies Davi ha when his men l him haL ha elive e Saul in his han (24:4; 2Davi e use li his han agains he Lan in e , Saul. Ins ea , Davi us e ha Lord lives, he Lord will s ike him, his

wil l c me ie, he will g wn in batlpe ish (26:10). As Davi e m ne plache nex , i appea s ha he was in en up n

ing pen c n ic wi h Saul. Davi seems h been es lu e ha he w ul n ccasi n civin Is ael, us ing ha i he L ha an


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him as king, he L w ul b ing i pass in hisg ime.

Simila ly, Jesus i n hing aise his hanagains his pp nen s expl i his appeal wi h

he mul i u es. When hey wan e make himking by ce (J hn 6:15), he wi h ew a m un-

ain by himsel . He c ns an ly u ge pe ple ell n ne he migh y hings he i (e.g., Ma k

1:44; 3:12; 5:43; 7:36; 9:9, e c.). Jesus even u gepe ple as he Pha isees say, bu n wha

hey (Ma 23:3). When Jesus was a es e ,he i n esis . When he was evile , he in evile in e u n; when he su e e , he i n

h ea en, bu c n inue en us ing himsel him wh ju ges jus ly (1 Pe 2:23). Jesus was c n -

en ha G s plan was being w ke u , an heecla e Pila e ha Pila e ha n m e p weve him han wha was given him m ab ve

(J hn 19:11).

SEED OF THE WOMAN, SEED OF THESERPENT

A signi can c ncep ha has been nly b ie y men i ne his p in in his s u y is he i ea c p a e pe s nali y. Beale lis s his i ea as ne

ve he meneu ical an he l gical p esupp si-i ns empl ye by he au h s he New es a-

men .74 Ea le Ellis explains, Is ael he pa ia ch,Is ael he na i n, he king Is ael, an Messiahs an in such ela i nship each he ha nemay be viewe as he emb imen he he .75 Tis n i n is pe haps in uce in Genesis 3:15, whe e in he ju gmen n he se pen he Lp mises pu enmi y be ween he see he w man an he see he se pen .76 he e msee is a c llec ive singula , an i e e s b hsingula in ivi uals wh a e see he w manas well as g ups pe ple wh a e see he

w man.77

he e will be enmi y be ween h se wh bel ng G an h se wh l l w he se -pen , an his enmi y will als exis be ween pa -

icula in ivi uals wh can be i en i ie as hesee he w man he see he se pen .

his enmi y be ween he see he se pen

an he see he w man is exp esse in sev-e al i e en ways in Samuel. Te s ns Eli a e

e e e as s ns Belial (1 Sam 2:12), an inla e ex s Belial is clea ly un e s be an evilspi i .78 I en i ying Elis s ns as s ns Belialseems an am un ecla ing hem see he

se pen , an hey s an in c n as he see he w man b n Hannah when he L

emembe e he , Samuel (1:19).On a b a e scale, pp nen s he pe ple

G seem be ega e as see he se pen ,an n pp nen Is ael is m e p minen inSamuel han he Philis ines. Te pa icula Phi-lis ine see he se pen wh eceives he m saten i n in Samuel is he gian G lia h. G lia hp esen s himsel as he ep esen a ive Philis ine.He s an s his ibe. An he calls Is ael sen u a ep esen a ive Is aeli e setle he is-pu e be ween Philis ia an Is ael (1 Sam 17:4-11).

Is ael es jus ha , bu he ep esen a ive Is a-eli e hey sen u is a shephe b y una me bu

a sling an ve s nes. Tis pa icula shephe b y c mes m a pa icula l ine. his line has been ca e ully ace back Ju ahs s n v ia hegeneal gy in Ru h 4:18-22. Ju ah escen s m Ab aham, wh se line was ca e ully ace back N ahs s n in Genesis 11:10-27. N ah escen s

m a line ha is ca e ully ace back he s n A am in Genesis 5:6-29. his means ha he

ep esen a ive Is aeli e wh g es u mee heep esen a ive Philis ine is he see Ju ah, see

Ab aham, see N ah, see he w man.In he c n ic be ween he see he w man

an he see he se pen , he see he w manc ushes he hea he see he se pen , smi ingG lia h wi h a s ne m he sling (1 Sam 17:49).79 Sen ing u a vi ually una me shephe b y

igh he migh y Philis ine l ks like ce ain

e ea . Bu he shephe b y kn ws an p claimsha he Lord saves n wi h sw an spea .F he batle is he Lords (17:47). Te vic y

ha c mes h ugh he see he w man is a vic-y sna che m he jaws e ea .

In he same way, a see Davi , see Ju ah,


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see Ab aham, see N ah, see he w mana se wh cas u he ule his w l (J hn12:31). On he way he g ea c n ic , he see

he w man was pp se by he see he se -pen . Jesus ells h se seeking kill him ha hey a e hei a he , he evil ( J hn 8:44).80 ha

is, hey a e see he se pen . he see hese pen als s ugh kill he see he w man when he chil was b n, an his pa en s ha

ake him an ee Egyp (Mat 2:13-16). Jesus,he see he w man, hen c nque e he se -

pen by c ushing his hea . T ugh wha l kelike a sa anic iumph he c uci ix i n Jesussna che vic y m he jaws ea h.81

ON THE THIRD DAY he na a Samuel is clea ab u he

sequence even s su un ing Sauls ea h. While Davi wa s liv ing in Zi klag un e heau h i y Achish he Philis ine king Ga h (1Sam 27:6), he Phi lis ines mus e e hei ces

ba le agains Is ael (28:1). Saul panicke(28:5) an s ugh u a me ium (28:7). When he wen he wi ch En , he ha an enc un e wi h Samuel, wh m he wi ch b ugh up him(28:11-14). Am ng he hings, Samuel l Saul, m w y u an y u s ns shall be wi h me(28:19), ha is, ea .

Te nex ay, n which Saul w ul j in Samuel,appea s be he ay ha Davi was sen h me by he Philis ine l s wh ea e ha he w ul

u n n hem in ba le (29:1-11). Cu i usly, hena a Samuel hen ela es ha Davi an hismen un hei h me ci y Ziklag ai e when

hey a ive n he hi ay (1 Sam 30:1). Tisseems be he hi ay a e he Philis ines mus-

e e ba le agains Is ael (c . 30:13). In h is way, he na a sh ws ha Davi was n wi h

he Philis ines in ba le when Saul me his en .he na a hen ela es wha happene n heay he Philis ines ismisse Davi : hey e ea e

Sauls a my an Saul k his wn li e (31:1-7).Tis means ha a ea h b ugh he eign heking wh pp se he L s an in e an en .

T ee ays la e , Davi ve came he h ughmen ha s ning him, s eng hene himin he Lord his G (30:6), an , ising

he nea s ning, pu sue his enemies, ancap u e his pe pleall hem. Bu his

he nly signi ican hi ay in h is acc

Samuel 1 pens by ela ing ha a e Davis uck he Amelaki es wh ha ai e Zikla

emaine in Ziklag w ays, an hen hi ay he messenge came wi h he new

Saul was ea (2 Sam 1:1-2). Tis means ha he hi ay Davi c nque e his enemies,

cap ivi y cap ive, an gave gi s men whesen sp il he el e s Ju ah (1 Sam 30:26 An hen n he hi ay he eceive new

he ea h Saul mean ha as he L s ahe, Davi , was n w be king.

N a e hese he nly w signi ican ays in he Ol es amen : Ab aham wen

sac i ce Isaac n he hi ay (Gen 22:4). weh came wn n M un Sinai mee Is ae

he hi ay (Ex 19:11, 16). Te L aup Hezekiah n he hi ay (2 Kgs 20:5). sec n emple was c mple e n he hi(Ez a 6:15). Es he in e ce e n behal Jewish pe ple n he hi ay (Es h 5:1). pe haps m s signi can ly, J nah was in he b

he whale h ee ays an h ee nigh s2:1 [E 1:17]), while H sea p phesie ha pe ple, having been n by Yahweh as by a li(H s 5:14-6:1), w ul be aise up n he h

ay (6:2).82 Tese signi can even s in he Ol es ame

k place n he hi ay, an his paun i s ul llmen when Jesus was ais

he hi ay in acc ance wi h he Sc ip(1 C 15:4). Pe haps he e e ences in he

es amen he ema kable hings ha

place n he hi ay we e hemselves yp l gically by H sea, lea ing him he clusi n ha he es a i n he pe p Yahwehs ju gmen he na i n w ul place n he hi ay (H s 6:2, c . 5:14-Pe haps he same yp l gical ea ing


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ins ances le Jesus he c nclusi n ha he w ul be he su e ing se van wh w ul be n by Yahwehs ju gmen an hen aise up n

he hi ay (c . Mat 16:21; Ma k 8:31; Luke9:22).83

Jus as Davi e ea e he Amelaki es n he

hi ay (1 Sam 30:1), Jesus e ea e ea h nhe hi ay.84 As Davi k cap ivi y cap ive

an gave gi s men, Jesus i he same (c . Eph4:8-11). Jus as Davi eceive w ha Saul wasn m e n he hi ay (2 Sam 2:1), Ac s 13:33links he ann uncemen en h nemen mPsalm 2:7, Y u a e my S n; ay I have beg ten y u he esu ec i n: his he has ul l le us hei chil en by aising Jesus, as als i is w i -

en in he sec n Psalm, Y u a e my S n, ay Ihave beg ten y u (Ac s 13:33). Te ea h he

eigning king b ugh he en h s ili y, an henews ha ea h ann unce he beginning

he eign he L s an in e .N. . W igh s c mmen s n 1 C in hians

15:3, ha Ch is ie u sins in acc ance wi h he Sc ip u es, a e ins uc ive:

Paul is n p - ex ing; he es n envisagene w , even hal a zen, is la e passages

ab u a ea h sinne s. He is e e ing heen i e biblical na a ive as he s y which has

eache i s climax in he Messiah, an has n w given ise he new phase he same s y .85

In ac , when W igh c mmen s n he ph asein 1 C in hians 15:4, ha he was aise n he

hi ay in acc ance wi h he Sc ip u es, hesays, Like he sc ip u al na a ive inv ke as he w l meaning he Messiah ie usins, he quali ying ph ase he e l ks back hesc ip u al na a ive as a wh le, n simply a

han ul p - ex s.86

D. A. Ca s ns c nclu-si n ega ing Jesus being aise m he ean he hi ay acc ing he Sc ip u es is

simila : I is ifcul make sense such claimsunless s me m yp l gy is ec gnize . Tec ss an he esu ec i n he Messiah we e,

in Pauls view, an icipa e by he pate ns Oles amen evela i n.87

TEMPLE BUILDING Davi was he an in e see he w man

wh c ushe he se pen s hea . He was ejec e

an pp se by he eigning es ablishmen , wi h wh m he av i e pen c n ic , while ga he inga new Is ael himsel in he wil e ness. Davic nque e his enemies n he hi ay, an n

he hi ay he news he ea h he eign-ing king pene he way him be en h ne .Once es ablishe as king , he L gave Davi es m all his su un ing enemies (2 Sam7:1). Tis es es na es wi h he es Yahweh him-sel enj ye when he nishe his w k c ea i n(Gen 2:4). Imme ia ely a e Yahwehs es is men-

i ne , Genesis 2 esc ibes he ga en E en ine ms a c smic emple. I seems ha A amsesp nsibili y sub ue he ea h (Gen 1:28)

en aile expan ing he b e s E en, G shabi able welling, such ha he gl y he Lmigh c ve he y lan as he wa e s c ve hesea.88 Once Davi expe ience es m all hisenemies, his emple buil ing impulse seems have a isen m an un e s an ing his esp n-sibili y expan he b e s he new E en, helan Is ael, such ha he mini n Yahwehmigh expan s ha he gl y Yahweh mighc ve he y lan as he wa e s c ve he sea. Te

emple Davi esi e buil (2 Sam 7:1-5) was be he cal p in m which he gl y G

w ul sp ea . his began happen in he c n-ques s ha expan e he b un a ies he lanin 2 Samuel 8-10, be e he e was s me hing likean he all in 2 Samuel 11.

Simila ly, Jesus is he an in e see he w man wh c ushe he se pen s hea . Rejec e

an pp se by he es ablishmen , he av i epen c n lic while ga he ing himsel a new Is ael. Jesus c nque e ea h n he hi ay,an nce en h ne as king, he k up he ask

emple buil ing. Bu he emple ha Jesus buil sis n a buil ing bu a pe ple.89 Jesus cha ges his


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pe ple g make isciples (Ma 28:19-20).Beginning m Je usalem, he making isci-ples sp ea h ugh all Ju ea an Sama ia an

he en s he ea h (Ac s 1:8). As h se in wh mhe Spi i wells, G s emple (1 C 3:16), he

ll we s Jesus a e make isciples, an his

will sp ea he emple, sp ea ing he kn wle ge he gl y G un il i c ve s he y lan as he

wa e s c ve he sea. Once en h ne , Jesus ma eg n his p mise buil his chu ch (Ma16:18), an m he un a i n he ap s lesan p phe s he kn wle ge he gl y G began sp ea , as seen in he a vance he g s-pel ec un e in Ac s-Revela i n. Unlike Davi ,his g ea e S n will neve expe ience a all.

CONCLUSION

his su vey Davi s ise p we es nexhaus he p ssible yp l gical p in s c n ac be ween Davi an Jesus.90 Te plausibili y he

yp l gical ea ing hese na a ives will be is-pu e by s me, accep e by s me, an al ge heign e by he s. F my pa , I am m s su e

he yp l gical signi cance he inci en whenDavi visi e he p ies s a N b an a e he sh w b ea . I am m s su e his inci en because iseems me ha he New es amen p esen s

his as an ins ance yp l gical in e p e a i n.I hink his example wa an s a yp l gical ea -ing he aspec s he na a ives ha ec un wha Davi expe ience , bu hese he s I amless su e because unlike he au h s he New

es amen , I am n an in allible in e p e e heOl es amen .

h ugh u his s u y he main he meneu i-cal c n ls empl ye in he examina i n p s-sible ypes Jesus in he na a ives Davi s

ise p we have been

an . G an Osb ne has als cau i neagains basing c inal c nclusi ns n yp l gi-cal in e p e a i ns.91 N speci c c ines a e as ake in any hing ha I have p p se he e. Whais mainly a issue has wi h un e s an ingh w he New es amen au h s un e s an he

Ol es amen . I seems me ha yp lin e p e a i n is a l wh se explana ycan an sh ul be pu use.92

F m wha we see in hese na a ives Dise p we , i w ul be p ssible sugge

in Davi we see a ce ain pate n. Tis pate n is

king wh w ul be an in e , wh w ul save Gpe ple, an wh w ul es ain hei evil. Tis w ul be s me hing a su p isehe w ul in an unexpec e way, an he w ul be pp se

he es ablishmen . He w ul ll w in he h se wh m he w l was n w h

e ing ab u in ese s an m un ains, an inan caves he ea h (Heb 11:38). Tis c miking migh be expec e ake esp nsibili w ngs ne by he s, be be aye by h sehe ha blesse , an e use li his han himsel bu a he en us himsel G ju ges jus ly. Tis king w ul alm s ce ainlexpec e c ush he hea he se pen ,s ing he w ul have his heel s uck. An s

hing ema kable migh be expec e happehe hi ay, a e which, like n nly Dav

all he igh e us kings Is ael, he w ul s buil he emple.

Pe haps ea ly au iences Samuel migh he lec e up n hese ea u es he naec un ing Davi s ise p we . An pe h

was e lec i n up n hese messianic pa eDavi s li e, as well as simila pate ns ejesu e ing, an hen saving in e ven i n pe ple in he lives J seph, M ses, an

ha p mp e Isaiah, in me by he pDavi in 2 Samuel 7, expec a sh Jess w ul a ise ule in Spi i - lle e enic spl(Isaiah 11), a y ung plan wh w ul have n

majes y (Isa 53:2), wh w ul be espise aejec e (53:3), wh w ul bea he g ie s

pe ple (53:4), be cu m he lan he(53:8), an he eby make many be acc unigh e us (53:11).93 Pe haps. Bu we mus als bea in min

Paul esc ibes wha G acc mplishe in Msiah Jesus as a sec e an hi en wis m G


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(1 C 2:7).94 He w i es ha his mys e y was nma e kn wn he s ns men in he gene a-

i ns as i has n w been eveale (Eph 3:3-5; c .R m 16:25-27), an ye Paul als main ains haCh is ie u sins in acc ance wi h heSc ip u es, ha he was bu ie , ha he was aise

n he hi ay in acc ance wi h he Sc ip-u es (1 C 15:3-4).In ligh Pauls c mmen s ab u he way he

mys e y was hi en, an in ligh he ac hahe isciples nee e Jesus pen hei min s

un e s an he Sc ip u es (Luke 24:45), i seemsha h se us wh ea he wh le Bible ay a e

in a be e p si i n un e s an he can nicalan messianic implica i ns Ol es amen na -

a ives han even h se p phe s wh sea chean inqui e ca e ully, inqui ing wha pe s n

ime he Spi i Ch is in hem was in ica ing when he p e ic e he su e ings Ch is an hesubsequen gl ies (1 Pe 1:10-11). In ee , I was eveale hem ha hey we e se ving n

hemselves bu [us], in he hings ha have n w been ann unce [us] h ugh he au h s

he New es amen (1:12).95 Tis essay began wi h he ques i n h w we

may ea he Ol es amen Ch is ianly. I seems me ha yp l gical in e p e a i n is cen al

answe ing ha ques i n: p ecisely by assu ing us he uni y Sc ip u e an he ai h ulness

G ha as G has ac e in he pas , s he ac sin he p esen , an s we can expec him ac in

he u u ewe n he w s Paul ue in uwn lives:

F wha eve was w iten in me ays was w i -en u ins uc i n, ha h ugh en u ance

an h ugh he enc u agemen he Sc ip u es we migh have h pe. May he G en u ance

an enc u agemen g an y u live in suchha m ny wi h ne an he , in acc wi h Ch is Jesus, ha ge he y u may wi h ne v ice gl -

i y he G an Fa he u L Jesus Ch is(R m 15:4-6).96

ENDNO ES1Tis essay was elive e iginally as pa he JuliusB wn Gay Lec u es se ies a Te S u he n Bap isTe l gical Semina y n Ma ch 13, 2008.

2Daniel J. eie , Biblical Te l gy an / Te l gi-cal In e p e a i n Sc ip u e?S J

gy61 (2008), 29 (16-31). Simila ly G aemeG l sw hy,G -C H m : F -

P E g B b I(D wne s G ve, IL: In e Va si y, 2006), 234.

3Henning G a Reven l w, P b m B b -gy w C y( ans. J hn B w en;

Phila elphia: F ess, 1986).4F an inves iga i n he b eak wn ealis ican gu al in e p e a i n he biblical s ies, seeHans W. F ei,T E B b N : A S y

E g N C y H m (New Haven: Yale Unive si y P ess, 1974), 9. Fex ensive bibli g aphy n he subjec yp l gy,see Reven l w, P b m B b T gy , 14-18,20-23, an Paul H skins has up a e he iscussi n

yp l gy in he publishe ve si n his isse a-i n, J F m m G

J (Pa e n s e Biblical M n g aphs; Waynes- b , GA: Pa e n s e , 2006), 18-36.

5F ancis Wa s n, x : R g B bT gy(E inbu gh: & Cla k, 1997), 205.

6F examina i n he use yp l gy in he Ol es-amen , see Michael Fishbane, B b I

A I(Ox : Cla en n, 1985), 350-79,an F ancis F ulkes,T A G : A S y B y gy O m (L n n: yn-

ale, 1955; ep in e inT R g D f m W g x , 342-71). F yp l gy in ex a-biblical Jewish l i e a u e, see Le nha G ppel ,y : T

y g I O m N w( ans. D nal H. Ma vig; G an Rapi s: Ee -mans, 1982; ep . Wip an S ck, 2002), 23-58. F

yp l gy in he New es amen , see G ppel ,y ,61-237; E. Ea le Ellis, Biblical In e p e a i n in heNew es amen Chu ch, in M k : x , -

, R g I H b w B b A J m E y C y(C mpen iaRe um Ju aica um a N vum es amen um2.1;


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Phila elphia: F ess, 1988; ep . Peab y, MA:Hen icks n, 2004), 713-16; R. . F ance, J

O m (Vanc uve : Regen C llege, 1998[1971]), 38-80; an H skins, J F m

m.7G ppel , y , x xi ii, c . als 198: y p l gy is he

me h in e p e ing Sc ip u e ha is p e minanin he N an cha ac e is ic i . Tis is c u se

ispu e . Reven l w ( P b m B b T gy ,20) w i es: yp l gy is jus ne, a he a e, way in which he Ol es amen is use in he New.

8E. Ea le Ellis, F ew , in Le nha G ppel ,y : T y g I O -

m N w( ans. D nal H. Ma vig; G anRapi s: Ee mans, 1982; ep in Wip an S ck,2002), xx.

9Davi Ins ne-B ewe , q A m J w Ex g b 70 CE( ex e un S u ien

zum an iken Ju en um; bingen: M h Siebeck,1992), 221.

10Ma k A. Sei i (Te G spel as he Revela i n heMys e y: Te Wi ness he Sc ip u es Ch is inR mans,T S B J T gy11,n . 3 [2007]: 92-103) w i es, Pauls un e s an ing

Sc ip u e is un amen ally yp l gical (99). C .als Richa B. Hays, Rea ing Sc ip u e in Ligh

he Resu ec i n, inT A R g S (e .Ellen F. Davis an Richa B. Hays; G an Rapi s:Ee mans, 2003), 216-38: he Jesus wh augh he

isciples n he Emmaus a hahe sc ip u es b e wi ness him c n inues each us isc ve

gu al senses Sc ip u e ha a e n evel pe inhe New es amen (234).

11Richa N. L ngenecke , B b Ex g A - P (2n e .; G an Rapi s: Ee mans, 1999).

L ngenecke classi es s cen u y Jewish exegesisun e u hea ings: li e alis , mi ashic, peshe ,an alleg ical (xxv, 6-35). L ngenecke es is-

cuss C esp n ences in His y an Escha -l gical Ful llmen as w wha he e e s as umaj Exege ical P esupp si i ns (76-79), bu he

es n view yp l gy as a is inc in e p e ivep ac ice, an he classi ies ins ances yp l gicalin e p e a i n as ins ances peshe in e p e a i n

(58). He w i es, wha appea s be m s cha aic in he p eaching he ea lies Jewish belie

Jesus we e hei peshe in e p e a i ns Sc(82). While G ppel s b k n yp l gy (wi h ence he English ansla i n) is n L ngenec bibli g aphy, G ppel s name es n appea in

genecke s au h in ex.12E. Ea le Ellis, P U O m(G anRapi s: Bake , 1981 [1957]), 75. Ci ing J. B nsi v Exg R bb q Exg P (Pa is,1939), 337 .

13See my essay, Te Vi gin Will C nceive: yp lcal Ful illmen in Ma hew 1:18-23, in B

R k: S G M t w(e . DanielM. Gu ne an J hn N llan ; G an Rapi s: Emans, 2008), 228-47.

14Richa N. L ngenecke , Wh is he P phe ing Ab u ? S me Re ec i ns n he New es amUse he Ol ,T m 13 (1987): 4-8; ep in ein T R g D f m W g x(e . G. K.Beale; G an Rapi s: Bake , 1994), 377 (375-86).

15L ngenecke , Wh is he P phe alking Ab379-80.

16See L ngenecke , B b Ex g A P , 58, 82.

17F ei e e s biblical he l gy as he succesyp l gy, which was es ye by he ise

c i icism ( E B b N , 8).18S als G. K. Beale, Di Jesus an His F ll wP each he Righ D c ine m he W ng An Exam ina i n he P esupp si i ns an he Ap s les Exege ical Me h ,T m 14(1989): 89-96; ep in e inT R g D f

W g x , 387-404. Beale w i es: yp l gy c be calle c n ex ual exegesis wi hin he amew

he can n, since i p ima ily inv lves he in ei n an eluci a i n he meaning ea lie

Sc ip u e by late pa s (401).19

F ei, E B b N , 41.20Ellis, F ew , x.21Michael Fishbane, B b I I (Ox : Cla en n, 1985), 351. See als JH. S ek, Biblical yp l gy Yes e ay an C T g J5 (1970): 135: A ype [as


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pp se an alleg y] is n a na a ive bu s mehis ical ac ci cums ance which he Ol es-

amen na a ives ep . Fu he m e, he ypeemb ies he same u h p inciple which is emb -ie in he an i ype. S ek is summa izing Pa ick Fai - bai ns view.

22F ins ance, Davi Bake es n hink ha esca-la i n is essen ial yp l gy ( yp l gy an heCh is ian Use he Ol es amen ,S t J

T gy29 [1976]: 137-57; ep in e inT R g D f m W g x[e . G. K. Beale; G anRapi s: Bake , 1994], 313-30see p. 326).

23F ance, J O m , 42.24Beale, Di Jesus an His F ll we s P each he RighD c ine m he W ng ex ? 396-97, n. 27. Bealeci es Fai bai n, S. L. J hns n, G ppel , Davi s n,M , an F ulkes as being in gene al ag eemen wi h

his c nclusi n. See als H skins, J F -m m , 186-87. F ei ( E B b N , 36) in ica es ha Calvin saw igu es( ypes) as p spec ive.

25G. R. Osb ne, ype; yp l gy, in IS B b E y 4:931 (930-32).

26I seems me ha i w ul be help ul expl ew in salva i n his y he ype w ul have beenseen be p spec ive, an als ask whe he see-ing he p spec ive aspec s a ype w ul have beenp ssible nly nce a la e Ol es amen acc unc ul be seen s an in yp l gical ela i nship wi h an ea lie na a ive.

27L ngenecke , B b Ex g A P ,76-79.

28Reven l w, P b m B b T gy , 31.29Pe s nal c mmunica i n, Janua y 2008.30S als Beale, Di Jesus an His F ll we s P each

he Righ D c ine m he W ng ex ? 401.31Eugene H. Me ill, E g D m : A T gy

O m (Nashville: B a man an H l-

man, 2006), xv.32 When I was augh O exegesis a an evangel ica lins i u i n, ne my eache s egula ly l us ha

nce we ha s ne u O exegesis wi h u e e -ence he N , we c ul hen c nsi e he ela i n-ships be ween he es amen s. I cann emembe

a ime when we ac ually inishe u O exegesisan m ve he c nsi e a i n he ela i nship be ween he O an he N .

33Reven l w, P b m B b T gy , 42. See alsFishbane, B b I A I , 352.

34S als D uglas J. M , Te P blem S P -

, inH m , A y, C(e . D. A. Ca s n an J hn D. W b i ge; G an Rapi s:Z n e van, 1986), 179-211, esp. 202.

35L ngenecke , B b Ex g A P ,58. I seems ha in sys ema izing he N s in e -p e a i n he Ol acc ing his u ca eg ies

Jewish exegesis, he has ce ma e ial ha esn in his es ablishe ca eg ies, such as hese

yp l gical in e p e a i ns. Tis appea s make hisca eg ies m e p esc ip ive han esc ip ive. Seeals he iscussi n he g ea gul which sepa a esPauls use he O m ha he abbis in Ellis, P U O m , 73-76, he e 74; simi-la ly M , Te P blem S P , 193.

36Michael Fishbane, Use, Au h i y an In e p e a-i n Mik a a Qum an, in M k : x , -

, R g I H b w B b A J m E y C y(C mpen iaRe um Ju aica um a N vum es amen um2.1;Phila elphia: F ess, 1988; ep in Peab y, MA:Hen icks n, 2004), 351. C . L ngenecke , B b Ex g A P , 24-30.

37Fishbane, B b I A I ,352-53. Fishbane a s ha hese echniques np vi e he basis lexible an c mp ehensiveca eg ies ha he analysis he c n en s he

yp l gies es.38C. A. Evans, yp l gy, in D y J G (e . J el B. G een, Sc McKnigh , I. H waMa shall; D wne s G ve, IL: In e Va si y, 1992),862 (862-66).

39G. J. B ke, Pesha im, in D y N w -

m B kg (e . C aig A. Evans an S anley E.P e ; D wne s G ve, IL: In e Va si y, 2000), 781(778-82).

40B ke, Pesha im, 782.41See he l e (1957) bu s il l ve y help ul iscussi nsin Ellis, P U O m . Ellis is-


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cusses b h yp l gy (126-35) an mi ash peshe (139-47). La gely in me by S en ahls w k nMathew, Ellis e nes mi ash peshe as an in e -p e a ive m ul ing he ex wi hin an ap calyp ic

amew k, wi h e e ence app p ia eex ua l a gumic a i i ns (147), an he ea s

his m ul ing as a sch la ly in e p e a ive selec-i n m he va i us kn wn ex s (139). F a m eecen iscussi n, see E. Ea le Ellis,H y I -

N w m P(Biblical In e -p e a i n Se ies 54; A lan a: SBL, 2001), peshemi ash see 109-11, y p l gy see 115-18.

42C aig A. Evans, A x N w m S -: A G B kg L(Peab y:

Hen icks n, 2005), 146.43L ngenecke , B b Ex g A P , xxx vi.

44G l sw hy,G -C H m , 247.45Reven l w, P b m B b T gy , 19.46S anley N. Gun y, yp l gy as a Means In e -p e a i n: Pas an P esen , J E gT g S y12 (1969): 236.

47Gun y, yp l gy as a Means In e p e a i n, 235.48Fishbane, B b I A I , 351.49F ance, J O m , 41.50Beale, Di Jesus an His F ll we s P each he RighD c ine m he W ng ex ? 399-400.

51See he many examples ci e in Fishbane, B b I A I , 350-79.

52S ek qu es Pa ick Fai bai n n he p in ha Tea bi a y es ic i n y p l gy [ h se ins ancesci e in he N ] es ys a la ge ex en he b n c nnec i n be ween he Ol an he New es amenSc ip u es (S ek, Biblical yp l gy Yes e ay an

ay, 135, n. 5). F my wn atemp expl e heBibles uni y, seeG G y S g J g-m : A B b T gy(Whea n: C ssway, 2010).

53See u he Richa B. Hays, C

Im g : P I I S (G an Rapi s: Ee mans, 2005). Hays s a es hane his pu p ses in he b k is sh w ha we

can lea n m Pauls example h w ea Sc ip u eai h ully (viii), an he sugges s ha in 1 C 10:1-22

Paul is seeking each he C in hians ha all he

sc ip u al na a ives an p mises mus be us p in wa he c ucial escham men in which he an his chu ches n w n hselves. hey a e see in hei wn expe ien

yp l gical ul llmen he biblical na a iv54Unless he wise n e , all qu a i ns m

in his essay a e m he ESV. In wha ll wci e seve al passages m he Syn p ic G spe J hn, bu I will usually n ci e pa a llel passageci ing he Syn p ic G spels, I s ep esen a

m each G spel, n p ivileging ne ve an55F ei, E B b N , 30. S als D ug-las M , Pauls Unive salizing He meneu icR mans,T S B J T11,n . 3 (2007): 62-90: be su e, yp l gy is easie

alk ab u han esc ibe (81).56Richa B. Hays, Rea ing Sc ip u e in Ligh Resu ec i n, in A R g S (e .Ellen F. Davis an Richa B. Hays; G an RapiEe mans, 2003), 229 (216-38).

57 W. H. R se, Messiah, in D y Om P (e . . Desm n Alexan e an

Davi W. Bake ; D wne s G ve, IL: In e Va2003), 566. F iscussi n his an he

i ns, see An ew Ches e , M Ex J w M V y

m C gy(Wissenscha liche Un e suc-hungen zum Neuen es amen 207; bingen: M hSiebeck, 2007), 193-205.

58G ppel ,y , 200.59N e F eis acc un he way ha he l ss

ence in he his ici y he na a ives ehe p ssibili y ea ing he na a ives yp

( E B b N , 1-85). An ne example, see An h ny . Hans n,S P

q T gy(G an Rapi s: Ee mans, 1974), wh s a es ha s much i epen s i

n assuming ha be his y which we mus

as legen my h (229), an , Te view inspii n hel by he w i e s he New es amen which we cann accep ay (234).

60I have a e his pa ag aph as I evise his m he 2008 iginal i s publica i n in

Tis esul s m s me sha pening in my wn h


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ing ab u hese issues as I w e Was J seph a ype Messiah? acing he yp l gical I en i ca i n

be ween J seph, Davi , an Jesus,T S B - J T gy12, n . 4 (2008): 52-77. In pa -

icula , my hinking evel pe n he issue h w weisce n he in en i n he human au h : I w ul

n w say ha la e biblical au h s n ice pa e nsin ea lie biblical li e a u e, hen highligh e c e-sp n ences be ween ea l ie even s an he even s

hey na a e in hei wn w k. Te biblical au h sew aten i n hese yp l gical pa allels by means linguis ic p in s c n ac (i.e., eusing w s

ph ases m he ea lie na a ive i ec ly qu -ing i ), pa allels in sequences even s, an ma ching

hema ic ma e ial.61 We can als bse ve ha a e S l m n, he nly king an in e in Is ael is Jehu (2 Kgs 9:3, 6, 12).

62Pe e J. Lei ha ( A S M : A Ex 1 &2 S m [M sc w, ID: Can n, 2003], 167) sugges s

ha Davi s h ee expe iences being an in e a ema che by Jesus h ee expe iences he Spi i : ahis bap ism (Luke 3:21-22), when he was ecla e

he S n G in p we by he Spi i a his esu ec-i n (Ac s 13:32-33; R m 1:4), an when he eceivehe p mise Spi i m he Fa he when exal e he Fa he s igh han (Ac s 2:33). We migh have

wa an seeing a pa allel be ween he h ee imesDavi was an in e an Jesus being an in e by heSpi i , aise by he Spi i , an eceiving he Spi i

p u u a his ascensi n m he ac ha Lukequ es Psalm 2:7 wi h e e ence he esu ec i nin Ac s 13:33 an a leas allu es Psalm 2:7 in hisacc un Jesus bap ism. On Luke 3:22, I. H waMa shal l (Ac s, inC mm y N w -m U O m [e . G. K. Beale an D. A. Ca s n; G an R api s: Bake , 2007], 585) ca llsaten i n he va ian ea ing in C ex Bezae an

he Ol La in wi nesses, which eplica e Ps. 2:7 LXX

exac ly. Ma shall als n es ha Jesus eceive heSpi i a b h his bap ism an his ascensi n an hahese ecep i ns he Spi i a he bap ism an he

ascensi n a e i e en even s (542).63C . S ephen G. Demps e , D m Dy y: A

gy H b w B b(New S u ies in Biblical

Te l gy; D wne s G ve, IL: In e Va si y, 2003), 139.64Davi s abili y minis e Saul when he wasa lic e wi h he evil spi i m G c ul havein uence T m S m , he G eek i le

which ea s a s ll ws: es amen S l m n,S n Davi , wh eigne in Je usalem, an sub ue

all he spi i s he ai , he ea h, an un e heea h . . . C .O P 1:960.

65 James D. G. Dunn ( J R m mb[G an Rap-i s: Ee mans, 2003], 667) w i es ega ing he Jewish expec a i n, b h Davi an S l m n ha

epu a i ns as ex cis s.66 Jus as Sauls s n J na han, an es ablishmen insi e ,ha in e ce e n Davi s behal asking whaDavi ha ne ha he sh ul be pu ea h (1 Sam20:32), s als Nic emus, an es ablishmen insi ewh was ne hem (J hn 7:50), aske , D es ulaw ju ge a man wi h u i s giving him a hea ingan lea ning wha he es? (7:51). Jus as J na hansin e cessi n ha awn Sauls w a h, s Nic emusme wi h he cu eply, A e y u m Galilee ?(7:52).

67F ance, J O m , 46-47. C . G p-pel , y , 87 n. 116, qu ing Zahn.

68G ppel ,y , 86.69 We a e c nce ne he e wi h he na a ives Davi s

ise p we in Samuel, bu i we we e c nsi e b a e yp l g ies in Ma k we w ul n e he way

ha J hns bap ism in he J an seem s c e-sp n an ul ll he way he na i n s en e e

he lan c nque i , an he way ha J hns essc esp n s an ul lls he p mise he e u n

Elijah.70G ppel ,y , 84-86.71Ibi ., 85, n. 106.72Having c me his p si i n, I was please na simila sugges i n in Rikk E. Wa s, Ma k, inC mm y N w m U O -

m (e . G. K. Beale an D. A. Ca s n; G an Rap-i s: Bake , 2007), 141: I he p in is es ablish anau h i a ive p ece en , hen he ac i ns Abia ha ,as Ahimelechs s n, in aking he eph Davi

bec me his chie p ies an subsequen blessingun e sc e G s a i ma i n Ahimelechs eci-


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si n, his p esence wi h Davi , an his aban nmen Davi s pp nen Saul. N nly a e Jesus isci-

ples jus i e , bu als pp se hem (an , c u se, Jesus) is pp se b h Davi an ul ima ely G , wh vin ica e him an will als v in ica e Jesus.

73In a simi la way, la e in he na a ive, Abigail akes

esp nsibili y he sin Nabal when she says Davi : On me al ne, my l , be he gui l (25:24).Te na a ive ha ea lie clea e Abigail any culpa- bili y in his mate by sh wing ha Abiga il i nlea n he visi m Davi s men un il a e Nabalha answe e hem ughly (25:14-17). hese wepis es c nnec Davi an Abigail as igh e us Is a-eli es, wh h ugh hey a e inn cen , neve heless

ake esp nsibili y sins c mmite by he s.74Beale, Di Jesus an His F ll we s P each he RighD c ine m he W ng ex s? 392. Te he ua e ha Ch is ep esen s he ue Is ael in b h Oan N , ha his y is uni e by a wise, s ve eignplan, ha he age escha l gical u l illmen has

awne in Ch is , an ha la e w i ings in he can nin e p e ea lie w i ings.

75Ellis, P U O m , 136.76F he in uence Genesis 3:15 n he es heOl es amen , see my essay, he Skull C ushingSee he W man: Inne -Biblical In e p e a i n

Genesis 3:15,T S B J T -gy10, n . 2 (2006): 30-54. F he ela i nship

be ween he cu ses Genesis 3:14-19 an he bless-ings Genesis 12:1-3, see my essay, Te See he W man an he Blessing Ab aham,y B -

58, n . 2 (2007): 253-73.77C . Jack C llins, A Syn ac ical N e (Genesis 3:15):Is he W mans See Singu la Plu al?y B 48 (1997): 139-48; . Desm n Alexan e ,Fu he Obse va i ns n he e m See in Gen-esis, y B 48 (1997): 363-67.

78Pseu epig aphic ex s (e.g., M . I .1:8, 2:4; 4:2;

J b.1:20; 15:33; 20:1) an ex s m Qum an (CD16:5; 1QM 13:11) un e s an Belial be he angel wicke ness. Many m e ex s m Qum an an

he Pseu epig apha c ul be ci e , see . J. Lewis,Belial, A B b D y1:655-56.

79Demps e , D m Dy y , 139-40.

80C . An eas J. Ks enbe ge , J hn, inC mm y N w m U O (e .

G. K. Beale an D. A. Ca s n; G an Rapi s: Ba2007), 458.

81See als he c n l ic be ween he se pen anin ivi ual an c llec ive see he w man in

12:1-17.82C . als Lev 7:17, 18; 19:6, 7; Num 19:12, 19. An

. W igh n es ha he ph ase a e hl king back mainly H sea 6.2, is equen

e e e in abbinic men i ns he esu(N. . W igh , R S [Ch is ian O igins an he Ques i n G 3; neap lis: F ess, 2003], 322, an c . 322, n. 25

83Te ema kable even s ha k place n he ay in he O , Pauls elibe a e e e ence

C 15:4, an Jesus appa en c nclusi n hahi ay was signi can his wn ea h a

u ec i n, seem eman a yp l gical un eing he hi ay as signi ican . his is si he ph ase acc ing he Sc ip u es mwas aise a he han he emp al e e

he basis simila sy n ax in 1 Macc. 7:16 (E. Ciampa an B ian S. R sne , 1 C in hiain C mm y N w m U

m [e . G. K. Beale an D. A. Ca s n; G anRapi s: Bake , 2007], 744).

84My aten i n was s awn he signi can ha ake place n he hi ay in he O by

Lei ha , A S M , 149-51. Lei ha als ea s ph ase yp l gically, bu I n s me his csi ns less han c nvincing.

85 W igh ,T R S G , 320.86Ibi ., 321.87D. A. Ca s n, Mys e y an Ful illmen : a M e C mp ehensive Pa a igm Pauls Uns an ing he Ol an he New, in J V g N m m: A F A P

m J m , v l. 2:T P x P(e .D. A. Ca s n, Pe e . OB ien, an Ma k A. S(Wissenscha liche Un e suchungen zum Neuen es

amen ; bingen/G an Rapi s: M h [SiebeckBake , 2004), 409.

88C . G. K. Beale, m C


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: A B b T gy Dw g P G (D wne s G ve, IL: In e Va si y, 2004), 81-87. Anc . Hamil n, Te See he W man an he Bless-ing Ab aham, 267-68.

89See James M. Ham il n J .,G I w g P -: T H y S O N w m ,

NACSB (Nashville: B a man an H lman, 2006).90 he e migh be yp l gical signi icance in he l-l wing: Sauls s n J na han ec gnizes ha Davi wi ll be K ing an ackn wle ges him as such (1 Sam20:3-4). Simila ly, Jesus asks his pp nen s by whap we hei s ns cas u em ns (Mat 12:27). Tismigh be aken in ica e ha he chil en he

pp nen s Jesus have ll we Jesus, jus as J na-han si e wi h Davi . Jus as Saul wan s kil l J na-han si ing wi h Davi (1 Sam 20:33), s he chie

p ies s wan kill Laza us because n acc un him many he Jews we e g ing away an believ-ing in Jesus (J hn 12:11). Jus as Davi p vi e his pa en s by en us ing hem he king M ab(22:3-4), s als Jesus, n he c ss, p vi e Ma y by en us ing he he bel ve isciple (J hn19:26-27). he e migh als be signi icance hepate n seen in J seph, M ses, an Davi : all h eeexpe ience ejec i n m hei kinsmen, g away,an ake gen ile wives. Simila ly, Jesus was n he wh le ejec e by Is ael an has g ne away an akena p e minan ly gen ile b i e in he chu ch.

91G. R. Osb ne, ype; yp l gy, in IS B b E y 4:931 (930-32).

92F ulkes (T A G , 370) w i es, Tis, in ac , ishe way in which we as Ch is ians mus ea he Oles amen , ll wing he p ece en he New es a-

men in e p e a i n he Ol , an sup emely he useha u L himsel ma e he Ol es amen .

93C . Anti Laa s (T S YHWH Cy : A R Ex M P g mm

I 40-55[C niec anea Biblica Ol es amen

Se ies 35; S ckh lm: Almqvis an Wiksell, 1992])sugges i n ha he ea h J siah ms an imp -an pa he a i i n-his ical backg un Isa

53 (231). Laa es ablishes he link be ween J siahan Isa 53 pa ly h ugh he simila i ies he cu-men s be ween Isa 52:13-53:12 an Zech 12:9-13:1

(153-54, c . 235-37). In his b k J DR (C niec anea Biblica Ol es amen Se ies33; S ckh lm: Almqvis an Wiksell, 1992) Laaa gues ha expec a i ns a Davi Re ivivus we ein ima ely c nnec e wi h a av able pic u e hehis ical J siah J siah was ega e as a yp s

he c ming Messiah he p s -J sianic imes (356).T se us wh h l ha he wh le b k Isaiahc mes m he han Isaiah ben Am z can easily a ap Laa s s imula ing sugges i ns u un e -s an ing h w his plays u : pe haps Isaiahs yp -l gical un e s an ing Davi an he s le hep phecy un in Isa 53, hen Zecha iah, e ec ing

n wha k place wi h J siah in c mbina i n wi hIsa 53 (an he ac s) was le p phesy wha he

ec s in Zech 12:9-13:1 ( Laa s sugges i n hahis passage un e s an s J siahs ea h yp l gically,

see J , 362). An ew Ches e s ascina ing sum-ma y Laa s views ew my aten i n his w k (c . Ches e , M Ex , 211-13).

94C . Ellis,H y I N w m P , 15: F m he pe spec ive he biblica l w i e s, an Jesus as he is ep esen e by hem, heessen ial meaning he Sc ip u es is evela i n, alsin hei his ical an li e a y imensi n. As such,

he meaning is u n e s be ei he hi en eveale he ea e a G s isc e i n an is neve

viewe as u h available, like pebbles n a beach.95Richa B. Hays (Rea ing Sc ip u e in Ligh heResu ec i n, 224) sugges s ha he esc ip i n h w he isciples came ulle un e s an ing wha Jesus ha ne an believe he Sc ip u e in J hn 2:13-22 p vi es he key ha unl cks he in e -p e a i n Sc ip u e. Re spec ive ea ing heOl es amen a e he esu ec i n enables Jesus

isciples believe in a new way b h he Sc ip u ean Jesus eaching an see h w each illumina es

he he . Such e spec ive ea ing nei he enies

n invali a es he meaning ha he Ol es amenex migh have ha in i s iginal his ical seting.96I wish exp ess my g a i u e P ess s T masR. Sch eine , Jay E. Smi h an Jas n G. Duesing, as well as my b he , Davi Hamil n, wh ea hisessay an e e help ul ee back.

david typology

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