D.B.R. ARMY LISTSFor use with the De Bellis Renationis Wargames RulesBOOK3ARMIES OF THE EASTWARD COLONIAL EXPANSIONAND OF THE EUROPEAN ENLIGHTENMENT

Compiled by PHIL BARKERWARGAMES RESEARCH GROUPJANUARY 1997D.B.R. ARMY LISTSFor use with the De Bellis Renationis Wargames RulesBOOK3ARMIES OF THE EASTWARD COLONIAL EXPANSIONAND OF THE EUROPEAN ENLIGHTENMENTCompiled by PHIL BARKERAll Rights Reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission in writing from the copyright holder.(c) Wargames Research Group November 1996.The Keep, Le Marchant Barracks, London Road, Devizes, Wiltshire SN10 2ERPrinted in EnglandWARGAMES RESEARCH GROUPJANUARY 1997D.B.R ARMY LISTS BOOK3These lists are intended for use with our "De Bellis Renationis" wargames rules for Renaissance Warfare, more familiarly known as DBR. While mainly intended for competition games, they also provide a general guide to armies' troop classification, proportions and numbers for scenario games and wargames campaigns, especially when used in conjunction with more detailed sources such as the W.R.G army handbooks.They follow the general form of the DBM lists, except that, instead of the armies being arranged in chronological order, each is grouped together with its main historical opponents. It is often a criticism of competition gaming that it necessarily encourages unhistorical matches. Our army grouping should enable competition organisers to arrange that at least the first round of a "Swiss Chess" competition matches most armies with a contemporary from the same group, while still permitting enough meetings with unusual opponents to provide variety.The lists are primarily intended to produce 300 AP to 500 AP armies which closely simulate their real life prototypes, while still allowing sufficient flexibility to cover historical variations during the period and minor differences of opinion or personal preference. They are less permissive than some previous renaissance lists which did not restrict choice by year within a longer period.A list usually includes about 200 AP of compulsory troops. Unless otherwise specified, the total value of troops listed as able to be used together is normally around 600 AP, excluding naval elements, artificial defences and allied contingents; more where historical armies were unusually varied. This will usually allow the army's largest historical battle to be refought in condensed scale. If you wish to refight such battles in normal scale as a multi-player game, for instance as a public demonstration at a convention, you must multiply the listed minima and maxima by 4 for cavalry and foot and by 2 for all other troops other than pontooneers, then expect it to take much longer to complete. Where a historical army was small, its list specifies that only normal scale should be used in historical refights and quotes the maximum army size provided for.300-400 AP is a typical army size for games with 1 player on each side. Larger games really require at least 2 players on each side, ideally 1 player per command. Each army must include a commander-in-chief (C-in-C) and usually at least 1 other general, who may be a loyal subordinate or independently enough minded or so fractious as to be classed as an ally. It must also include 2 baggage elements per command, all deployed with the same command.There is also provision for much smaller games using a single command and only one general. For these, halve the cost of the general and divide all minima and maxima by 3, rounding up to the nearest whole element. A 100 AP condensed scale army is very similar to a DBA army and can be used for the same kind of quick games on a small board.ALLIED CONTINGENTSThese are specified by reference to their own list. Each such contingent must include 1 general and 2 baggage elements, loss of which affects only the contingent and not the army joined. An allied contingent's general can be his list's C-in-C or any of its other generals, but is always costed and behaves as an ally-general. Unless stated otherwise in a particular list, he commands only his own contingent and this can include only compulsory troop types. It must have at least a 1/4 of the normal minima for each such type and not exceed 1/3 of the maxima, or 1 element, whichever is greater. Unless a list specifies otherwise, only 1 allied contingent of each nationality can be used. Allied contingents must be of the same year as the army they join.NAVALNaval elements each replace a land element of the types that follow it in square brackets and disembark as that element. The AP quoted is for the naval element, the land element being paid for separately. AP spent on naval elements are wasted if they have no access to the table. Their landing troops can then still be deployed, being assumed to have disembarked before the battle. The elements allowed represent a small squadron co-operating with the army, not the main fleet.CLIMATE, AGGRESSION, TERRAIN AND ARMY SIZEThe 2nd line of each list specifies the army's home climate, its aggression factor, codes for the types of terrain feature it can choose from if the defender, and a note of any unusual army size.The terrain permitted to a defending army is based either on that of its nation's heartland or its capital or on that of a foreign base of operations. Terrain codes are:Waterway suitable for ships, such as the sea, lakes or great rivers.WWOrdinary rivers.RvHill with some or all slopes steep.H(S)Hill or lesser rise with only gentle slopes.H(G)Woods.WdOrchards or olive or palm groves.Vineyards.VSmall fields enclosed by hedges, walls or irrigation ditches.ERough going, such as moderately boggy or rocky ground or brush.RGoInland marsh not on a river.MNon-coastal sand dunes.DRoads or frequently used tracks.RdBuilt-up areas, such as villages or towns.BUAIce, if waterways and rivers can freeze solid enough to bear troops.IIf some types listed for an army are underlined, this means that they are compulsory. Even if not listed, a single patch of coastal dunes or marsh can always be used if in contact with a waterway, or a single patch of marsh if in contact with a river.Any notation of unusual army size starts with "Max". This can be followed by:N, meaning that the listed maxima will reproduce the largest historical army in normal scale, followed by the AP of the largest wargames army for which it is considered suitable. multiplied by a number, which means that at condensed scale listed maxima must be multiplied by that number to reproduce the largest reported historical army and that those maxima before multiplication will provide a 500 AP wargames army with some margin for choice.No notation means that at condensed scale the maxima will reproduce the largest historical army and that the maxima will provide a 500 AP wargames army with some margin for choice.FORTIFICATIONSAn army allowed a BUA can provide it with artificial defences. Otherwise, these can only be used if specified by the army's list. Note that the costs of defences for a BUA and the extra costs of any gateways, although not mentioned in lists, must still be paid. Defences specified as for camps must rest both ends on a table edge and contain all the army's baggage. Any AP spent on BUA defences are wasted if the terrain includes no BUA or if you are the invader. Troops which are specified by lists as to defend camps or BUA must remain within these.TROOP TYPE ABBREVIATIONSThe following abbreviations are used for troop types in these lists:Ln = Lancers. Dr = Dragoons. Art=Artillery. Shp = Ships.Pi = Pistols. Pk = Pikes. Pon=Pontooneers. Gal = Galleys.Si = Sipahis. Sh = Shot. WWg=War Wagons. Bts = Boats.LH = Light Horse. Bd = Blades. El=Elephants.Cm = Camelry. Bw = Bows. Bge=Baggage.Sk = Skirmishers.Wb = Warband.Hd = Hordes.PO=Portable obstacle.FO=Fixed obstacle.F=Fortification.ARMIES INCLUDEDARMIES OF THE EASTERN COLONIAL EXPANSION1.Portuguese Colonial.1494 AD to 1700 ADPage 52.Sebastianic Portuguese.1578 AD63.Maghrebi.1494 AD to 1700 AD74.Tuareg.1494 AD to 1700 AD85.West Sudanese.1494 AD to 1700 AD86.Tupi or Tapuya.1494 AD to 1692 AD97.West African Forest Peoples.1494 AD to 1700 AD98.East African Pagan.1494 AD to 1700 AD109.Arab.1494 AD to 1700 AD11

10.Zanj.1494 AD to 1700 AD1211.Somali.1494 AD to 1700 AD1312.Abyssinian.1494 AD to 1700 AD1413.Wadj.1494 AD to 1700 AD1514.Aiwa.1494 AD to 1504 AD1515.Funj Empire.1504 AD to 1700 AD1616.Shaiqiya.1660 AD to 1700 AD1617.Indonesian or Malay.1494 AD to 1700 AD1718.Vietnamese.1494 AD to 1700 AD1819.Siamese, Burmese, Laotian or Cambodian/Khmer. 1494 AD to 1700 AD1920.Dutch Colonial.1602 AD to 1700 AD2021.Sinhalese.1494 AD to 1700 AD2122.Polynesian or Melanesian.1494 AD to 1700 AD21ARMIES OF THE EUROPEAN ENLIGHTENMENT23.Restoration British.1661 AD to 1688 AD2224.Dutch United Provinces.1649 AD to 1688 AD2325.Scots Western Covenanter Rebel.1679 AD2426.English Monmouth Rebel.1685 AD2427.Scots Jacobite.1689 AD to 1690 AD2528.Scots Constitutional.1689 AD to 1690 AD2529.Irish Jacobite.1688 AD to 1691 AD2630.Williamite Anglo-Dutch.1688 AD to 1700 AD2731.Louis XIV French.1661 AD to 1700 AD2832.Later Spanish.1660 AD to 1700 AD2933.Braganza Portuguese.1640 AD to 1700 AD2934.Savoyard.1648 AD to 1700 AD3035.Later Venetian Colonial.1645 AD to 1700 AD3036.Later Ottoman Turk.1645 AD to 1700 AD3137.Later Imperialist.1649 AD to 1700 AD3238.Hungarian Rebel.1670 AD to 1685 AD3339.Later Bavarian.1649 AD to 1700 AD3440.Later Saxon.1649 AD to 1700 AD3441.Brandenburg-Prussia.1646 AD to 1700 AD3542.Later Minor German States.1649 AD to 1700 AD3543.Later Danish.1649 AD to 1700 AD3644.Caroline Swedish.1649 AD to 1700 AD3745.Russian Conscript.1648 AD to 1700 AD38Later Polish.1632 AD to 1700 AD39

ARMIES OF THE EASTWARD COLONIAL EXPANSION

1. PORTUGUESE COLONIAL 1494 AD - 1700 ADTropical. Ag 3 until 1600, then 1. WW, Rv, Wd, RGo, Rd, BUA.Max N500C-in-C - Ln (F) @ 31 AP or Bd (O) @ 27 AP.1Sub-generals - Bd (O) @ 27 AP or Bd (F) @ 25 AP.1-2Portuguese civilisados foot - up to 1/2 Bw (O) @ 5 AP, rest Bd (F) @ 5 AP.10-48African slave or Arab infantry - Bd (F) @ 5 AP.6-12Skirmishers - up to 1/2 Sk (O) @ 3 AP, rest (I) @ 2 AP.0-5Cannon - up to 1/2 Art (S) @ 25 AP, rest Art (O) @ 20 AP or Art (I) @ 5 AP.0-4Nao - Shp (S) @ 6 AP |Bd, Bw, Sh, Sk).0-2Caravels - Shp (F) @ 4 AP [Bd, Bw, Sh, Sk), or hulks - Shp (I) @ 3 AP [Any].0-3Fregatas, galleota, terradas or fusta - Bts (S) @ 3 AP [Bd, Bw, Sh, Sk].0-2Only in Brazil:Tupi allies - List: Tupi or Tapuya.Only in Morocco until 1660 AD:Garrison ginetes - LH () @ 5 AP.0-4Only in East Africa:East African allies - Lists: Either Zanj or East African Pagan (Zimba, Segeju, Monomotapa).Only in India and Ceylon after 1510 AD:Indian lascarins with arquebuses - Sh (1) @ 4 AP.0-8Indian allies - List: Hindu Indian (Book 2).Only in Macau or Indonesia after 1520 AD:Local Chinese - up to 1/4 crossbow or firearm Sk (O) @ 3 AP, rest Bd (I) @ 4 AP.0-12Only in Indonesia from 1520 AD to 1605 AD:Moluccan allies - List: Indonesian or Malay.Only after 1520 AD:Replace civilisados Bw (O) crossbowmen with arquebusiers - Sh (F) @ 6 AP.1/2-allOnly after 1550 AD:Replace all civilisados foot with arquebusiers - Sh (F) @ 26 AP if general, 6 AP if not.AllReplace skirmishers with musketeers - Sk (S) @ 4 AP.AnyAfrican slave powder-pot throwers - Sk (X) @ 8 AP.0-1Only after 1620 AD:Replace civilisados with degredados - Sh (I) @ 4 AP.AllReplace nao with smaller but heavier-gunned warships - Shp (O) @ 5 AP [Sh, Bd|.AllThis army provides a link between the others of this section. While Columbus was acquiring a few unprofitable islands for Spain, the Portuguese were seeking another route to the fabulous east down the west coast of Africa, establishing fortified trading stations and colonies as they went. In 1500, they discovered the optimum route to India using the prevailing winds via Morocco, Brazil, the Cape of Good Hope and East Africa, and then pushed on to reach the Moluccas in 1512, China in 1513 and Japan in 1543. After beating a combined Gujerati/Mamluk fleet at Malabar, they established settlements at Ormuz in Persia, Goa in India and Malacca in the East Indies, giving them a near monopoly of the rich eastern trade. The alternative route across the Pacific via Cape Horn found for Spain by Magellan in 1520 soon proved economically inferior. Although Philip II of Spain became ruler of Portugal in 1580, the two colonial empires remained separate. Portuguese colonial soldiers were badly paid, un-uniformed, slothful, ill-disciplined, rapacious, but very tough. Their usual tactic was a single volley followed by a wild charge and (usually) the opponents routing. However, a contemporary remarked that "just as they exceed all other nationsby the speed of their advances, so they surpass them in the celerity of their retreats". Initially armed with crossbows or a mixture of swords, halberds, boarding axes and bladed half-pikes, they were later armed almost exclusively with the arquebus, plus a few muskets. African slave troops with sword and buckler were invaluable, and the African heroine wielding a halberd at Macau in 1662 deserves a mention. Skirmishers include bandeirantes "adventurers", mamelucos "half-breeds" and natives. Initially armed with crossbows or native bows, they gradually replaced all the former and some of the latter with arquebuses. Until 1620, even the biggest nao had only relatively light guns, though many soldiers. By 1620, soldiers were mainly convict degredados and their reputation so poor that Indians, Spanish and Dutch called the Portuguese "chickens".2. SEBASTIANIC PORTUGUESE 1578 ADWarm. Ag 4. WW, Rv, H(G), Wd, O, RGo, Rd, BUA.Max 1/2N500C-in-C (Dom Sebastian) - Ln (S) @ 35 AP or Ln (F) @ 31 AP.1Sub-general (Duke d'Aviero) - Ln (S) @ 35 AP, Ln (F) @ 31 AP or LH (O) @ 25 AP.1Moorish ally-general (Mulai Mohammed) - Si (O) @ 18 AP.*1Noble cavalry - Ln (F) @ 11 AP.2-4Tangiers garrison ginetes - LH () @ 5 AP.2-4Moorish allied cavalry - Si (O) @ 8 AP or LH () @ 5 AP.1-6Portuguese aventuros - Pk (F) @ 4 AP. f4-8Tangier garrison arquebusiers - Sh (F) @ 4 . ( 4;,;2-4Portuguese conscripts - Pk (I) @ 3 AP.16-32Upgrade conscripts stiffened by gentry volunteers to - Pk (F) @ 4 . or 1/4Portuguese arquebusiers - Sh (I) @ 4 AP.2-4Spanish tercio foot: 1/2 pikemen - Pk (O) @ 4 AP, 1/2 arquebusiers - Sh (I) @ 4 AP.6-12German mercenary pikemen - Pk () @ 4 AP.8-16German arquebusiers - Sk (O) @ 3 AP or Sh (I) @ 4 AP.0-1 per 4 German PkPapal Italian mercenaries - Pk (I) or Sk (O) @ 3 AP, or Sh (I) @ 4 AP.3-6Artillery - 1/3-1/2 Art (S) @ 25 AP, rest Art () @ 20 AP.2-4War wagons - WWg () @ 10 AP.2-4Nao-Shp(S)@6 AP|Pk(I)|.0-2Caravels - Shp (F) @ 4 AP |Pk (I)f.0-3This is the army of the young Dom Sebastian of Portugal that perished at El-Ksar el-Kebir in the "Battle of the Three Kings". Sebastian's death left his uncle Philip II of Spain as heir to the Kingdom, which he seized 18 months later against minimal resistance. Sebastian's first plan was to take his army to Goa to carve out an Indian empire, but he had settled for an expedition to Morocco to dethrone Abd el-Malek, a usurper fostering Turkish corsairs, and just possibly restore Mulai Mohammed. The army was based on Tangiers. Sebastian's chivalric bent makes it likely that his entourage included men-at-arms. Aventuros were hot-blooded gentry armed with pikes who formed the centre of the front line with the Germans on their right and the Spaniards and Italians on their left. Each were winged by shot, the aventuros by veteran arquebusiers of the Tangiers garrison. In the battle, the aventuros charged faster than the Germans and Spanish to break the opposing front line, but were driven back by the second. The other Portuguese foot were mostly conscripts armed exclusively with pikes. 2 regiments formed the flanks of a hollow square with the baggage inside and were protected by columns of wagons filled with arquebusiers on each flank. The rear face was formed by 2 more regiments stiffened with volunteers, with a battalion of arquebusiers between. The noble cavalry was deployed to the left of the square and the Tangier garrison horse was to its right, supported by the few followers of Mulai Mohammed who wore red caps to distinguish them. The artillery had 1 gun at the rear of the square and the rest in front of it. Sebastian expected his ally to attract considerably more support than he did, so we have allowed a large variation in the maximum number of Moorish elements to simulate this. A Moorish general must command all and only Moors. The item marked * only applies if more than 1 element of Moors are used. Mulai drowned fleeing prematurely across a river, Sebastian found death charging into the enemy and the victor died before the end of the battle, poisoned by the commander of his Turkish troops. An army list based on a single battle is necessarily rigid and the historical army was an awkward size. Staying close to the minima will allow a historical refight in condensed scale, but maxima must be doubled for normal scale.3. MAGHREBI 1494 AD - 1700 ADTripoli: Dry. Ag 0. WW, H(G), O, M, RGo, BUA.Others: Warm. Ag 1. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, O, RGo, Rd, BUA.C-in-C - Si (O) @ 28 AP.1Sub-generals - Si (O) @ 28 AP or Wb (S) @ 25 AP.1-2Sipahis (with lances but no bows) - Si () @ 8 AP.6-34Tribal cavalry - LH () @ 5 AP.0-80Spearmen - Wb (S) @ 5 AP.20-40Skirmishers with crossbows and arquebuses - Sk () @ 3 AP.0-6Naffatun - Sk (X) @ 8 AP.0-4Corsair galleys and galliots - Gal (F) @ 3 AP |Bd (F)|.0-3Corsairs - Bd (F) @ 5 AP. 1 per GalCoastal bombards - Art (S) @ 25 AP.0-1Only before 1570 AD:Replace tribal spearmen with archers - Bw () @ 5 AP.0-12Only from 1530 AD:Upgrade skirmishers with long accurate firearms - Sk (S) @ 4 AP.AllSakers and/or culverins - Art (O) @ 20 AP or Art (I) @ 5 AP.0-4Only if Morocco from 1570 AD to 1602 AD:Mounted arquebusiers - LH (1) @ 4 AP.0-1 per 4 SiReplace spearmen with Morisco and other arquebusiers - Sh (I) @ 4 AP.8-25Only if Morocco in 1578 AD:Reclassify C-in-C in litter with escort of peiks, solaks and halberdiers - WWg (I) @ 23 AP.1Reclassify sub-general as - LH () @ 25 AP.0-1Only if Tripoli:Bedouin scouts - Cm (F) @ 6 AP.0-3Bedouin warriors - Cm () @ 6 AP.0-9Only if Algeria until 1552 AD:Italian and other renegades - Bw (O) crossbowmen @ 5 AP or Sh (I) @ 4 AP.0-14Only if Algeria from 1519 AD to 1540 AD and 1543 AD to 1551 AD or Morocco in 1610 AD: Spanish allies - List: Either Spanish Imperial (Book 1) or Low Countries Spanish (Book 1).Only from 1533 AD Algeria, 1551 AD Tripoli or 1574 AD Tunisia, or in 1545 AD if Morocco:Janissaries - Sh (F) @ 6 AP.3-8Only Tunisia:Upgrade C-in-C with mamluk bodyguard to - Si (S) @ 10 AP. ' 5 A f, ,\This covers the armies of the "Barbary States" of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Tripoli. At this time the Moroccan ports were occupied by Portuguese, Spanish and, from 1661 to 1684, English enclaves. The most typical tactic was a fierce initial cavalry charge exploited by agile infantry who easily leapt obstacles. The Moroccans were especially adept at concealing ambushes in the most unlikely places. Janissary garrisons were sent out by the Ottomans as they took control over Algeria, Tripoli and Tunisia. Moroccan armies used massed arquebusiers, some Andalusian exiles but also Christian renegades and Turks, to defeat Dom Sebastian's Portuguese army in 1578 and wreck the Songhai Empire in 1591. The many tribal cavalry present in 1578 had little effect, possibly due to lack of space. Later armies made less use of firearms. The negro "Abid" foot relied on by Morocco after 1673 were similar to previous spearmen and skirmishing gunmen. Incendiary hand grenades were effective against the English garrison of Tangiers in 1678. Corsairs were armed with swords, bucklers, bows and a few crossbows and later some firearms, including pistols, and half-pikes. Coastal bombards must be in the fortifications of a BUA on a waterway.4.TUAREG 1494 AD - 1700 ADDry. Ag 4. RGo, D, O.C-in-C - Cm (S) @ 29 AP.1Sub-generals - Cm (S) @ 29 AP.0-2Ihaggaren and Imrad camel warriors - Cm (S) @ 9 AP.15-47Camel scouts - Cm (F) @ 6 AP.0-3Imrad or mixed foot - Wb (S) @ 5 AP.0-40Replace foot with Iklan skirmishers - Sk (I) @ 2 AP or Wb (I) @ 3 AP.0-20These dreaded inhabitants of the deep Sahara desert differed from their Arab counterparts in wearing veils and having upper garments dyed with indigo in various shades. A Frenchman later wrote "To see a Tuareg war charge is to feel complete and utter fear creep through one's body. Great serried squadrons of tall blue-veiled men mounted on fast white camels crashing forward like a vast roller". Armies of 12,000 camelmen interfered in the Western Sudan. The Ihaggaren aristocrats armed with short all-iron "allarh" lance, long straight "takouba" sword and long white oryx-hide "lamt" shield raided, Imrad vassals with lance and/or javelin herded goats and camels or traded, and Iklan negro serfs with javelins cultivated and smithed. All could have arm-daggers.5.WEST SUDANESE 1494 AD - 1700 ADDry. Ag 0. Rv, H(G), either Wd or D, RGo, BUA.C-in-C - Si (S) @ 30 AP or Bd (F) @ 25 AP.1Sub-generals - Si (O) @ 28 AP, LH (O) @ 25 AP or Bd (F) @ 25 AP.1-2Yan lifida - Si (S) @ 10 AP.0-4Yan kwarbai - Up to 1/2 Si (I) @ 5 AP, rest LH () @ 5 AP.1-32Zagi - Sk (I) @ 2 AP.0-20Yam baka - Bw (I) @ 3 AP.48-80Yam lifida baka - Bw () @ 5 AP.0-4Yam assigiri - Pk (I) @ 3 AP.0-12Yam fate-fate - Bd (F) @ 5 AP.0-6Plashed wood or scrub edge - FO @ 2 AP.0-4Palisade or thorn boma/zariba to protect baggage - FO @ 2 AP.0-120-2 Tuareg allied contingents - List: Tuareg.Any except Songhai:Yam bindiga - Sh (I) @ 4 AP.0-2Only if Kanem or Bornu:Replace yam baka with yam mashi - Wb (I) @ 3 AP.3/4-allOnly if Bornu 1570 AD to 1602 AD:Tripolitanian "Turkish" mercenary arquebusiers - Sk (S) @ 4 AP or Sh (F) @ 6 AP.0-8The Western Sudan is the lightly wooded rolling grassland south of the Sahara desert. Its nations include Songhai until its destruction by Morocco in 1591, Bornu, Kanem and the Hausa states. Yan lifida, including barde bodyguard, were disciplined charging cavalry in mail and sometimes plate corslet and/or thick brightly-patterned quilts for man and horse. They were armed with Tuareg lance, sword and shield. Yan kwarbai varied between mostly unarmoured men on good horses widi long Tuareg or smaller round shields using short lances and/or javelins, and Shuwa in loin cloths riding bareback on scrubby ponies with javelins or throwing irons, few shields and sometimes spear. Zagi foot supported them and resupplied javelins. Yam baka used weak bows firing unflighted poisoned arrows. Yam lifida baka added quilts, shield and spear. Yam mashi used javelins and shield. Yam fate-fate had long sword and shield. Yam assigiri held off cavalry with long iron spears. Yam bindiga had firearms with a disproportionate effect due to noise and smoke. Black-powder muskets were later preferred to modern rifles as more bang for the buck! Rebels could lack cavalry. Generals must be cavalry if more than 1 cavalry element is used

6.TUPI OR TAPUYA 1494 AD - 1692 ADTropical. Ag 2. WW, Rv, Wd, RGo.Max N500C-in-C - Wb (O) @ 24 AP.1Sub-generals - Wb () @ 24 AP.1-3Warriors - up to 1/2 Bw (S) @ 7 AP, rest Wb () @ 4 AP.48-120Scouts - Sk (I) @ 2 AP.0-3Canoes - Bts (O) @ 2 AP [Wb, Bw, Sk].0-2Portuguese allies - List: Portuguese Colonial.Only from 1575 AD if Tupi or 1645 AD if Tapuytf:Skirmishers with javelin or bow - Sk (I) @ 2 AP.0-20Re-arm skirmishers with firearms - Sk () @ 3 AP.1/5-allCannon - Art (I) @ 5 AP.0-1The Tupi tribes whom the Portuguese found in possession of coastal Brazil were themselves relatively recent arrivals, having emigrated from inland. Europeans describe them as fighting in armies of several thousand, and as ferocious cannibals. They fought with long powerful bows and hardwood clubs, with which, after an initial barrage of arrows, they charged "like bulls". It was said that they knew no other tactics until a late 16th century English visitor taught them to lay ambushes. Their canoes each carried up to 50 men. The Tupi resisted the Portuguese until the decisive defeat of their largest tribe, the Potiguar, in 1601. They fought for the Portuguese in 1634-54, while the similar Tapuya fought against them with the Dutch. The Tupi had acquired firearms from the French by 1575. These are colourful armies with bright feathers and face paint.7.WEST AFRICAN FOREST PEOPLES 1494 AD - 1700 ADTropical. Ag 0. WW, Rv, Wd, M, RGo, Rd, BUA.C-in-C - Wb (I) @ 23 AP.1Sub-generals - Wb (I) @ 23 AP.1-2Warriors - Wb (I) @ 3 AP.50-155Scouting or skirmishing archers - Sk (I) @ 2 A P.0-6Canoes - Bts (I) @ 1 AP |Wb, Sk|.0-6Stockades - FO @ 2 AP.0-12Portuguese allies - List: Portuguese Colonial.Only after 1658 AD:Re-arm warriors with dane guns - Sk () @ 3 AP.0-1/3European renegades and their servants - Sh (S) @ 7 AP or Art (I) @ 5 AP.0-1This includes the Kingdoms of Ashanti, Yoruba, Benin, Ngola, Kongo, Dahomey from 1600, and also the cannibal Jaga who emerged from the interior to attack Kongo in 1568-73, only to be defeated by the Portuguese. Wars among these peoples were fought mainly to obtain slaves for trading with Europeans or in Dahomey for human sacrifice. The favourite tactic was an ambush from thick cover and 19th century observers thought the West Africans an excellent example of the truism that warlike instincts vary inversely as the density of the terrain. An exception lay in the determined defence of stockades until outflanked. The usual weapons were a large but light shield, javelins and a short sword. Hunting bows were used by scouts and skirmishers, who in war were allowed to use poisoned arrows. From 1658, very large numbers of cheap flintlocks "dane guns" were imported, several being exchanged by Dutch traders for a single slave. They were employed in war only for ineffectual skirmishing, with great quantities of powder being expended to produce a very few casualties. The Kingdom of Kongo had been Christian since 1490. Neither this nor its 29 European mercenaries saved it from being destroyed by the Portuguese after the battle of Ambuila in 1665. A contemporary picture shows massed ranks of spearmen flying cross-emblazoned flags and preceded by a few archers. The famous Dahomey amazons were in existence before 1734 and were then gun-armed except for scouting bow girls.8. EAST AFRICAN PAGAN 1494 AD - 1700 AD.Monomotapa:Tropical. Ag 3. Rv, H(G), Wd, RGo, M, BUA.Max Cx3Zimba or Segeju: Tropical. Ag 4. Rv, H(G), RGo, BUA.Max Cx3Dinka or Shilluk: Dry. Ag 1. Rv, H(G), RGo, M, D, BUA.Max Cx3C-in-C - Wb (O) @ 24 AP.1Sub-generals - Wb () @ 24 AP.1-2Warriors - Wb () @ 4 AP.30-150Youths with bows or javelins guarding herds or scouting - Sk (1) @ 2 AP.0-6Reclassify warriors as elders defending villages - Bw (I) @ 3 AP.0-4Dry-stone wall or boma extension to protect cattle - FO @ 2 AP.0-12Only Monomotapa:Upgrade generals to nobles - Wb (S) @ 25 AP.AllReplace warriors with vassal troops - Wb (I) @ 3 AP. ,0-1/3Re-classify sub-general as Portuguese adventurer with slaves - Sh (F) @ 16 AP. (2-b0-2Only Zimba before 1590 AD:Reclassify warriors as archers - Bw (I) @ 3 AP or Sk (I) @ 2 AP.0-1/3Portuguese allies - List: Portuguese Colonial.Only Dinka or Shilluk:Downgrade generals and warriors to - Wb (1) @ 23 AP if general, 3 AP if not.AllOnly Shilluk:Dug-out canoes - Bts (I) @ 1 AP [Wb, Sk].0-5This includes the Shona city-building Monomotapa kingdom of Zimbabwe, the Zimba and Segeju whose migration threatened the Zanj cities, and the pagan nilotic peoples of the East Sudan such as the Shilluk and Dinka who resisted the Funj Empire's expansion. Monomotapa is a Portuguese corruption of Mwene Mutapa "Great Pillager", which implies an initially aggressive stance. They had now abandoned their earlier capital (now the ruins of Great Zimbabwe), but their new cities were equally impressive stone complexes. Their nobles are described as wearing skins with tails trailing on the ground as a sign of rank and wearing swords in gold-decorated wooden scabbards on their left. Other men had spears or bows with good iron arrowheads. They were said to be "warlike men, as well as great traders". Monomotapa controlled a number of vassal states, some of which fell into the hands of Portuguese adventurers who recruited armies from them of 10-25,000 men. An adventurer sub-general can only command vassals or youths. A Monomotapan allied contingent must be commanded by an adventurer and replace all warriors with vassals. The Zimba were expanding from the rolling grasslands of the interior into the coastal plain and terrorising its inhabitants by their ferocity and cannibalism. They are described as armed with bows, poisoned arrows and fire-hardened wooden spears and carrying small wooden shields. In 1589, they were allied with by the Portuguese who used them to capture Mombasa, after which they are said to have eaten the whole population except for a few dozen who jumped into the sea to be shot by Portuguese arquebusiers or killed by sharks. They were shortly after taken in rear while attacking Malindi by the Segeju, another warlike tribe (possibly Bantu) that was moving down the coast, and destroyed. The nilotic Dinka and Shilluk each had stabbing spear, large hide shield and club, but their main weapons were javelins which they drew up in formation to throw, the rear ranks hurling throwing sticks overhead as a high-trajectory distraction. We assume that Monomotapan vassals were similar. The only modern East African people to use the bow as their standard weapon are the Kamba, who themselves ascribe this to being recent immigrants from a forest hunting environment. The Zimba may have been hunter/gardeners rather than pastoralists and needed human flesh for lack of other portable food. We suggest including most Monomotapan and Zimba archer figures as rear ranks of the warband. Modern pastoral peoples regard hunting with almost the same disdain as they do agriculture. For example, the Masai limited archery to uncircumcised youths and to the elderly if defending their village. The option to reclassify village defenders as bowmen is limited to elements initially deployed in a village. Unwalled villages should be fortified with a fence or thorn boma. Village defences can have an extension to protect the cattle herd (baggage).109. ARAB 1494 AD - 1700 ADCoastal: Dry. Ag 3 if Omani, 0 if not. WW, H(S), H(G), , , RGo, BUA. Wd if Oman. Desert: Dry. Ag 2. H(S), H(G), , E, RGo, D.Bedouin cavalry - LH () @ 5 AP.0-12Bedouin on fast camels - Cm (F) @ 6 AP.3-25Bedouin on ordinary camels - Cm () @ 6 AP.0-40Bedouin foot with sword and spear or bow, or from 1517 matchlock - Wb () @ 4 AP.0-30Bedouin skirmishers with bow - Sk (I) @ 2 AP, or crossbow - Sk () @ 3 AP.0-5Bedouin skirmishers with sling or javelin - Sk (I) @ 2 AP.0-15Only if army is entirely desert Bedouin:Bedouin C-in-C - Si (S) @ 30 AP, LH (O) @ 25 AP, or Cm (F) or (O) @ 26 AP.1Bedouin sub-general - As C-in-C.0-2Camel element including maiden in bridal dress in camel mirkab - Cm (S) @ 9 AP.*0-1Herd of riderless black camels driven before army - Cm (S) @ 9 AP.*0-1Purple banner of Ha'il and hereditary bearer - Cm (S) @ 9 AP or Si (S) @ 10 AP.*0-1Reclassify cavalry as - Si (S) @ 10 AP.**0-l/2Only if coastal state:C-in-C - Si (S) @ 30 AP, Si (I) @ 25 AP, Bw (O) @ 25 AP, or Bd (O) @ 27 AP.1Sekhan archer bodyguard - Bw () @ 25 AP.0-1Sub-general - Si (S) @ 30 AP or Si (I) @ 25 AP.0-2Bedouin ally-general - Si (S) @ 20 AP, LH (O) @ 15 AP, or Cm (F) or () @ 16 AP.0-1Household, town or askari cavalry - Si (I) @ 5 AP.2-10Askari negro slave foot with sword and sometimes spear - Bd (F) @ 5 AP.0-6Town militia, rioters or women, mainly with improvised weapons - Hd (S) @ 2 AP.0-12Mountain tribesmen with javelins or spear - Wb (I) @ 3 AP or Sk (I) @ 2 AP.0-24Dhows - Shp (I) @ 3 AP |Bd, Bw, Sk, Bge].0-6Only if Oman:Upgrade mailed household cavalry with frontal lamellar barding to - Si (S) @ 10 AP.0-2Baluchi guardsmen - Bd () @ 7 AP.1-4Omani crossbowmen - Sk () @ 3 AP.0-8Omani tribal infantry with sword and sometimes shield - Bd (F) @ 5 AP.24-48Only if Yemen:Bedouin foot led by unarmed shahidh poet exhorting and satirising - Wb (S) @ 5 AP.0-1Only if Yemen before 1517 AD:Mamluk allies - List: Mamluk (Book 1).Only if coastal from 1517 AD:Replace Omani crossbowmen with Omani guardsmen with matchlock - Sh (F) @ 6 AP.0-42-man matchlocks in fortified BUA - Art (I) @ 5 AP.0-2Bombards in fortified BUA - Art (S) @ 25 AP.0-3Re-arm Bedouin skirmishers with matchlock - Sk (S) @ 4 AP.0-4Bedouin sharpshooters riding camel and dismounting to fire - Dr () @ 7 AP. 0-1 per 3 LHOnly if Yemen from 1538 AD to 1539 AD and in 1547 AD:Portuguese mercenaries and/or allies - Sh (F) @ 6 AP.2-6Only if Oman from 1551 AD to 1554 AD:Ottoman allies - List: Ottoman Turk (Book 1).Only if Oman in 1581 AD:Corsair galleys - Gal (F) @ 3 AP [Bd (F)].0-2Corsairs - Bd (F) @ 5 AP. 1 per Gal11Only if Omani after 1650 AD:Large European-style warships - Up to 1/2 Shp (S) @ 6 AP, rest (0) @ 4 AP [Bd|./ 0-1Frigates - Shp (F) @ 4 AP [Bd].0-4Rowing vessels - Bts (S) @ 3 AP |Bd|.0-2This covers both organised coastal states of the Arabian peninsula such as Oman, the Hejaz, Asir, Hadhramaut or Yemen and the nomadic camel-herding and raiding Bedouin of the central Arabian desert, Libya, Syria, Iraq and Nubia. The towns provided cavalry and a militia graded as (S) because fanatically opposed to both Christian interlopers and to looting Bedouin who were the other main threat. Some could also count on related tribesmen or, as in Yemen, javelin-armed mountaineers. All these were joined by Bedouin, who could be sedentary or goat-pastoralists. Fast camel riders represent an elite mounted on racing camels. Other camelry have cheaper camels used mainly for transport and will look right if depicted with 1 or 2 figures of each base on foot. Firearms spread among the Bedouin of coastal states, but not those of the deep desert. Horsemen either charged or skirmished with lances, the camels they had ridden on the march now being ridden by the matchlock-men who had led the horses on foot. Other sharpshooters rode 2 on a camel, 1 dismounting to shoot. Most of the cavalry were unarmoured men on unbarded horses, but a substantial number rode horses in quilted bards and many riders of these were themselves mailed. Hejaz cavalry substituted short javelins for the lance. If more than 20 Bedouin elements are used, they must all be commanded by Bedouin generals commanding no other troops. The proportions of cavalry, camelry and foot varied widely. Only 1 element marked * can be used. Ghostly black camels were said to bear souls to paradise, making their presence disconcerting! A maidens accompanied by a group of fanatic "bridegrooms" was a common device to raise morale. The option marked ** can only be used if any other Si (S) are present. Omani foot favoured the long straight "kattara" sword and it was not their headlong rush that broke the enemy - it just got them into position to hew the enemy apart! "Dhow" is used as a generic term for lateen-rigged sailing vessels such as the bourn, baghla, sambuk, zaruk or badan. Oman captured a Portuguese 80 gun ship in 1650 and shortly after bought 2 other European-style 50 gun ships "which sailed like slugges" and 18 faster 12-32 gun ships. Boarding tactics were most favoured. Oman now matched the Portuguese at sea, so could safely intervene to support the Zanj cities. An Omani or Turkish allied contingent can include naval elements. Armies including naval elements need not include otherwise compulsory Bedouin.10. ZANJ 1494 AD - 1700 ADTropical. Ag 1. WW, Rv, WW, H(G), Wd, M, RGo, BUA.Max N500C-in-C - Bd (O) @ 27 AP.1Sub-general - Bd (O) @ 27 AP or Bd (F) @ 25 AP.0-1Swordsmen - Bd (F) @ 5 AP.24-56Javelinmen - Sk (I) @ 2 AP.0-8Archers - Bw (O) @ 5 AP. 1 -2 per 4 BdCoastal natives - Wb (I) @ 3 AP.0-36Dhows - Shp (I) @ 3 AP [Bd, Bw, Sk, Wb, BgeJ.0-40-2 neighbouring Zanj city allied contingents - List: Zanj.Portuguese allies - List: Portuguese Colonial.Only 1585 AD to 1589 AD:Corsair galleys and galliots - Gal (F) @ 3 AP |Bd (F), Art|.1-4Corsairs - Bd (F) @ 5 AP.3-4 per 4 GalDismounted ship artillery - Art (S) @ 25 AP.0-1 per 4 GalUpgrade corsair element as ally-general - Bd (F) @ 15 AP.0-1Only after 1585 AD:Matchlock-men - Sk (S) @ 4 AP.0-8Light artillery - Art (I) @ 5 AP.0-3Only after 1650 AD:Omani allies - List: Arab.12The Zanj "empire" was a loose confederation of towns which controlled the coastline of East Africa when the Portuguese arrived in 1498. These were Omani foundations, but had become largely africanised in race and language. Expansion inland was blocked by the aggressive Zimba. We postulate that town forces differed little from those of Oman except for the unsuitability of the environment for horses. The arabicised, but now Swahili-speaking, upper class would be supported by a less-arabicised native lower class and unassimilated native country people. The squadron of Mir AH Bey, a corsair claiming to be an Ottoman admiral, greatly aided the Zanj against the Portuguese in 1586 and departed replete with loot after blowing holes in the walls of Portuguese settlements. Unfortunately for himself, Mir Ali Bey made the mistake of returning in 1589 to be captured at the taking of Mombasa and shipped to Portugal in chains. Only 1 foreign allied contingent can be used. All corsairs must be in the same command.11. SOMALI 1494 AD - 1700 ADDry. Ag 3. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), RGo, BUA.Max N500C-in-C - Si (O) @ 30 AP.1Sub-general - Si () @ 30 AP.0-2Lancers - Si () @ 10 AP.4-20Turkish cavalry - Si (S) @ 10 AP.0-1Arab swordsmen - Bd (F) @ 5 AP.0-4Arab or Persian archers - Bw () @ 5 AP.0-8Hadendoa spearmen - Wb (S) @ 5 A P.0-20Danakil, Issa and similar spearmen - Wb (I) @ 3 AP.16-50Midgan and similar archers - Bw (I) @ 3 AP.16-40Javelinmen or slingers - Sk (I) @ 2 AP.0-6Dhows - Shp (1) @ 3 AP|Bd, Bw|.0-4Only Ada! under Ahmad Gran 1528 AD to 1543 AD:Turkish arquebusiers - Sk (S) @ 4 AP.0-12Bombards - Art (S) @ 25 AP.0-2This covers Islamic coastal states of the Horn of Africa (roughly equivalent to modern Somalia), such as Adal, Fatajar, Ifat, Darwara and Bali. The crucial difference from the Zanj cities was that the dryer climate here was more suitable for horses. The Sultanate of Adal was an important opponent of Abyssinia in the first half of the 16th century, especially under the Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, nicknamed "Ahmad Gran" (Ahmad the Left-Handed) 1528-1543. Turkish aid gave it the upper hand until the arrival of the Portuguese, mainly in the the form of arquebusiers from Zebid in Arabia. Although regular troops, as is implied by their description as "Turks", these do not seem to have fought in close formation and are described as giving way before Portuguese charges, then harassing their withdrawal. A small number of Turkish armoured cavalry were also used on occasion, as at Wofla in 1542. Somali cavalry were fewer but better than Abyssinian, defeating 10 times their number at Chembra Koure in 1529. They willingly charged with lances into Portuguese foot garnished with pikes, breaking into them and coming close to success. An Abyssinian account describes the Somali cavalry as "clad in cuirasses of steel", which we take as mail or Ottoman-style mail-linked plates, and the infantry as "footmen with buckler, sword and spear; others who drew the bow and shot like the children of Ephraim, others who cast stones from slings. None of these warriors had the least fear of battle, and there were among them those, who at the moment of combat, dashed forward with ardour, like a hunting dog that sees its prey." Nearly all Somali foot carried a broad-headed thrusting spear. The Hadendoa (the "fuzzy-wuzzy" of 19th century colonial wars) from Eritrea supplemented this with a long straight "kascara" sword and shield, the Danakil and Issa from around Djibouti with light javelins, shield and the "belwa" short sword, and the Midgan of the Ogaden with a long bow shooting unusually short poisoned arrows and possibly a shield. All Somali shields were dinner-plate size, conical and of hide. Those of the Danakil differed from those of other Somalis only in being almost black in colour instead of being bleached to near-white. The Turkish-supplied artillery was crewed by Indians. Ahmad Gran was reported to have been accompanied everywhere by 3 banners, 2 white with a red crescent and 1 red with a white crescent.1312. ABYSSINIAN 1494 AD - 1700 ADDry. Ag 0. Rv, H(S), H(G), RGo, Rd, BUA.Max N500C-in-C - LH (O) @ 25 AP.1Sub-generals - LH () @ 25 AP.0-2Cavalry - LH () @ 5 AP.4-48Swordsmen - Bd (F) @ 5 AP.6-8Spearmen - Wb (I) @ 3 AP.30-60Archers - Bw (I) @ 3 AP or Sk (I) @ 2 AP.4-20Skirmishing javelinmen - Sk (I) @ 2 AP.6-12Palisade, drystone wall or thorn boma - FO @ 2 AP.0-12Only until 1529 AD:Mount C-in-C on elephant - El (i) @ 36 AP.0-1Camel scouts - Cm (F) @ 6 AP.0-3Wadj subject allies - List: Wadj.Only from 1533 AD:Cannon crewed by renegade Arabs or later by Portuguese - Art (I) @ 5 AP.0-1Only from 1541 AD to 1543 AD:Portuguese ally-general - Pk (F) @ 14 AP or Ln (F) @ 21 AP.1Portuguese with half-pikes - Pk (F) @ 4 AP.0-1Portuguese arquebusiers - Sh (F) @ 6 AP.1-3Portuguese African slaves - Bd (F) @ 5 AP.1-2Only after 1543 AD:Replace spearmen with matchlock-men - Sh (F) @ 6 AP.0-1/3Only from 1636 AD:Upgrade C-in-C and cavalry to "black horse" - Si (S) @ 30 AP if C-in-C, 10 AP if not.1-4Upgrade matchlock-men with muskets and rests to - Sh () @ 6 AP.AllThis covers the armies of the Abyssinian Empire (modern Ethiopia). This was a Christian enclave constantly at war with its pagan and Islamic states neighbours and was hard pressed from 1529 until the 1541 Portuguese expedition introduced firearms and artillery. Abyssinian cavalry were mostly provided by the Shawa and Galla of the south, typically armed with a short spear and 2 or more javelins but often no shield, riding scrubby ponies with simple saddles substituting toe loops for proper stirrups. Shields were prized by those who did have them and those of men who had distinguished themselves in battle were embellished with silver or with a lion's mane. Some nobles substituted mail for a shield, but this does not alter classification. Abyssinian foot also had stabbing spear and javelins, but added a large round hide shield. Swordsmen usually had a long straight sword, sometimes wielded with both hands after discarding their shields, but some instead used the enormous sickle-shaped "shotel", intended to hook over opponents' shields. Abyssinian swordsmen were prized abroad as guardsmen until access was cut-off by Portuguese domination of the sea. The Portuguese contingent of 1541-43 consisted of 400 Portuguese, mostly aggressive arquebusiers but with some half-pikes, and 130 fighting slaves. It was accompanied by a drum and fife band and several banners including that of their king, easily enough for 1 per arquebusier element. It acquired enough horses to give the general a mixed element of Portuguese lancers and Abyssinians. All troops prefixed by "Portuguese" and any Portuguese-manned artillery must be commanded by a Portuguese ally-general who cannot control other troops. The survivors remained and took local wives, who by 1750 had given rise to a hereditary regiment of 3,000 unruly half-breed matchlock-men firing muskets from rests. The "black horse" were negro slave troops of the emperor's household whose large horses and arms were imported from Sinnar. They wore black-plumed copper helmets with a short mail vizor and hip-length mail shirts, and pushed their legs through horizontal slots in their horses' quilted barding. They had high saddles with Arab stirrups and were armed with a 14 foot lance and an axe. They were said to be capable of charging through all the cavalry of Abyssinia, not however an especially onerous task.1413. WADJ 1494 AD - 1700 ADDry. Ag 0. Rv, H(S), H(G), RGo, BUA.Max N500C-in-C - Si (O) @ 28 AP.1Sub-generals - Si (O) @ 28 AP or LH () @ 25 AP.1-2Heavy cavalry - Si () @ 8 AP.4-6Upgrade Si (O) generals and cavalry to - Si (S) @ 30 AP if general, 10 AP if not.All/0Light horse - LH () @ 5 AP.24-90Foot - Wb (I) @ 3 AP.0-100Reclassify foot as skirmishers with javelins - Sk (I) @ 2 AP.0-1/5The Wadj or Hadya were originally tributaries of the Abyssinian Empire, but apparently became independent after its temporary break-up from 1529. An Abyssinian attempt to re-establish control in 1569 was probably defeated. Most wargaming attention has previously focussed on the heavy cavalry as a stiffener for Abyssinian armies lacking that arm, but these were a tiny part of the army. They were armed with lances, mailed and rode horses which were caparisoned in antelope hide. Whether this had a protective value or was only decorative is unclear, so both are allowed. Most of the cavalry were bare-back pony riders armed with stabbing spear, javelins and possibly throwing irons, a multi-bladed cross between an axe and a boomerang. The foot's main weapon was the javelin, probably accompanied by the usual small round shield of the area and stabbing spear. Any skirmishers would most likely be shieldless youthful javelinmen.14. ALWA 1494 AD - 1504 ADDry. Ag 0. Rv, H(G), RGo, M, D, BUA.Max N500C-in-C - Si (S) @ 30 AP, Si (O) @ 28 AP or Cm (S) @ 29 AP.1Sub-generals - Si (S) @ 30 AP, Si (O) @ 28 AP or Cm (S) @ 29 AP.1-2Court cavalry - Si (S) @ 10 AP or Si () @ 8 AP.1-5Mounted warriors - 1/3 to 2/3 Cm (S) @ 9 AP, rest LH () @ 5 AP.12-24Scouting camelmen - Cm (F) @ 6 AP.0-3Archers - Bw () @ 5 AP.12-24Sword or spearmen - Wb (S) @ 5 AP.0-48Javelinmen - Sk (I) @ 2 AP.0-6Thorn boma to protect baggage - FO @ 2 AP.0-12Aiwa was the last to survive of the 3 Christian Nubian kingdoms of the East Sudan, falling in 1504 to the Funj's Abdallabi Arab precursors. The court and nobility were highly civilised and rich from trade in gold, slaves and linen cloth, but the bulk of the population were poor peasants, many living in straw huts, although some villages had houses of brick. Mounted troops used both horses and camels. Cavalry were probably provided by the court nobility and are depicted both unarmoured and armoured and wearing gold-embroidered robes. The fiercely charging camelry were described as spearmen swathed in black felt cloaks. The foot archers were renowned, but the commonest infantry arms of the area in later times were a shortish straight sword, a stabbing spear and javelins, an armament consistent with earlier Fatimid accounts and depictions.1515.FUNJ EMPIRE 1504 AD - 1700 ADDry. Ag 3. Rv, H(G), RGo, M, D, BUA.C-in-C - Si (S) @ 30 AP.1Sub-generals - Si (S) @ 30 AP.1-3Court and vassal cavalry - Si (S) @ 10 AP.10-32Nomadic horse - LH () @ 5 AP.8-16Slave foot - Sk (I) @ 2 AP.0-32Shilluk or Dinka mercenaries - Wh (I) @ 3 AP.0-16Abdallabi Bedouin allies - List: Arab.Only after 1650 AD:Cannon - Art (I) @ 5 AP.0-1Mercenary matchlock-men - Sk (S) @ 4 AP.0-1The origin of the Funj Empire is obscure, but apparently the Bedouin Arab immigrants from the north that had conquered Aiwa combined with Shilluk cattle-nomads from the south to form a black Islamic state. After this acquired a fixed capital at Sinnar sometime around 1650, it became better known as the Empire of Sinnar. The Abdallabi Arab northern component retained semi-independence under a hereditary viceroy, but it is unclear how much if any of its former Bedouin character it retained. Funj armies were not commanded by the Sultan, but by his "amin" (vizier), the Sultan's bodyguard and executioner, a slave general or a provincial ruler. Much use was made of large copper kettle drums for stiffening morale and signalling. The army's main strength lay in the armoured cavalry maintained by the Sultan and his vassal magnates. Nearly all wore mail and spiked iron or copper helmets, most rode horses in complete quilted cotton bards plus a metal chanfron and frontlet and all carried a long broad-headed lance, javelins, long sword and a round shield of elephant or giraffe hide. They had saddles with high fronts and cantles, but rode barefoot, substituting toe loops for stirrups. Royal units could be commanded by the Sultan's sons or by slave officers. Vassals could command their contingents in person, nominate a relative to do so or borrow a slave officer from the Sultan. Lighter cavalry were provided by nomads under their own tribal "qa'id", the whole being supervised by a royal officer called the "muquddam al-qawawid". The most dangerous enemies of the Funj were Abyssinia and the Turkish garrison of Egypt, but they also made large conquests among the nilotic peoples of the eastern Sudan, who then provided large numbers of slave infantry armed with javelins and light shields. These were segregated by tribal origin in separate compounds and were apparently quite content with their new career. The tougher Shilluk and Dinka peoples that avoided conquest provided mercenaries instead. Northern magnates lived in rectangular earth or stone forts with several 3 or 4 story towers, those of the south in villages surrounded by thorn hedges.16.SHAIQIYA 1660 AD - 1700 ADDry. Ag 4. Rv, H(G), RGo, M, D, BUA.Max N500C-in-C - Si (O) @ 28 AP.1Sub-generals - Si () @ 28 AP.1-2Cavalry - Si () @ 8 AP.6-24Foot - Wb (I) @ 3 AP.30-80Skirmishers - Sk (1) @ 2 AP.0-12Previously peaceful agricultural subjects of the Abdallabi part of the Funj Empire, the Shaiqiya broke away between 1660 and 1690 to form the aggressive independent states of Amri, Merowe, Kajebi and Hannek. These spent the next 130+ years fighting each other and terrorising their neighbours. The cavalry rode unbarded Dongola stallions in Abyssinian-style saddles with toe loops. They wore mail, carried shields and were armed with a sword and 4 or 5 throwing spears in the left hand. They were described as "singularly fearless in attack", "riding up to the very faces of the enemy with levity and gaiety of heart, as to a festival" and as always prefixing a fatal spear thrust with the greeting "Salaam aleikoum" (Peace be with you)! Other accounts add that they are hard drinkers, fond of dice and untruthful. The foot were also armed with spears.1617. INDONESIAN OR MALAY 1494 AD - 1700 ADTropical. Ag 1. WW, Rv, H(G), Wd, RGo, M, BUA. Moluccas only H(S), Wd.C-in-C - Wb (O) @ 24 AP.1Sub-generals - Wb () @ 24 AP.1-2Warriors - Wb () @ 4 AP.24-90Archers - Bw (I) @ 3 AP.0-24Skirmishers - Sk (I) @ 2 AP.6-16Upgrade skirmishers to blowpipe men - Sk (X) @ 8 AP.2-6Light guns - Art (I) @ 5 AP.0-4Any except Moluccan:Noble cavalry - LH () @ 5 AP.2-8Only Moluccan from 1512 AD:Arquebusiers - Sk () @ 3 AP.0-4Portuguese allies - List: Colonial Portuguese. Javanese allies - List: Indonesian or Malay.Only Malays, Sumatrans or Javanese:Upgrade warriors to - Wb (S) @ 5 AP.AllReplace archers with skirmishing matchlock-men - Sk () @ 3 AP.0-8Jong or prau mayang - Shp (I) @ 3 AP |Wb, Bw, Sk, Bge|0-4Only Malays or Sumatrans:Mount generals on elephants - El (I) @ 36 AP.2-3Elephants - El (I) @ 16 AP.0-4Replace Art (I) by heavy guns - Art (S) @ 25 AP.AnyOnly Javanese:Mount generals as - El (I) @ 36 AP or LH () @ 5 AP.AllOnly Javanese from 1678 AD:Replace warriors with charging matchlock-men - Sh (F) @ 6 AP.0-24Dutch allies - List: Dutch Colonial.Only Sumatran:Great ships- Shp (S) @ 6 AP |Wb|.0-1Any except Malays or Sumatrans:Prahu - Bts (S) @ 3AP |Wb, Sk|.0-6Scouting outriggers - Bts (F) @ 2 A P.0-2This list covers the Malay sultanate of Malacca until its end in 1511, the declining Javanese empire of Majapahit until 1513, its powerful successor Mataram, the Sumatran empire of Acheh, the Moluccas (the "Spice Islands") and the other states of Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines from 1494 until 1700. A 16th or 17th century account of a battle in 1357 between Majapahit and the west Javanese state of Sunda describes princes in howdahs on elephants, each with a standard of a distinctive colour and matching parasol, and armed with bows, spears and oblong shields; noble cavalry, including "the highest dignitary of Sunda", with spears, swords and shields; and infantry with shields, swords, throwing-spears and blowpipes (plus cannon and arquebuses, anachronistic for 1357). One contingent's noble cavalry are uniformed, in gold-embroidered yellow jackets and yellow loin cloths. Dangerous cavalry mock-combats with the throwing of blunt javelins are still practised even today in Java and a high level of skill is displayed. The infantry attacked very fiercely, "as though they were conscious of no peril", "like men who did not expect to escape with their lives"; combined with the Malay and Javanese reputation for running amok, this must justify classification as Wb (S). Foot archers are not mentioned as taking part in the 1357 battle, perhaps because they had been replaced by arquebusiers when the account was written. A 16th century Portugese account describes Javanese using "huge" bows as well as17spears, the wavy-bladed kris, scimitars, blowpipes and wooden shields large enough to protect the whole body. Javanese accounts of the same battles stress only the generals on their elephants and the amok charges of infantry with spears and krisses. The blowpipe and its poisoned darts was in limited use by nearly all the nations of the area, often in the hands of woods-dwelling aborigines. It was greatly feared and was especially dangerous to animals. A few firearms were used from the start of the period, but by 1685 the Javanese had 10,000 men with matchlocks. Finally, the noise of very large gongs and drums was relied on to encourage the troops and overawe the enemy. The Malays of Malacca are described as wearing cotton sarongs, some of the rich adding short silk coats, and long black turbans and as fighting "in bands" with bows and poisoned arrows, spears and krisses. Only the king and those to whom he gave special permission could wear yellow. The inhabitants of the Moluccas (not to be confused) were described as "swift, agile, efficient and cruel in war", as headhunters and as using prahu with up to 180 paddlers on each side. Some Christian-convert islands were given arquebuses and artillery by the Portuguese and the Moslem sultan of Gilolo captured some of these from the former between 1533 and 1550 and used them against the Portuguese and their allies. The Moluccas were so mountainous and wooded as to make horses useless, so there were none on the islands. Javanese and Portuguese allies cannot be used together.18. VIETNAMESE 1494 AD - 1700 ADTropical. Ag 1. WW, Rv, H(S), , Wd, E, M, Rd, BUA.C-in-C - El (O) @ 40 AP.1Sub-generals - El () @ 40 AP or Si () @ 28 AP.1-2Elephants - El () @ 20 AP.1-4Cavalry - Si (I) @ 5 AP.2-6Regular crossbowmen and halberdiers - 1/3-2/3 Bw (O) @ 5 AP, rest Bd (I) @ 4 AP.12-24Militia - up to 1/2 Bw (I) @ 3 AP, rest Wb (I) @ 3 AP.12-48Militia skirmishers - 1/3-1/2 Sk (O) @ 3 AP, rest Sk (I) @ 2 AP.6-24Chinese-style handgunners or arquebusiers - Sh (I) @ 4 AP.0-6Chinese-style rocket launchers or light guns - Art (I) @ 5 AP.1-3Chinese-style bombards - Art (S) @ 25 AP.0-1Dug-out boats - Bts (O) @ 2 AP |Bd, Bw, Wb, Sk|.0-4Khmer allies - List: Siamese, Burmese, Laotian or Cambodian/Khmer.Somewhat remarkably, the Vietnamese were not attacked even once by China during this period, but instead fought each other and sometimes the Khmer. The Later Le kings were deposed in 1527 by the Mac clan, who were opposed by the Nguyen and Trinh clans in the name of Le puppets. In 1592, the Mac were ejected from the capital. The Trinh then ruled the north of the country and the Nguyen ruled the south, intervening in a Khmer civil war as an excuse to occupy the Mekong delta. From 1627 to 1672 the Trinh fought the Nguyen without either side coming out on top and eventually divided the country in half with walls running from the coast to the Laotian frontier. Elephants in Cochin China (the Nguyen territories) were described as having a 2-tier fighting platform carrying a fighting crew of 14. Vietnam had long been under heavy Chinese influence and we assume that the regular foot were still armed in Chinese style with crossbows and halberds. An 18th century Chinese picture of Vietnamese coastal peasants being rounded up shows them mostly unarmed, but a few with swords. We assume that some militia would instead have spears or halberds and that the bow and crossbow were still favourite weapons. Skirmishing peasant crossbowmen sniping from cover were still being encountered in 19th and 20th century wars. Chinese-style firearms were used from before the start of the period. Large dug-out canoes continued in use for river raiding. A Portuguese colony at Faifo near Danang made little impact.1819. SIAMESE, BURMESE, LAOTIAN OR CAMBODIAN/KHMER 1494 AD - 1700 ADTropical. Ag 1. WW (except Laos), Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, E, M, RGo, Rd, BUA.Max Cx5C-in-C - El (I) @ 36 AP.1Sub-generals - El (I) @ 36 AP, or Si (I) @ 25 AP.1-2Elephants - El (I) @ 16 AP.0-6Cavalry - Si (I) @ 5 AP.2-4Swords/spearmen - 0-1/3 Bd (F) @ 5 AP, rest Wb (1) @ 3 AP; or all Wb () @ 4 AP.24-60Archers - Sk (I) @ 2 AP or Bw (I) @ 3 AP.8-24Upgrade archers to crossbowmen - Bw (O) @ 5 AP or Sk () @ 3 AP.0-8Arquebusiers - Sh (I) @ 4 AP or Sk () @ 3 AP.0-8Artillery - Art (I) @ 5 AP.0-2Grenade throwers - Sk (X) @ 8 AP.0-1Porters or levies from captured towns - Hd (O) @ 1 AP.0-6Stockade for camp - FO @ 2 AP.0-12River boats - Bts (O) @ 2 AP [Wb, Bw, Sh, Sk|.0-8Junks - Shp (I) @ 3 AP [Wb, Bw, Sk|.0-4Only if Burmese:Upgrade elephants with large crews or escorts to - El () @ 20 AP.AllOnly from 1515 AD:Upgrade elephants with crew using firearms as - El (S) @ 24 AP.AnyUpgrade foreign-built or manned artillery to - Art (S) @ 25 AP or Art () @ 20 AP.AnyPortuguese allies - List: Portuguese Colonial.Only Siamese from 1605 AD to 1632 AD:Upgrade swordsmen to Japanese guards - up to 1/2 Sh (O) @ 6 AP, rest Bd () @ 7 AP.0-8Only Siamese after 1632 AD:Moghul, Tartar and Rajput foreign horse guard - Si (S) @ 10 AP.0-1Elephants mounting 1 pdr guns - El (S) @ 24 AP.0-2The armies of these nations had grown alike through their contacts in war. Burmese, Siamese and Laotian rulers still duelled on elephants and one colourful episode of the wars was when the Siamese Queen Suriyot'ai and her daughter fell while armed and mounted on elephants in an attempt to extricate the King from danger. Traditionally, the driver sat on the elephant's neck, the warrior fought from a platform howdah with a curved-blade spear and/or javelins and his parasol-bearer clung to the rump, but in Siam, Cambodia and possibly Laos, the mass import of Japanese swords led to the warrior instead sitting on the neck where he could reach the enemy, the parasol-bearer moving to the howdah and the driver sitting on the rump, directing the elephant with a very long goad. Burmese elephants had previously been reported to have crews of 8, 10, 12 or 16, but this may have reflected 4 in the howdah and 1-4 on foot guarding each leg. They were reported in 1568 to have a howdah crew of 4 men with firearms. A general is reported still fighting in the old style in 1592. Parasols were the insignia of rank, the King's being white and officers' red. Cavalry were few and inefficient. Foot swordsmen with short sword and shield did not always form together with the spearmen with leather shields. A lesser number of men had 2-handed Japanese swords or the ph'kak. King Ekat'otsarot of Siam (1605-1620) enlisted Japanese guardsmen who revolted in 1611 and were a potent factor in civil wars until their massacre in 1632. Native foot guards seem to have been spearmen. A Siamese manual of 1518 mentions both cannon and infantry firearms, presumably introduced in the 15th century, probably from Ming China, and epic poetry describes its use by their enemies as well. The manual also illustrates a variety of elaborate deployments in depth. Cavalry and elephants are usually deployed on the flanks, but not usually in the front line and never in the same line. Feints, feigned flights and ambushes from woods are also mentioned. In one case the baggage-porters are used to give the impression of more men. In addition to porters, illustrations of baggage earlier depict ox-carts, pack elephants loaded with sacks, game carried on poles, pigs led on a string and women with harps or carrying infants. The boats each river village had to provide are described as dug-outs from a single large teak tree with 50-60 paddlers and 30 shot.1920. DUTCH COLONIAL 1602 AD - 1700 ADTropical. Ag 4. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, E, M, RGo, Rd, BUA.Max N400C-in-C - Pi (O) @ 30 AP, Pk (O) @ 24 AP or Sh (O) @ 26 AP.1Sub-generals - As above.0-2Shot - up to 1/2 arquebusiers Sh (I) @ 4 AP, rest musketeers Sh () @ 6 AP.3-24Pikemen - Pk (O) @ 4 AP.0-2 per 4 Sh (O)Field guns - Art (O) @ 20 AP or Art (I) @ 5 AP.0-1Siege artillery dismounted from warships, or fortress artillery - Art (S)@ 25 AP. 0-1Frigates - Shp (F) @ 4 AP [0-1/2 Sh, Pk or Art (S), rest Wb|.2-4Merchant ships - Shp (I) @ 3 AP [Sh, Wb, Art (I), Bge|.2-6Yachts or sloops - Bts (S) @ 3 AP [Wb].0-1Longboats - Bts () @ 2 AP [Sh, Wb|.0-3Sailors - Wb () @ 4 AP.0-1 per Shp or BtsFireships - Shp (X) @ 4 AP.0-1Only from 1622 AD:Grenade-throwers - Sk (X) @ 8 AP.0-1 per 12 Sh (O)Upgrade arquebusiers to musketeers - Sh () @ 6 AP.AllOnly WIC in Brazil from 1634 AD to 1654 AD: Tapuya allies - List: Tupi or Tapuya.Only VOC in Java or Sumatra:Kumpani Islam native auxiliaries - Sh (I) @ 4 AP.0-16Only VOC in Amboina, the Celebes, or the Moluccas:Hired head-hunters - Sk (X) @ 8 AP.0-2Only VOC in the Celebes or Moluccas:Native allies - List: Indonesian or Malay.Only VOC in Ceylon from 1638 AD:Sinhalese allies - List: Sinhalese.Only VOC in West Africa in 1648 AD:Kongo allies - List: West African Forest Peoples.Only VOC in Java from 1678 AD to 1681 AD:Javanese allies - List: Indonesian or Malay.This covers the local armies of the Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) from its founding in 1602 and its western hemisphere equivalent, the West-Indische Compagnie (WIC) from 1621. Established as a private company to trade with the Spice Islands, the VOC interpreted legitimate competition to include destroying other nations' trading posts in Africa, South America and the east, bullying local rulers with armed force into granting exclusive trading rights and then finally establishing colonies. In the process, they seized many Portuguese possessions. Soldiers and arms were provided by the Dutch state, but paid for by the VOC and WIC. The under-paid and ragged Portuguese were impressed by the dress and well-fed bodies of Dutch colonial soldiers found after battles. The Javanese were mostly impressed by their arrogance and a Captain Tack was so hated by his allies that they faked a civil war to kill him and still commemorate him with a Punch & Judy style shadow-puppet villain. The extent to which pikes were used is unclear, but they were certainly used in Java in 1685, as were grenades. There are many references to musketeers and to landing parties of musketeers and sailors. Most sailors were Dutch, but Scandinavians, Germans, English and Scots are also mentioned. Even more soldiers were foreigners, mainly German, but also Swiss, English, Scots, Irish, Danes, French, Flemings and even Japanese. Wastage was high. Dutch warships were relatively small and fast with 1 1/2 gun decks like contemporary English frigates. The large warships used at home from 1664 did not serve on distant stations. Warships were supplemented by lightly-armed merchantmen and by a few yachts and sloops of 4-6 guns.2021.SINHALESE 1494 AD - 1700 ADTropical. Ag 0. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, E, RGo, M, Rd, BUA.C-in-C on elephant - El (O) @ 40 AP.1Sub-generals - El () @ 40 AP.0-2Elephants - El () @ 20 AP.4-6Swordsmen - Bd (F) @ 5 AP.12-48Archers - Bw (I) @ 3 AP.4-18Upgrade archers with pavises as - Bw () @ 5 AP.AnyArmed camp followers - Hd (O) @ 1 AP.2-8Only 1515 AD to 1560 AD: / ,IArquebusiers - Sk (O) @ 4 AP. { - /0-6IOnly after 1560 AD:IReplace archers with musketeers - Sh (O) @ 6 AP, or Sk (S) @ 4 AP.4-18Only 1638 AD to 1658 AD:Dutch allies - List: Dutch Colonial.This covers the armies of the Buddhist and Tamil kingdoms of Ceylon (modern Sri Lanka). The Portuguese established a trading presence on the coast in 1518 and persisted in unsuccessful attempts to conquer the whole island from 1570 on. Between 1638 and 1663 the Dutch took all their coastal settlements, at first with Sinhalese co-operation, but by 1700 had not managed to impose their authority on the inland kingdom of Kandy. Sinhalese armies were generally similar to those of the Hindu states of the Indian mainland, except that there were no horses in Ceylon. However, Sinhalese elephants, although smaller than Burmese, were said to be so fierce that other elephants were afraid of them. Visitors reported that the Sinhalese used little armour, thinking it cowardly. Most shields were small. They could be round, heart-shaped or rectangular. A 15th century sculpture shows shoulder-high standing shields, possibly pavises for archers. The most common weapon was a short, heavy, slightly curved "kastane" sword. A visitor during 1583-91 contrasted the Sinhalese' skilled use of firearms "which be muskets" with the less than competent caliver-men of Indian armies. Armies of up to 100,000 are reported.22.POLYNESIAN OR MELANESIAN 1494 AD - 1700 ADTropical. Ag 1. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, RGo, M, BUA.Max N500C-in-C - Bd (F) @ 25 AP.0-1Sub-general - Bd (F) @ 25 AP.1-2Warriors - Wb (I) @ 3 AP.48-150IMaori scouts, skirmishing Polynesian slingers or Melanesian archers - Sk (I) @ 2 AP.0-12IIWar canoes - Bts (S) @ 3 AP if Maori, Bts () @ 2 AP if not |Any|.0-6Palisade or stone barricade - FO @ 2 AP.0-12Maori only:Upgrade warriors to - Bd (F) @ 5 AP.AllThis covers those peoples of the Pacific that fielded substantial armies. Polynesians include the peoples of Samoa, Tonga, Tahiti, Easter Island and Hawaii, and the Maori of New Zealand. Melanesians include the peoples of Fiji, the Solomons and the New Hebrides. Generalisation is tricky but chieftains and their picked followers typically fought with heavy wooden swords or clubs. Otherwise, Melanesians often favoured long spears and sometimes a small shield. Most Polynesians prefered javelins and clubs. Coconut fibre armour was used. A favourite weapon of the Maori was a long wooden sword, the tiaha, with a sophisticated fencing technique. Others used short greenstone mere or wooden patu. They made huge canoes called waka taua from the giant kauri pine. In Hawaii, chiefs wore feather-covered crested helmets and red and yellow feather cloaks, and sent their priests out in front to open each battle by shouting insults.21ARMIES OF THE EUROPEAN ENLIGHTENMENT23. RESTORATION BRITISH 1661 AD - 1688 ADCold. Ag 1. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, E, RGo, M, Rd, BUA.Max N500C-in-C - Pi (O) @ 30 AP or Pk (O) @ 24 AP.1Sub-generals - Pi (O) @ 30 AP or Pk () @ 24 AP.1-2Embark general on ship as - Sh (S) @ 27 AP.0-1Life Guards and Blues - Pi () @ 10 AP.*4-8Horse - Pi () @ 10 AP.1-12Guards pikemen - Pk () @ 4 AP.*6-8Other pikemen - Pk () @ 4 AP.6-24Musketeers - Sh (O) @ 6 AP.2 per Pk (O)Artillery of the train - Art () @ 20 AP.1-43-decker line-of-battle ship - Shp (S) @ 6 AP [general if Sh]. 0-1 per 4 Shp (O)2-decker line-of-battle ships - Shp () @ 5 AP [Sh or Wb|.0-4Frigates - Shp (F) @ 4 AP [Sh, Wb], or storeships - Shp (I) @ 3 AP [Bge|.0-4Landing parties - up to 1/4 marines Sh (S) @ 7 AP, rest sailors Wb () @ 4 AP.0-1 per ShpFireships - Shp (X) @ 4 AP.0-1Only from 1672 AD:Dragoons - Dr () @ 7 AP.1-6Only from 1678 AD:Horse grenadiers - Dr (S) @ 8 AP.*l-2Grenadiers - Sk (X) @ 8 AP.1 per 4 PkOnly from 1684 AD:Re-arm dragoons with firelocks as - Dr (S) @ 8 AP.AllRe-arm guards musketeers with firelocks as - Sh (S) @ 7 AP.2 per guards PkFusileers - Sh (S) @ 7 AP.0-6Only after 1685 AD:3 pdr battalion guns - Art (I) @ 5 AP.0-1 per 4 PkRaw Irish pikemen - Pk (I) @ 3 AP.0-6Raw Irish musketeers - Sh (I) @ 4 AP.2 per Pk (I)When Charles II was restored to the thrones of England and Scotland, the large Commonwealth army was disbanded, so that the standing army consisted only of the guards regiments. These increasingly had to be supplemented by lesser units raised in emergency or to garrison overseas possessions such as Tangiers. When James II acceded, he used all possible opportunities, such as the Monmouth Rebellion, to increase such units and make them permanent. Towards the end of his reign, James dismissed most of the Protestant officers and soldiers stationed in Ireland and replaced them with Irish recruits who could not be quickly assimilated, convincing many of his intention to re-catholicise England and Scotland by force. When William of Orange landed in the "Glorious Revolution" of 1688, the desertion of many senior officers paralysed James into fleeing the country, although it is quite probable that much of the army would have fought for him out of loyalty rather than inclination. Guards regiments did not serve overseas. Accordingly, minima marked * apply only if any troops so marked are used. Horse wore corslets and were armed with a pair of pistols and a sword. Horse guards added a carbine and these had spread to at least most of the other horse by 1685. Horse grenadiers were attached to guards cavalry to act as supporting dragoons. They are not reported as using grenades in action. The new grenadier companies given to all foot regiments from 1678 were still primarily grenade-throwers rather than the general purpose assault troops they later became. From 1667 onward, foot mixed a lower proportion of firelocks with their matchlocks, but this does not affect classification until the guards were entirely re-equipped with firelocks in 1684. 1/3 remained pikemen. Whether these still had helmet and corslet is disputed, but Trelawney's regiment had them in 1680, and it has been suggested that they were still standard issue until 1697. A regiment of fusileers was raised in 1685 to guard the artillery. The artillery train at Sedgemoor in 1685 was rendered immobile by the desertion of22its draught teams and only the loan of the Bishop of Bath & Wells' carriage horses enabled some guns to be brought into action. Most of the guns were 8 pdr, with a few 12, 6 and 4 pdr guns. James II later introduced light 3 pdr guns to accompany and be manned by foot regiments. In 1688, he brought over Irish troops to fight against William of Orange. Mostly naval wars were fought against the Dutch in 1664-67 and 1672-74. Warships now fought in line of battle (single element wide column). Frigates at this time were not the light warships with a single gun deck of Napoleonic times, but typically a large but narrow vessel with 1 1/2 gun decks. Most of the fleet were older 2-decker "great ships" whose tubbier build made them a better gun platform. The few 3-deckers were mainly used as flagships.24. DUTCH UNITED PROVINCES 1649 AD - 1688 AD. Cold. Ag 1. WW, Rv, Wd, M, E, Rd, BUA, I.C-in-C - Pi (O) @ 30 AP.1Sub-generals - Pi (I) @ 28 AP.1-2Horse - Pi (I) @ 8 AP.4-8Dragoons - Dr (S) @ 8 AP.1-4Pikemen - Pk () @ 4 AP.6-20Musketeers - Sh () @ 6 AP.2 per PkArtillery - up to 1/3 Art (S) @ 25 AP, rest Art (O) @ 20 AP or Art (I) @ 5 AP.0-3Frigates - Shp (F) @ 4 AP |Sh, Wb].0-4Merchant ships - Shp (I) @ 3 AP |Sh, Wb, Bge|.0-6Yachts or sloops - Bts (S) @ 3 AP |Sh, Wb|.0-1Marines and seamen - up to 1/2 Sh (O) @ 6 AP, rest Wb () @ 4 AP. 0-1 per ShpFireship - Shp (X) @ 4 AP.0-1Only from 1664 AD:Replace merchant ships with line-of-battle ships - Shp () @ 5 AP |Sh, Wb|.0-3Only from 1672 AD:Grenadiers - Sk (X) @ 8 AP.0-1 per 4 PkUpgrade foot guard musketeers with flintlocks to - Sh (S) @ 7 AP.2-6Only 1674 AD to 1678 AD:Austrian allies - List: Later Imperialist. Brandenburg allies - List: Brandenburg-Prussia.Only in England in 1688 AD:English officer and gentleman volunteers - Pi (F) @ 11 AP.0-1English horse (Duke of Albany's) - Pi () @ 10 AP.0-2English dragoons (Royals) - Dr (S) @ 8 AP.0-1This covers Dutch armies from the Peace of the Hague until William of Orange became King of England. During William's 21 year minority, the Dutch were governed by an anti-monarchist oligarchy, led by Jan de Witt, whose mercantilist policies led to the English wars of 1652-54, 1664-67 and 1672-74. These were mostly fought at sea, but some landings were made or planned, notably the English descent on Terschelling and Vlieland in 1666 and the famous Dutch raid on the Medway in 1667. A much more serious threat was the French invasion of 1672-78, which the Dutch after a disastrous start managed to partly turn round thanks to inundations and the young William's competent military leadership. Pikemen still retained corslets but the horse had lost them. Guards and artillery wore blue coats, Scots and Swiss foot and some dragoons wore red, Walloons green and the rest various shades of grey. Headgear was a broad-brimmed black hat, except for grenadiers and some dragoons who substituted fur caps. The foot, especially the foot guards, were considered by their contemporaries to be excellent troops, but not so the horse, who had reverted to distant shooting and were usually ridden over by the French. The fleet initially initially depended on 1 1/2 decker frigates supplemented by even worse-armed merchant ships, the first true battleships appearing in time for the war of 1664. Dutch ships carried more marines than English ships and these had to be landed in 1674 to support the army.2325.SCOTS WESTERN COVENANTER REBEL 1679Cold. Ag 0. Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, E, M, RGo, BUA, Rd.Max N200C-in-C - Wb (O) @ 24 AP.1Sub-generals - Wb () @ 24 AP.1-2Reclassify C-in-C or sub-general as - Pi (1) @ 28 AP.0-1Horse - Pi (I) @ 8 AP.0-2Covenanters "with sword, pike, fusil or pitchfork" - Wb () @ 4 AP.12-24Skirmishers with firearms - Sk () @ 3 AP.0-3Families and less enthusiastic supporters - Hd (O) @ 1 AP.0-12The terrorist murder of Archbishop Sharp on May 3rd brought to a head the struggle for control of the Church of Scotland between Episcopalians and Presbyterians. A small force of horse and dragoons under Claverhouse pursuing the assassins attempted to disperse a "coventicle" (armed open-air Presbyterian prayer meeting) but was blocked at Drumclog by 3 bodies of rebel horse and 4 of foot. Provoked into charging by being outshot by the dragoons, the rebel foot swept the government troops away with heavy casualties. Having failed next day to take Glasgow, the rebels were crushed on June 22nd at Bothwell Bridge by a much larger force commanded by the Duke of Monmouth.26.ENGLISH MONMOUTH REBEL 1685 ADCold. Ag 1. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, O, E, M, RGo, Rd, BUA.Max N350C-in-C - Pk (O) @ 24 AP or Pi (I) @ 28 AP.1Sub-general - Pk (O) @ 24 AP or Pi (I) @ 28 AP.0-1Sub-general - Pk () @ 24 AP.0-1Horse - Pi (I) @ 8 AP.1-7Pikemen - Pk () @ 4 AP.15-30Musketeers - Sh () @ 6 AP.10-15Scythesmen - Bd (I) @ 4 AP.5-10Clubmen - Hd (O) @ 1 AP.0-2Drakes - Art (I) @ 5 AP.0-1This covers the West Country rebellion of the Protestant Duke of Monmouth, the bastard son of Charles II, against his Catholic uncle King James II. The army's home territory is Somerset. Monmouth's ship brought veteran officers, 3 small cannon, 1,500 corslet and helmet cavalry armours of which only a small proportion were unloaded, some pistols and carbines, a supply of red coats faced with purple for Monmouth's personal "red" regiment, 500 pikes, 500 swords and probably 1,000 muskets. Other weapons had to be obtained locally. More pikes and muskets and red coats faced with yellow were captured from the militia or brought in by militia deserters. These standard weapons were supplemented by scythe blades set on short poles and by sporting firearms. The gentry that provided the cavalry no doubt brought swords, pistols and horses. The foot were typically tradesmen and artisans from the local towns, predominantly cloth workers, pious nonconformist Protestant family men of mature years. Only 11 % of them were farmers or farmworkers. Earnestness in the cause and the training immediately commenced under professional officers made them much more formidable than the pathetic throng of yokels of popular myth. A huge number of peasant "clubmen" armed only with improvised weapons were reported to have gathered at Axminster, but actually numbered only 160. The cavalry have also possibly been less than fairly treated. Although they often fled while led by Lord Grey, some of them led by his subordinate elicited the admiration of the regular cavalry they fought. A troop of 80 encountered early in the campaign all had helmets, corslets and double-barrelled carbines and pistols. While demolishing legends, it is only fair to point out the the "Bloody Assize" that followed the fatal battle of Sedgemoor according to Judge Jeffreys "was not half bloody enough for him that sent me". About 300 rebels died in the battle, 700 were slain in the pursuit and 100 were summarily hung by the army before Jeffreys arrived. Of the 1,336 he tried, 340 were actually executed and 850 transported. Half the rebels present at the battle, all of whom were certainly guilty of high treason, got away and were covered by a general pardon next year.2427.SCOTS JACOBITE 1689 AD - 1690 ADCold. Ag 1. WW, Rv, H[S), H(G), Wd, RGo, Rd, BUA.Max N250C-in-C - Pi (O) @ 30 AP, Pk (F) @ 24 AP or Wb (O) @ 24 AP.1Sub-general - Pk (F) @ 24 AP.0-1Sub-generals - Wb () @ 24 AP.0-2Cavalry - Pi () @ 10 AP.0-1Irish pikes - Pk (F) @ 4 AP.0-1Irish musketeers - Sh (F) @ 6 AP. 2 per Pk (F)Highlanders - Wb () @ 4 AP.15-50Locheil's snipers - Sk (S) @ 4 AP.0-1This covers the rebel army of John Graham of Claverhouse "Bonnie Dundee". Like the later rebel Jacobite armies of 1715 and 1745, it was raised from Catholic Highland clans and detested by the vast majority of Scots. It won a spectacular victory at Killiecrankie over a lowland Scots Whig government army reinforced with a single English regiment, but Claverhouse fell at the moment of victory. Deprived of his leadership, it failed after a bitter battle to capture Dunkeld and was defeated and dispersed at Cromdale next year. The cavalry consisted of a single troop of remnants of Claverhouse's old regular regiment, supplemented by gentleman volunteers. At Killiekrankie, it split into two parts after its initial charge, one of which Dundee was leading when he was shot. Only 1 element of Pk (F) can be used. Only the front rank of the Highlanders should be depicted with sword and targe and/or firelock. Others should be armed with Lochaber axes, spears, a very few bows, many only with long dirks. Purcell's small Irish regiment was criticised for "charging like stampeding cattle" beside the Highlanders instead of shooting, which must justify classing them as (F). At Killiecrankie, Locheil sent a small body to shoot from cottages, though they were soon driven out by government musketeers.28.SCOTS CONSTITUTIONAL 1689 AD - 1690 ADCold. Ag 1. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, E, RGo, M, Rd, BUA.Max N250C-in-C - Pi (I) @ 28 AP.1Sub-general - Sh (S) @ 27 AP.0-1Militia horse - Pi (I) @ 8 AP.1-2Musketeers - Sh () @ 6 AP.4-16Pikemen - Pk (O) @ 4 AP.1 per 2 Sh (O)Fusileers/grenadiers - Sh (S) @ 7 AP or Sk (X) @ 8 AP.0-1 per 8 Sh (O)Raw musketeers - Sh (I) @ 4 AP.0-8Raw pikemen - Pk (I) @ 3 AP.1 per 2 Sh (I)Highland independent company - Sk () @ 3 AP.0-1Leather guns - Art (I) @ 5 AP.0-1In 1689, the Scottish Parliament passed a Claim of Right asserting that, by transforming a limited constitutional monarchy into an arbitrary Catholic despotism, James II had violated the Scots constitution and "forfaultit the Croun". The small Scots regular army was insufficient to put down the revolt of James' Highland supporters and much of it including the cavalry unreliable, so the Scots brigade was recalled from Dutch service and new regiments raised. The militia horse were armed with sword and pistols. They did not get red coats until after Killiecrankie, so probably wore civilian dress. All other troops wore red coats and, except for the grenadiers, black hats. Hastings' English regiment had yellow facings and all the Scots white except for McKay's and the artillery, who were both faced red. McKay's, Ramsay's and Balfour's regiments were veterans of the Dutch service. Leven's were newly raised but well trained, but Kenmore's were extremely raw and had to be formed 6 deep instead of 3 like the other regiments. The 4 veteran regiments each had a grenadier company, and it is likely that these provided the detachment of 200 men with firelocks drawn from these regiments to act as advance and flank guard. The artillery at Killiecrankie consisted of 3 ineffective under-charged leather guns carried on pack ponies. The loyalty of the Highland company (which normally functioned as a patrolling police force) was extremely suspect, so that it was sent to hide in a wood out of the way.2529. IRISH JACOBITE 1689 AD - 1691 ADCold. Ag 1. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, E, RGo, M, Rd, BUA.C-in-C - Pi (O) @ 30 AP.1Sub-generals - Pi () @ 30 AP.1-2Horse guards - Pi () @ 10 AP.0-1Horse - Pi (F) @ 11 AP.2-8Dragoons - Dr (S) @ 8 AP.1-7Foot guard and veteran musketeers - Sh () @ 6 AP.4-8Foot guard and veteran pikemen - Pk (O) @ 4 AP. 1 per 2 Sh (O)Raw musketeers - Sh (I) @ 4 AP.20-60Raw pikemen - Pk (I) @ 3 AP. 1-2 per 2 Sh (I)Fusileers - Sh (S) @ 7 AP.0-4Grenadiers - Sk (X) @ 8 AP.0-3Sharpshooters "with long guns" - Sk (S) @ 4 AP.0-36 pdr field guns - Art () @ 20 AP.1-2Militia with half-pikes, scythes and a few firearms - Hd (O) @ 1 AP.0-20Only in 1690 AD:18 pdr and 24 pdr siege guns and mortars - Art (S) @ 25 AP.0-1French ally-general - Pi (O) @ 20 AP.*1French musketeers - Sh (F) @ 6 AP.*8-16French pikemen - Pk (F) @ 4 AP.1 per 4 Sh (F)French grenadiers - Sk (X) @ 8 AP.0-1 per 8 Sh (F)Only in 1691 AD:Regrade sub-general (Sarsfield) as - Pi (F) @ 31 AP.1Ditches - FO @ 2 AP.0-12Soldiers disbanded into rapparee guerillas - Hd (F) @ 1 AP.0-6After James II had lost the British throne in the bloodless "Glorious Revolution" of 1688, he fled to France, then moved to Ireland intending to use it as a base for recovering Britain. He was enthusiastically supported by the Catholic majority, whose different aims were Irish independence and Catholic supremacy. James had already sent the Earl of Tyrconnel in 1685 to reorganise the army in Ireland by purging it of Protestants. It refused disbandment by the new government and was now vastly expanded, the existing troops of horse guards and horse grenadiers, 3 regiments of horse, 1 of dragoons, 1 2-battalion regiment of foot guards and 4 1-battalion regiments of red-coated foot being joined by 5 new regiments of horse, 7 of dragoons and 39 of foot. Louis XIV had sent 20,000 uniforms (probably French grey/white) and 8,000 firearms by the start of 1689. 18,000 more matchlocks and 8,000 flintlocks were requested, but it is uncertain whether enough were received for the normal ratio of 2 muskets to 1 pike. Many foot are reported as clothed in local homespun and armed with half-pikes or pole-scythes. Any flintlocks mainly equipped the dragoons, with only a few going to fusileers supporting the sparse artillery or acting as special service troops. Few if any bayonets were issued. 6 battalions of French foot under the command of the Comte de Lauzun followed in 1690 in exchange for 5 Irish regiments sent to France, but returned home in September of that year after the lost battle of the Boyne. The majority of Irish foot remained unskilled until the end of the war. Only the foot guards shine in battle accounts. Whether the other old regiments kept their discipline or had been excessively diluted by the need to find instructors for new regiments is unclear. The ordinary foot were best fighting from the cover of enclosures or ditches with their pikes drawn up behind in support. In contrast, the horse's wild charges with sword and pistol were greatly feared and the dragoons were also good. The horse guards were solid troops whose corslets made them tough opponents. James was brave and hard-working, but stupid and stubborn. He commanded personally at the Boyne, but lost heart after the battle and retired to France blaming the Irish. Command then devolved to Tyrconnel and Berwick, then to 2 newcomers. The most respected by opponents was Patrick Sarsfield, described by James as "a brave fellow, but very scantily supplied with brains", and who did not co-operate well with his seniors. The better was the Marquis de St.Ruth, sent over by Louis with a staff but no troops to act as C-in-C on James' behalf. He was close to winning the final battle at Aughrim in 1691 when his death by a long range cannon ball fatally disrupted the army's command.2630. WILLIAMITE ANGLO-DUTCH 1688 AD - 1700 ADCold. Ag 4. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, E, RGo, M, Rd, BUA.C-in-C - Pi (O) @ 30 AP. , .1Sub-generals - Pi (O) @ 30 AP or Sh (S) @ 7 AP. -1-2British horse - Pi () @ 10 AP.3-6British dragoons - Dr (S) @ 8 AP.1-2British foot guards - 1/3 Pk (O) @ 4 AP, rest Sh (S) @ 1 AP.0-8British foot - 1/3 Pk (O) @ 4 AP, rest Sh () @ 6 AP.8-24British fusileers - Sh (S) @ 7 AP.0-2Huguenot horse - Pi (F) @ 11 AP.0-3Huguenot or Swedish foot - 1/3 Pk (F) @ 4 AP, rest Sh (F) @ 6 AP.0-9Dutch horse - Pi (I) @ 8 AP.1-4Dutch dragoons - Dr (S) @ 8 AP.0-2Dutch foot guards - 1/3 Pk (O) @ 4 AP, rest Sh (S) @ 7 AP.3-6Dutch foot - 1/3 Pk (O) @ 4 AP, rest Sh () @ 6 AP.6-12Danish horse - Pi (F) @ 11 AP.0-3Danish, Brandenburg or other German foot - Sh (S) @ 7 AP.0-16Grenadiers - Sk (X) @ 8 AP. 0-1 per 8 Sh3 pdr accompanying guns - Art (I) @ 5 AP.0-26-12pdrfieldguns- Art () @ 20 AP.0-418-24 pdr siege guns - Art (S) @ 25 AP.0-13-deckers - Shp (S) @ 6 AP [Sh (S), Wb|. 0-1 per 3 Shp (O)2-deckers - Shp (O) @ 5 AP [Sh (S), Wb|.0-4Frigates - Shp (F) @ 4 AP [Sh (S), Wb|, or storeships - Shp (I) @ 3 AP [Bge|.0-4Landing parties - up to 1/3 marines Sh (S) @ 7 AP, rest seamen Wb () @ 4 AP. 0-1 per ShpFireships - Shp (X) @ 4 AP.0-1Only in Ireland from 1689 AD to 1691 AD:Enneskillen horse - Pi (F) @ 11 AP.0-2Enneskillen dragoons - Dr (S) @ 8 AP.0-1Londonderry foot - 1/3 Pk (F) @ 4 AP, rest Sh (F) @ 6 AP.0-3Only from 1692 AD:Reduce all pikemen other than Swedish from 1/3 to 1/4.AllOnly from 1696 AD:Upgrade shot other than Huguenot and Swedish to - Sh (S) @ 7 AP.AllIn 1688, the English finally lost patience with the attempts of their Catholic King James 11 to subvert Parliamentary rule and the Anglican religion, and invited his Protestant Dutch son-in-law William of Orange to take the throne jointly with his wife Mary. William was keen to use British resources, much greater than those of his native Holland, to thwart the European expansionism of Louis XIV of France. He formed the "Grand Alliance" of England, the Dutch, Spain, Savoy, Brandenburg-Prussia, Saxony, Hanover, Bavaria and Sweden. Before England's full strength could be employed against Louis, it was first necessary to clear James IPs forces from Ireland. William commanded personally at the Boyne in 1689 and later on the continent at Steenkirk in 1692 and Neerwinden in 1693. The various national contingents under his command were integrated rather than fighting separately. Dutch foot had a high reputation, especially the guards, but their cavalry were considered a little dubious and too fond of distant pistol fire. Danish cavalry were excellent troops noted for their aggression, but their pike-less foot proved vulnerable to Jacobite cavalry. The Huguenot regiments were of French Protestants forced out by religious persecution 1686-87. Many had been well-trained in French service and they hated Louis XIV. They brought French methods with them and were regarded as an elite. They were kept on a separate establishment until 1699, then absorbed by the British army. Irish Protestant troops were tough and aggressive, but resistant to discipline and initially lacked uniforms. The foot of most contributing nations started with 1/3 pikemen and 2/3 musketeers, mostly with matchlocks except in guard units. The British reduction to 1/4 pikemen became official in 1694, but was already used in regiments sent to the continent. Expanded flintlock production from 1695 quickly made matchlocks obsolete.2731. LOUIS XIV FRENCH 1661 AD - 1700 ADCold. Ag 4. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, O, V, RGo, Rd, BUA.Max Cx2C-in-C - Pi () @ 30 APorPi(F)@31 AP.1Sub-generals - Pi (O) @ 30 AP or Pi (F) @ 31 AP.1-2Maison du Roi - Pi () @ 10 AP.0-4Gendarmerie de France and chevaux legers - Pi (F) @ 11 AP.5-12Dragoons - Dr (S) @ 8 AP.2-6Gardes foot musketeers - Sh () @ 6 AP.0-8Common foot musketeers - Sh (F) @ 6 AP.8-24Siege and