Decision Making

INPUT

RESPONSE PROGRAMMING

RESPONSE SELECTION

STIMULUS IDENTIFICATION

OUTPUT

Schmidt’s simple information processing

model

Having used memory to identify a stimulus that comes from our senses, the next stage in the information processing model is to make a decision about how to respond to the information that has been received.

This is called the RESPONSE SELECTION STAGE

RESPONSE SELECTION DEFINITION Deciding how to respond, deciding what to do.

EXAMPLE: In Basketball, should I catch the ball and if so how?...

DECISION MAKING is sometimes called ‘THE TRANSLATION PROCESS’ and can be thought of as taking place in a tube.

Once entered the tube it cannot leave the tube until it has been completed

This is known as THE SINGLE CHANNEL HYPOTHESIS. It explains that until one stimulus has had a decision made about it, another cannot be acted upon

STUDENT TASKDraw a bottle with a neck and label the diagram. Use the bottle neck to explain the single channel hypothesis

Complete the following exam questions

WE ARE LEARNING TO...

Understand the different factors that can affect reaction time

Understand the different methods of improving reaction time

Understand the difference between temporal and spatial anticipation

Our reaction time gets

quicker until we reach the age of

20. it then progressively gets slower

Males generally

have quicker

reactions than

females

The further away from

the brain the slower the

reaction time. Feet are

slower to react than

hands

Present these factors as a mind map

Reaction time varies

depending on what sense is receiving the

stimulus

If you are expecting a

stimulus then reaction time is

reduced.

Eg. The sprinter is expecting the gun

after they hear “set”

If the stimulus is

load or bright then reaction

time is shortened

Extroverts usually have

quicker reactions than

introverts

Optimal arousal leads to

the quickest reaction

times

Our Reactions are slowest

when we are cold

Spatial AnticipationIs guessing a movement that will be needed.

Temporal AnticipationIs when a performer predicts what is about to happen

The value of anticipation is that it gives the performer more time to complete a skill, but can be less helpful if the performer anticipates a move and then the opposition sell a dummy

Skilled performers use past experiences to anticipate what is going to happen and actually processes information before the event

Using two examples from sport, explain how our reaction time can be improved (4 marks)

Using two different examples from sport, explain how our reaction time can be improved (4 marks)

Do you....Understand the different methods of improving reaction time

Understand the different factors that can affect reaction time

Understand the difference between temporal and spatial anticipation

Decision Making

WE ARE LEARNING TO...

Understand how the Psychological Refractory Period can affect our performance

Understand Hicks Law, and the single channel Hypothesis

Complete the following worksheet. You must attempt to match up the correct definitions with the correct key words

• When responding to a stimulus there is a short delay until the performer decides how to respond and then initiate an appropriate response.

• During this time, the brain cannot produce a response to any other stimulus. If a second stimulus is given, the reaction time is much slower than normal. This is called the PSYCHOLOGICAL REFRACTORY PERIOD. This serves to illustrate the single channel hypothesis.

EXAMPLEThe PRP process is used by performers to dummy or fake their opponents. The performer pretends to move one way, your opponent perceives these signals and decides to block your move. Meanwhile the performer starts to move the other way. Your opponent cannot immediately respond to your change in movement due to the single channel hypothesis. If they try to respond it id slower due to the PRP

We are only able to process one piece of information at a time

Any additional stimuli can not be processed until the initial one has been dealt with

The Psychological Refractory Period lengthens our reaction time

Knowledge of the PRP is useful in sport as we can confuse our opponents by giving them lots

of stimuli to deal with

Eg: selling the dummyCopy figure 8.6 on page 97

1. In games, performers will try to create a 2v1 situation. Explain in terms of information processing, why a 2v1 should cause a defenders response time to be slower (6 marks)

Decision Making

Whiting’s Model

DisplayRefers to the range of actions and things that are happening in

the surrounding environment of the performer Input data from displayInvolves information from the environment which enters the

brain via the sense organs.E.g. Before catching a ball, the catcher sees the ball and is

aware of the throwers movement, or another player shouts to warn of an impending tackle and the player is then aware of this other player

Whiting’s ModelReceptor SystemsRefers to the sense organs which receive information

Perceptual Mechanism Is the part of the brain which perceives the surroundings and gives them

meaning

Translatory Mechanism The part of the brain which makes decisions and sorts out and processes

the few relevant bits of information from the many inputs from the surroundings

Whiting’s ModelEffector MechanismIs the part of the brain which carries out the decisions and sends messages

to the limbs and parts of the body via the nervous system

OutputInvolves the effector mechanism and muscle movement. The nerves send

messages to the muscles which move in order for the ball to be caught

Feedback DataIs information which is used during and after an action or movement which

enables a performer to adjust or change performance according to this new information

WE ARE LEARNING TO...

Understand the importance of motor programmes and sub routines

Understand the factors that affect the efficiency of the information processing model

Motor Programme Definition • A generalised series of movements stored in the long term memory.

Motor programmes are developed through well informed practice over a long period of time

Part of the decision making process is the selection of the motor programme that is to be used for a movement. Motor programmes govern which muscles contract , in what order and with what timing

Practice helps to develop new, effective, stable motor programmes. Practice makes complex motor programmes simpler to use and reduces information processing needed to run them.

Highly skilled performers can learn motor programmes as sub routines (smaller parts)

Example: A Tennis serve is an example of a motor programme.

Tennis Serve

You learn a motor programme as a response to a situation. You remember that motor programme and if the situation arises you repeat the motor programme. The LTM has a store of muscle commands. Once a programme is run muscles receive impulses in a predetermined sequence, at predetermined intervals.

Feet Position Body Position RacketSwing

Follow Through

Recovery

Think of another example of where a performer can learn a motor programme in sub routines. Record your answers

• We will now read and highlight the following information under the following headings

• Selective Attention• Retention in memory• Improving reaction time• Why skills break down

When analysing movements, what do you understand by the terms motor programme and sub routines? (2 marks)

Do you...

Understand Hicks Law, and the single channel Hypothesis

Understand how the Psychological Refractory Period can affect our performance

Understand the importance of motor programmes and sub routines

Understand the factors that affect the efficiency of the information processing model