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Dear Students, Colleagues and Other Guests: The organizing commi ee wishes you again a warm welcome to the Annual Research Day of the Faculty of Den stry of McGill University. This year we celebrate the 10th Research Day, and I have had the pleasure to organize each and every one of them. It has been very gra fying to see each year the great oral and poster presenta ons from our graduate students, post‐doctoral fellows, research assistants and research associates. The program commi ee hopes that you will enjoy the presenta ons and interac ons again this year.

A few years ago, we began a new tradi on to increase student involvement in all aspects of the Research Day. This year’s Chair Mohamed Nur Abdallah and Vice‐Chair Sreenath Madathil have done a superior job ge ng all details together. They formed the program, judging commi ees, did fund‐raising, invited our Keynote speaker and recruited a number of students to work on many aspects of the day. One of the main new issues is the new booklet design which was created by Sreenath on his own ini a ve. We hope you find the smaller size more useful and enjoy the new design and look.

Organizing and par cipa ng in the ac vi es of the Research Day is a great opportunity for those who are interested in contribu ng to the development of the event and learning how opera ons like this are put together. We have two new nominees who hope to be the Vice‐Chair 2016/Chair 2017, please, vote with the ballots that are found in the front desk. The results will be announced at the end of the day.

Please join us in thanking Mohamed and Sreenath for their enthusias c efforts in making what we hope will be a s mula ng and successful event for everyone. Also, this day could not be done without Maria Di Nezza who has done a terrific job handling the administra ve and logis cal support for the event.

Finally, we would like to thank all our sponsors who make this day possible, and all judges who take the me to evaluate the students’ presenta ons today. We would also like to congratulate all those who present their research findings at this mee ng. We hope that you learn from each other in a way that fosters new ideas and synergies in your research. We look forward to hearing of your progress in future years!

Faculty of Den stry McGill University 3640 University Street Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 0C7

Faculté de médecine dentaire Université McGill 3640, rue University Montréal, QC, Canada H3A 0C7

Tel: 514‐398‐7203 Fax: 514‐398‐8900 www.mcgill.ca/den stry/

Dr. Mari Kaar nen ‐ Research Day Advisor On behalf of the Organizing Commi ee

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FACULTY OF DENTISTRY

RESEARCH DAY

AWARDS

The Best Graduate Student Oral Presentation Awards (3 prizes) are given by the Network for Oral and Bone Health Research.

The Best Graduate Student Poster Presentation Awards (3 prizes) are given by the Network for Oral and Bone Health Research.

The Knowledge Translation Prize will be awarded to the student that best demonstrates the potential of their research in a ‘Knowledge Translation panel’ and is given by the Faculty of Dentistry.

Past Winners:

2014 Orals: Posters: Knowledge Translation: 1st Azadeh Haqiqi 1st Sharifa Alebrahim Yekta Ansari 2nd Zeeshan Sheikh 2nd Nida Amir Farnaz Rashid- Kandvani 3rd Iris Boraschi 3rd Fahad Siddiqui 2013 Orals: Posters: Knowledge Translation: 1st Sreenath Madathil 1st Zeeshan Sheikh Dimitra Athanasiadou 2nd Alexander Danco 2nd Shuai Wang 3rd Hazem Eimar 3rd Seunghwan Lee

Organizing Commi ee Mohamed Nur Abdallah, Chair Sreenath Madathil, Vice‐Chair

Dr. Mari Kaar nen, Advisor

Event Coordinator Maria Di Nezza

Oral Presenta on Award Judges Dr. Monzur Murshed

Dr. Laura Stone Azadeh Haqiqi

Iris Boraschi

Poster Presenta on Award Judges Dr. Simon Tran Fahad Siddiqui

Shuai Wang

Knowledge Transla on Award Judges Dr. Ji Zhang (Biomedical Sciences)

Dr. Jocelyne Feine (Oral Health and Society)

IT and AV Coordinators Dr. Ma Lah

Jack Jordan

Oral Presenta on Session Chairs Ahmed Al‐Subaie, Ghada Abu‐Elghanam, Sandrine Couldwell, Basem Danish,

Amrita Kumari, You‐Jung Nicole Seo

Sponsors

Credits  Cover Photo: Cover art images (clockwise from the top le ) 1) Brain Scan: Dr. Laura Stone

2) Bioceramics: Zeeshan Sheikh

3) Oral Health Map: h p://www.mailman.columbia.edu/academic‐

departments/epidemiology/about‐department

4) Histology: Dr. Mari Kaar nen

Booklet and cover design: Sreenath Madathil

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FACULTY OF DENTISTRY

RESEARCH DAY

April 2, 2015

Evo‐ La Plaza Ambassador B

420 Sherbrooke West

Day at a glance 

Program

08:00 – 09:00 Poster Set‐up

09:00 – 09:15 Welcome Address: Mohamed Nur Abdallah

09:15 – 10:45 MINERALIZED TISSUE BIOLOGY AND TISSUE

ENGINEERING

11:00 – 13:00 Lunch & Posters (Lunch beginning at 12:00)

13:00 – 13:45 Keynote Address: Dr. Sam Harper

Department of Epidemiology, Biosta s cs & Occupa onal Health, McGill University

“Cross‐na onal perspec ves on oral health inequali es:

recent evidence from Australia, Canada, Chile,

New Zealand, and the United States. ”

13:45 – 15:30 ORAL HEALTH AND IMPLANTOLOGY

15:30 – 15:45 Coffee Break

15:45 – 16:45 PAIN AND NEUROSCIENCES

17:00 – 17:30 PRESENTATION OF AWARDS

MINERALIZED TISSUE BIOLOGY AND TISSUE ENGINEERING

9.15—9.30 OP1: Physiological cell density culture in a self‐oxygena ng and self‐cleaning scaffold. HUAIFA ZHANG

9.30 —9.45 OP2: Form‐Filling ADP/Chitosan/Ceramic (ACC) Sponge for Poten al Use in Bone Defects JAHAN K

9.45—10.00 OP3: Customizable polymeric scaffolds for maxillofacial epithelial regenera on. ABDALLAH MN

10.00—10.15 OP4: Propranolol Enhances Bone Healing and Implant Osseointegra on in Rats Tibiae AL SUBAIE A

10.15—10.30 OP5: An hypertensive Medica ons and the Survival Rate of Osseointegrated Dental Implants ‐‐A Cohort Study. XIXI WU

10.30—10.45 OP6: The effects of exercise and a high fat diet on glucose metabolism and serum osteocalcin levels. COULDWELL S

10.45—11.00 OP7: Nanopar cle ultrastructure of avian eggshell ATHANASIADOU D

ORAL HEALTH AND IMPLANTOLOGY

13.45—14.00 OP8: Determinants of Oral Health‐Related Quality of Life: Does Rurality ma er? GABER A

14.00—14.15 OP9: Exploring access to dental care for the Deaf American Sign Language Users in the Montreal. SIDDIQUI F

14.15—14.30 OP10: The oral health of refugees and asylum seekers: A scoping review KEBOA MT

14.30—14.45 OP11: Oral health promo ng schools and dental caries status in Quebec children EDASSERI A

14.45—15.00 OP12: Through the Eyes of the Beholder: Why Pa ents Do Not Complete Their Planned

Treatment at a University Dental Hospital in the UAE. HAWAS NUHA

15.00—15.15 OP13: An oral health literacy interven on promo ng posi ve oral hygiene self‐care behavior among Punjabi immigrants: A randomized controlled trial. KAUR N

15.15—15.30 OP14: Are Pa ents Sa sfied with Mandibular Over‐Dentures on 4 Mini Implants? VAKILI E

PAIN AND NEUROSCIENCES

15.45—16.00 OP15: Painful temporomandibular disorders and comorbidi es among adolescents in Montreal: Preliminary results. KHAN K

16.00—16.15 OP16: Specific and number of comorbidi es are associated with increased levels of TMD

pain severity and dura on. DAHAN H

16.15—16.30 OP17: Microglia phenotypes in the spinal cords of aging and obese mice: comorbidity with altered sensory response. LEE S

16.30—16.45 OP18: Risk factors related to chronic pain a er breast cancer surgery: A systema c review. KAUR H

17.00 PRESENTATION OF AWARDS

Oral Presenta ons

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BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES

P 1 Leukocyte integrins αLβ2, αMβ2 and αXβ2 as collagen receptors ‐ Receptor ac va on and recogni on of GFOGER mo f. LAHTI M

P 2 Comprehensive review for a rela onship between Selec ve Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI) and bone health. KUMARI AMRITA

P 3 Corrosion behavior and cytotoxicity of magnesium‐stron um based (Mg‐Sr) alloys. TOP M

P 4 Role of Matrix Gla Protein in Craniofacial Development. BERKVENS ME

P 5 Preliminary study on the ac ve ingredients of bone marrow soup to restore irradia on‐injured salivary func on. FANG D

P 6 Absence of both TG2 and FXIII‐A transglutaminases results in increased bone resorp on

and altered osteoclastogenesis in vivo and in vitro. SUN H

P 7 Decontamina on of Titanium Implants Using Physical Methods. AL‐HASHEDI A

P 8 Mineraliza on‐inhibi ng effects of transglutaminase‐crosslinked polymer osteopon n in

vitro . HOAC B

P 9 Targeted dele on of Smpd3 in osterix expressing cells recapitulates the skeletal pheno‐

type of fro/fro mice. MANICKAM G

P 10 The Three‐Dimensional Human Salivary Organoid Culture System Supports the Expansion

of Func onally Secre ng Acinar Cells in vitro. SEO YJ

ORAL HEALTH & SOCIETY

P 11 Experience of living with chronic pain and pa ent’s experiences of its treatments.

AHMED AS

P 12 The Den st’s Role In Preven ng Family Violence: Responsibili es, Guidelines, And Repor ng Behaviors. FAROOKHI SADAF

P 13 Evalua on of needs and prevalence of implant‐supported prosthe c rehabilita on in oral

tumor pa ents at Montreal General Hospital, Quebec. KAZMI A

P 14 An Ethnographic Study to Be er Understand the Oral Health of Aboriginal People Residing

in Montreal. DANISH B

P 15 Alcohol consump on, oral hygiene and ADH1B gene c variants in the risk for Head and

neck cancers. THEKKEPURAKKAL AS

P 16 Demographics, Training Sa sfac on, and Career Plans of Canadian Oral and Maxillofacial

Surgery Residents. GIGLIOTTI J

P 17 Men’s Experience with Living with Osteoporosis: A Canadian Study. AHMED F

Poster Presenta ons

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Mineralized Tissue Biology and Tissue Engineering

OP1: Physiological cell density culture in a self-oxygenating and self-cleaning scaffold

HUAIFA ZHANG1, SIMON TRAN1 and JAKE BARRALET1,2 1Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; 2Division of Orthopaedics, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

Sufficient O2 supply as well as effective waste removal is essential for high density cell culture. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the most commonly used mammalian host for bioproduction of therapeutic proteins. About 70% of all recombinant bioproducts produced nowadays are made from CHO cells. The main obstacles for large scale culture of CHO cells in bioreactors include O2 deficiency, accumulation of ammonia wastes and limited cell. So far, the highest culture density of CHO cells is 1.5×108 cells/ml by suspension culture.

We developed a self-oxygenating scaffold with controlled O2 release rate consisted of calcium peroxide (CaO2), polycaprolactone (PCL) and alginate hydrogel. We managed to develop CaO2-PCL microparticles using a phase separation method. Subsequently, incorporated the microparticles into alginate hydrogel to form the self-oxygenating scaffold. We used this scaffold to culture physical-density Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells (2×108 cells/ml) with the addition of zeolites into the scaffold. Calcium peroxide served as the O2-genearting agent, PCL was used to control O2 release rate from CaO2 and zeolites were used to adsorb nitrogenous wastes generated by CHO cells. Cell viability in the scaffold was examined using fluorescent staining. Ethidium homodimer-1 was used to stain dead cells into red and Hoechst 33258 stain all the cells into blue. Our preliminary results show the self-oxygenating scaffold with zeolites successfully maintained high cell viability for up to 5 d, while CHO cells in hydrogel died rapidly and barely survived one day. Therefore, it is possible to do high-density cell culture in scaffolds with in situ O2 delivery and in situ metabolic wastes removal.

In this work, we developed a self-oxygenating scaffold consisted of CaO2, PCL and alginate hydrogel. We further added zeolites into the scaffold and encapsulated high density CHO cells into the system to investigate the effects of zeolites and O2 release material on cells.

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Mineralized Tissue Biology and Tissue Engineering

OP2: Form-Filling ADP/Chitosan/Ceramic (ACC) Sponge for Potential Use in Bone Defects

JAHAN K1, TABRIZIAN M1, 2

1Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

Bone defects are bone injuries that will not repair without medical intervention. Currently, the gold standard treatment is an autologous bone graft. However, this intervention is challenging due to (a) donor scarcity and (b) donor site morbidity that follows the procedure. Tissue engineering has shown potential as an alternative intervention; it is based on the use of scaffolds which mimic the structure of the tissue that requires repair and simultaneously supports, reinforces and organizes the regenerating tissue. An injectable purine/chitosan sponge with rapid gelation time has been developed showing to be a biocompatible, biodegradable, and potentially osteoconductive scaffold. Based on these results, the current project is focused on the characterization of a form-filling adenosine diphosphate/chitosan/ceramic (ACC) sponge to be used as a bone repair scaffold. The physico-chemical characterization of the sponges was done through Scanning Electron Microscopy, showing a highly interconnected porous surface. These results were supported with micro Computed-Tomography images which yielded a 3D model of the sponges and a porosity of more than 80%; X-ray Photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy provided the sponges’ chemical composition and configuration, confirming the presence of nHA and nTCP within the sponges; water retention showed the sponges could retain up to 4 times their own water weight. Moreover, preliminary cellular characterization was done using pre-osteoblasts. An alkaline phosphatase assay using p-nitrophenyl phosphate as a phosphate substrate showed that mineralization of cells was not reduced by the concentration of adenosine used. These results show the sponges’ potential as a delivery system if encapsulating how to nanoparticles, genes and growth factors. The loaded scaffold can then be implanted in a critical sized defect rodent model. Ultimately, this sponge may be a clinical alternative to bone graft by decreasing the burden of complications associated with graft donor sites while simultaneously delivering a therapeutic agent at the site of injury.

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Mineralized Tissue Biology and Tissue Engineering

OP3: Customizable polymeric scaffolds for maxillofacial epithelial regeneration

ABDALLAH MN1, ABDOLLAHI S2, ABUGHANAM G1, LAURENTI M1, TRAN SD1, CERRUTI M2, TAMIMI F1. 1Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; 2Biointerface Laboratory, Department of Mining & Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

Maxillofacial defects caused by infection, trauma or cancer require hard and soft tissue regeneration. Soft tissue healing is very important in the defect reconstruction process as epithelial seal is very essential to prevent infection to the underlying bone. In fact, nearly 30% bone augmentation procedures fail because of lack of healing of the overlying soft tissue. In this study, our goal was to develop a customizable polymeric scaffold for epithelial regeneration.

We investigated and optimized the compatibility of biodegradable polymers with epithelial cells, and developed a method to produce customizable scaffolds made of the optimized polymer. The biocompatibility of three Biodegradable polymers (poly-DL-lactic acid (PDLLA), alginate and polycaprolactone (PCL)) was assessed using cell culture assay with human gingival epithelial cells. Then, we developed a process to fabricate scaffolds of the optimized polymer using flexible elastomeric materials. The compatibility of four elastomeric materials (addition-cure silicone, polyurethane, polydimethylsiloxane and polyether) with the polymer solvent was evaluated. The precision and porosity of the fabricated scaffolds were optimized using the particulate leaching method and were assessed using micro-computed tomography (µ-CT).

We demonstrated that positively charged PDLLA polymers are biocompatible with primary oral epithelial cells and can be customized for epithelial regeneration in maxillofacial defects by casting them in sputtered polyether molds. This is the first study that assessed the biocompatibility of PDLLA with primary oral epithelial cells and paves the way to utilize PDLLA as a scaffold material for epithelial regeneration.

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Mineralized Tissue Biology and Tissue Engineering

OP4: Propranolol Enhances Bone Healing and Implant Osseointegration in Rats Tibiae

AL SUBAIE A1,2, LAURENTI M1, ABDALLAH M1, EMIER H1, YAGHOUBI Y F1, MAKHOUL N1, TAMIMI F1 1Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal (QC), Canada 2College of Dentistry, University of Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia

Bone healing and regeneration are of critical importance for many surgical interventions such as fracture fixation, post surgical bone reconstruction and implant placements. Many biological products (e.g. bone morphogenic protein and platelet rich plasma) have been successfully improved bone regeneration; however, their safety is questionable. Therefore, alternatives to these products are highly recommended.

Beta-blockers are a group of drugs that act by blocking the beta receptors and are used to treat hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias and as prophylaxis for myocardial infarction. Recent studies have shown that beta-blockers have positive effects on bone accruals and metabolism. Accordingly, we hypothesized that beta-blockers could have a positive effect on bone regeneration and implant osseointegration. This in vivo study was designed to investigate the effect of propranolol on bone healing and implant osseointegration.

Methods: Twenty four Sprague Dawley rats were anesthetised and two unicortical defects were created in both tibial metaphysis of each animal. A custom made titanium implant was placed in the left metaphysis while the right defect was left empty. After surgery, rats were divided equally into two assigned groups and treated daily by either propranolol (5 mg/Kg) or saline as control. Two weeks after surgery, the animals were euthanized and the tibiae were assessed for bone healing and osseointegration using micro-CT and histomorphometry.

Result: Micro-CT and histomorphometry analyses revealed that the bone defects were smaller in propranolol-treated rats (1.67+0.35mm3) compared to the controls (2.12+0.35 mm3) p=0.017. Moreover, the average percentage of osseointegration in Propranolol-treated rats (73.79+10.12%) were higher compared to control treated rats (56.95+5.70%) p=0.005.

Conclusion: Propranolol has a positive impact on bone regeneration and implant osseointegration. These findings provide a rationale to consider propranolol that is widely used without major side-effect, as potential therapy to enhances bone regeneration and osseointegration.

Keywords: Beta-blockers, Propranolol, osseointegration, bone healing, bone regeneration.

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Mineralized Tissue Biology and Tissue Engineering

OP5: Antihypertensive Medications and the Survival Rate of Osseointegrated Dental Implants --A Cohort Study

XIXI WU1, KHADIJEH AL-ABEDALLA1, HAZEM EIMAR1, SREENATH AREKUNNATH MADATHIL1, EMAD RASTIKERDAR1, SAMER ABI-NADER1, NACH G DANIEL2, BELINDA NICOLAU1, FALEH TAMIMI1.

1Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal QC, Canada H3A 0C7 2East Coast Oral Surgery, Moncton NB, Canada E1G 2K5

Objective: Antihyper tensive medications, r egardless of their types, are beneficial for bone formation and remodeling, and are associated with lower risk of bone fractures. Because osseointegration is influenced by bone metabolism, this study aimed to investigate the association between antihypertensive drugs and the survival rate of osseointegrated implants.

Materials and Methods: This retrospective cohor t study included a total of 1499 dental implants in 728 patients (327 implants in 142 antihypertensive-drugs-users and 1172 in 586 non-users). Multilevel mixed effects parametric survival analyses were used to test the association between antihypertensive drugs use and implant failure adjusting for potential confounders.

Results: The failure rates were 0.6% for people using antihyper tensive drugs and 4.1% for non-users. A higher survival rate of dental implants was observed among users of antihypertensive drugs [HR (95%CI): 0.12 (0.03-0.49)] compared to non-users.

Conclusions: Our findings suggest that tr eatment with antihyper tensive drugs may be associated with an increased survival rate of osseointegrated implants. To our knowledge, this could be the first study showing that the systemic use of a medication could be associated with higher survival rate of dental implants.

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Mineralized Tissue Biology and Tissue Engineering

OP6: The effects of exercise and a high fat diet on glucose metabolism and serum osteocalcin levels

COULDWELL S1, FERRON M2, KAARTINEN MT1,3

1Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada 2Institute of Clinical Research of Montreal, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada 3Faculty of Medicine (Division of Experimental Medicine), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

Obesity, defined as an excess of total body fat is a current major public health problem. Obesity results from a greater energy intake than expenditure. Increase in adipose tissue produces adverse health consequences including type 2 diabetes. Exercise is known to help prevent or reduce weight gain and to have a positive effect on glucose metabolism and bone quality. The skeleton is a dynamic tissue that undergoes continuous remodeling. Exercise is capable of increasing bone remodeling and bone mass and protects against impaired glucose metabolism and development of pre-diabetes. In this study, we investigated the combined effects of exercise and high fat diet on bone quality and glucose metabolism. In the study male mice were randomized into four groups: 1) Normal diet, sedentary; 2) Normal diet, exercising; 3) High fat diet, sedentary and; 4) High fat diet, exercising and subjected to a 24-week intervention period. Measures of bone mineral density and adiposity were taken using DXA scans and glucose metabolism was examined with glucose and insulin tolerance tests. Our data show that high fat diet, as expected, increases bodyweight and fat mass of the whole body as well as skeleton, and that exercise protects against this increases as well as augments bone mineral density. Similarly, high fat diet impairs proper function of glucose metabolism, which is reversed with exercise. Osteocalcin, a hormone deposited to bone during bone formation and released during bone resorption, is known to have beneficial effects on glucose metabolism. Osteocalcin levels, measured in serum samples of all mouse groups, showed alterations. A clear trend suggests that osteocalcin levels are elevated with exercise and reduced with high fat diet. In conclusion, these data suggest that exercise may mediate its beneficial effects on glucose metabolism via release of osteocalcin into circulation during bone remodeling induced by exercise.

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Mineralized Tissue Biology and Tissue Engineering

OP7: Nanoparticle ultrastructure of avian eggshell

ATHANASIADOU D,1 JIANG W,1 GOLDBAUM D,2 CHROMIK RR,2 HINCKE MT,3 VALI H,4 , McKEE MD1,4

1Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, 2Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, 3Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada and, 4Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

The calcitic avian eggshell protects the chick embryo from physical trauma and microorganisms, and provides calcium to its growing skeleton. The eggshell contains abundant proteins including osteopontin (OPN), a mineral-binding phosphoprotein also found in calcitic human inner ear otoconia. To investigate protein-mineral relationships in eggshell at the ultrastructural level, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to reveal calcitic nanoparticles having an average size of 19 nm in the outermost vertical crystal layer (VCL), 29 nm in the middle palisades layer (PL), and 55 nm in the innermost mammillary layer (ML). Immunoblotting of demineralized eggshell protein extracts showed prominent OPN bands. Immunohistochemical localization of OPN in sections of demineralized eggshell revealed the highest amount of OPN in the VCL, followed by the PL, and then the ML. Determination of the mechanical properties of these three shell layers by nanoindentation demonstrated that higher hardness values correlated with smaller nanoparticle size, thus showing decreasing hardness across the shell thickness from the outside to the inside (VCL>PL>ML). To examine whether OPN might regulate nanoparticle size, we grew calcite crystals in the presence of OPN. SEM revealed that OPN altered external crystal morphology, and Raman spectroscopy (crystals washed with NaOH to remove surface-bound protein) revealed a broad peak between 2850 and 3000 cm-1 indicating OPN occlusion within the crystals. Protein recovery from the same crystals, evaluated by immunoblotting, confirmed characteristic bands for crystal-occluded OPN. AFM and TEM of the internal structure of the grown crystals revealed smaller nanoparticles (avg. 16 nm) at high OPN concentration (5.9 μM) relative to those found at low 0.9 μM OPN concentration (avg. 38 nm). Nanoparticles were absent from control calcite crystals (no added OPN). In conclusion, these observations provide details on protein-mineral relationships related to hardness in avian eggshell. Funded by CIHR.

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Oral Health and Implantology

OP8: Determinants of Oral Health-Related Quality of Life: Does Rurality matter?

GABER A1,2, FEINE JS1, 2, EMAMI E1, 3.

1Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada 2Faculty of Medicine, Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dept. of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada 3Faculty of Dentistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada

The geographical location of place of residency has been identified as a health determinant. However, little is known on how oral health outcomes vary across the urban-rural continuum, more specifically within Quebec and Canada. Therefore, the primary objective of this cross-sectional study was to compare Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) in adult populations living in rural/urban regions of Quebec. The secondary objective was to assess the compositional and contextual characteristics of place of residency that could contribute to poor OHRQoL in a population.

Andersen’s behavioral model for health services utilization was used as a conceptual framework for this study. Data were derived from ‘Dent ma region’ research project, a provincial survey nested in the Quebec Ministry of Health’s schoolchildren oral health clinical study. Based on a multistage, stratified, unequal probability sampling, data were collected from the parents/caregivers of schoolchildren (n= 1788) living in 8 rural/urban regions. Place of residency was defined according to the Census Metropolitan Area and Census Agglomeration Influenced Zone classification. The outcome of interest was OHRQoL, measured using the OHIP-14 validated questionnaire. Statistical analyses included data weighting, descriptive statistics and logistic regression.

A significantly greater proportion of the participants living in rural areas reported poor oral health than of those living in urban zones (13.3% rural versus 8.2% urban, p= 0.02).

Rural residents reported a statistically significant higher prevalence of negative daily-life impacts in pain, psychological discomfort and social disability OHIP domains (p<0.05). Logistic regression indicated that OHRQoL was significantly related to education, annual equalized income, type of dental care provider, and needs factors (perceived need for dental treatment, pain, seeking dental treatment).

Based on these results, efforts in planning oral health promotion, educational interventions and needs-based tailored strategies are recommended. These efforts should target the most vulnerable populations, regardless of place of residency.

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Oral Health and Implantology

OP9: Exploring access to dental care for the Deaf American Sign Language Users in the Montreal

SIDDIQUI F1, BEDOS C1, MACDONALD ME1

1Division of Oral Health & Society, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

Background: Over five percent of the Canadian population is repor ted to have a hearing disability, of which 83,160 persons are profoundly Deaf. Persons who are Deaf are reported to have poorer oral health and utilize dental care differently than their hearing counterparts. Studies have indicated that due to communication barriers, access to dental care may present a challenge for the Deaf community. There is however little research conducted to examine access to dental care for Deaf Persons.

Objectives: To better understand how Deaf persons who communicate in American Sign Language (ASL) in Montreal access dental care and to identify the difficulties they encounter when doing so.

Methodology: Using a par ticipatory research framework, we are conducting a Focused Ethnography to explore dental care experiences and perceptions of the Deaf ASL community in Montreal. Data collection includes participant observation at social and educational activities, informal interviews with various stakeholders, and formal interviews with 10 Deaf participants. Interviews are interpreted by professional ASL interpreters into English and transcribed verbatim. Ethnographic Analysis includes thematic and contextual analysis managed using MAXQDA 11.0 software.

Preliminary Findings: Preliminary findings of this study suggests that a lack of awareness by dental professionals regarding deafness; accessibility of ASL interpretation; cost of dental treatment; and past negative experiences that manifest as dental anxiety could be the most prominent barriers to dental care for the Deaf ASL community in Montreal.

Conclusion: Deaf ASL community in Montreal exper iences var ious bar r iers in accessing dental care. Adequate and appropriate training of dental professionals and enhanced accessibility of ASL interpretation services can significantly facilitate dental care for the Deaf ASL users in Montreal.

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Oral Health and Implantology

OP10: The oral health of refugees and asylum seekers: A scoping review

KEBOA MT1, HILES N2, MACDONALD ME1

1Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada 2Ingram School of Nursing, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada Introduction: Refugees and asylum seekers are vulnerable populations often with fragile health by the time they arrive the host countries. Although the international community has recognised the need for improved oral health in this population, estimated at 16.7 million, little is known about their oral health on a global level.

Purpose: To better understand the needs of these populations, we conducted a scoping review of literature on the oral health of refugees and asylum seekers globally.

Methodology: We performed a scoping review using the Arksey and O'Malley framework to answer the question: What do we know about the oral health, oral care and access to oral health care of refugees and asylum seekers globally? Of the 3340 publications retrieved from seven databases and grey literature, 35 articles met the final inclusion criteria. We extracted and charted data from these articles and performed a thematic content analysis.

Results: (i) Range: The major ity of studies are from high-income countries and employ a quantitative design; (ii). Perceptions and practices: Some studies explore the perceptions, knowledge and practice of parents regarding early childhood oral diseases; (iii) Assessment of level of oral disease and treatment needs: The majority of studies focus on disease prevalence and a higher burden of disease are found in this population compared to the least privileged populations in the host countries. (iv) Access to oral health care and utilisation of dental services: Refugees and asylum seekers have limited access to dental care, even in countries with universal oral health insurance. (v) Interventions. Various strategies have been used to improve oral health in this population (e.g., DVDs, lay training), some with satisfactory results.

Conclusion: Oral health dispar ities remain a major concern for these populations. Policies and programs are emerging to reduce this oral health gap.

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Oral Health and Implantology

OP11: Oral health promoting schools and dental caries status in Quebec children

EDASSERI A1, KÂ K1, NICOLAU B1

1Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

Dental caries, the most common chronic childhood disease, is prevalent among 59% of Canadian children. Because established caries lesions are cumulative, it is essential to impart preventive health habits early in life. Children can be reached efficiently through school oral health promotion.

Aim: To investigate, among 8-10 year old children at higher risk of obesity, to what extent attending schools with higher levels of oral health promotion, compared to lower levels, is associated with an improvement in dental caries status over 2 years.

We used a subset of data (visits 1 & 2) from the Quebec Adipose and Lifestyle InvesTigation in Youth (QUALITY) cohort, a prospective study aimed at understanding the natural course of obesity. A school based sampling strategy recruited 8–10 year old Caucasian children, at a higher risk of obesity from having at least one obese biological parent, in the Montreal and Quebec areas. This study included children attending schools within the metropolitan area of Montreal (N=360). Children’s socio-demographic and school environment data were collected using structured questionnaires. A two-year DMFS index increment measured change in dental caries. Schools were clustered based on number of healthy eating initiatives (HEI) and frequency of dental health education programs (DEP) in schools. Negative binomial regression was used to model the association of interest.

Compared to children attending schools with low HEI and moderate DEP frequency, those attending schools with moderate HEI and high DEP frequency and those attending schools with high HEI and low DEP frequency had a 0.6 (0.34-1.11) and a 0.5 (0.29-0.85) times lower DMFS increment, respectively, over 2 years.

Formal initiatives to reinforce children's healthy behaviors may be more effective in changing behaviour than health education alone. Our findings reiterate the need for comprehensive oral health promotion programs in schools as proposed by the WHO.

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Oral Health and Implantology

OP12: Through the Eyes of the Beholder: Why Patients Do Not Complete Their Planned Treatment at a University Dental Hospital

in the UAE

HAWAS NUHA1, FEINE JOCELYNE1 and LIM JENNIFER NW2

1Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada 2Faculty of Medical Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom

In dental schools it is important not only to train dental students to be competent dentists but also to address the patients’ needs and provide quality oral healthcare. Continuous quality assessment allows us to identify and understand areas of strengths and areas that require improvements. This in turn maximizes health benefits for the patients, ensures adequate clinical experience for dental students and controls expenditure.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to explain a problem affecting the quality of oral healthcare service at the University Dental Hospital Sharjah (UDHS). By exploring the perspectives of patients and providers (dental managers, dental students and their supervisors) we wanted to identify the factors that have led to having a “high rate of incomplete planned treatments in the patients’ medical records at UDHS”.

Subjects and methods: Individual interviews with 19 patients and 11 providers (3 managers and 8 clinical supervisors) and 2 focus groups with dental students (fourth and fifth years) were conducted and audio-recorded. Transcripts were analyzed using thematic analysis approach.

Results: The different stakeholders showed many unique and common perspectives. Analysis across the multiple stakeholders’ perspectives provided an explanation for the problem by the emergence of four integrating key themes: (1) weakness in the ‘Structure’ of oral healthcare, (2) weakness in the interpersonal aspects of the ‘Process’ of oral healthcare, (3) weakness in the clinical aspects of the ‘Process’ of oral healthcare, and (4) patient population characteristics. Including all stakeholders provided an exceptional richness of the data that wouldn’t have been possible otherwise. The results of this investigation were shared with the providers at UDHS and recommendations for improvements were discussed, some of which were directly implemented and others are being further reviewed, as they require time and planning.

Conclusion: Applying a qualitative methodological approach with all stakeholders in a system can provide information to enrich understanding, leading to appropriate and effective change.

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Oral Health and Implantology

OP13: An oral health literacy intervention promoting positive oral hygiene self-care behavior among Punjabi immigrants: A randomized

controlled trial

KAUR N1, KANDELMAN D2, POTVIN L2. 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada 2Faculty of Dental Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada 2Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada

Research shows that immigrants have higher rates of oral diseases, poorer access to dental services and lower levels of health literacy than their Canadian-born peers. Recently, oral health literacy has emerged as potential pathway to prevent oral diseases and thus reduce oral health disparities. Oral health literacy is the ability to obtain, understand and use oral health related knowledge, skills and behavior to maintain good oral health. Evidence links low oral health literacy to poor oral health knowledge and behavior, less use of preventive services and poor oral health status. Generally, oral hygiene self-care behavior which is the cornerstone of preventing gum diseases such as gingivitis is practiced inadequately due to lack of awareness. The purpose of our study is to develop and assess effectiveness of an oral health literacy intervention promoting positive oral hygiene self-care behavior among Punjabi immigrants. Our specific objectives are: i) to develop a theoretically grounded oral health literacy intervention promoting positive oral hygiene self-care behavior. ii) To develop a culturally and linguistically appropriate educational material (photonovel). In total 140 Punjabi immigrants aged 18+ years and residing in Montreal will be enrolled in a randomized controlled trial to receive either an intervention or no intervention. We will develop an intervention based on behavior change wheel theoretical framework and will develop a photonovel by using community based participatory approach. Oral health literacy levels of participants will be measured with HeLD. Using a self-reported questionnaire and Loe and Sillness indices, the principal outcome measures; oral hygiene self-care behavior and knowledge, plaque and gingival indices will be measured at baseline and after three months to assess effectiveness of the intervention. This is the first community based oral health literacy intervention promoting positive oral hygiene self-care behavior among immigrants to prevent oral diseases and contribute in reducing oral health disparities.

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OP14: Are Patients Satisfied with Mandibular Over-Dentures on 4 Mini Implants?

VAKILI E1, FEINE JS1, 2, ESFANDIARI SH1.

1 Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada 2Faculty of Medicine, Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dept. of Oncology , McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

Mini Dental Implants (MDIs) or ultra-small diameter implants, have been developed and recognized as a viable method to retain mandibular over dentures. Although, the clinical effectiveness of this intervention has been assessed in many studies, there is limited evidence regarding patients’ satisfaction with this treatment. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate patients’ satisfaction after receiving 4 (3M ESPE) MDI retained mandibular over-dentures.

In this prospective study, data were collected from 11 edentate individuals (F=5, M=6), mean age of 66 (45-84) years, who were treated at a Clinical Research Center in Montreal, Canada. Participants received 4 MDIs following a flapless surgical implant placement protocol. Implants were loaded immediately after placement and in the same session using the patients’ primary denture, which was modified for the mini implants. Concurrently, patients were asked to rate their satisfaction on a 100 mm Visual Analog Scale (VAS) questionnaire, consisting of nine different domains (ease of cleaning, general satisfaction, ability to speak, comfort, aesthetics, retention and stability, ability to chew, function and oral condition) at baseline and six months following the over-denture provision. From baseline, satisfaction ratings were higher at 6 months (Wilcoxon signed-rank, p<0.05) for general satisfaction, ability to speak, stability, ability to chew, function and oral condition (P<0.05). However, there was no significant change in satisfaction recorded in the domains of ease of cleaning, comfort and aesthetics (p>0.05).

These findings suggest that 4 MDIs used to retain mandibular over dentures can be a satisfactory option for patients who would like improvement in their denture-wearing experience.

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Pain and Neurosciences

OP15: Painful temporomandibular disorders and comorbidities among adolescents in Montreal: Preliminary results.

KHAN K1,2, GORNITSKY M1,2, MULLER M3, MOHIT S 1, VELLY AM1,2 1Dental Department - Jewish General Hospital, 2Faculty of Dentistry - McGill University, 3Département d'Odontologie Pédiatrique, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis

Introduction: Painful temporomandibular disorders (TMD) is a musculoskeletal condition characterized by pain in the muscles of mastication, the temporomandibular joint or both. It is the second most common occurring musculoskeletal condition after chronic back pain. It was noted that nearly 2% to 25% of adolescents from USA, Sweden and Brazil present with painful TMD. This condition affects their quality of life and increases stress.

Objective: We are conducting this survey to measure the prevalence of painful TMD, as well as to identify the comorbidities associated with painful TMD.

Method: In this survey, students (14-17 years old) were recruited from the English Montreal School Board, and completed a validated questionnaire to assess the presence of painful TMD and comorbidities: headache, neck pain, back pain, gastrointestinal pain, allergies and asthma. Chi-square test and logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the association between painful TMD and comorbidities.

Results: Preliminary results show that among 123 students recruited, 10 (8.1% ) presented painful TMD (60% females, mean age of 14) and 113 did not (43% females, mean age of 15). Students with painful TMD more frequently reported comorbidities than those without: headache (80% vs 74%), neck pain (90% vs 52%), back pain (90% vs 56%) and stomach pain (90% vs 54%), asthma (40% vs 16%), and allergy (50% vs 23%). Painful TMD students were at least 2.2 and 3.3 times more likely to present with painful and non-painful comorbidities, in comparison to those without TMD (p < 0.05).

Conclusion: Painful TMD is not a rare condition among adolescents. Painful and non-painful comorbidities are associated with painful TMD. Further data collection from other English and French schools will continue and allow us to estimate the prevalence of painful TMD in large area in Montreal, and to identify more precisely the comorbidities associated with painful TMD.

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OP16: Specific and number of comorbidities are associated with increased levels of TMD pain severity and duration.

DAHAN H1, SHIR Y2, NICOLAU B1, VELLY A1, ALLISON P1

1Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada 2Alan Edwards Pain Management Unit of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital Campus, Montréal, Québec, Canada Temporomandibular pain disorder (TMD) is a common pain condition in the face. People with TMD report multiple pain comorbidities. The presence of fibromyalgia and migraine in people with TMD is associated with an increase in TMD pain severity and duration. However, data on the relationship between increasing number of pain comorbidities and TMD pain are rare. The aims of this study were: firstly to evaluate the extent to which increasing number of comorbidities is associated with increasing TMD pain severity and duration; and secondly to evaluate the extent to which the presence of specific comorbidities is associated with increasing TMD pain severity and duration. The sample included 180 people seeking TMD treatment at Boston and Montreal clinics. TMD was diagnosed using the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD. A Numerical Pain Rating Scale assessed TMD pain severity and participants provided their TMD pain duration in a questionnaire. The comorbidities of migraine, chronic fatigue syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome, interstitial cystitis and restless leg syndrome were diagnosed by 5 validated questionnaires. The associations were analyzed by linear regression with comorbidities as the exposure variable and TMD pain severity and duration as the outcome variables, while controlling for confounders. The results showed a positive association between the number of comorbidities and TMD pain severity (p<0.01) and between the number of comorbidities and TMD pain duration (p<0.01). Also, the presence of migraine was positively associated with TMD pain severity (p<0.01) and the presence of CFS was positively associated with TMD pain severity (p<0.05) and with TMD pain duration (p<0.01). This study shows that in people with TMD, the number of comorbidities is positively associated with TMD pain duration and severity. The presence of specific conditions is associated with an increase in TMD severity and duration. Supported by the Louise and Alan Edwards Foundation.

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Pain and Neurosciences

OP17: Microglia phenotypes in the spinal cords of aging and obese mice: comorbidity with altered sensory response

LEE S1,2, WU Y2, XIANG QUN SHI2, and ZHANG J1,2

1Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada 2The Alan Edward Center for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada Background: Both obesity and aging have become widely recognized as health conditions that profoundly affect individuals, families and the society. Low grade chronic inflammation has been associated with obesity and aging; obese and aged people often report altered nociceptive pain responses. In this study, we aimed to characterize the phenotypes of spinal microglia in both aged and aged with obesity conditions and to seek whether there is a direct correlation between spinal microglial activation and impaired sensory responses.

Methods: Diet-induced-obese (DIO) aged mice and control aged mice were fed with diet containing 60% and 10% of fat, respectively. Pain responses to mechanical and thermal stimuli were monitored in both regular and DIO mice at different ages (3 vs. 17 months). Lumbar spinal cords were collected for microglia phenotype characterization using immunohistochemistry method.

Results: We observed that aged (17 months) mice exhibited hyposensitivity to von Frey hairs and hypersensitivity to both heat and cold stimulation, while altered sensory response became worsen in obese aging (DIO 17 months) mice. In parallel with behavioral alterations in lean aged and DIO aged mice, changes on microglial phenotypes were also observed. Microglia (recognized by ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1, Iba1) became activated in the spinal cord dorsal horns of both lean aged and DIO aged mice by showing increased cell densities and stereotypic morphological changes. Majority of activated microglia in the spinal dorsal horns were highly positive for CD68, a lysosomal glycoprotein indicating phagocytic activity. In addition to that, CD16/32 (a marker for M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype) was prominently expressed by spinal dorsal horn microglia in both groups. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 , IL-6) in lumbar spinal cords was increased with aging.

Conclusion: Aging and obesity polar ized spinal microglia towards pro-inflammatory phenotype, which could contribute to the impairment of sensory behaviors.

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Pain and Neurosciences

OP18: Risk factors related to chronic pain after breast cancer surgery: A systematic review

KAUR H, 1, 2 GORNITSKY M, 1, 2 MOHIT S, 2 VELLY A1, 2

1 Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada 2 Department of Dentistry, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Aim: To conduct a systematic review to identify the potential r isk factors related to chronic pain after breast cancer surgery (CPBCS). CPBCS is significant clinical problem affecting 8%-71% of patients. Many pre, intra and post-operative factors have been postulated to serve as potential risk factors for CPBCS.

Method: The literature search was under taken from January, 1995 to October , 2014 using the Medline Ovid, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), CINHL and EMBASE databases. Articles were considered relevant if they included breast cancer surgery, and had assessed CPBCS.

Result: We identified 2858 publications and 46, which met the eligibility cr iter ia, were included in this review. From those, 12 (n = 1205) were randomized clinical trials, 11 (n =5833) were retrospective cohort and 10 (n = 4243) were prospective cohort studies. Neuropathic nature of CPBCS was investigated in 13 studies and three performed quantitative sensory testing. The potential risk factors assessed were: demographics, medical condition, type of surgery, type of anesthesia, number of lymph nodes involved, cancer characteristics, complications after surgery, adjunctive therapy, and psychological factors. The results showed that the most common factors associated with CPBCS were: axillary lymph node dissection (56.3%), young age (< 40years) (45.5%), post operative acute pain (40%), depression (35.7%), and radiotherapy (26.7%). Anxiety (21.4%), complications after surgery (6.2%), pre-operative pain and chemotherapy (10%) were less common factors associated with CPBCS.

Conclusion: There were considerable var iations among studies - study designs, sample population, definition of chronic pain, pain scale used, surgical techniques, analgesic strategies, and adjunctive therapies. Demographics (age), clinical (radiotherapy) and psychological factors (depression) appears to contribute to CPBCS. A comprehensive inclusion of demographics, clinical and psychological factors in a prospective cohort design need to be used by researchers attempting to identify the risk factors related to the development of CPBCS.

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Biomedical Sciences

P1: Leukocyte integrins αLβ2, αMβ2 and αXβ2 as collagen receptors - Receptor activation and recognition of GFOGER motif

LAHTI M1, HEINO J1 and KÄPYLÄ J.1

1Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Integrins αLβ2, αMβ2 and αXβ2 are expressed on leukocytes. Their primary ligands are counter transmembrane receptors or plasma proteins, such as intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) or components of complement system (iC3b, iC4b), respectively. Function blocking antibodies for these integrins may also reduce cell adhesion to collagens. To make the first systematical comparison of human αLβ2, αMβ2 and αXβ2 as collagen receptors, we produced the corresponding integrin αI domains both in wild-type and activated form and measured their binding to collagens I-VI. In the "closed" (wild-type) conformation, the αLI and αMI domains bound with low avidity to their primary ligands, and the interaction with collagens was also very weak. Gain-of-function mutations αL I306G, αL K287C/K294C and αM I316G are considered to mimic "open", activated αI domains. The binding of these activated αI domains to the primary ligands was clearly stronger and they also recognized collagens with moderate avidity (Kd<400nM). After activation, the αLI domain favored collagen I (Kd≈80nM) when compared to collagen IV. The integrin αXI domain acted in a very different manner since already in native, wild-type form it bound to collagen IV and iC3b (Kd≈200-400nM). Antibodies against αXβ2 and αMβ2 blocked promyelocytic leukemia cell adhesion to the collagenous GFOGER motif, a binding site for the β1 integrin containing collagen receptors. In brief, leukocyte β2 integrins may act as collagen receptors in a heterodimer specific manner. Lahti et al. (2013) Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 45, 1204-1211.

This work was supported by the Academy of Finland, the Cancer Society of Finland, the Cancer Society of South-Western Finland, the Finnish Cultural Foundation, Ida Montin Foundation, Magnus Ehrnrooth Foundation, and the Turku Doctoral Programme of Biomedical Sciences.

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Biomedical Sciences

P2: Comprehensive review for a relationship between Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI) and bone health

KUMARI AMRITA1, KAARTINEN MT 1,2

1Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada 2Faculty of Medicine (Division of Experimental Medicine), McGill University, Montreal,QC, Canada Depression is one of the most leading debilitating conditions today. Depression is linked to imbalanced activity in serotonin which is a monoamine neurotransmitter is best known as contributor to the feeling of wellbeing. Serotonin modulates neural activity and a wide range of neuropsychological as well as biological processes. Drugs that target serotonin receptors have been widely used to treat depression, among which, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) are most commonly prescribed antidepressants which increase synaptic serotonin levels. SSRIs are however, not specific for brain and are also known to increase peripheral, circulating serotonin levels. Several studies have demonstrated the adverse effect of SSRI on the skeletal system. These effects are mediated by effects of serotonin on osteoblasts and osteoclasts via serotonin receptors in these cells. This literature review aims to review current evidence on the relationship between the use of SSRIs and its deleterious effects on bone health. Following a comprehensive search strategy, relevant studies were identified from the Pubmed, Medline, Embase using a combination of keywords and mesh terms including serotonin, serotonin reuptake inhibitors, depression, antidepressants, bone, fractures, and bone mineral density. Most studies reported an overall association between the use of SSRIs and low bone mineral density with increased risk of fractures. Therefore, based on the current data, we conclude that SSRIs influence the skeletal system negatively. However, further research will be vital to better understand how depression and adverse effects of SSRI cooperate to impact skeletal status, and to portray all the mechanisms through which serotonin may intervene bone turnover and metabolism. Understanding full array these mechanisms allow the design of efficient strategies to counter bone loss and fracture risks in those patients using SSRIs.

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Biomedical Sciences

P3: Corrosion behavior and cytotoxicity of magnesium-strontium based (Mg-Sr) alloys

TOP M1, BORNAPOUR M2, ASCENCIO PINEDO M3, PEKGULERYUZ MO2, TABRIZIAN M1. 1Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada 2Mining & Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada 3Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

During the last decade, studies on developing biodegradable metallic implants have focused on magnesium as a promising material due to its superior bio-compatibility, low density, and good mechanical properties. This study aimed at investigating the corrosion rate and electrochemical behavior of a series of Mg–Sr alloys and evaluate their biocompatibility via cytotoxicity testing. Surface and microstructural characterization of different compositions have been conducted and compared to WE43-a corrosion resistant Mg alloy- control using simulated body fluid (Hank’s solution) to elucidate their corrosion resistance. Corrosion rate was calculated by measuring hydrogen release and weight loss. We will further investigate the compositions found to have good corrosion resistance by using (i) an immersion test set up newly developed to simulate the physiological conditions (circulation, temperature and pH) and (ii) in a simulated body fluid (SBF) with the exact ion composition of human blood. Two parameters; the corrosion potential (Ecorr) and the corrosion current density (icorr) will be used to evaluate the corrosion behavior. We believe that combined with the previous results and this current study on cytotoxicity, we will be able to determine the biocompatibility of Mg-Sr based alloys.

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P4: Role of Matrix Gla Protein in Craniofacial Development MARULANDA Ja, BERKVENS MEa, EIMAR Ha, ROMAN Hb, BORRÁS Tc, FERRON Md, TAMIMI Fa, MURSHED Mae. a Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. bDepartment of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada cDepartment of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, U.S. dInstitut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada e Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Congenital deformities are common in humans and craniofacial defects constitute a significant part. Genetic and environmental factors may lead to abnormal growth of orofacial skeletal elements affecting the overall structure of the face. In this study, we characterized a mouse model of human Keutel Syndrome caused by a mutation in Matrix Gla Protein (MGP), a vitamin K-dependent protein that acts as an inhibitor of soft tissue calcification. Keutel Syndrome is hallmarked by midface hypoplasia and abnormal calcification of cartilaginous tissues. Likewise, fetal exposure to warfarin leads to Warfarin Embryopathy, a congenital disorder characterized by midface hypoplasia and depressed nasal bridge. The mechanism by which MGP impairs midface development is not known, as well as whether the facial phenotype seen in Warfarin Embryopathy is due to the inactivation of MGP or Osteocalcin (Oc), another vitamin K-dependent protein.

Objectives: Determine whether the inactivation of MGP or Oc mediated by Warfarin is responsible for the Warfarin Embryopathy phenotype.

Characterize the craniofacial phenotype in the Mgp-/- mice and investigate the role of MGP in craniofacial development.

In this study we analyzed the craniofacial phenotype of the Oc-/- mouse and did not find significant differences with the WT mice, suggesting that Oc does not play a role in craniofacial development. Then, we analyzed the craniofacial phenotype of the Mgp-/- mice by cephalometric analyses of micro-CT images, revealing a severe midface hypoplasia. Von-Kossa staining of cranial sections showed ectopic calcification of the nasal septum in these mice. Finally, we showed that transgenic restoration of Mgp expression in the chondrocytes is sufficient to prevent the craniofacial abnormalities in Mgp-/- mice.

Conclusions: MGP deficiency in mice causes mid-face hypoplasia and malocclusion. Local expression of MGP prevents nasal septum calcification and plays a major role in craniofacial development. Inactivation of MGP causes the Warfarin Embryopathy craniofacial phenotype.

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Biomedical Sciences

P5: Preliminary study on the active ingredients of bone marrow soup to restore irradiation-injured salivary function

FANG D1, LIU Y1, LEE JC2, HU S3, SEUNTJENS J4, TRAN SD1

1 Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 2 Department of ENT, Pusan National University, Pusan, Korea. 3 School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America, 4 Department of Oncology, Medical Physics Unit, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Background: Radiotherapy is a key component of therapy for the patients with head and neck cancer, but this causes damage to salivary glands (SG) inevitably. Unfortunately, there are no suitable treatments so far for these patients in clinic. Bone marrow cell extract, namely BM Soup, was reported to functionally restore irradiated SG by a paracrine mechanism. There are reports that growth factors and exosomes are released by cells during tissue repair in a paracrine manner. Because the specific components of our BM Soup have not been characterized yet, the objective of this study was to test if proteins and/or exosomes are the active ingredients in BM Soup.

Methods: Cytokines and angiogenesis-related growth factors were detected using a protein array, and exosomes were isolated with the Total Exosomes Isolation Kit. TEM were used to image exosomes. To test if proteins or exosomes are the active ingredients, BM Soup was deactivated by proteinase K and heating at 95 . Both BM soup and deactivated BM soup were injected into the tail-vein of mice subjected to 15Gy irradiation (IR). The positive control mice received IR and injection of normal saline (control vehicle), while the negative control mice were sham-irradiated (i.e. not irradiated). SGs were harvested at 8 weeks post-IR.

Results: MMP-8, 9, FGF, HGF, OPN and other proteins were detected in BM Soup. TEM confirmed the presence of exosomes in BM Soup. After deactivation by proteinase K and heating, proteins and exosomes were removed. BM Soup increased saliva secretion and protected salivary cells while deactivated BM soup showed no benefit.

Conclusion: BM Soup contains a var iety of growth factors, cytokines and exosomes. The protein components and/or exosomes could be the active factors responsible for the therapeutic effects.

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Biomedical Sciences

P6: Absence of both TG2 and FXIII-A transglutaminases results in increased bone resorption and altered osteoclastogenesis

in vivo and in vitro

MOUSA A1, SUN H1, MURSHED M1,3,4, and KAARTINEN MT1,2 1 Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada 2 Faculty of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada 3 Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada 4 Shriners Hospital for Children, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

Osteoclasts are multinucleated macrophage lineage cells capable of resorbing mineralized bone. Increased osteoclast activity causes bone loss, i.e., osteopenia. Protein crosslinking enzymes, transglutaminase 2 (TG2) and Factor XIIIA (FXIIIA) are both expressed in monocyte/macrophage lineage; however, their potential role and expression in osteoclasts has not so far been explored. In this study we describe for the first time that indeed both TG2 and FXIII-A are found in osteoclasts. To examine the role of TG2 and FXIIIA in bone resorption and in maintenance of bone mass in vivo generated a double-null Tgm2-/-;F13a1-/- mouse. The double-null Tgm2-/-;F13a1-/- mice were osteopenic at 3 months of age suggesting their synergistic function. Micro-computed tomography of the Tgm2-/-;F13a1-/- double-null mice showed significant alterations in trabecular bone parameters. Osteoclast numbers were dramatically increased (N.Ocl./B.Pm +104%) and resorption activity augmented by +80% as analyzed by levels of circulating resorption marker (RatLapsTM). Isolated primary Tgm2-/-;F13a1-/- osteoclasts precursor cells from bone marrow formed nearly twice as many osteoclasts as control cells upon M-CSF and RANKL treatment. Tgm2-/-;F13a1-/- osteoclasts were also larger and highly resorptive as analyzed by the resorption pit assay. Furthermore, when the wild type bone marrow precursor cells were exposed to M-CSF and RANKL in the presence of an irreversible TG inhibitor NC9, they formed more resorptive osteoclasts as analyzed by resorption pit assay. However, the inhibition of TG activity by NC9 inhibited osteoclast fusion and decreased osteoclast size without affecting the osteoclast number suggesting that TG activity inhibits resorption but is required for osteoclast fusion. The discrepancy in the osteoclastogenesis between the Tgm2-/-;F13a1-/- osteoclasts and osteoclasts treated with NC9 possibly lies in the enzymatic and non-enzymatic functions of TG2 and FXIII-A. In conclusion, our data suggests that TG2 and FXIIIA are negative regulators of osteoclast resorption and can alter the osteoclastogenesis.

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Biomedical Sciences

P7: Decontamination of Titanium Implants Using Physical Methods

AL-HASHEDI A1, LAURENTI M1, BENHAMOU V1, TAMIMI F1

1Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal QC, Canada

Introduction: Bacter ial biofilm on titanium (Ti) dental implants causes inflammation that can result in implant loss. Current methods for cleaning biofilm-contaminated implants are able to eliminate bacteria and induce re-osseointegration with limited success but it is not clear if they are successful in removing the organic contaminants and restoring the original surface properties.

Purpose: This study was designed to assess the effect of four decontamination methods on the surface elemental composition and bacterial viability of biofilm-contaminated implant surfaces in order to develop an optimized method for implants decontamination.

Materials and Methods: The decontamination efficiency of clinically available methods such as metal and plastic curettes, Ti brushes and Er: YAG laser were assessed. Surface morphology, chemical composition and properties of titanium discs were analyzed before and after oral biofilm contamination using scanning electron microscope and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy while the presence and viability of bacteria were evaluated with live-dead assays.

Results: Biofilm contamination created an organic layer r ich in hydrocarbons and bacteria that covered almost entirely the Ti surfaces. This organic layer has tightly adhered to Ti surfaces and could not be completely removed with any of the methods assessed (curettes, Ti brushes or Er: YAG laser). Ti brushes achieved greater elimination of organic contaminants and bacteria than curettes and laser, however, it changed the Ti surface morphology. On the other hand, Er: YAG laser showed the most significant decrease of live-to-dead bacterial ratio.

Conclusions:

Ti brushes are more efficient than curettes and Er: YAG laser in decontaminating titanium implant surfaces but they are all unable to completely eliminate surface contamination.

Er: YAG lasers are more efficient than curettes and Ti brushes in killing the biofilm bacteria.

Clinical significance: The combination of Ti brushes and Er : YAG laser could be the best decontamination method of the implant surfaces in dental clinics.

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P8: Mineralization-inhibiting effects of transglutaminase-crosslinked polymer osteopontin in vitro

HOAC B,1 NELEA V,1,2 JIANG W,1 KAARTINEN MT,1,3 McKEE MD1,2

1Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada 2Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada 3Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada Osteopontin (OPN) belongs to the SIBLING (Small, Integrin-Binding LIgand N-linked Glycoprotein) family of mineral-binding matrix proteins found in bones and teeth. OPN is a well-known inhibitor of matrix mineralization, and we and others have shown that enzymatic modification of OPN can affect this inhibitory function. In bone, OPN exists both as a monomer and as a high-molecular-weight polymer – the latter is formed by tissue transglutaminase-mediated crosslinking of glutamine and lysine residues in OPN to create homo- or heterotypic protein assemblies. Polymeric OPN has increased binding to collagen and promotes osteoblast adhesion, but despite these initial observations, the role of polymer OPN in mineralization is not clear. Here, we investigate the effect of polymer OPN in two in vitro systems of mineralization. Using bovine OPN crosslinked by guinea pig tissue transglutaminase, we examined the effect of polymer OPN in a hydroxyapatite crystal growth assay and in 12-day mineralizing MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cultures. Polymer OPN was able to inhibit the growth of hydroxyapatite crystals in solution at concentrations similar to monomer OPN, but not in osteoblast culture mineralization when it was added at later time points after an extracellular matrix had been established. However, when polymer OPN was added to osteoblast culture for the entire duration of culture (during matrix formation and mineralization stages), it was able to inhibit mineralization, with no effect on osteoblast cell proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity. Atomic force microscopy and dynamic light scattering analysis of the polymers revealed that OPN polymers were as large as 500-1000 µm in diameter, while OPN monomers ranged from 10-20 nm in size. Our results suggest that the increased size of polymer OPN could prevent it from accessing mineralization sites within the extracellular matrix, thus making it a less potent inhibitor than monomer OPN in osteoblast cultures. Supported by CIHR and FRQ-S.

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Biomedical Sciences

P9: Targeted deletion of Smpd3 in osterix expressing cells recapitulates the skeletal phenotype of fro/fro mice

MANICKAM G2*, LI J1*, MURSHED M1,2,3

1Department of Medicine, McGill University 2Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University 3Shriners Hospital for Children, McGill University. *Both authors contributed equally to this study. Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 3 (SMPD3), a lipid metabolizing enzyme present in the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and the inner leaflet of the cell membrane, has been identified as a key regulator of skeletal development. SMPD3 cleaves sphingomyelin and generates ceramides, a class of lipid second messengers and phosphocholine, an important metabolite for a number of metabolic pathways. Currently, there are two reported mouse models that lack functional SMPD3, which have been used to extensively study the physiological roles of this enzyme. The first model was generated by a gene targeting method (Smpd3-/-), while the other model, known as fragilitas ossium (fro), was generated by chemically inducing the deletion of 1,758 bp of the Smpd3 gene resulting in the loss of part of intron 8 and exon 9. SMPD3-deficient fro/fro mice, which are homozygous for a loss-of-function mutation in the Smpd3 gene, show severe congenital skeletal defects hallmarked by poor mineralization of the developing growth plate cartilage and bone. In the current work, we report the development of Smpd3flox/flox mice for the conditional ablation of Smpd3 using the Cre-LoxP system. In order to test the functionality of this model, we mated these mice with Osx1-GFP::Cre mice, which express Cre recombinase under the control of the murine osterix promoter. This promoter has been reported to be active in the late hypertrophic chondrocytes and in the cells of the osteoblast lineage. In agreement with this expression pattern, we find that the skeletal phenotype in Smpd3flox/flox;Osx1-GFP::Cre mice closely mimics that of the fro/fro mice. This work confirms that SMPD3 has a local role in the skeletal tissues instead of a systemic role during development. Furthermore, the Smpd3flox/flox mice will be a useful model to investigate the tissue-specific roles of SMPD3 and its metabolites in future studies.

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Biomedical Sciences

P10: The Three-Dimensional Human Salivary Organoid Culture System Supports the Expansion of Functionally Secreting Acinar Cells in vitro

SEO YJ1, LILLIU MA2, LEE JC3, ZEITOUNI A4, EL-HAKIM M5, TRAN SD1

1 Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy. 3 Department of Otolaryngology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, South Korea 4 Department of Otolaryngology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada 5 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada Saliva aids in lubrication, food digestion and pH buffering. Clinical symptoms of hyposalivation include xerostomia (dry mouth), difficulty with swallowing, altered taste perception, frequent dental caries and oropharyngeal infections. Reduced salivary secretion is normally seen in head and neck cancer patients, who are treated with irradiation, and in Sjogren’s syndrome, an autoimmune disease. Salivary glands of these patients are fibrotic, compromising the volume and flow rate of saliva. Currently, cell therapy is emerging as a novel therapeutic option to restore salivary gland function. In this work, we describe an improved culture system in expanding the primary epithelial cells from human salivary glands in vitro. The existing culture systems seed single cells on Matrigel and Collagen in serum-containing media to prevent de-differentiation of secretory acinar cells. Our culture system differs in growing salivary organoids –containing acinar cells- in suspension and in serum-free condition. Here, we demonstrate that the enzymatically digested organoids contain intact basement membrane, and lobular (acinar)/ductal structure. The secretory acinar organoids show positive staining for AQP5+ on the apical part and are observed with CK5+ progenitor cells of the intercalated ducts. Three days after seeding, the organoids in suspension form spheres mainly through clumping, and the spheres also show the proliferation of CK5+ cells on Day 5. After 5 days of culturing in suspension, the major cell types found in spheres are NKCC1+ and AQP5+ serous acinar cells, CK5+ ductal cells and Vimentin+ cells. The spheres also stain for E-cadherin, and Lamininα5. The Day 5 spheres are functional in response to drug stimulation, as shown by Amylase Activity Assay. In conclusion, our culture system produces functionally secreting salivary spheres in vitro. The spheres can provide therapeutic options for minimally invasive cell therapy and serve as a source of acinar cells to replace fibrotic salivary gland and restore salivation.

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Oral Health and Society

P11: Experience of living with chronic pain and patient’s experiences of its treatments

AHMED AS1, HOVEY RB1 1 Division of Oral Health and Society, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

Objectives: The main objective of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of the experience of people living with chronic pain, through an interdisciplinary team approach. Through researching the experiences of patients with chronic pain and their families we intend to use this knowledge inform and enhance practicing clinicians, basic science/clinical researchers and dental, medical, nursing students through developing inter-professional workshops and continuing education programs through a transformational learning theoretical framework for our knowledge translation and transfer practices.

Methods: In this on-going study we employed the methodological traditions and applications of interpretive phenomenology. This framework will help to explicitly illuminate the lived experience of patients with chronic pain. Approximately 15 to 20 participants for this study will be recruited from the McGill University Health Centre (MUHC) pain clinics in Montreal, Quebec. Data collection methods of this qualitative study will include employment of in-depth semi-structured interviews, which will be audio-recorded, transcribe verbatim and interpreted by the research team.

Preliminary results: Three metaphors were identified and interpretively named the shattering, the surrendering, and the dance. According to patients, barriers included: lack of quality of care, lack of follow-ups, poor oral health, pain caused by medications which induced the undesired outcomes, poor bone health which is an alarming situation for tooth implants). These barriers can affect the patients’ physical, mental and psychological health.

Conclusion: Understanding the deeper exper iences of patients will help us understand the phenomena of the pathological and non-pathological aspects. By developing education modules and disseminating knowledge in to clinical practice will improve the patients’ health. Introducing interventions of chronic pain with a greater understanding of what it means to live with the condition can encourage patients’ progress towards self-renewal and also improve patients’ compliance.

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Oral Health and Society

P12: The Dentist’s Role In Preventing Family Violence: Responsibilities, Guidelines, And Reporting Behaviors

FAROOKHI, SADAF

Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

With studies estimating that 50-75% of domestic violence and child abuse cases result in injuries to the head, neck and/or oral cavity, the dentist is ideally positioned to recognize and report signs of family violence. Although dentists are both morally and, for the most part, legally obligated to report suspected cases of abuse, they make up less than 1% of all reporters. While the diagnostic criteria of abuse remains effectively uniform, mandatory reporting legislature and guidelines can vary greatly. Hence this review aims to cohesively narrate the different responsibilities and guidelines presented by the literature on the different aspects of family violence, as well as exploring the dental team’s reporting behaviors with regard to suspected abuse. A comprehensive search strategy comprised of subject headings and keywords was used to retrieve articles from 3 databases; Ovid Medline, Ovid Embase, and CINAHL. Relevant articles were selected through perusal of title and abstract and then further shortlisted via full text review. Hand searching of references from relevant articles, reports, and online sources was also carried out. Literature discussing the law in terms of dentistry, although limited, helps to clarify and emphasize the legal and ethical duties of the dentist. However most current literature mainly discusses the detection of violence and collection of evidence with little guidance on the process of filing a report. Studies on reporting behaviors highlight a significant disconnect between suspecting abuse and reporting it. In conclusion, although dentists appear aware of their responsibility to report suspected abuse they are hesitant to do so, often citing lack of adequate training as the reason why. This points towards a need to improve training within existing curriculums, as well as develop stronger and possibly mandatory continuing education programs so as to create more conscientious and confident professionals.

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Oral Health and Society

P13: Evaluation of needs and prevalence of implant-supported prosthetic rehabilitation in oral tumor patients at

Montreal General Hospital, Quebec SRIVASTAVA A1, KAZMI A2, ALGHAMDI O3, MAKHOUL N4, NICOLAU B5

1PhD Candidate, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CANADA 2DMD II Candidate, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CANADA 3Fellow, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CANADA 4Assistant Professor and Residency Program Director, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CANADA 5Associate Professor, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CANADA Background: Many oral tumor patients have complex prosthetic rehabilitation needs such that implant-supported prostheses are crucial for restoration of function and esthetics. However, public health insurance in Quebec is limited to surgical tumor treatment and does not cover the costs of dental implants. This may result in a significant barrier to access of adequate prosthetic rehabilitation, especially for patients who are unable to pay out-of-pocket.

Objective: To evaluate the needs and prevalence of provision of intra-oral implant-supported prosthetic rehabilitation in oral tumor patients at the Montreal General Hospital (MGH), Quebec.

Methods: For this descr iptive study, we assessed hospital r ecords of patients treated at the MGH for oral tumors. We recorded the number of patients who needed and were eligible for implant-prosthetics. We defined patients with a ‘need’ for implant-prosthetics as those who were surgically treated for an oral tumor such that there was an involvement of the alveolar bone and/or the extraction of teeth with or without surgical reconstruction using tissue/bone grafts. Patients were deemed ‘eligible’ for implant-prosthetics if they were free of disease and in good general health for surgical placement of implants. We also noted the number of patients who received implants at MGH.

Results: We assessed hospital r ecords of 345 patients who were diagnosed and treated at the MGH between 2008 and 2014 for an oral tumor. Nearly 35% patients (n=120) had oral tumors and/or surgical removal that involved alveolar bone or teeth and were categorized as patients in ‘need’ of implant-prosthetics. Amongst these, 12.5% patients (n=15) did not meet the eligibility criteria. Of the remaining patients (n=99; 82.5%) who needed and were eligible for implant-prosthetics, only 10% patients received implants.

Conclusion: Our preliminary results suggest that the need for dental implant-supported prosthetic rehabilitation for oral tumors patients at MGH is largely unmet.

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Oral Health and Society

P14: An Ethnographic Study to Better Understand the Oral Health of Aboriginal People Residing in Montreal

DANISH B1, BEDOS C1.2, MACDONALD ME1

1Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada 2 School of Public Health, University De Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada

Urban aboriginal populations in Canada are often underrepresented in health research even though 54% of Aboriginal Canadians live in urban centers. They have poorer oral health than non-Aboriginal Canadians despite the provision of a federally funded dental plan specific for Aboriginal people. To understand the roots of their problem, I will explore: how Aboriginal people in Montreal understand oral health and oral illness; what are people’s oral health needs; how people promote oral health and deal with oral illnesses. I will adopt a focused ethnography using participant observation and in-depth interviews for data collection. I will use a participatory approach by partnering with ‘Montreal Urban Aboriginal Health Committee’ (MUAHC). I propose a sample size of 25 to 30, using a maximum variation sampling strategy, taking into account various criteria such as age, gender, and socioeconomic status. I will also adopt a snowball sampling strategy where necessary. All participants should be 18 years or older, speak English or French, and have lived in Montreal for more than 6 months at one time, to exclude transient populations. Interview questions are based on my conceptual framework of social determinants of oral health inequalities. Interviews will be recorded and transcribed verbatim. I will do thematic deductive-inductive data analysis. Preliminary findings show that by-products of colonization (e.g., social exclusion, discrimination, loss of family ties) are the main social determinants affecting oral health of Aboriginal people. This study is the first of its kind. It will help develop appropriate oral health promotion policies for urban Aboriginal populations.

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Oral Health and Society

P15: Alcohol consumption, oral hygiene and ADH1B genetic variants in the risk for Head and neck cancers

THEKKEPURAKKAL AS1, SCHLECHT N2, NICOLAU B1

1 Faculty of dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada 2 Faculty of Medicine, Albert Einstein University, New York, USA

Alcohol consumption is an established risk factor for head and neck cancers (HNC). Acetaldehyde, produced during metabolism of ethanol by alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes (ADH), is the major carcinogen from alcohol. Genetic variants controlling kinetics of ADH (ADH1B*1*1 and ADH1B*2*2 alleles) are associated with differential risk for SCHNC based on ethnicity. ADH1B*1*1 is highly prevalent among Caucasians. However, acetaldehyde is also produced by oral microflora from ethanol, increasing local salivary acetaldehyde content in head and neck region. Hence, a possible interplay between these exposures can be hypothesised and we aimed to examine the association between oral hygiene scores (proxy for oral microflora), alcohol consumption and risk for SCHNC among ADH1B*1*1 carriers. The data (cases=353, controls =382) was draw from Canadian site of international multicenter hospital based case-control study (HeNCe Life study). Questionnaire and life grid techniques collected information on several domains of exposures. Exfoliated epithelial cells were collected from oral cavity using mouthwash and brush biopsy protocols. DNA was isolated and genotyped for ADH1B alleles using allele specific PCR assays and DNA sequencing. Average effect of targeted exposures on HNC risk was estimated through unconditional logistic regression from odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), considering potential confounders. Highest level of alcohol consumption was associated with 53% increased overall risk for HNC compared to non-drinkers. Poorest oral hygiene score, though associated with increased over all HNC risk (OR=1.51, 95%CI: 1.02-2.24), attenuated for HNC sub sites. However, this risk association significantly increased among ADH1B*1*1 carriers (OR=2.10, 95%CI: 1.13-3.90) and decreased among high alcohol consumers who carried ADH1B*1*1 (OR=2.06, 95%CI: 0.92-4.63) for laryngeal cancers. Preliminary results suggest that the association between alcohol consumption and site specific HNC risk may be modified by ADH1B*1*1 and oral hygiene among this Canadian population. Further analyses should be carried out to confirm these findings.

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Oral Health and Society

P16: Demographics, Training Satisfaction, and Career Plans of Canadian Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Residents

GIGLIOTTI J1, MAKHOUL N.1

1Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the demographics, training satisfaction and career plans of Canadian Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (OMS) residents. A cross-sectional study was conducted using an anonymous online survey that was distributed via email to all current Canadian OMS residents. The survey consisted of 24 questions and was divided into three sections: demographics, training satisfaction, and career plans. The completion rate of this survey was 88.9%. Eighty-percent of residents were satisfied with their surgical education overall. The highest levels of training satisfaction were found in the areas of facial trauma and orthognathic surgery, where 80% of residents respectively answered that they were “very satisfied” with the training they had received. Satisfaction was lowest in the areas facial cosmetic surgery, maxillofacial reconstructive surgery, cleft and craniofacial surgery, and dental implantology. A majority of residents, 78.1%, indicated that they would prefer to be trained at a MD-integrated OMS certificate program. Seventy-two percent of residents would like to complete a fellowship following graduation. The most desirable career path was a combination of private practice and academic practice with 75% of residents selecting this option. Only 3.1% of OMS residents were planning on pursuing a full-time academic career. When independently asked about their intent on obtaining hospital privileges, taking maxillofacial trauma call, and performing orthognathic surgery, 100% of residents indicated that they were planning to incorporate the above mentioned items into their future practices. This study was the first to evaluate the demographics, training satisfaction, and career plans of Canadian OMS residents. In general, residents were satisfied with their surgical education, particularly in the traditional scope of OMS, apart from dental implantology. Among the current generation of trainees, there appears to be a proclivity for a broader scope of training, medical degree integrated residency programs, and post-graduate fellowship training.

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Oral Health and Society

P17: Men’s Experience with Living with Osteoporosis: A Canadian Study

AHMED F1, HOVEY R 1

1Division of Oral Health & Society, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

Background: Osteoporosis is a systemic bone disease character ized by decrease in bone mass and micro architectural deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequential increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture (Amin & Felson 2001).

A prevailing perception is that osteoporosis is an illness condition mainly affecting women, however, its prevalence in men demonstrates that one in five men will suffer a fracture due and to osteoporosis (Osteoporosis Canada). According to Statistics Canada, a high proportion of people at risk for osteoporotic fracture did not report of being diagnosed with osteoporosis were 33% men over 50 years of age. (Statistics Canada 2009)

Objective: The purpose of this study is to gain insight and understanding about the experiences confronted by men diagnosed with Osteoporosis. This research will identify how and to the extent that osteoporosis affects their lives. In order to understand the ways it effects men’s lives, (work, regular activities, relationships, social, and psychological), is to explore their experiences of suffering from the disease, the transformation of accepting osteoporosis as a condition and the steps and modifications to living to learning how to live well with this chronic health condition.

Methods: The study will employ an interpretive phenomenological approach. This framework and philosophy will provide a comprehensive explanation of the lived experience of osteoporosis patients. Data collection methods include 30-60 minute, semi-structured open-ended interviews with participants who possess a diagnosis of osteoporosis.

Conclusion: This application of our findings could potentially offer a perspective about transformation and adaptation styles that men encounter with osteoporosis. It will also enhance healthcare professionals ability to communicate, educate and treat all patients with a better understanding of the experience of men living with osteoporosis.