DAYTON PHILHARMONIC ORCHESTRAYOUNG PEOPLE’S CONCERT

NEAL GITTLEMAN, Music Director

EUROPEAN INFLUENCES

FEBRUARY 13, 2006

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EUROPEAN INFLUENCES

Neal Gittleman, Music Director

Featuring the Dayton Hungarian Festival Club Dancers Sue Ann Berry, Director

Program

Trepak from The Nutcracker Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky

L’Arlésienne Suite: Overture and Farandole Georges Bizet

Fantasia on “Greensleeves” Ralph Vaughan Williams

Hungarian Dance No. 6 Johannes Brahms

Folk Music/Dance Demonstration

Romanian Folk Dances Béla Bartók

The Moldau (from My Fatherland) Bedřich Smetana

The Dayton Philharmonic Orchestra Young People’s Concerts are underwritten by MeadWestvaco Foundation with special support for this concert from

Charles D. Berry.

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Dear Educator,

Welcome to the February 13, 2006 Dayton Philharmonic Orchestra Young People’s Concert, “European Influences,” a celebration of the influence of European folk music on the orchestra and its music.

Since the late 19th century, classical music has been influenced by the traditional music of many different cultures. This concert will focus on those European composers of the 19th century who incorporated their native folk music into orchestral compositions.

The program notes and the CD of concert excerpts are created to assist music specialists and classroom teachers in preparing their students for the concert experience. Please feel free to copy these materials to share with other teachers in your building who will attend the concert.

These notes contain information about the composers and their music, and ideas for integrating this information across the curriculum. The activities are meant to be used in the regular classroom and do not require familiarity with the music. We hope these ideas will help provide students (and teachers) an enjoyable and enriching experience.

Gloria S. PughDirector of EducationDayton Philharmonic Orchestra

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This concert theme and the information in these notes reinforce

Ohio Academic Content Standards in Fine Arts, Language Arts, and Social Studies.

About the Conductor

Neal Gittleman, Music Director

Birthplace: Panama Canal Zone

First Music Lesson: Unless you count singing, it was piano lessons from my mother when I was about six.

Instruments I play: Violin, viola, piano…

I became a conductor because: I love orchestral music and I love the music-making that goes on in orchestras.

My job as a conductor is: To help the musicians play the music as well as they possibly can

Favorite food: Black beans and rice

Favorite childhood book: Winnie the Pooh

What I like to do in my spare time: Play golf, squash, t’ai chi, read books, see movies

♪Listen to CD Tracks 1 and 3.

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Vocabularyconductororchestra

NATIONALISM IN MUSIC

Bach, Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Brahms, and Wagner – what do these composers have in common? Firstly, they were all very talented creators of some of the world’s most-loved music. Secondly, they were all from Austria and Germany! During the 18th and 19th centuries, most of the classical music composed originated in these two countries and was created around commonly accepted rules of form and style.

However, in the 19th century, many composers felt limited by these traditional forms and wanted to create their own musical identity. Many turned to the traditional folk songs of their native countries and actually included these traditional songs in their music or wrote in a style that sounded like the folk music of their country. This trend was called nationalism and was most common in England, France, the United States, Russia, and the countries of Eastern Europe.

Titles such as Slavonic Dances, Romanian Dances, and Hungarian Dances were often written for orchestra as well as descriptive pieces about native folk heroes, or about national landscapes such as The Moldau. Often symphonies even had a descriptive title added, such as Tchaikovsky’s Symphony No. 2 also called “The Little Russian.” This very personal compositional style continued into the mid-20th century and produced many delightful and important works.

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Vocabulary composernationalism

Trepak from The Nutcracker (1892)Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840-1893)About the ComposerPeter Ilyich Tchaikovsky was born in Russia into a well-to-do middle-class family. Although he showed much interest in music at an early age, he excelled mostly in things other than music. By six, he could read French and German and by seven he was writing verses in French. Even though he was very sensitive to music and took piano lessons at the age of seven, his father discouraged his musical studies because he didn’t think music was a fit career. Tchaikovsky became a law clerk instead. Not until he was 21 did he begin to study music seriously at the St. Petersburg Conservatory (music school). From this point on, he devoted himself to composition.Tchaikovsky is considered a Russian nationalistic composer who still observed the traditional rules of Austrian and German classical styles, while also quoting a lot of Russian folk songs in his works. His music is very melodic and emotional. Tchaikovsky is probably best known for his ballets – The Nutcracker, Sleeping Beauty, Romeo and Juliet, and Swan Lake. It is said that The Nutcracker Suite has gotten more people interested in classical music than any music in history. Nutcracker is one of the most recorded works ever. Other significant works include the 1812 Overture, Piano Concerto No. 1 and six symphonies.

About the Music“Trepak” is a Russian Cossack dance that is part of the famous Nutcracker Ballet and is one of the most recognizable pieces from

that ballet. Tchaikovsky borrowed the tunes of several well-known Russian folk dances and combined them into this exciting music. Once this music gets started it just

keeps going and there is no chance for the dancers to take a breather until the dance is over! ♪Listen to CD Track 3.

As you ♪listen to the “Trepak” on CD Track 4, make a list of adjectives that describe this music.

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Vocabulary balletfolk songscossack

L’Arlésienne Suite: Overture and Farandole (1872)Georges Bizet (1838-1875)About the ComposerGeorges Bizet was born in Paris, France. His parents were both musical. His father was a voice teacher and his mother was a talented pianist. So it is not surprising that Bizet was a musical child prodigy. Although his first love was music, Bizet also loved to read. In fact he spent so much time reading that his parents hid his books so he would spend more time on his music!By the age of nine, his parents had taught him all they could and enrolled him in the Paris Conservatoire (music school), even though he was much younger than the other students. While there he won almost every possible composition prize. Although Bizet composed many works for orchestra, chorus, piano, and voice, he is primarily known for one great work, the opera Carmen. Discuss this: What is a prodigy? What would it be like to be a child prodigy? What would be the advantages and disadvantages? Can you think of any modern day prodigies?

About the Music♪ Listen to CD Track 5.L’Arlésienne Suite is actually a result of music which Bizet composed to accompany the play L’Arlésienne (The Girl from Arles) by the French writer Daudet. Meant to be performed before and in between acts of a play, this music was composed to suggest the actions or mood of the play, much like movie and TV music today. This style of music was called incidental music.

Daudet’s play was unsuccessful, but Bizet’s music received rave reviews. Since the music was so popular, Bizet decided to arrange parts of the score into an orchestral suite. The music is based on

several traditional French folk melodies from the Provençal area of France. The overture is the music that introduces the play, and the farandole includes two traditional folk

melodies, “March of the Kings,” a traditional French Christmas carol and farandole, a Provençal

dance.

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♪ Listen to the Overture on CD Track 6 which is the “March of the Kings” melody. There’s no singing by Maestro Gittleman here! What family of instruments plays the melody?

Now ♪listen to the variations of this melody on CD Tracks 7, 8, 9, 10. Use the chart below to compare these variations. Which ones have some common elements?

Hint: Listen for what instruments are playing, tempo (speed) of the music, the dynamics (how loud and soft it is), and the mood.

Var 1 Var 2 Var 3 Var 4Instrument familyTempoDynamicsMood

♪Listen to the Farandole on CD Track 11. Sound familiar? In this section of the suite, Bizet alternates between “The March of the Kings” melody and the Farandole dance melody. ♪ Listen to the Farandole on CD Track 12. How is the Farandole different from the March melody? Can you imagine putting these two melodies together? ♪Listen to CD Track 13, where Bizet does just that!

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Vocabularyprodigysuite tempo dynamics

Fantasia on “Greensleeves” (1934)Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872-1958)About the Composer

Ralph (pronounced “Rafe,” rhymes with “safe") Vaughan Williams was born in Gloucestershire, England, but spent most of his life in London, which he considered his home. Although he came from a family of successful lawyers, he was encouraged to study music as a child. He learned to play violin, piano, and organ and eventually became interested in composing. His first efforts at composition were not very successful, so he traveled to Berlin and Paris to study. During this time away from home, he developed his own musical style through his native folk music. In 1903, he joined the English Folk Music Society and went out into the countryside to collect folk songs from the

people living there. He collected over 800 English songs! Vaughan Williams never forgot that music is for the people and was willing to write for all occasions. “Every composer cannot expect to have a world-wide message, but he may reasonably expect to have a special message for his own people.” Ralph Vaughan Williams was a composer, teacher, writer, and conductor. He was the most important English composer of his generation and a key figure in the revival of English music.About the Music

♪Listen to CD Track 14.Fantasia on ”Greensleeves” is very different from the L’Arlésienne Suite by Bizet. This work is written for string orchestra, harp and flute. Some of your students may recognize this as the melody to the Christmas carol “What Child is This?” This melody

originally was an old English love song about a girl named Greensleeves. The music is calm and peaceful and is in a clear ABA form.

♪Listen to CD Track 15. What instruments do you hear? ♪Listen to the “Greensleeves” melody on CD Track 16. What family of

instruments plays the melody? This is the A section.♪Listen to the B section on CD Track 17. Does the mood of the music change in this new section?

Do This: Many pieces of music are written in ABA form. Create your own ABA sound piece using found sounds in your classroom.

Look for ABA patterns in your classroom or school. Arrange persons or objects in your classroom in ABA form.

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Hungarian Dance No. 6Johannes Brahms (1833 – 1897) About the ComposerJohannes Brahms was born in Hamburg, Germany. His father was a musician, but he didn’t earn much money so Brahms spent his childhood in the slums of Hamburg. Sometimes he played the piano in theaters, dance halls, and inns to help support his family. Later he toured as an accompanist, playing the piano for a Hungarian violinist. It was that music and the gypsy bands that he heard when touring Hungary that inspired him to write a series of Hungarian Dances. He wrote a total of 21 and they were all very popular with audiences.Brahms wrote many different kinds of music –

symphonies, pieces for piano and other solo instruments, and pieces for chorus. In fact he became so famous and his music was so good that many people compared him to the great Beethoven. He is now considered one of the three B’s – Bach, Beethoven, and Brahms- of classical music. About the Music♪Listen to CD Tracks 18 and 19. How would you describe the tempo of the music in this excerpt?This lively dance will be demonstrated on the day of the concert by the Dayton Hungarian Festival Club Dancers.

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Romanian Folk Dances (1915)Béla Bartók (1881-1945)

About the ComposerBéla Bartók was born on March 25, 1881 in Nagyszentmiklos, Hungary. When Hungary entered the Soviet Union, Nagyszentmiklos became Sinnicolau Mare, Romania.Bartók’s father was the director of an agricultural school, and an amateur musician who founded a music club in the town, so Béla grew up surrounded by music. He created his first compositions at nine years of age. A composer, ethnomusicologist, and pianist, Bartók is recognized as the greatest composer of his country. Working in conjunction with his friend, Zoltan Kodály, Bartók was responsible for creating an interest in Hungarian folk music. Like Vaughan Williams who traveled the English countryside, Bartók traveled over much of Hungary and Romania recording the music of the people and then wrote much of his music in the style of that traditional music. At the same time he was able to blend this folk music style into traditional classical music styles of writing, just as Tchaikovsky did.Because of this unique blend of folk and art music, Bartók’s compositions show national spirit, while building a foundation for 20th century Western music. Béla Bartók left Hungary in 1940, and came to the United States, where he spent the remaining years of his life. He was employed by Columbia University where he worked on a collection of folk songs and continued composing. Within a few years after his death, Bartók was among the most played of all modern composers. Think About This: What do Béla Bartók and Vaughan Williams have in common?About the MusicThe Romanian Folk Dances is a suite of seven dances reflecting Bartók’s interest in the spirit of his native music. The first three dances are rather quiet and delicate sounding and the final four are full of energy. ♪ Listen to CD Track 20.

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Vocabularyethnomusicologist

“The Moldau” from My FatherlandBedřich Smetana (1824-1884)

Bedřich Smetana was born in Bohemia which used to be part of Czechoslovakia. Today Czechoslovakia is called the Czech Republic.

Smetana’s father loved music and played the violin, so he gave Bedřich lessons when he was very young. His father soon discovered that Smetana was a child prodigy. By the time he was five years old he was playing in a concert as part of a string quartet, and at six years of age was playing the piano in public. He started composing his own music when he was only eight. All of Smetana’s musical abilities seemed to just come naturally. Smetana loved the music of his native country, Czechoslovakia, and used many Czech folk tunes in his compositions. He became known as the “father of Czechoslovakian art music.” Other composers of his time were also using music from their native countries in their compositions.

About the Music

“The Moldau” is a tone poem which musically describes the beauty of Smetana’s native Bohemia. It is a musical journey along the Moldau River in Czechoslovakia. The main melody is heard throughout this work, but changes according to the mood of the music; in the background there is almost always the sound of the river flowing along. ♪Listen to CD Track 21.

The music describes several different scenes along the river.

1. Two small streams join to become the Moldau. The first stream is represented by the flutes and the second stream by the clarinets. ♪Listen for when the music tells you that the two streams have become one larger river. How does the music change?

2. The river passes a forest and we hear the French horns lead an exciting hunt. The

music fades away as the river passes the hunt.

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Vocabularytone poem

Think About This: What do Bizet and Smetana have in common?

3. The next scene is a lively wedding dance. What family of instruments do you hear playing the melody?

4. Night comes and the river sparkles in the moonlight while water fairies dance

in the night. Strings play the melody. What family of instruments creates the sounds of the rippling water?

5. The St. John’s Rapids create unsettled waters. The pounding of the water is pictured by the brass and woodwinds. The river continues to flow past the city of Prague before it flows out to the sea.

More geography: Locate Prague, Czech Republic on a world map. Find the Moldau (labeled Vltava on the map). What river does the Moldau become part of?

Try This: Check out a recording of “The Moldau” from your local library. Listen to the entire piece and follow the listening map above.

Create This: Create a visual listening map. Illustrate the various scenes musically described in “The Moldau.” Follow your visual map as you listen to the music.

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GlossaryBallet – a theatrical dance usually with costumes and scenery

Composer – a person who writes music

Conductor – a person who directs an orchestra

Cossack – a Russian horseman who often served as cavalry in the Russian army

Dynamics – the loudness or softness of music

Ethnomusicologist – a person who studies music of various cultures

Folk songs – melodies that are unique to a certain country and which may or may not have been written down

Nationalism – a style of music in which composers use their native folk songs and/or write music to sound like music from a particular country

Orchestra – a large musical performing group made up of instruments in four different families: strings, woodwinds, brass, and percussion

Prodigy – a young person who exhibits exceptional talent at an early age with little or no formal training

Suite – a series of music pieces composed around a central idea

Tempo – the speed of music

Tone poem - instrumental music that is written to express a certain idea or tell a story without words

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Music and GeographyComposers and Their Countries

Use a classroom globe or map to complete the chart and answer the questions on the following page.

Composer BirthplaceJohannes Brahms GermanyRalph Vaughan Williams England (United Kingdom)Georges Bizet FranceBéla Bartók HungaryBedřich Smetana Czech RepublicPeter Ilyich Tchaikovsky Russia

Which composers were born in Europe?

1. ___________________ 2. ________________________

3. ____________________ 4. ________________________

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5. _________________

Which composer was born in Asia? _____________________________

Béla Bartók was born in an area of Hungary, which later became part of Romania. Locate both countries on the map.

Which continents are shown on the map?

1. ___________________ 2. ________________________

Which direction would Dvořák have to travel to visit Georges Bizet? __________

Which direction would Bedřich Smetana travel to visit Ralph Vaughan Williams?

_________

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Music and Citizenship

Refer to the chart on the “Music and Geography” page.

What is the capital of each country?Czech Republic _____________England ______________France _____________Germany ______________Hungary ______________Russia ______________

Research the customs, native foods, arts and crafts, and native costumes of each of the countries represented by composers on this concert.

Compare and contrast these various characteristics.

Have any of their customs, food, arts or music become a part of American culture?

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Use Your Math Skills

Composer Birth and Death Dates Years LivedJohannes Brahms 1833-1897Ralph Vaughan Williams 1872-1958Georges Bizet 1838-1875Bedřich Smetana 1824-1884Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky 1840-1893Béla Bartók 1881-1945

Complete the chart above. How many years did each composer live?Using the information given in the chart above, calculate:

Which composer lived the longest? _______________________Which composer had the shortest life? _______________________How many composers lived in the 20th century? ___________________

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Music and Language Arts

After the concert, write a short paragraph about the composition that you enjoyed the most. Describe why you liked it and how it made you feel.

Send a thank-you note to Mr. Gittleman and the musicians of the Dayton Philharmonic Orchestra thanking them for all the practice that went into preparing the concert for you. Let them know what you liked about your experience.

Write a five-line poem according to the following format:Write Line 1 = 1 wordA poem, Line 2 = 2 wordsA musical memory, Line 3 = 3 wordsIn fifteen words, Remember: Line 4 – 4 wordsAdd a word each line. Line 5 = 5 words

Poetry by the Number

__________

__________ __________

__________ __________ __________

__________ __________ __________ __________

__________ __________ __________ __________ __________

Share your paragraphs, thank-you notes, poems and other creative writing with the Dayton Philharmonic Orchestra!

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Music and HistoryTimeline

Major Events in North America, Europe, and Russia from 1835-1965

North America Europe and Russia

1824 Bedrich Smetana born 1833 Johannes Brahms born 1838 Georges Bizet born 1840 Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky born

1872 Ralph Vaughan Williams born

1881 Béla Bartók born

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1800’s

1900’s

World Events (1824-1965)

Choose five events from those listed below and place them in the appropriate place on the timeline on the previous page.1828 First chocolate bar1830 The lawn mower is invented in England1836 Alamo falls after 13-day siege1839 The first bicycle 1845 Texas and Florida become states1846 Famine in Ireland due to potato crop failure1849 California Gold Rush1865 Civil War ends slavery1869 Transcontinental railroad1876 Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone1879 Thomas Edison invents light bulbs1886 France gives America the Statue of Liberty 1894 Italian engineer Marconi builds first radio equipment1895 First motion picture1896 Henry Ford builds his first experimental car1900 Coca-Cola introduced1903 Wright brothers first flight in North Carolina1906 San Francisco, California earthquake1908 Ford builds the Model-T car1910 Boy Scouts of America incorporated1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife are assassinated in Sarajevo, beginning WW I1917 Russian Revolution begins1924 First Winter Olympic games open in France1925 Scottish inventor John Baird transmits human features by television1931 Empire State Building opens in New York City1938 Oil discovered in Saudi Arabia1941 Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor in Hawaii1943 Penicillin discovered1944 D-Day Allied invasion of Normandy, France1948 Jewish state of Israel comes into existence1951 Color TV introduced in the U.S.1954 Segregation in U.S. schools declared unconstitutional1961 First manned space flight1961 Berlin Wall constructed in Germany1964 U.S. Civil Rights Act

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Concert Audience Responsibilities

Being a member of an audience is an important responsibility. Musicians can concentrate and play their very best when appropriate concert manners are observed. Discuss the difference between attending a live symphony orchestra concert, attending a rock concert, and listening to music or watching a televisionshow at home.

Review the following concert manners: Welcome the concertmaster to the stage with

applause Welcome the conductor to the stage with applause. Sit quietly while the music is played. Remain in your seat throughout the concert. Applaud when the conductor puts down his baton at the end of each

composition.

Think about this: How do you feel when you have to perform or make a presentation in front of a group of people? Does the audience response and behavior have an effect on how well you perform?

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Available Compact Disc Recordings

Tchaikovsky: The Nutcracker: Trepak (Russian Dance); London Philharmonic, Mariss Jansons, Conductor; EMI Classics CD 93514, Track 6.

Bizet: L’Arlésienne (The Young Girl of Arles): Suite #1 Overture; and Suite #2, Farandole; London Festival Orchestra, Alfred Scholz, Conductor, Pilz CD 160205, Track 1 and Track 8.

Vaughn Williams, Ralph: Fantasia on “Greensleeves”; London Symphony Orchestra, Sir Adrian Boult, Conductor; EMI Classics CD 64022, Track 6.

Brahms: Hungarian Dance No. 6 in D Major; London Festival Orchestra, Alfred Scholz, Conductor; Pilz CD 160201, Track 6.

Smetana: The Moldau. Berlin Philharmonic, Herbert van Karajan, Conductor; Deutsche Grammophon CD 445550, Tr 1.

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Concert Listening Tips

Going to an orchestra concert takes mental energy. Here’s what you can do to be sure you get the most from your concert experience.

NOTICE! When you are seated you will be part of an audience of about 2,100 people. Some of the musicians will already be on the stage warming up. When it is time for the concert to begin, the concertmaster, who sits in the first violin chair, will stand and all the musicians will tune their instruments to a note played by the oboe. When they are ready, the conductor will enter the stage and it is appropriate for you to welcome him with applause.

CONCENTRATE! Listening to music is like going on a trip in that all parts of the trip, the exciting parts and the less exciting parts, make up the whole thing. But music is more of a challenge because you must concentrate to see and hear what is happening. Here’s what you can do to stay focused and enjoy the concert.

Don’t let people around you distract you. Let the music get inside you. Remember that the music is being played just for you!

Take time to look at each instrument as it is being played. As you watch, can you hear THAT instrument?

Musicians have conversations with their instruments. Which instruments seem to be talking back and forth to each other?

Observe how many different ways sound is produced in an orchestra.

What does the conductor do? How does he show the loud and soft, fast and slow parts of the music? What else do you notice that he does?

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It’s a workout, but if you really concentrate and are alert to everything happening on the stage, the music will speak to you and you will have a

great time!

Map Skills

Draw a circle around the Schuster Center on the above map.

Is your school to the north, south, east or west of downtown Dayton? _________

What downtown street will your bus driver or chaperone take to arrive at the Schuster Center? ______________________

Draw a circle around the downtown library. Which direction would you travel to go from the concert at the Schuster Center to the library? _________________

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Music Web Sites for Kids

American Symphony Orchestra League: Play Music http://www.playmusic.org/index.htmlAn interactive site featuring music games and interviews with young artists and contemporary composers

Baltimore Symphony Orchestra http://www.bsokids.com For kids, teachers and parents

Classical Net http://www.classical.net/music/welcome.html Find 4200 classical music files with links to 2500 more

Classics for Kids http://www.classicsforkids.com Based on the WGUC radio program Classics for Kids, this site features information about composers and pieces featured on the show.

The Dallas Symphony Orchestra http://www.dsokids.com Music is fun to learn! Dallas Symphony Orchestra Music Education Site.

From the Top http://www.fromthetop.org Explore the world of classical music by meeting other young musicians. Discover musical facts, stories, or guides to all things music-related.

The New York Philharmonic Kidzone! http://www.nyphilkids.org /main.phtml Interactive web site for kids, parents, and teachers. Music! Games! History and fun!

The San Francisco Symphony http://www.sfskids.org A music learning website for children and families

Sphinx Kids http://sphinxmusic.org This website encourages, develops and recognizes classical music talent in Black and Latino communities and among all youth.

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