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Engineering Data Book III

Appendix A

Nomenclature: A empirical constant [-] A cross-sectional area of tube [m2] AL cross-sectional area occupied by liquid-phase [m2] Aeff effective surface area of finned tube per unit length [m2/m] Afin surface area of fins per unit length [m2/m] Afo external heat transfer area of low finned tube per unit length [m2/m] AG cross sectional area occupied by vapor [m2] AGd dimensionless cross sectional area occupied by vapor [-] AL cross sectional area occupied by liquid [m2] ALd dimensionless cross sectional area occupied Ao external heat transfer area of tube bundle [m2] Ap cross-sectional area of fin [m2] ArL Archimedes number [-] Aroot root area between fins on tube per unit length [m2/m] Atotal total surface area of finned tube per unit length [m2/m] a empirical constant [-] aL thermal diffusivity of the liquid [m2/s] a0-a4 empirical constants [-] a1-a4 empirical constants [-] B empirical constant [-] BB Chisholm parameter for bubbly flow transition [-] Bc baffle cut [%] BF Chisholm parameter for spray flow transition [-] Bo boiling number [-] BS Chisholm parameter for stratified flow transition [-] BR boiling range (or temperature glide) [K] b empirical constant [-] b empirical exponent [-] b interfin spacing at the fin tips [m] b0-b4 empirical constants [-] b1-b4 empirical constants [-] C constant in DNB equation [-] C empirical constant [-] Co Shah factor [-] C1 constant in Rohsenow correlation [-] C1 constant in tube number expression [-] Cbh constant in bundle bypass expression [-] Cbp constant in bundle bypass expression [-] Csf empirical surface factor in Rohsenow correlation [-] cb fraction of tube perimeter retaining condensate [-] cL similarity factor [m-3/4] cp specific heat [J/kg K] cpG vapor specific heat [J/kg K] (cp)G vapor specific heat [J/kg K] cpL liquid specific heat [J/kg K]

Appendix A-1


(cp)L liquid specific heat [J/kg K] c1, c2 empirical parameters [-] c1-c5 empirical constants [-] Ca capillary number [m] D external tube diameter [m] D tube diameter [m] D fin tip diameter [m] D tube or cylinder diameter [m] Db diameter of baffle [m] Dctl centerline tube limit diameter of tube bundle [m] Dfo diameter over fins [m] Dfr root diameter of low finned tube [m] Dotl outer tube limit diameter of tube bundle [m] Dreq equivalent projected tube diameter of low finned tube [m] Droot root diameter of finned tube [m] Ds internal diameter of heat exchanger shell [m] Dt outside tube diameter [m] dbub bubble departure diameter [m] df internal tube diameter at base of microfins [m] di internal tube diameter [m] dmean internal tube diameter at mean height of microfins [m] di internal tube diameter [m] di,o reference internal tube diameter (= 0.01 m) [m] dp droplet detachment diameter [m] dTbub rise in bubble point temperature [K] E convection enhancement factor [-] E2 stratified flow correction factor [-] Emf microfin factor [-] Enew new convection enhancement factor [-] ERB microfin convection factor [-] e corrugation depth [m] ef fin height [m] F two-phase multiplier [-] F1(q) dimensionless exponent as function of q [-] F2(q) dimensionless exponent as function of q [-] FC area fraction occupied by tubes between baffle tips [-] Fc mixture correction factor [-] F(M) residual correction factor [-] Fnb nucleate boiling correction factor [-] FP pressure correction factor [-] FPF pressure correction factor of Gorenflo [-] FrG Froude number of vapor phase [-] FrL liquid Froude number [-] Frso Soliman liquid Froude number [-] Fpf pressure correction factor [-] FS Shah factor [-] Ftp two-phase convective multiplier [-] fpm fins per meter [m-1] Fanning friction factor [-] fI tube bank friction factor [-] fI,plain plain tube bank friction factor [-]

Appendix A-2


i interfacial friction factor [-] k friction factor of phase k (where k is either G or L) [-] L Fanning friction factor of liquid [-] oil mixture factor on pressure drop [-] Fsbp ratio of bypass area to cross flow area [-] Fw area fraction occupied by baffle window [-] G total mass velocity [kg/m2s] GaL Galileo number of liquid [-] g acceleration due to gravity [9.81 m/s2] H height of nozzle above top tube row [m] h liquid height inside channel [m] h enthalpy [J/kg] dh change in enthalpy [J/kg] hL enthalpy of saturated liquid [J/kg] hLd dimensionless liquid height inside channel [m] hLG latent heat of vaporization [J/kg]

'LGh latent heat of vaporization corrected from subcooling [J/kg]

hlatent latent heat absorbed by fluid [J/kg] hLV latent heat of vaporization [J/kg] hsensible sensible heat absorbed by fluid [J/kg] htotal total heat absorbed by fluid [J/kg] JaL Jakob number of liquid [-] JB bundle bypass correction factor [-] JC baffle cut correction factor [-] Jf laminar flow correction factor for low finned tubes [-] Jg superficial velocity (m/s) jI ideal heat transfer factor [-] JL baffle leakage correction factor [-] JR laminar flow correction factor [-] (JR)20 laminar flow correction factor at Re = 20 [-] JS unequal baffle spacing correction factor [-] J wall viscosity correction factor [-] K Taitel and Dukler parameter [-] Kp boiling factor of Danilova [-] Ka Kapitza number [-] k thermal conductivity [W/m K] kL liquid thermal conductivity [W/m K] L length [m] L length of tube [m] Lbb diametral clearance between Ds and Dotl [m] Lbi inlet baffle spacing [m] Lbc central baffle spacing [m] Lbch height of baffle cut [m] Lbo outlet baffle spacing [m] Ldev developing length [m] Lfin equivalent vertical height of fin [m] Lfh fin height [m] Lfs average fin thickness assuming rectangular profile [m] Lp width of pass partition lane [m] Lpl width of bypass lane between tubes [m]

Appendix A-3


Lpn tube pitch normal to direction of flow [m] Lpp tube pitch parallel to direction of flow [m] Lsb diametral clearance between Ds and Db [m] Lta effective tube length [m] Ltb tube-to-baffle hole diametral clearance [m] Ltp tube pitch from tube center to tube center [m] Ltp,eff effective tube pitch from tube center to tube center [m] M mass flow rate [kg/s] M molecular weight [kg/kmol] MN additional term from integration [(kg/ms)4/3] m exponent [-] m Blasius exponent [-] m fin efficiency parameter [m-1] m& mass velocity of fluid at maximum cross-section of bundle [kg/m2 s] m& total mass velocity of liquid and vapor [kg/m2 s]

bubblym& bubbly flow transition mass velocity [kg/m2s]

m& e equivalent mass velocity [kg/m2 s] Gm& mass velocity of vapor [kg/m

2s] m& high mass velocity at transition from annular to stratified-wavy flow [kg/m2 s]

Lm& mass velocity of liquid [kg/m2s]

m& low mass velocity at transition from stratified-wavy to stratified flow [kg/m2 s] minm& minimum value of mist flow transition mass velocity [kg/m

2s] m& mist mass velocity at transition from mist flow [kg/m2 s] m& ref reference mass velocity [= 500 kg/m2 s] m& strat mass velocity at transition from stratified-wavy to stratified flow [kg/m2 s]

totalm& total mass velocity of liquid plus vapor [kg/m2s]

m& w window mass velocity of fluid [kg/m2 s] m& wavy mass velocity at transition from annular to stratified-wavy flow [kg/m2 s]

) new wavy flow transition mass velocity [kg/mnew(wavym&2s]

N number of tubes passed in crossflow [-] N Shah parameter [-] N tube row number from top [-] Nb number of baffles [-] Nc total number of tube rows crossed by flow in entire heat exchanger [-] Nf number of fins per unit length of tube [fins/m] Nss number of sealing strip pairs [-] Ntcc number of tube rows crossed between baffle tips in one baffle compartment [-] Ntcw number of tube rows crossed in one baffle window [-] Ntt number of tubes [-] Ntw number of tubes in the window [-] Nu Nusselt number [-] NuL liquid Nusselt number [-] Numf microfin Nusselt number [-] NuD mean Nusselt number based on tube diameter [-] Nunb nucleate boiling Nusselt number [-] Nu liquid film Nusselt number [-] Nu,lam laminar liquid film Nusselt number [-] Nu,sub subcooled liquid film Nusselt number [-]

Appendix A-4


Nu,turb turbulent liquid film Nusselt number [-] Nustrat local Nusselt number for stratified flow [-] Nu(x) local Nusselt number [-] Nu(z) local film Nusselt number [-] n empirical exponent [-] n factor equal to 3 [-] n power law exponent [-] nf exponent on heat flux [-] nf nucleate boiling exponent [-] PG dry perimeter in contact with vapor [m] PGd dimensionless dry perimeter in contact with vapor [m] Pi perimeter of liquid-vapor interface [m] Pid dimensionless perimeter of liquid-vapor interface [m] PL wetted perimeter [m] PLd dimensionless wetted perimeter [m] Pr Prandtl number [-] PrL liquid Prandtl number [-] p exponent p pressure [N/m2] p pitch of corrugation [m] pcrit critical pressure [N/m2] pf axial fin pitch [m] pG vapor pressure [N/m2] pr reduced pressure (pr = psat/pcrit) [-] pro reference reduced pressure of Gorenflo [-] psat saturation pressure [N/m2] pwall saturation pressure at wall temperature [N/m2] pbI ideal bundle pressure drop for one baffle compartment [N/m2] pc central baffle compartment pressure drop [N/m2] pe end zone pressure drop [N/m2] ptotal bundle pressure drop [N/m2] pw window zone pressure drop [N/m2] (dp/dz)G frictional pressure gradient of the vapor [Pa/m] (dp/dz)L frictional pressure gradient of the liquid [Pa/m] (dp/dz)frict frictional pressure gradient [Pa/m] Q heat transfer rate [W] q heat flux [W/m2] qDNB heat flux at departure from nucleate boiling (critical heat flux) [W/m2] qDNB,tube heat flux at DNB of tube [W/m2] qo reference heat flux [W/m2] qONB heat flux at onset of nucleate boiling [W/m2] R fouling factor on fin [m K/W] R Chisholm parameter [-] R radius of tube [m] Rb bypass pressure drop correction factor [-] RL leakage pressure drop correction factor [-] Rp root mean surface roughness [m] Rpo reference root mean surface roughness of Gorenflo [m] Rp,o standard surface roughness (= 1.0 m) [m] RS baffle end zones pressure drop correction factor [-]

Appendix A-5


R viscosity pressure drop correction factor [-] RaL Rayleigh number [-] Re Reynolds number [-] Recrit critical film Reynolds number [-] Ree equivalent liquid Reynolds number [-] Reeq equivalent liquid Reynolds number [-] ReG local vapor Reynolds number [-] ReGo local vapor only Reynolds number [-] ReGt Reynolds number with total flow as vapor [-] ReL liquid Reynolds number for all flow as liquid [-] ReLs superficial liquid Reynolds number [-] ReLt Reynolds number with total flow as liquid [-] (ReL)film Reynolds number with total flow as liquid [-] ReRB Reynolds number [-] Reroot film Reynolds number of the condensate flowing in the root area [-] Re film Reynolds number [-] Re liquid Reynolds number of film [-] Re* modified liquid Reynolds number of film [-] Re,trans transition liquid film Reynolds number [-] Renb nucleate boiling Reynolds number [-] ReS swirl Reynolds number [-] Retp two-phase Reynolds number [-] r external radius of tube [m] ri internal tube radius [m] rlm leakage area parameter [-] ro critical nucleation radius [m] rs leakage area parameter [-] rss sealing strip parameter [-] S nucleation suppression factor S vertical pitch between centerline of tubes [m] S2 stratified flow correction factor [-] Sb bypass area [m] Sm cross-sectional flow area at centerline [m] Ssb shell-to-baffle leakage area [m] Stb tube-to-baffle leakage area [m] Sw net flow area in window [m] Swg gross flow area in window without tubes [m] Swt area in window occupied by tubes [m] Sw swirl number [-] s fin pitch [m] s specific gravity [-] T temperature [K or C] Tbub bubble point temperaure [K] Tbub bubble point temperature of mixture [K] Tcrit critical temperature of mixture [K] Tdew dew point temperature of condensable mixture [K] TDNB wall temperature at point DNB [K] TG bulk temperature of gas-vapor mixture [K] TGi interfacial temperature of gas-vapor mixture [K] TIB wall temperature at point IB [K]

Appendix A-6


TL local subcooled temperature of liquid [K] TMFB wall temperature at point MFB [K] Tman manufacturers reference temperature [C] Tsat saturation temperature [K] Tsat saturation temperature of pure refrigerant [K] Tw wall temperature [K] Twall wall temperature [C] T wall superheat [K] Tf temperature difference across film (= Tsat-Tw) [K] TI ideal wall superheat for boiling of a mixture [K] t mean thickness of fin [m] t twisted tape thickness [m] troot thickness at root of fin [m] ttip thickness at tip of fin [m] Twall wall temperature [K] Tbp boiling range or temperature glide of mixture [K] Tsat wall superheat (= Twall-Tsat) [K] U overall heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K] u velocity in x-direction [m/s] uG vapor velocity [m/s] uGs modified Baker parameter based on superficial vapor velocity [m/s] ui suction velocity at interface [m/s] uLG superficial velocity of vapor with respect to liquid [m/s] uLs modified Baker parameter based on superficial liquid velocity [m/s] uy velocity in y-direction [m/s] u free stream velocity in z-direction [m/s] v velocity in y-direction [m/s] vi velocity of interface in z-direction [m/s] We Weber number [-] WeL Weber number of liquid [-] w local oil mass fraction [kg/kg] winlet inlet oil mass fraction [kg/kg] X mass fraction of mixture in liquid phase [kg/kg] Xtt Martinelli parameter with both phases turbulent [-] x exponent in Rohsenow correlation [-] x vapor quality [-] xB vapor quality at transition to bubbly flow [-] xcrit vapor quality at location of critical heat flux [-] xF vapor quality at transition to spray flow [-] xIA vapor quality at transition from intermittent to annular flow [-] xmax vapor quality at the intersection of annular flow and mist flow transition curves [-] xmin vapor quality at minimum of mist flow transition equation [-] xS vapor quality at transition to stratified flow [-] Y ratio of vapor to liquid frictional pressure gradient [-] Y mass fraction of mixture in vapor phase [kg/kg] Y twist ratio [-] y exponent in Rohsenow correlation [-] y length [m] ZG ratio of sensible cooling duty for vapor to total condensing duty [-] z distance along y-axis [m]

Appendix A-7


z length from top [m] z length around perimeter of tube from top [m] z* dimensionless length from top [m] Greek symbols: heat transfer coefficient [W/m2K] mean film heat transfer coefficient on tube array [W/m2 K] local perimeter averaged heat transfer coefficient inside a tube [W/m2 K] b heat transfer coefficient on bottom of finned tube retaining condensate [W/m2 K] cb convective boiling heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K] eff effective condensing coefficient for condensable mixture [W/m2 K] FZ Forester-Zuber nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K] f mean film heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K] f local film condensing coefficient around non-stratified top perimeter of tube [W/m2 K] f helix angle of microfins [degrees] f(z) local film heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K] f+(z) dimensionless local film heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K] f() local film heat transfer coefficient at angle from top of tube [W/m2 K] f(x) local condensing coefficient at vapor quality x [W/m2 K] fin heat transfer coefficient on fin [W/m2 K] G turbulent heat transfer coefficient of vapor [W/m2 K] Gt forced convection heat transfer coefficient with total flow as vapor [W/m2 K] grav gravity-dominated film heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K] falling film heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K] ,dev developing region falling film heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K] ,lam laminar falling film heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K] ,lturb turbulent falling film heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K] I ideal heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K] I ideal boiling heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K] I ideal tube bank heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K] id ideal heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K] L liquid only heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K] Lt forced convection heat transfer coefficient with total flow as liquid [W/m2 K] (N) heat transfer coefficient on Nth tube [W/m2 K] (N=1) heat transfer coefficient on top tube [W/m2 K] mean mean heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K] nb nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K] mf microfin convective boiling heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K] nom nominal heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K] o reference nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficient [W/m2K] nb nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K] nb,I ideal nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficient of mixture [W/m2K] nb,o standard nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K] ref-oil flow boiling heat transfer coefficient of refrigerant-oil mixture [W/m2 K] sh shear-dominated film heat transfer coefficient ss shell-side single-phase heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K] strat mean film heat transfer coefficient around bottom of tube in stratified flow [W/m2 K]

Appendix A-8


tp two-phase flow boiling heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K] tt twisted tape two-phase flow boiling heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K] vapor vapor phase heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K] wet wetted wall heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K] (x) local perimeter averaged heat transfer coefficient inside a tube at vapor quality x [W/m2 K] angle of surface with respect to the horizontal [rad] angle around perimeter of tube with respect to top [rad] condensate retention angle from bottom of tube [rad] contact angle [deg] value used for calculation of [-] L liquid mass transfer coefficient [= 0.0003 m/s] mL mass transfer coefficient in liquid [0.0003 m/s] Baker gas-phase parameter [-] liquid film thickness [m] * nondimensional liquid film thickness [m] void fraction of vapor [-] angle from top of tube [rad] d angle at end of developing region [rad] f angle at end of stagnation flow region [rad] i angle at end of impingement region [rad] condensate flow rate per unit width of wall [kg/ms] evap liquid flow that has been evaporated when reaching the bottom of the array [kg/m s] feed liquid flow rate of liquid applied to the top of the array [kg/m s] L liquid flow rate per unit length on plate or one side of tube [kg/m s] () condensate flow rate per unit width at angle from top [kg/ms] (N) condensate flow rate (on one side) per unit length off bottom of tube N [kg/ms] bottom(N) condensate flow rate (from one side) per unit length off bottom of tube N [kg/ms] top(N) condensate flow rate (from one side) per unit length onto top of tube N [kg/ms] (z) condensate flow rate per unit width at distance z from top [kg/ms] crit critical wavelength [m] d dangerous wavelength [m] T Taylor wavelength [m] similarity variable [-] fin fin efficiency [-] surface surface efficiency [-] one-half of apex angle of a trapezoidal fin [rad] dynamic viscosity [Ns/m2] L liquid dynamic viscosity [Ns/m2] kinematic viscosity [m2/s] L liquid kinematic viscosity [m2/s] similarity variable [-] ctl centerline angle around top perimeter of tube [degrees] dry dry angle around top perimeter of tube [radians] ds baffle cut angle on shell diameter [degrees] max dry angle at xmax [radians] strat stratified angle around lower perimeter of the tube [radians] bubble point temperature rise at interface relative to bulk [K]

Appendix A-9


Appendix A-10

bp boiling range or temperature glide of a mixture [K] density [kg/m3] liquid density of refrigerant-oil mixture [kg/m3] air density of air [kg/m3] G vapor density [kg/m3] G* fictitious vapor density [kg/m3] L liquid density [kg/m3] man liquid density of oil according to manufacturer [kg/m3] oil liquid density of oil [kg/m3] ref liquid density of refrigerant [kg/m3] V vapor density [kg/m3] water density of water [kg/m3] surface tension [N/m] water surface tension of water [N/m2] i interfacial shear stress [N/m2] i* dimensionless interfacial shear stress [N/m2] i+ dimensionless interfacial shear stress [N/m2] dynamic viscosity [Ns/m2] G vapor dynamic viscosity [Ns/m2] L liquid dynamic viscosity [Ns/m2] oil dynamic viscosity of pure oil [Ns/m2] ref dynamic viscosity of pure refrigerant [Ns/m2] ref-oil dynamic viscosity of local refrigerant-oil mixture [Ns/m2] wall dynamic viscosity at wall [Ns/m2] water dynamic viscosity of water [Ns/m2] geometrical function [-] intertube spacing factor [-] Ph friction factor [-] similarity variable [-] Subscripts : fin fin G vapor L liquid
Table of ContentsChapter 1: Video Gallery of Flow Phenomena1.1 Introduction to the Video Gallery1.2 Two-Phase Flow Patterns in Horizontal Tubes1.3 Void Fraction Measurements in Horizontal Tubes1.4 Two-Phase Flow Patterns in Vertical Tubes1.5 Adiabatic Falling Films on Horizontal Tube Arrays1.6 Falling Film Condensation on Horizontal Tubes1.7 Falling Film Evaporation on Horizontal Tubes1.8 Pool Boiling on Horizontal Tubes1.9 Microchannel Two-Phase Flow Phenomena1.10 Single-Phase Flow PhenomenaChapter 2: Design Considerations for Enhanced Heat Exchangers2.1 Introduction2.2 Thermal and Economic Advantages of Heat Transfer Augmentations2.3 Thermal Design and Optimization Considerations2.4 Mechanical Design and Construction Considerations2.5 Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning System Applications2.6 Refinery and Petrochemical Plant Applications2.7 Air-Separation and Liquified Natural Gas Plant Applications2.8 Applications to Lubricating Oil Coolers2.9 Power Plant Operations2.10 Geothermal and Ocean-Thermal Power Plant Applications2.11 Applications in the Food Processing IndustriesChapter 3: Single-Phase Shell-Side Flows and Heat Transfer3.1 Introduction3.2 Stream Analysis of Flow Distribution in a Baffled Heat Exchanger3.3 Definition of Bundle and Shell Geometries3.4 Stream Analysis of Heat Transfer in a Baffled Heat Exchanger3.4.1 Baffle Cut Correction Factor (JC)3.4.2 Baffle Leakage Correction Factor (JL)3.4.3 Bundle Bypass Correction Factor (JB)3.4.4 Unequal Baffle Spacing Correction Factor (JS)3.4.5 Laminar Flow Correction Factor (JR)3.4.6 Wall Viscosity Correction Factor (J()3.4.7 Ideal Tube Bank Heat Transfer Coefficient ((I)3.5 Stream Analysis of Shell-Side Pressure Drop in a Baffled Heat Exchanger3.6 Stream Analysis Applied to Low Finned Tube Bundles3.6.1 Low Finned Tubes and Applications3.6.2 Heat Transfer and Pressure Drops with Low Finned TubesExample CalculationChapter 4: Enhanced Single-Phase Laminar Tube-Side Flows and Heat TransferChapter 5: Enhanced Single-Phase Turbulent Tube-Side Flows and Heat TransferChapter 6: Heat Transfer to Air-Cooled Heat ExchangersChapter 7: Condensation on External Surfaces7.1 Modes of Condensation7.2 Laminar Film Condensation on a Vertical Plate7.2.1 Integral Analysis of Nusselt7.2.2 Boundary Layer Analysis7.3 Influence of Interfacial Phenomena on Laminar Film Condensation7.3.1. Ripples and Waves7.3.2 Cocurrent Interfacial Vapor Shear7.3.3 Combined Effects of Gravity and Interfacial Vapor Shear7.4 Turbulent Film Condensation on a Vertical Plate without Vapor Shear7.5 Laminar Film Condensation on a Horizontal Tube7.6 Condensation on Horizontal Tube Bundles7.6.1 Tube Row Effect7.6.2 Falling Film Flow Regime Transitions on Tube Arrays7.6.3 Vapor Shear Effects on Tube Bundles7.6.4 Onset of Turbulence and Turbulent Film Heat Transfer7.7 Condensation on Low Finned Tubes and Tube Bundles7.7.1 Role of Surface Tension on Film Condensation on Low Finned Tubes7.7.2 Beatty and Katz (1948) Model of Condensation on a Single Horizontal Low Finned Tube7.7.3 Condensate Retention Models for a Horizontal Low Finned Tube7.7.4 Webb, Rudy and Kedzierski (1985) Model of Condensation on a Single Horizontal Low Finned Tube7.7.5 Other Recent Low Finned Tube Condensation Models7.7.6 Effects of Tube Row and Vapor Shear on Low Finned Tube Arrays7.7.7 Three-dimensional Enhanced Condensing Tubes7.8 Condensation with Non-Condensable GasesExample CalculationChapter 8: Condensation Inside Tubes8.1 Condensation inside Horizontal Tubes8.1.1 Flow Regimes for Condensation in Horizontal Tubes8.1.2 Condensation of Pure Vapor in a Horizontal Tube8.2 Condensation in Horizontal Microfin Tubes8.3 Condensation of Condensable Mixtures in Horizontal Tubes8.4 Condensation of Superheated Vapor8.5 Subcooling of CondensateChapter 9: Boiling Heat Transfer on External Surfaces9.1 Introduction9.2 Enhanced Boiling Surfaces9.3 Boiling on Plain Tubes9.3.1 Pool Boiling Heat Transfer9.3.2 Nucleate Pool Boiling Correlations9.3.3 Departure from Nucleate Boiling9.4 Nucleate Boiling of Mixtures9.5 Boiling on Enhanced Tubes9.5.1 Heat Transfer Mechanisms9.5.2. Enhanced Boiling Results9.6 Bundle Boiling9.7 Dryout Mechanisms on Bundle BoilingChapter 10: Boiling Heat Transfer Inside Plain Tubes10.1 Introduction10.2 Two-Phase Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Coefficient10.3 Flow Boiling inside Vertical Plain Tubes10.3.1 Chen Correlation10.3.2 Shah Correlation10.3.3 Gungor-Winterton Correlations10.3.4 Steiner-Taborek Asymptotic Model10.4 Flow Boiling inside Horizontal Plain Tubes10.4.1 Vertical Tube Methods Applied to Horizontal Tubes10.4.2 Local Flow Pattern Evaporation Model of Kattan-Thome-Favrat10.4.3 Evaporation of Mixtures10.4.4 Instructions for Implementation of Kattan-Thome-Favrat Model10.5 Heat Transfer Measurements in Horizontal Tubes10.6 Subcooled Boiling Heat TransferChapter 11: Boiling Heat Transfer Inside Enhanced Tubes11.1 Introduction11.2 Types of Enhancements and Performance Ratios11.3 Flow Boiling in Vertical Microfin Tubes11.4 Flow Boiling in Vertical Tubes with Twisted Tape Inserts11.5 Flow Boiling in Vertical Tubes with an Internal Porous Coating11.6 Flow Boiling of Pure Fluids in Enhanced Horizontal Tubes11.7 Flow Boiling of Zeotropic Mixtures in Enhanced Horizontal Tubes11.8 Flow Boiling Models for Horizontal Microfin Tubes11.9 Correlation for Horizontal Tubes with Twisted Tape InsertChapter 12: Two-Phase Flow Patterns12.1 Flow Patterns in Vertical Tubes12.2 Flow Patterns in Horizontal Tubes12.3 Older Adiabatic Flow Pattern Maps for Vertical and Horizontal Flows in Tubes12.4 Flow Pattern Map for Evaporation in Horizontal Tubes12.4.1 Example flow pattern maps for selected fluids for evaporation in horizontal tubes12.5 Flow Pattern Map for Condensation in Horizontal Tubes12.6 Flow Patterns and Map for Two-Phase Flows over Horizontal Tube BundlesExample CalculationChapter 13: Two-Phase Pressure Drops13.1 Homogeneous Flow Model Applied to Intube Flow13.2 Separated Flow Models for Flows inside Plain Tubes13.2.1 Friedel correlation13.2.2 Lockhart and Martinelli correlation13.2.3 Grnnerud correlation13.2.4 Chisholm correlation13.2.5 Bankoff correlation13.2.6 Chawla correlation13.2.7 Mller-Steinhagen and Heck correlation13.2.8 Recommended methods13.3 Two-Phase Pressure Drops in Microfin Tubes13.4 Two-Phase Pressure Drops in Corrugated Tubes13.5 Two-Phase Pressure Drops for Twisted Tape Inserts in Plain Tubes13.6 Two-Phase Pressure Drops in Shell-side Flows13.6.1 Plain tube bundles13.6.2 Low finned tube and enhanced tube bundlesExample CalculationChapter 14: Falling Film Evaporation14.1 Introduction to Falling Film Evaporation14.2 An Assessment of Advantages/Disadvantages14.3 Thermal Design Considerations14.4 Intertube Falling Film Modes14.5 Highlights of Heat Transfer Studies Prior to 199414.6 Heat Transfer Studies Since 199414.7 SummaryChapter 15: Thermodynamics of Refrigerant Mixtures and Refrigerant-Oil Mixtures15.1 Introduction15.2 Simple Principles of Phase Equilibrium15.2.1 Phase Equilibrium Diagram15.2.2 Definition of Mixture Compositions and Components15.2.3 Piston-and-Cylinder Analogy for a Binary Mixture15.2.4 Oil "Contamination" Approach15.2.5 Thermodynamic Approach to Modeling Refrigerant-Oil Mixtures15.3 Thermodynamics of Refrigerant-Oil Mixtures15.3.1. Definition of Boiling Heat Transfer Coefficient15.3.2. Bubble Point Temperatures15.3.3 Local Oil Mass Fractions15.3.4 Enthalpy Curves15.4 Liquid Specific Heats of Oils and Refrigerant-Oil Mixtures15.4.1 Liquid Specific Heat of Lubricating Oils15.4.2 Liquid Specific Heat of Refrigerant-Oil Mixtures15.5 Example of Application of Thermodynamic Approach15.6 Illustration of Physical Properties of Refrigerant-Oil Mixtures15.7 Online Measurement of Refrigerant-Oil Mass Fractions15.7.1 Previous Test Methods15.7.2 Online Density Flowmeter15.7.3 Oil Concentration Calibration Correlation15.7.4 Industrial Application of a Density FlowmeterExample CalculationChapter 16: Effects of Oil on Thermal Performance of Heat Exchangers16.1 Introduction16.2 Summary of Oil Effects on Evaporation inside Tubes16.3 Experimental Studies on Intube Flow Boiling16.4 Modeling Oil Effects on Flow Boiling Heat Transfer in Plain Tubes16.5 Modeling Oil Effects on Flow Boiling Heat Transfer in Microfin Tubes16.6 Modeling Oil Effects on Two-Phase Pressure Drops for Plain Tubes16.7 Modeling Oil Effects on Two-Phase Pressure Drops for Microfin Tubes16.8 Nucleate Pool Boiling of Refrigerant-Oil Mixtures16.9 Bundle Boiling of Refrigerant-Oil Mixtures16.10 Comments of Practical ImportanceExample CalculationAppendix AAppendix BAppendix CReferences

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