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941W. W. Hay, Exper i ment ing on a Small Planet, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-28560-8, © Springer-Ver lag Ber lin Hei del berg 2013
DED I CA TION
Usu ally a ded i ca tion comes at the begin ning of a book. Here it is at the end, where it will mean more, because now you have some idea of who these people are.
First, my men tors and col leagues at the Uni ver sity of Illi nois, George W. White, Har old W. Scott, Ralph Lan gen heim, and George Swenson, who taught me the fine art of scep ti cism.
Then Cesare Emil i ani at the Uni ver sity of Miami. Cesare was a Renais sance Man—a ‘Poly math’—knowl edge able not only about his own area of sci ence, but many other fields as well. Cesare was one of the first sci en tists to real ize that planet Earth has a dis ease—uncon trolled growth of the human pop u la tion.
My col leagues in phys i cal ocean og ra phy and atmo spheric sci ence at RSMAS in Miami: Claes Ro oth and Eric Kraus, who had the audac ity to imag ine wholly dif fer ent modes of atmo spheric and oce anic cir cu la tion.
Earl Ka uff man at the Uni ver sity of Col o rado con vinced me we didn’t really under stand the cli mate of the Cre ta ceous.
I want to espe cially thank Jörn Thi ede, foun der of GE O MAR in Kiel, then Direc tor of the Alfred Wegener Institute in Brem er ha ven. Jörn gave me the opportu nity to spend unfet tered years pur su ing my goal of under stand ing how the Earth’s ‘warm’ cli mate sys tem worked.
My col leagues at GE O MAR (now the Leib nitz Insti tut für Me eres wis sen chaften): Roland von Hu ene, Erwin Su ess, and Wolf Chris tian Dullo. And Michael Sar nth ein at the Uni ver sity of Kiel’s Depart ment of Geo log i cal Sci ences.
942 DEDICATION
Then there my per sonal heroes who worked on under stand ing the symp toms of the dis ease:
Roger Rev elle, who elo quently described the ‘Great Uncon trolled Exper i ment.”
Wally Broec ker, who warned us that if we didn’t make rapid pro gress in understand ing the ocean and its role in cli mate sci ence, Mother Nature might get ahead of us.
Bill Rud di man, who real ized that the human influ ence on the planet began not with the Indus trial Rev o lu tion, but back at the begin nings of civ i li za tion.
And those who have metic u lously doc u mented the ongo ing cli mate change of Earths cli mate, but espe cially:
Phil Jones of the Cli mate Research Unit of the Uni ver sity of East Anglia.
Jim Han sen of NASA’s God dard Insti tute of Space Sci ence in New York.
Michael Mann of the Earth Sys tem Sci ence Cen ter of The Penn syl va nia State Uni ver sity
All of them have been sub jects of mali cious vil i fi ca tion for sim ply report ing factual infor ma tion, offer ing sci en tific inter pre ta tion, and sug gest ing pos si ble means of ame lio ra tion to avoid the obvi ous disas ter if trends con tinue.
Finally, Al Gore. The only US pol i ti cian with enough back ground in sci ence to fully under stand the sit u a tion. And the courage to bring it to pub lic atten tion.
943W. W. Hay, Exper i ment ing on a Small Planet, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-28560-8, © Springer-Ver lag Ber lin Hei del berg 2013
FIG URE SOURCES
Unfor tu nately I did not always note the original source for fig ures down loaded from Inter net web sites. I have found most of the original sites, but a few may have dis ap peared. Almost all of the fig ures down loaded (almost all por traits of sci entists) are avail able at multiple web sites. They can be found by typ ing the per sons name in Go ogle, and then select ing ‘images’ which usu ally brings up sev eral pages of pic tures. Almost none of these have fur ther attri bu tion or notice of copy right.
For each of the pic tures I used I have indi cated the link below. You should be able to find the pic ture by copy ing the link and search ing the page.
Where there is clear evi dence of copy right, I have noted it.I assume that mate rial taken from 100 yearold and older jour nals is no longer under copy right.
Fig. 1.1. Mod i fi ca tion of Soviet era post card. No copy right.
Fig. 1.2. Per sonal photo
Fig. 1.3. From http://earth guide.ucsd.edu/earth guide/ima gel i brary/emil i a nia hux leyi. html, Mod i fied to make grey scale image.
Fig. 2.1. From http://daus rawi thought.blog spot.com/2011/01/cogitoergosumithinkthere foreiam.html. This same pic ture also appears on sev eral other web sites. Not sure of original source. Mod i fied to make gray scale image.
Fig. 2.2. Original
Fig. 2.3. Original
Fig. 2.4. Original
Fig. 2.5. Original (Maps made from our own GE O MAR odsn.de web site.)
Fig. 2.6. Original (Map made from our own GE O MAR odsn.de web site.)
Fig. 2.7. Original (Map made from our own GE O MAR odsn.de web site.)
Fig. 2.8. Original
Fig. 2.9. Original
944
Fig. 2.10. Original
Fig. 2.11. Original
Fig. 2.12. Original
Fig. 3.1. From http://www.pret eri star chive.com/Books/1650_us sher_annals.html. Can also be found at a num ber of other sites on the web.
Fig. 3.2. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Georges_Louis_Lecl erc,_Count_of_ Buf fon. Can also be found at a num ber of other sites on the web.
Fig. 3.3. From http://his tor yofge ol o gy.fiel dof science.com/2010/06/jameshut ton3June172626March1797.html. Can also be found at a num ber of other sites on the web.
Fig. 3.4. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/James_Hut ton. Cropped. Can also be found at a num ber of other sites on the web.
Fig. 3.5. Prob a bly from http://www.ar tofl eg end in di a.com/georgescu vierp6148.html. But other sources can also be found on the web.
Fig. 3.6. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Charles_Lyell. Con verted to gray scale image.
Fig. 3.7. From the June 12, 1997 issue of Nature (N. S. Hai le, The pid dling school of geol ogy, Nature, v. 387, p. 650.) Con verted to gray scale image and enhanced.
Fig. 3.8. From http://gmcge ol o gy.blog spot.com/2010/04/lousagas siztracystraussirre fut able.html. Fro nis piece of vol ume 1 of “Louis Agas siz—His Life and Corre spon dence” by his wife Eliz a beth Carey Agas siz (1885).
Fig. 3.9. From http://per spec tives geo pol i tiques.word press.com/2008/11/16/ple insfeuxsuradolferiknor den ski old/Con verted to gray scale and cropped.
Fig. 3.10. From http://www.geol ogy.19thcen tu ry science.org/bookindex.html Converted to gray scale image.
Fig. 3.11. From We gen er, Die Ent ste hung der Kon ti nent und Oz ean, Geo log i sche Runds chau (Springer) 1912.
Fig. 3.12. From NASA
Fig. 13.13. Original
Fig. 3.14. Original
Fig. 4.1. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Wil liam_Thom son,_1st_Baron_Kel vin Can also be found at a num ber of other sites on the web.
Fig. 4.2. Original.
Fig. 4.3. From http://structu reof a toms.blog spot.com/2010/08/stru cureofatoms.html
Fig. 4.4. Original
Fig. 4.5. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Dmi tri_Men de leev
Fig. 4.6. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Dmi tri_Men de leev
Fig. 4.7. From http://www.bpc.edu/math science/chem is try/his tory_of_the_peri odic_ table.html
FIGURE SOURCES
945
Fig. 4.8. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/File:Bec que rel_Henri_pho to graph.jpg
Fig. 4.9. From Fred er ick Soddy’s book ‘RadioActiv ity’ pub lished in 1904
Fig. 4.10. From http://www.fan pop.com/spots/womeninhis tory/images/29204140/title/mariecuriephoto
Fig. 4.11. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/File:The_Lon don_Uni ver sity_by_ Thomas_Hos mer_Shep herd_182728.JPG
Fig. 4.12. From http://tif fa nyjenkinsinfo.word press.com/2011/06/16/jer emyben tham oncon test inghumanremainsinmuseumcol lec tions/
Fig. 4.13. Left: From http://susannamcle od.suite101.com/phys icsincan adaernestruth er forda65646 Right: Prob a bly from http://www.vouts ada kis.com/GAL LERY/ALMA NAC/Year2010/Sep2010/09022010/2010sep02.html
Fig. 4.14. Original
Fig. 4.15. From Soddy, 1913, Radio ac tiv ity, Chem i cal Soci ety Annual Reports v. 10, 262–288
Fig. 4.16. Original
Fig. 4.17. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Arthur_Holmes
Fig. 5.1. Original
Fig. 5.2. Original
Fig. 5.3. Original
Fig. 5.4. From http://www.brue der geme inenie sky.de/ak tu ell/presse/bub noff.php Photo attrib uted to P Krzonka lla
Fig. 5.5. From http://www.no bel prize.org/nobel_prizes/phys ics/lau re ates/1968/alva rez bio.html
Fig.5.6. After Cande, S. C., and Kent, D. V., 1992, A new geo mag netic polarity time scale for the late Cre ta ceous and Ceno zoic, Jour nal of Geo phys i cal Research, v. 97, B10, pp. 13,91713,951 (mod i fied).
Fig. 5.7. Original
Fig. 5.8. Original
Fig. 5.9. Original
Fig. 5.10. Original
Fig. 5.11. Mod i fied, after a fig ure in one of my papers in Geo log i sche Runds chau.
Fig. 6.1. Original
Fig. 6.2. Original
Fig. 6.3. From a National Geo graphic Soci ety Map: Dis cov er ers of the Pacific, 1974—Prob a bly copy righted.
Fig. 6.4. Original
Fig. 6.5. Original
Fig. 6.6. Original
FIGURE SOURCES
946
Fig. 6.7. Original
Fig. 6.8. From http://www.coun ton.org/the sum/issue17/index.htm
Fig. 6.9. Prob a bly from http://www.john pratt.com/items/docs/lds/merid ian/2004/new ton.html but there are a num ber of other web sites with this pic ture. Image has been rightleft reversed.
Fig. 6.10. From http://wwwhis tory.mcs.stand.ac.uk/Pict Dis play/Laplace.html
Fig. 6.11. From http://www.obultra sound.net/col la don.html “Image cour tesy of The Marine Group” Sim i lar images avail able at other web sites.
Fig. 6.12. Original (after fig ures in ocean og ra phy texts)
Fig. 6.13. Original
Fig. 7.1. Original
Fig. 7.2. Original
Fig. 7.3. From http://www.mlah anas.de/Greeks/Optics.htm. Can also be found on other web sites.
Fig. 7.4. Frpm http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Johan nes_Kep ler. Con verted to gray scale image.
Fig. 7.5. From http://www.win dows2uni verse.org/people/enlight en ment/cas sini.html . Mod i fied ad cropped.
Fig. 7.6 from http://www.nights kyob serv er.com/olero mer.php
Fig. 7.7. Original
Fig. 7.8. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Chris ti aan_Hu y gens . Cropped.
Fig. 7.9. Original
Fig. 7.10. From Her schel, 1800, Exper i ments on the solar, and on the ter res trial rays that occasion heat … Part II, Philo soph i cal Trans ac tions (Royal Soci ety) p. 437–538 + plates.
Fig. 7.11. Left From http://www.no ta ble bi og raph ies.com/HeHo/Her schelWil liam. html#b image cour tesy Library of Con gress. Rightleft reversed. Right: From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Joh ann_Wil helm_Rit ter. Mod i fied.
Fig. 7.12. From http://www.study phys ics.ca/new notes/20/unit04_light/chp1719_light/lesson58.htm. Cropped. Can also be found on other web sites.
Fig. 7.13. From T. Young, A Course of Lec tures on Nat u ral Phi los o phy and the Mechan i cal Arts (Printed for J. John son, Lon don, 1807), Vol. I, Plate XX, Fig. 267.
Fig. 7.14. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/%C3%89ti enneLouis_Ma lus. Mod ified to make square outline.
Fig. 7.15. Original
Fig. 7.16. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Au gu stinJean_Fres nel
Fig. 7.17. Prob a bly from http://www.peo ple quiz.com/biog ra phies36031James_Max well.html Image source cited as: Pub lic Domain Photo of James Clerk Max well
FIGURE SOURCES
947
Fig. 7.18. Original
Fig. 7.19. Original
Fig. 7.20. Original
Fig. 8.1. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Joseph_von_Fra un ho fer. Co vert ed to gray scale and cropped.
Fig. 8.2. Original
Fig. 8.3. Original
Fig. 8.4. Original
Fig. 8.5. From http://mod ern fizik.net/ku an tum9.html
Fig. 8.6. Original after sketches in the lit er a ture
Fig. 8.7. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Gug li elmo_Mar coni
Fig. 8.8. Original
Fig. From http://www.finda grave.com/cgibin/fg.cgi?GRid=12109587&page=gr. Converted to gray scale.
Fig. 9.2. From http://www.da vid dar ling.info/ency clo pe dia/R/Rum ford.html
Fig. 9.3. From http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi1878.htm
Fig. 9.4. From http://www.sa bur chill.com/his tory/chap ters/IR/018.html
Fig. 9.5. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Nic olas_L%C3%A9onard_Sadi_Car not. Con verted to gray scale.
Fig. 9.6. rom http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Clau sius
Fig. 9.7 From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/James_Pres cott_Joule
Fig. 9.8. From http://en.wi ki source.org/wiki/Men_I_Have_Painted/John_Tyn dall. Co vert ed to gray scale and rightleft reversed.
Fig. 9.9. From Tyn dall, 1861, The Bake ri an Lecture: On the Absorp tion and Radia tion of Heat by Gases and Vapours, and on the Phys i cal Con nex ion of Radia tion, Absorp tion, and Con duc tion. Philo soph i cal Trans ac tions of the Royal Soci ety, v. 151, pp. 1–36, Plate 1.
Fig. 9.10. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Gus tav_Kir ch hoff
Fig. 9.11. Original
Fig. 9.12. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Joseph_Ste fan
Fig. 9.13. From http://www.desy.de/f/hera/engl/chap1.html
Fig. 9.14. Original After illus tra tions in Lum mer & Prings heim. 1897, Die Strahlung eines “sch war zen” Kör pers zwis chen 100 und 1,300 °C. Ann a len der Phys ik, 299, 395–410.
Fig. 9.15. Original
Fig. 10.1. From http://www.eo earth.org/arti cle/His tory_of_the_Green house_Effect_and_Anthro po genic_Global_Warm ing_Research
Fig. 10.2. Original
FIGURE SOURCES
948
Fig. 10.3. Original
Fig. 10.4. Original
Fig. 10.5. Original
Fig. 10.6. Original
Fig. 10.7. Original
Fig. 10.8. Original
Fig. 10.9. From Ack er man, 1941, Geo graph i cal Review, 35, 105–111. Copy righted?
Fig. 10.10 Original
Fig. 11.1. Prob a bly from http://www.nrao.edu/what is ra/hist_preh ist.shtml/but many sim i lar ver sions at other web sites
Fig. 11.2. From http://www.my her o.com/go/hero.asp?hero=A_Ein stein_LC_ ali man_US_2011_ul. At trib ted to Ein stein (http://com mons.wi ki me dia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Albert_Ein stein_por trait.jpg&action=his tory)
Fig. 11.3. From http://www.fre einf os o ci ety.com/arti cle.php?id=95 . Cropped.
Fig. 11.4. From Bohr, 1923, Über den Bau der Atom e, Die Na tur wis sens chaf ten, heft 27, pp. 606–624 (Fig. 2) Copy righted?
Fig. 11.5. Original
Fig. 11.6. From http://www.wired.com/sci ence/dis cov er ies/news/2009/02/ day in tech_0227 Photo attrib uted to Cor bis. Can be found also at other web sites
Fig. 11.7. From Bohr, 1923, Über den Bau der Atom e, Die Na tur wis sens chaf ten, heft 27, pp. 606–624 (Fig. 1). Copy righted?
Fig. 11.8. From http://www.no bel prize.org/nobel_prizes/phys ics/lau re ates/1902/zee manbio.html
Fig. 11.9. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Pi eter_Zee man
Fig. 11.10. Original
Fig. 11.11. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/George_Uh len beck
Fig. 11.12. From http://os u li brary.or e gon state.edu/spe cial col lec tions/coll/paul ing/bond/pic tures/1926i.61pa u li.html Improved and crop ped
Fig. 11.13. Original
Fig. 11,14. From http://www.aip.org/his tory/news let ter/spring2003/pho toslarger.htm Improved
Fig. 11.15. From http://www.aip.org/his tory/hei sen berg/p08.htm
Fig. 11.16. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Erwin_Schrö ding er
Fig. 11.17. From http://fi.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Paul_Di rac. Cropped
Fig. 11.18. Original
Fig. 11.19. From Call en dar, 1938, The arti fi cial pro duc tion of car bon diox ide and its influ ence on tem per a ture. Quar terly Joo ur nal of the Royal me te or log i cal Soci ety, v. 64, pp 223–240. Copy righted?
FIGURE SOURCES
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Fig. 11.20. From Call en dar, 1938, The arti fi cial pro duc tion of car bon diox ide and its influ ence on tem per a ture. Quar terly Joo ur nal of the Royal me te or log i cal Soci ety, v. 64, pp 223–240. Copy righted?
Fig. 12.1 Original
Fig. 12.2. Original
Fig. 12.3. Original
Fig. 12.4. Original
Fig. 12.5. Original
Fig. 12.6. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/James_Croll
Fig. 12.7. From http://rock gla cier.blog spot.com/2010/06/geol ogyandcyclic ity.html from Croll’s 1875 pub li ca tion. Con verted to gray scale.
Fig. 12.8. From the 3rd edi tion (1894) of Archi bald Gei ke’s book The Great Ice Age.
Fig. 12.9. From the NOAA (National Ocean o graphic and Atmo spheric Agency) NGDC (National Geo phys i cal Data Cen ter) Pa leo cli mate Archive.
Fig. 12.10. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Louis_Agas siz
Fig. 12.11. Original
Fig. 12.12. From http://www.ucl.ac.uk/Ge ol Sci/micr opal/images/fora/fora005.gif Mod i fied
Fig. 12.13. Original
Fig. 12.14. original
Fig. 12.15. Original
Fig. 12.16. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Nich o las_Shackl eton. Cropped.
Fig. 12.17. Original
Fig. 12.18. Original
Fig. 12.19. Original
Fig. 12.20. Original
Fig. 12.21. Original
Fig. 12.22. Can be found at http://chris tof forr89.ed ub logs.org/platetec Fig. 13.3. tonics/ Original is from the Deep Sea Dril ling Pro ject. No copy right
Fig. 12.23. From Fischer, A.G., Hil gen, F.J., and Gar ri son, R.E, 2009, Med i ter ranean con tri bu tions to cycl os tra tig ra phy and as tro chro nol o gy. Sed i men tol ogy, v. 56, pp. 63–94
Fig. 12.24. Fig ure from Lou rens, L.J., An ton arakou, A., Hil gen, F.J., Van Hoof, A.A.M., Verg naudgrazz ini, C., and Za chari asse, W.J., 1996, Eval u a tion of the PlioPleis to cene astro nom i cal time scale. Pale oce a nog ra phy, v.11, pp. 391–413
Fig. 12.25. Original, based on data from Thi ede mann, 1991, Acht Mil lio nen Jah re Kli mageschichte von Nord westAfrika und Pal äoOzea nog ra phie des
FIGURE SOURCES
950
an gren zen den At lan tiks : ho chauflö sende Zei trei hen von ODPsites 658–661 = Cli matic his tory of north west Africa dur ing the last 8 mil lion years and pale ocea nog ra phy of the adja cent Atlan tic. Dis ser ta tion, Uni ver sity of Kiel, 190 pp.
Fig. 13.1. Original
Fig. 13.2. Original
Fig. 13.3. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schuster
Fig. 13.4. From http://www.artbooks.com/cgibin/art books/view au thor/Pho tog rapher.html May be copy righted
Fig. 13.5. From http://con tent.usa to day.com/com mu ni ties/science fair/post/2010/07/stan fordcli matesci en tistste phenschnei derdiesobituary/1#.T6_kpOtDxDs Con verted to gray scale. Would have come from his wife, who I know.
Fig. 13.6. Original
Fig. 13.7. From http://astro.uchi ca go.edu/people/eugeneparker.shtml
Fig. 13.8. From http://www.aps.org/pub li ca tions/aps news/201004/phys ic shi sto ry.cfm
Fig. 13.9. From http://www.ed geof bri tain.blog spot.com/
Fig. 13.10. From http://www.ast.leeds.ac.uk/Auger/
Fig. 13.11. From http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Hide ki_Yuk a wa
Fig. 13.12. From http://www.no bel prize.org/nobel_prizes/phys ics/lau re ates/1950/pow ellbio.html
Fig. 13.13. Original
Fig. 13.14. Original
Fig. 13.15. Left from http://en.wi ki pe dia.org/wiki/Wil lard_Libby Right From http://www.aip.org/his tory/cli mate/xSu ess.htm From Hans Su ess Papers, MSS 199, Mande ville Spe cial Col lec tions, Library, Uni ver sity of Cal i for nia, San Diego. Cropped
Fig. 13.16. From http://razd.ev cfo rum.net/Age_Dat ing.htm (Image based on cal i bra tion curve from Wi ki pe dia(2)—Both images are in the pub lic domain.) Mod i fied—Rightleft reversed and con verted to gray scale
Fig. 13.17. Original
Fig. 14.1. NASA
Fig. 14.2. NASA
Fig. 14.3. Original
Fig. 14.4. Original
Fig. 14.5. Original
Fig. 14.6. NASA
Fig. 14.7. Original
Fig. 14.8. Original—uses data from Crow ley 2000 Causes of cli mate change over the past 10000 years. Sci ence 289, pp.
FIGURE SOURCES
951
Fig. 15.1. OriginalFig. 15.2. OriginalFig. 15.3. From http://www.nndb.com/people/356/000087095/Fig. 15.4. OriginalFig. 15.5. OriginalFig. 15.6. NASAFig. 15.7. OriginalFig. 15.8. OriginalFig. 15.9. OriginalFig. 16.1. OriginalFig. 16.2. OriginalFig. 16.3. OriginalFig. 16.4. OriginalFig. 16.5. OriginalFig. 16.6. OriginalFig. 16.7. OriginalFig. 16.8. OriginalFig. 16.9. OriginalFig. 16.10. OriginalFig. 16.11. OriginalFig. 16.12. OriginalFig. 16.13. Original (after NOAA NCDC)Fig. 16.14. OriginalFig. 16.15. Original compiled from several sourcesFig.16.16. Original Modified from a map produced by BEDMAP, British
1360Antarctic SurveyFig. 16.17. Photo credit: National Ice Core Laboratory ArchiveFig. 16.18. OriginalFig. 17.1. OriginalFig. 17.2. OriginalFig. 17.3. OriginalFig. 17.4. OriginalFig. 17.5. From http://th.physik.unifrankfurt.de/~jr/physstamps.htmlFig. 17.6. Original, modified after a common figure in textbooksFig. 17.7. OriginalFig. 17.8. OriginalFig. 18.1. OriginalFig. 18.2. OriginalFig. 18.3. OriginalFig. 18.4. OriginalFig. 18.5. OriginalFig. 18.6. OriginalFig. 18.7. OriginalFig. 18.8. OriginalFig. 18.9. Original
FIGURE SOURCES
952
Fig. 18.10. From http://stevengoddard.wordpress.com/2010/10/13/susansolomon onthescientificmethod/
Fig. 18.11. OriginalFig. 18.12. OriginalFig. 19.1. OriginalFig. 19.2. Original (modification of a figure in Hay, W. W., 1996. Tectonics and
climate. Geologische Rundschau, 85, 409437.)Fig. 19.3. Original (modification of a figure in Hay, W. W., 1996. Tectonics and
climate. Geologische Rundschau, 85, 409437.)Fig. 19.4. OriginalFig. 19.5. Original (modification of a figure in Hay, W. W., 1996. Tectonics and
climate. Geologische Rundschau, 85, 409437.)Fig. 19.6. OriginalFig. 20.1. OriginalFig. 20.2. OriginalFig. 20.3. OriginalFig. 20.4. OriginalFig. 20.5. OriginalFig. 20.6. OriginalFig. 20.7. OriginalFig. 20.8. OriginalFig. 20.9. OriginalFig. 20.10. OriginalFig. 20.11. OriginalFig. 20.12. OriginalFig. 20.13. OriginalFig. 20.14. OriginalFig. 20.15. OriginalFig. 20.16. OriginalFig. 20.17. OriginalFig. 20.18. OriginalFig. 20.19. OriginalFig. 21.1. OriginalFig. 21.2. OriginalFig. 21.3. OriginalFig. 21.4. OriginalFig. 21.5. Original—Using data from the NOAA (National Oceanographic and
Atmospheric Agency) NGDC (National Geophysical Data Center) Paleoclimate Archive
Fig. 21.6. Original—Using data from the NOAA (National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Agency) NGDC (National Geophysical Data Center) Paleoclimate Archive
Fig. 21.7. Original—Using data from the NOAA (National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Agency) NGDC (National Geophysical Data Center) Paleoclimate Archive
FIGURE SOURCES
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Fig. 21.8. From Kvenvolden, K., 1993, Reviews of Geophysics, v. 31, p. 173187 (Figure 6)
Fig. 21.9. From http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/clathrate.html Converted to grayscale and modified
Fig. 21.10. OriginalFig. 21.11. OriginalFig. 21.12. OriginalFig. 21.13. Original—Using data from the NOAA (National Oceanographic and
Atmospheric Agency) NGDC (National Geophysical Data Center) Paleoclimate Archive
Fig. 21.14. Original—Using data from the NOAA (National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Agency) NGDC (National Geophysical Data Center) Paleoclimate Archive
Fig. 21.15. Original—Using data from the NOAA (National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Agency) NGDC (National Geophysical Data Center) Paleoclimate Archive
Fig. 22.1. OriginalFig. 22.2. Modified after figure 2 in Hay, 2009 , Cretaceous oceans and ocean
modeling. In Cretaceous Oceanic Red Beds: Stratigraphy, Composition, Origins, and Paleoceanographic and Paleoclimatic Significance. SEPM Special Publication No. 91, Copyright © 2009
Fig. 22.3. OriginalFig. 22.4. OriginalFig. 22.5. OriginalFig. 22.6. OriginalFig. 22.7. OriginalFig. 22.8. After Fig. 5 in Hay, 2010, Can humans force a return to Cretaceous cli
mate, Sedimentary Geology, 235, 5–26Fig. 22.9. OriginalFig. 22.10. OriginalFig. 22.11. OriginalFig. 22.12. From http://cires.colorado.edu/events/lectures/broecker/Fig. 22.13. OriginalFig. 22.14. Modified after figure 15 in Hay, 2009 , Cretaceous oceans and ocean
modeling. In Cretaceous Oceanic Red Beds: Stratigraphy, Composition, Origins, and Paleoceanographic and Paleoclimatic Significance. SEPM Special Publication No. 91, Copyright © 2009
Fig. 22.15. OriginalFig. 22.16. OriginalFig. 22.17. OriginalFig. 22.18. After Fig. 6 in Hay, 2010, Can humans force a return to Cretaceous cli
mate, Sedimentary Geology, 235, 5–26Fig. 23.1. From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_VernadskyFig. 23.2. OriginalFig. 23.3. From http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/library/readings/science/media/
sounding.html
FIGURE SOURCES
954
Fig. 23.4. OriginalFig. 23.5. Original (similar to figures in several textbooks)Fig. 23.6. OriginalFig. 23.7. OriginalFig. 23.8. OriginalFig. 24.1. OriginalFig. 24.2. OriginalFig. 24.3. NASAFig. 24.4. OriginalFig. 24.5. OriginalFig. 24.6. OriginalFig. 24.7. From http://www.psmsl.org/data/longrecords/Fig. 24.8 .From http://www.psmsl.org/data/longrecords/Fig. 24.9. From http://www.psmsl.org/data/longrecords/Fig. 24.10. Data from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in its 2007
ReportFig. 25.1. OriginalFig. 25.2. OriginalFig. 25.3. OriginalFig. 25.4. OriginalFig. 25.5. OriginalFig. 25.6. Left: From http://planetforward.ca/blog/climatechangepioneerwilli
dansgaardpassesawayatage88/Right: From ??? http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/tylerprize/laureates/tyler1996.html
Fig. 25.7. OriginalFig. 25.8. OriginalFig. 25.9. OriginalFig. 25.10. OriginalFig. 25.11. OriginalFig. 25.12. OriginalFig. 25.13. OriginalFig. 25.14. OriginalFig. 25.15. OriginalFig. 26.1. OriginalFig. 26.2. OriginalFig. 26.3. OriginalFig. 26.4. OriginalFig. 26.5. OriginalFig. 27.1. From http://inventors.about.com/od/fstartinventions/a/Fahrenheit.htmFig. 27.2. From http://www.astro.uu.se/history/Celsius_eng.html. Converted to
grayscaleFig. 27.3. OriginalFig. 27.4. OriginalFig. 27.5. Original
FIGURE SOURCES
955
Fig. 27.6. OriginalFig. 27.7. OriginalFig. 27.8. OriginalFig. 27.9. OriginalFig. 27.10. OriginalFig. 27.11. OriginalFig. 27.12. OriginalFig. 27.13. OriginalFig. 27.14. OriginalFig. 27.15. OriginalFig. 27.16. OriginalFig. 27.17. OriginalFig. 27.18. OriginalFig. 27.19. OriginalFig. 27.20. OriginalFig. 27.21. OriginalFig. 27.22. OriginalFig. 27.23. OriginalFig. 28.1. OriginalFig. 28.2. OriginalFig. 28.3. OriginalFig. 28.4. OriginalFig. 28.5. OriginalFig. 28.6. OriginalFig. 28.7. OriginalFig. 28.8. Original—highly modified after http://www.coolmelbourne.org/images/
greenlandseasonalicemelt2.jpgFig. 28.9. OriginalFig. 28.10. OriginalFig. 28.11. Original
FIGURE SOURCES
957W. W. Hay, Exper i ment ing on a Small Planet, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-28560-8, © Springer-Ver lag Ber lin Hei del berg 2013
AbOUT ThE AUThOR
William W. hay began his academic career at University of Illinois in Urbana in 1960. From 1968 to 1974 he was Professor at both Illinois and the University of Miami’s Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences. After serving as Dean of the Rosenstiel School he moved to Washington, D.C. to work on ensuring future scientific drilling in the ocean. In 1982 he moved to the University of Colorado, investigating ancient climates with colleagues at the National Center for Atmospheric Research. Since 1988, he has also served as Guest and/or Professor at the Universities of Munich, Kiel, and Greifswald in Germany, the University of Utrecht in the Netherlands, and the University of Vienna in Austria. He retired from the University of Kiel in 2002. He now lives in the Rocky Mountains, but returns to Europe frequently to teach intensive short courses.
959W. W. Hay, Exper i ment ing on a Small Planet, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-28560-8, © Springer-Ver lag Ber lin Hei del berg 2013
959
bBach, Johann Sebastian, 20, 21, 852, 853Bader, Henri, 551, 552Baez, Albert, 93Baez, Joan, 93Bahcall, John, 443Balfe, Alex, 579Ballot, Buys, 194, 290Balmer, Johann Josef, 243Balukhovskiy, Alexander Nikolaievitch, 735Barberini, Maffeo, 829Bard, Edouard, 458Barnard, Tom, 112, 372Barrell, Joseph, 128Barron, Eric, 473, 511, 634, 635, 731Bartholinus, Erasmus, 216, 233Bartlett, Albert, 44, 935Barton, Joe, 654, 655, 827Beacham, Hans, 135Becher, Johann Joachim, 262, 493Becquerel, Henri, 107, 110, 112, 444, 462Beiersdorf, Helmut, 647, 894Bellarmine, Roberto, 827, 828Benson, Bill, 333, 429, 431, 465Bentham, Jeremy, 112, 113, 131Bergengren, Jon, 612, 635Berger, Andre, 385, 419, 421, 846Berner, Robert, 591Berner, Ulrich, 641Bernoulli, Daniel, 43Bernoulli, Jacob, 43Berra, Yogi, 850, 897Beyrich, Heinrich von, 72, 73, 644Black, Joseph, 66, 67, 493
AAbbott, Monica, 397Abramovitz, Max, 598, 600Ackerman, Edward, 311, 312Adams, Douglas, 39Adhemar, Joseph, 387, 425Agassiz, Louis, 76, 141, 173, 392, 807Ahmed, Mustafa, 767Aldrich, L. Thomas, 157Alighieri, Dante, 261, 285Allen, Woody, 897Alpher, Ralph, 120, 132Alvarez, Luis, 89, 139, 156Alvarez, Walter, 83Amati, Nicolo, 190, 201Amontons, Guillaume, 270, 561, 577Amundsen, Roald, 805, 909Anderson, Carl David, 446, 449, 462Andersen, Stephen O., 597Anderson, Roger, 72, 89, 139Andres, Bob, 662Angstrom, Anders Jonas, 244, 252, 365Angstrom, Knut, 365Appleton, Edward, 444Archer, David, 668, 940Arduino, Giovanni, 73, 87Aristotle, 191, 201, 262Arrhenius, Gustav, 398, 418Arrhenius, Svante, 112, 131, 293, 294, 510,
608, 827, 861, 890Auger, Pierre Victor, 447, 448Augustine of Hippo (St Augustine), 261, 285,
611, 615Avogadro, Amadeo, 50, 131, 103, 570
Author Index
960960
Blackett, Patrick Maynard Stuart, 158Blanchon, Paul, 789Boden, Tom, 662Bogdanov, Nikita, 797, 798Bohr, Niels, 123, 332–336, 340, 348, 349, 355,
357, 359, 362, 367, 897Boltwood, Bertram, 118, 119, 128Boltzmann, Ludwig, 378Bond, Gerard, 822Bonet, Grace Wing, 579Bonnert, Oliver, 599, 600Borelli, Giovanni Alfonso, 195Born, Max, 357Boyle, Robert, 190, 561Brackett, Frederick Sumner, 336, 337Bradbury, Ray, 585Bradley, Ray, 823, 826Bramlette, Milton, 176Brass, Gary, 642Broecker, Wallace (Wally), 6, 400, 414, 511,
716, 717, 737, 817, 824, 899, 938Brown, Dan, 446Brown, George, 698Brown, Robert, 363, 367Bruckner, Anton, 595Brunelleschi, Fillipo, 599Bruno, Giordano, 827Brunot, Kem, 465Bubnoff, Sergei von, 100, 154, 160, 163, 893Buchsbaum, Ralph, 394Buckland, William, 71, 76Budel, Julius, 389, 390Budyko, Mkhail, 511, 614Buffon, Comte de, 64, 65Bulow, Werner von, 782Bumpers, Dale, 939Bunsen, Robert, 104, 240, 271Burbridge, Margaret, 120, 132Burckhardt, Jacob, 203, 831Burgess, Ebeneser, 264Burkhardt, Johann Jakob, 91, 92Burns, Robert, 67, 508Burri, Conrad, 49Bush, George H. W., 853, 854Butler, Clifford Charles, 451
CCaccini, Tommaso, 828Caillon, Nicolar, 654Callender, George, 365, 366, 369, 359, 667Campbell, Alexander, 508Cande, Steven C., 161Cannizzaro, Stanislao, 103
Carnot, Nicolas Leonard Sadi, 265Carozzi, Albert, 145Carringotn, Richard Christopher, 442Carroll, Lewis, 181, 182, 327, 355Carter, Jimmy, 67, 617Cassini, Giovanni Domenico, 214, 215Catherine the Great, 5, 416Cavelier, Claude, 644Cazenave, A., 796Celcius, Anders, 556, 859, 887, 890Čepek, Pavel, 59, 206, 797Chadwick, James, 122, 125, 339, 340, 451,
462Chamberlin, Thomas Chrowder, 14, 144, 365,
388, 424, 510, 608, 636Chapman, Sydney, 565Charles, Jaques, 561, 577Charpentier, Jean de, 76Christensen, Eigil Friis, 459Cita, Maria Bianca, 317Clausius, Rudolf Julius Emanuel, 266, 267,
284Clerk, John, of Eldin, 227Clotworthy, John, 670, 731Clouseau, Jacques, 690Colladon, JeanDaniel, 197, 198Collins, William, 480Columbus, Christopher, 215, 233Compton, Arthur, 446Confucius, 897Copernicus, Nicolas, 827Coriolis, Gaspard Gustave de, 703Cowan, Clyde, 452Coward, Noel, 7, 615Cranfill, Tom, 56, 58, 90, 94, 135, 137Creager, Joe, 465Crick, Francis, 358Crutzen, Paul, 166, 174, 592, 594Cullen, William, 493Curie, Marie Sklodowska, 111Curie, Pierre, 108, 112Cuvier, Georges, 68, 107
Dda Vinci, Leonardo, 189, 262, 290Dalton, John, 49, 101, 271, 332, 515, 561Dana, James Dwight, 73, 79Dansgaard, Willi, 811d'Archiac, Etienne, 177Darwin, Charles, 12, 67, 76, 99, 769Darwin, Sir George, 111, 132Davis, Raymond, 443de Boer, Poppe, 938
AUTHOR INDEX
961961
de Bort, Leon Philippe Teisserenc, 561de Broglie, Louis, 355, 356de Geer, Gerard, 77, 130, 155de la Beche, Henry, 71, 72, 76, 153de Rossi, Michele Stefano Conte, 40Debierne, AndreLouis, 115DeConto, Robert, 611, 635, 646, 903, 926Dennison, John, 431Desaga, Peter, 241Descartes, Rene, 25, 26, 54, 212, 226, 229Dewar, James, 342Dickens, Charles, 862Dickens, Gerald, 849Diesel, Rudolf, 266Dietz, Robert, 160, 370Dirac, Paul, 360, 361, 376, 446Dittmar, Wilhelm (William), 747–750Dobereiner, Johann, 103Dodson Charles Lutwidge, 182Donath, Fred, 372Doppller, Christian, 194Dorini, Niccolo, 828Douglass, Andrew Ellicott, 456Du Fresne, MarcJoseph Marion, 418Dubcek, Alexander, 290, 322, 854Dulong, Pierre Louis, 276, 278, 285Dutch, Steven, 523Dyson, Freeman, 897
EEagle Plume, Charles, 931Eco, Umberto, 14, 261Eddington, Sir Arthur, 119, 132, 278Edgar, Terence, 465, 466, 491Ehrenberg, Christian Gottfried, 204Ehrenfest, Paul, 347Einstein, Albert, 119, 132, 232, 242, 330, 331,
338, 344, 350, 355, 359, 361, 366, 368, 369, 509, 864, 897
Ekart, Douglas, 641, 668Ekman, Vagn Walfrid, 708, 730Eliot, T. S., 250Ellis, Henry, 415Elsaesser, Hugh, 483Emery, Kenneth O., 370, 371Emiliani, Cesare, 12, 17, 25, 43, 50, 55, 145,
151, 213, 237, 278, 356, 362, 372, 393–397, 402, 409, 415–417, 424, 426, 429, 430, 443, 463, 504, 566, 740, 767, 835, 849, 864, 884, 934, 941
Epstein, Sam, 362, 394, 395, 849Erasmus of Rotterdam, 203Eratosthenes, 215, 880
Eric the Red, 909, 918, 919Euclid, 209, 233Euler, Leonhard, 43, 203Everest, George, 783Ewing, Maurice, 159, 371, 398, 429, 465, 467,
491, 617
FFairbanks, Richard, 789Fajans, Kazimierz, 123Faraday, Michael, 293Ferguson, Adam, 508Fermi, Enrico, 361, 362, 393, 451, 452, 455,
462, 897Ferrell, William, 703, 704, 730Firestone, Richard, 86, 89Fischer, Alfred, 100, 146, 155, 371, 418, 427,
761Fizeau, ArmandHippolyteLouis, 277, 234Fleming, James Rodger, 18, 570, 939Flohn, Hermann, 7, 18Flyorov, Georgy, 362Forel, FrancoisAlphonse, 40Foscarini, Paolo Antolio, 828Foucault, Bernard Leon, 228, 234Fournier, Jean Batiste Joseph, 264, 265, 285,
570, 577Frakes, Larry, 146, 147, 174Framan, Joseph, 593, 597Francis, Jane, 149Frankland, Edward, 104, 131Fraunhofer, Joseph, 240, 241, 252Freeman, Kathyrin, 641, 668Fresnel, AugustinJean, 226Friedman, Tom, 7, 18Fuller, Buckminster, 34, 546, 627, 685Fuqua, Don, 698Fye, Paul, 491
GGalilei, Galileo, 212, 230, 501, 577, 827Ganopolski, Andrey, 813, 817Gard, Gunilla, 236, 848Gardiner, Brian, 593, 597Garrels, Bob, 511, 636, 668Gassendi, Pierre, 195, 201GayLussac, JosephLouis, 103, 515, 556,
561, 577Geiger, Hans, 122, 332, 368, 447, 462Geiss, Johannes, 398–401, 406, 426Geisser, ThomasGenscher, HansDietrich, 853
AUTHOR INDEX
962962
Ghiberti, Lorenzo, 285Gibbons, Jim, 557, 558, 579Gilbert, Grove Karl, 418Godwin, Harry, 401Godwin, Mary, 482Goebbels, Josef, 192, 202Gold, Thomas, 566, 577Golden, Dan, 768Gorbachev, Mikhail, 324, 852Gore, Albert, 660, 867, 891, 898Goudsmit, Samuel, 347–349, 369Gradstein, F., 238, 158Graham, Joseph J., 93, 94Green, Larry, 175, 176Grimaldi, Francesco Maria, 223Guarneri, Bartolomeo Giuseppe, 190, 201Guilluly, Jim, 84, 633, 667Gutowsky, Herbert, 257
hHadley, George, 703–706, 713, 727, 730, 891,
930Hagn, Herbert, 206Hahn, Otto, 361Halbouty, Michael T., 671Hall, Sir James, 64, 87Hammett, Dillard, 669Hanks, Thomas C., 41, 55Hanlon, Roger, 471Hansen, James, 879, 885, 891Hanzlikova, Eva, 287Harff, Jan, 781, 782, 892Harrison, John, 828, 860, 890Harting, Pieter, 836Hasegawa, Hitoshi, 930Haussmann, GeorgesEugene, 317, 318Hauy, Rene Just, 218Havel, Vaclav, 854Hay, P. B., 4, 19, 20Hayes, Jim, 403, 426, 641, 668Hearty, Paul J., 841Heaviside, Oliver, 249, 253, 444Hedberg, Hollis, 617Heezen, Bruce, 159Heinrich, Hartmut, 818Heirtzler, Jim, 160Heisenberg, Werner, 349, 356–359, 369, 864Helmholtz, Hermann von, 246Herm, Dieter, 852Herman, Robert, 120, 132Herschel, Sir Frederick William, 219, 221,
230, 233, 240, 264, 285Hertz, Heinrich Rudolf, 182, 229, 246, 247,
252, 330, 338, 367
Hess, Harry, 159, 160Hess, Victor, 445, 462Hevesy, George, 334Hilgen, Frits, 419, 425, 427Hipparchus, 32, 383, 425Hitler, Adolf, 56, 58Hmailton, Gertrude, 832Hoffmann, Paul, 256, 630Hoggan, James, 939Holland, Dick, 211, 511Holmes, Arthur, 81, 126–128, 141, 155, 159,
429Holser Bill, 511Honecker, Egon, 853Honjo, Susumu, 756Hooke, Robert, 190, 221, 493, 498, 508Hoyle, Fred, 120, 132Hubble, Edwin, 119, 132, 335Hudson, Henry, 909Hughes, Howard, 670, 797Hughes, Malcom, 823Humboldt, Alexander von, 87, 138, 387, 425,
892Hume, David, 66, 67, 494, 508Humphreys, Curtis J., 369Humphreys, William Jackson, 365, 368Hutcheson, Francis, 67, 509Hutton, James, 64, 66, 67, 87, 227,
494, 508Huxley, Thomas Henry, 12Huygens, Christian, 214, 216, 218, 233, 857,
890
IImbrie, John, 403, 426Inchofer, Melchior, 828Inhofe, James, 828
JJames VI of Scotland, 493Janssen, Pierre Jules, 114, 131, 243, 252Jaruzelski, Woiciech, 853Jeans, Sir James, 282, 284, 286Jefferson, Thomas, 7, 8, 17, 612, 662, 741,
832Johnson, Lyndon, 175, 206, 315, 320Jolly, Philipp von, 328Joly, John, 99, 111, 129, 132, 475Jonas, Jiri, 256, 257, 797Jones Philip, 878, 879Jordan, David Starr, 392, 426Joule, James Prescott, 268Just, Heinz, 9, 56
AUTHOR INDEX
963963
KKamen, Martin, 455, 462KamerlinghOnnes, Heike, 342, 345, 368Kamptner, Erwin, 12Kanamori, Hiroo, 41, 55Kapitsa, Sergei, 798Karl Theodor, 263, 416Karman, Theodore von, 309, 495, 562Kassens, Heidi, 806Kasting, Jim, 627, 668, 677KazanKomarek, Vladimir, 289Keeling, Charles David, 661, 667Kelvin, Lord. See Lord KelvinKennedy, John F., 206, 315Kennedy, Robert F., 320Kennelly, Arthur Edwin, 253, 444Kennett, Jim, 644, 848, 849Kent, Dennis V., 161Kepler, Johannes, 63, 213, 214, 233, 384, 386,
425Khain, Victor, 145Kidder, David, 148, 642, 761, 935, 936King, Marin Luther, 315, 320, 579, 898Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert, 239, 240, 252, 273,
274, 284, 285Kirshvink, Joseph, 174Knauss, John, 619Knoblauch, Hermann, 271Knopf, Adolph, 129, 446Koczy, Fritz, 370Kohlrausch, Rudolf, 227, 234Koppen, Vladimir, 311, 312, 389, 424, 426,
861, 890Koschinsky, Andrea, 523Koshiba, Masatoshi, 443, 463Kothavala, Zavareth, 668Kraus, Eric, 511, 600, 929Krenz, Egon, 853Kriechgauer, Damien, 80Kruzenshtern, Ivan Fedorovich, 416KuhnSchnyder, Emil, 91Kullenberg, Borje, 398, 426Kunzig, Robert, 938Kurlbaum, Ferdinand, 329Kurschner, Wolfram, 640, 649Kvenvolden Kieth, 586, 684, 688
LLachner, Klaus, 938Lambert, Johann Heinrich, 270, 860, 890Lamont, Thomas W., 159, 426, 491, 598Langley, Samuel Pierpont, 278, 285, 294Laplace, PierreSimon, 196, 202, 225, 271LaRouche, Lyndon, 192
Lasaga, Tony, 636, 668Laskar, Jacques, 414, 420, 421, 427l'Avocat, Abbe, 206Lavoisier, Antoine, 49, 262, 263, 271, 284,
285, 494, 509Lawrence, E. N., 437, 463Leclerc, GeorgesLouis, 64, 65, 87Lemaitre, Abbe George, 120, 412L'Enfant, Pierre, 873Lewis, Gilbert N., 355, 501Libbrecht, kenneth G., 539Libby, Willard, 362, 455, 463Liddle, Alice, 182Liddle, Henry, 182Lidz, Louis, 401Lightfoot, John, 63, 87Lipetz, Milton, 732Lloyd, Mary Ann, 466, 467Lockyer, Norman, 114, 131, 243, 252Loeblich, Al, 175, 177Lom, Herbert, 690Lord Byron, 482Lord Kelvin (William Thomson), 98–100, 112,
119, 128, 131, 132, 266, 271, 285, 327, 368, 388, 416, 516, 859, 890
Lord Rayleigh, 282, 284, 286, 328, 368, 503, 509
Lorenz, Edward, 301Lorenz, Giovanni, 204Lorenz, Hendrick, 344, 345, 367, 388Lorenzi, Marco, 355Louis XVI, 32, 262Lourens, Lucas, 420, 425, 427Loutre, MarieFrance, 404, 412, 419, 427, 846Lovelock, James, 590, 593, 597, 736, 832Lucretius (Titus Lucretius Carus), 524, 602Ludwing IV of Bavaria, 14Lummer, Otto, 282, 286Luther, Martin, 203, 315, 320, 329Lyell, Charles, 67, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 76, 79,
88, 89, 97, 98, 128, 131, 141, 173, 254, 388, 414, 425, 644, 725
Lysenko, Trofim Denisovich, 256
MMacDonald, Gordon, 386, 427Malfait, Bruce, 490Malthus, Thomas Robert, 43Malus, EtienneLouis, 224, 233Mangel, Marc, 332Mann, Michael E., 823Mansart, Francois, 314Marconi, Guglielmo, 248, 249, 252Marinus of Tyre, 31
AUTHOR INDEX
964964
Marland, Greg, 662Marsden, Ernst, 122, 332, 368Marsigli, Luigi, 915, 916Martini, Hans Joachim, 323Marx, Graucho, 897Matthews, Drummond, 160Maxwell, Art, 465, 490Maxwell, James Clerk, 227, 229, 232, 234,
246, 252, 278, 330May, Robert, 302, 314McDuffie, Arthur, 619McIntyre, Stephen, 826, 828, 829McKitrick, Ross, 826, 828, 829McLaren, Digby, 83, 89Medici, Ferdinando II de', 857, 890Meitner, Lisa, 361Melville, Thomas, 240, 252, 285Mendel, Gregor, 256Mendeleyev, Dimitri, 104, 105, 131,
252, 367Mercalli, Giuseppe, 40, 55Mercator, Gerardus, 32, 908Mercer, John, 925Mersenne, Marin, 195, 201Meulenkamp, Johan, 419Meyer, Julius Lothar, 104, 131Michelson, Albert Abraham, 231Michurin, Ivan Vladimirovich, 257Migdisov, Areg, 735Mikhaltsev, Igor, 491, 798Milankovitch, Milutun, 389, 391, 424, 426,
472Miller, H. L., 696Millero, Frank, 531, 556Milliken, Robert Andrews, 445Mitchell, J. Murray, Jr, 865Mohammed, 767, 768Mohler, Hans, 12Molina, Mario J., 593, 597Mollweide, Karl Brandan, 32Monin, Andrei, 491, 797Monnin, E., 654Monsour, Mohammed, 767Moore, Raymond C., 159Morley, Edward, 231, 234Muff, Bill, 557, 558Muir, John, 929Muller, Klaus, 236Muller, Richard, 386, 427Mulliken, Robert, 346, 369Munk, Walter, 428Murchison, Roderick impey, 74,
76, 88Mussolini, Benito, 362
NNagaoka, Hantaro, 335Nagy, Imre, 853Nansen, Fritjof, 805, 919Napoleon Bonaparte, 224Napoleon III, 317Neddermayer, Seth, 449, 462Newton, Isaac, 62, 103, 127, 182, 196, 219,
221, 224, 230, 251, 252, 355, 387, 440, 498, 864
Nier, Alfred, 129, 155, 157Nierenberg, WilliamNiggli, Paul, 49, 55, 552Noddack, Ida, 361Nordenskiold, Adolf Erik, 78, 88, 909
OOckham, William of, 14, 17Oeschger, Hans, 811, 812, 814, 819, 839Ogg, J. G., 128Oscar II, 301, 314
PPagani, Mark, 640, 641, 668Palmer, Allison R., 767Palmer, Martin, 640, 641, 668Paracelsus, 203Parker, Eugene, 440, 441, 456, 463Pascal, Blaise, 561, 577Paschen, Friedrich, 348, 368Patterson, Claire, 363Pauli, Wolfgang, 335, 347–349, 361, 369, 451,
462Pavlov, Alexander, 677Pearson, Paul, 640, 641, 668Peltier, Dick, 784Perkins, Bob, 90Peterson, Melvin, 465Peterson, Tom, 879Petit, AlexisTherese, 276, 285Petit, J. R., 655Petrzhak, Konstantin, 362Pfund, August Herman, 339, 369Picard, Jean, 215, 233Pichel,George, 618Pierrehumbert, Raymond, 495, 509, 577Planck, Max, 122, 157, 242, 328, 329, 331,
350, 355, 366–368Playfair, John, 65, 67, 87, 89, 98, 131, 508Poincare, Henri, 301, 304, 314, 344, 368Pokorny, Vladimir, 206, 254Polidori, John, 482
AUTHOR INDEX
965965
Rooth, Claes, 511Ropes, Lev, 618, 732Rosenstiel, Blanka, 578Rosenstiel, Lewis, 372, 578, 598Rossi, Bruno, 447Roth, Peter, 323Rowland, Frank Sherwood, 593Rowland, Sherry, 594, 597Royer, Dana, 463, 640, 668Ruben, Sam, 455, 462Rubens, Heinrich, 329Rumford, Count. See Thompson, benjaminRumsfeld, Donald, 429Russel, A. S., 123, 125, 250Rutherford, Daniel, 50, 494Rutherford, Ernest, 114, 115, 132, 156, 332,
339, 347, 369Rydberg, Johannes Robert, 244, 245, 252, 345
SSagan, Carl, 769Saint Augustine. See Augustine of HippoSalaj, Josef, 288Sandberg, Phil, 510Sarnthein, Micahel, 422, 941Schabowski, Gunter, 854Scheele, Carl Wilhelm, 263, 285, 494, 509Schiff, Gerry, 598–600Schmidt, Gavin, 674Schmidt, Gerhard C., 110Schneider, Stephen, 437, 438, 463Schopenhauer, Arthus, 357Schrag, Dan, 411, 427Schrodinger, Erwin, 358, 360, 369Schuiling, RD, 938Schuster, Franz Arthur, 436, 439, 462Schwabe, Heinrich, 435, 462Schwarzacher, Walter, 418, 427Scott, Harold, 90Shackleton, Sir NicholasShanklin, Johnathan, 593, 597Sharp, Jim, 669Shaub, HansShaviv, Nir, 460, 463Shaw, John, 789Shelly, Percy, 482Shinn, Gene, 476Siebold, Eugen, 732, 892Sillen, Lars Gunnar, 510Silver Tongue, Ray, 831Skinner, Brian, 901Slaughter, John, 698Smith, Adam, 66, 67, 494, 508
Pollard, Dave, 646, 903, 926Pomerol, Charles, 320Pope John XXII, 14Pope Urban II, 203Pope Urban VIII, 827Poston, Bill, 598Pouillet, Claude Matthias, 278, 285Powell, Cecil, 450, 451, 462, 463Powell, John Wesley, 669Press, Frank, 617–619Prevost, Pierre, 263Priestley, Joseph, 263, 285, 509Pringsheim, Ernst, 282, 286Prospero, Joe, 476Prout, William, 103, 121, 125, 131Ptolemy, Claudius, 31, 209, 211Pythagoras, 28, 880
RRabi, isidor Isaac, 449Rahmstorf, Stefan, 463, 813, 816, 817Rainalducci, Pietro, 14Raman, Chandrasekhara Venkata, 505, 509Ramanathan, Veerabhadran, 480Ramsay, Sir William, 114, 116, 117, 131, 243,
253Ramsey, Scott, 447Rattray, Maurice, 491Raymo, Maureen, 678Reagan, Ronald, 3, 671, 698, 731, 797, 798,
934Reichel, Manfred, 175, 176, 204Reid Thomas, 508Reines, Frederick, 451, 463Reiss, Zeev, 320, 321Renz, H. H., 204Revelle, Roger, 456, 660, 667, 864, 889, 891Richer,Jean, 214Richter, Charles, 40, 55Riedel, Bill, 465Rignot, Eric, 927Rittenhouse, David, 860, 890Ritter, Johann Wilhem, 220, 221, 223, 240Ritz, Walter, 245, 253Robertson, Pat, 798, 934Robins, Dick, 557Rochester, George Dixon, 451, 463Rohling, Eelco, 844Rona, Elizabeth, 400Ronov, Alexander Borisovitch, 417, 633, 634,
667, 735Rontgen, Wilhelm, 108, 109, 131, 230, 368Rood, Anthony, 372
AUTHOR INDEX
966966
Smith, Ed, 467Smith, F. G. Walton, 467, 578Smith, Phil, 618Smith, William, 73, 74, 372Snellius, Willebrord, 211, 212, 233Sobel, Dava, 28Soddy, Frederick, 115–117, 132, 339Soding, Emanuel, 646Soloman, Susan, 593, 594, 597, 732Sommerfeld, ArthurSorge, Ernst, 551, 556Sorgel, Hermann, 787Southam, John, 371, 759Spencer, Percy, 250, 253Spitalny, Evelyn, 578Spitalny, Phil, 578Stahl, Georg Ernst, 498, 508Stalin, Joseph, 257Stanford, Henry King, 898Steele, Michael, 918Stefan, Josef, 277, 278, 284, 285, 314, 378Stenzyl, Henryk, 315Stetson, Harland True, 437, 462Stille, Hans, 84Stommel, Henry, 713Stoney, George Johnston, 114, 131Stott, Lowell, 849Stradivari, Antonio, 190, 201Strassmann, Fritz, 361StruttJohn William (Lord Rayleigh), 282Sturm, CharlesFrancois, 197, 198, 202Suess, Eduard, 455Suess, Erwin, 687Suess, Hans, 455, 456, 463, 660, 864Svensmark, Henrik, 459, 460, 463, 477Swallow, John, 717Swenson, George W., 912Syktus, Jozef, 146Szilard, Leo, 360
TTalwani, Manik, 467Tappan, Helen, 175Thalmann, Hans, 10, 90, 93, 139, 175Thiede, Jorn, 735, 892, 894Thiedemann, Ralf, 422Thompson, Benjamin, 263, 284, 285, 415, 416Thomson, John Joseph (JJ), 114Thomson, William (Lord Kelvin), 98, 99, 131Todd, Margaret, 117Torricelli, Evangilista, 190Towe, Ken, 510Trencher, Ruth, 370
Twain, Mark, 101, 897Tyndall, John, 229, 271, 272, 284, 285
UUhlenbeck, George, 347, 348, 369Ulfsson, Gunnbjorn, 918, 919Urey, Harold, 362, 393, 394, 849Ussher, James, 63, 64, 87
VVan Helmont, Jan Baptista, 493, 508Vasari, Giorgio, 599Veizer, Jan, 460Veliky, Al, 578Venerable Bede, 63, 87Verdi, Giuseppe, 192, 202Verhulst, Pierre Francois, 44Verne, Jules, 441, 462Vernetz, Ignace, 76, 88Very, Frank Washington, 294Villard, Paul, 115, 131Vine, fred, 160Vinnikov, Konstantin, 879Viviani, Vicenzo, 195, 201von Humboldt, Alexander, 87, 138, 144, 387,
425, 892Vonderschmitt, Louis, 175, 177
WWagner, Richard, 22, 852Wahl, Mike, 767Walesa, Lech, 853Walker, James, 591Walker, Sir Gilbert, 706, 723, 730Wallmann, Klaus, 638, 641, 668Washington, Warren, 473, 635, 667WatsonWatt, Sir Robert Alexander, 568, 577Watt, James, 131, 266, 284, 516, 568Webber, Andrew Lloyd, 250Weber, Bill, 732Weber, Wilhelm, 227Webster, Noah, 7Wegener, Alfred, 9, 80, 81, 89, 425, 861, 919Wegman, Edward, 828Weizsacker, Carl friedrich von, 153Wells, H. G., 123, 270Went, Frits, 479Whewell, William, 71, 88White, George, 90, 93, 175, 206, 237, 370White, Robert, 619Whitfield, Ed, 827
AUTHOR INDEX
967967
Wick, GianCarlo, 156Wien, Wilhelm, 276, 284, 286, 368Wilkinson, Bruce, 165, 174Willett, Hurd C., 864Williams, Charles D. H., 522, 556Wilson, Charles Thomson Rees, 446Wilson, J Tuzo, 355, 732Wingfield, Clyde, 558, 578Winterer, Jerry, 490Wisby, Warren, 557, 558, 601Wise, Woody, 848Wold, Chris, 852Wollaston, William Hyde, 240Wood, Robert Muir, 15, 18Wooster, Warren, 372, 557, 598Worsley, Thomas, 174Worzel, Joe, 371, 465, 683
Wray, Greg, 22Wulf, Theodor, 444, 462
YYanshin, Aleksandr Leonidovich, 254Yeltsin, Boris, 852Young, Thomas, 221–223, 225, 231, 233Yukawa, Hideki, 445, 448, 451, 462, 463
ZZakevitch, Eloise, 397Zeeman, Pieter, 344, 345, 368Zindani, Sheik Abdul Majeed, 767
AUTHOR INDEX
969W. W. Hay, Exper i ment ing on a Small Planet, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-28560-8, © Springer-Ver lag Ber lin Hei del berg 2013
969
αparticles (rays), 115–117, 126, 339, 409, 441, 446, 452
βparticles (rays), 157, 455γrays, 115
AA blast of gas in the latest Paleocene: Simulat-
ing first-order effects of massive dis-sociation of oceanic methane hydrate, 849
A History of the Thermometer and Its Use in Meteorology, 891
A kinetic model for the composition of seawa-ter, 511
A Tale of Two Cities, 862A treatment of complex ions in seawater, 332A View of the Sea—A Discussion between a
Chief Engineer and an Oceanographer about the Machinery of Ocean Circula-tion, 730
Absinthe, 37, 38, 55Absolute zero, 51, 98, 270, 271, 469, 498Absorption spectrum, 242, 251, 336, 509, 595ACD. See Aragonite compensation depthAcropora palmata, 746, 788, 789, 843Actinium, 115, 123, 354, 400Adiabats, 607, 930Aegean sea, 916Aether, 213, 226, 229, 230–234, 262, 278,
327, 496Ahermatypic, 746Air vital, 495, 509Aleutian islands, 481Alfred Wegener Institute, 735, 894, 941Alice in wonderland, 181, 202, 367Aliens from inner space, 471
Subject Index
AllerødAlmagest, 383, 425Alps, 10, 13, 59, 73, 75, 77, 91, 162, 163, 176,
254, 389, 447, 540, 632, 741, 801, 868Altamira, 165, 741Altitude, 308, 411, 440, 453, 475, 480,
561–566, 702, 886, 928American bison, 742American Indians, 742, 831American Miscellaneous Society (AMSOC),
426, 428Amersfoort, 194, 323, 792, 858Ames Research Center, 684Ammonia, 519, 691–693Ammonium ion, 691Ammonium nitrate, 691, 692, 763AMSOC. See American Miscellaneous
SocietyAmsterdam, 194, 323, 792, 858An account of further discoveries in air, 494An inconvenient truth, 823, 898, 905Andrea doria, 92Angels and demons, 446Angstrom (unit), 244, 365, 368, 495Animals without backbones, 394Antarctic circle, 380, 382Antarctic circumpolar current, 540, 709Antarctic coastal current, 709Antarctic deep water, 715Antarctic peninsula, 924, 926, 927Anthropocene, 166, 173, 174, 658, 836,
838–840Anthropogenic source, 662, 674, 675, 692, 695Antineutrino, 453Appolinaris, 632Aquitanian, 178Arabian sea, 642, 679, 680, 715, 929
970970
Aragonite, 395, 628, 632, 750–755, 757, 758, 788
Aragonite compensation depth (ACD), 751Aragonite needles, 751, 753, 754Aramco, 768Arctic circle, 379, 380, 382, 386, 410, 678Arctic corring expedition (ACEX), 912Arctic Ocean, 4, 5, 7, 71, 75, 78, 148, 151,
164, 206, 306, 379, 386, 410, 512, 540–545, 613–616, 648, 710, 713, 804–810, 847, 899, 908–915, 918, 928, 931, 938
Argon, 118, 156–158, 307, 308, 342, 495, 497, 520, 570, 649
Arkhangelsk, 908Armospheric CO2 concentrations over the last
glacial termination, 655, 663, 678, 928Ash, 156–158, 204, 410, 481–484, 489, 505,
553, 662, 826Asthenosphere, 777–780Astronomical dating, 162, 425Astronomical unit, 214, 377, 576, 588Atlantic plate, 844Atmospheric co2 during the past decadesATOC, 200, 202Atomic mass, 48, 49, 103Atomic volume, 104, 105, 350Atom plum pudding model, 118, 122, 132Atom shell model, 118, 132Atom solar system model, 118, 132, 156,
332, 343Auger observatory, 452Augusta raurica, 203Austin chalk, 630Australia, 77, 81, 86, 141, 144, 164, 173, 415,
474, 485, 549, 635, 785, 920, 924Australian bureau of meteorology, 682Avery island, 548Avogadro's number, 50, 55, 496Azores, 164, 723, 786, 929Azores low, 929Azote, 495
bBabelmendab, 787Babylon, 28, 34, 43, 194, 383, 769Babylonian mathematics, 34, 55Baffin bay, 540, 807, 818, 917, 920Baffin island, 540, 807Bahama banks, 745, 754, 755Bahamas, 237, 371, 393, 400, 430, 520, 621,
753, 842, 843
Balloon construction, 665Balloon framing, 665Balmer series, 244, 335, 336, 337, 339Bangladesh, 783, 932Barbados, 400, 782, 783, 788, 789, 842, 844Barents sea, 809Barents shelf, 790, 804–806, 847Barometer, 53, 190, 191, 217, 577Basel, 10, 34, 43, 175, 203, 204, 214, 235,
682, 852Beach rock, 756Beijing, 30, 33, 853, 869, 895Benguela, 720Ben nevis, 446, 447, 462Benthic foraminifera, 151, 152, 402, 405, 411,
422, 554, 836–838, 841Bering sea, 541Bermuda, 611, 615, 842Bermuda grass, 611, 615Bernoullianum, 43, 203Beryllium10, 162, 163, 439, 458, 461, 507Bible, 19, 25, 63, 708Biblical flood, 68, 75Bicarbonate ion, 395, 431, 530, 628, 664, 753Big bang, 120, 132, 257, 412Biome, 740Biosphere, 443, 524, 585, 586, 664, 736, 772Birefringence, 216, 217, 219Black body, 239, 240, 252, 273–276,
278, 279, 281–286, 296, 298, 327, 331, 366, 378, 469, 498, 502, 503, 592
Black plague, 261, 285, 934Black sea, 765, 915–917, 920Bleaching, 760Bogs, 143, 457, 625, 663, 675, 678, 689, 740,
797, 801, 822, 931Bohr model, 337, 338Bolling, 803, 808, 816Bordeaux, 177–179, 493, 939Boreal, 741, 803, 907, 919, 931Bosporus, 915–917Bottom simulating reflector (BSR), 684Boyle's law, 196, 561Bp deepwater horizon, 697Breadfruit, 78, 141British National Oceanography Centre, 844Brocken specter, 446, 447, 462Bsr. See Bottom simulating reflectorBubnoff (unit), 100, 155Buffering, 758Bunsen burner, 242, 252Burdigalian, 177, 178
SUBJECT INDEX
971971
By highflying aircraftByrd core, 808
CCaCO3, 216, 395, 530, 622, 626, 628, 631,
662, 746, 747, 750–759Calcareous nannoplankton, 11, 371, 431, 621,
647, 727, 744, 848Calcite, 216, 217, 232, 395, 530, 628, 632,
750, 751–755, 757–759Calcite compensation depth (CCD), 751Calcium, 104, 126, 157, 351, 530, 627, 628,
631, 639, 747, 748, 755, 953Calcium carbonate compensation depth
(CCCD), 431, 510, 622, 751California Institute of Technology, 446, 474Callendar effect, 660, 865, 891Caloric, 263, 264, 266, 269, 284, 285, 385,
386, 416Caloric summer, 385, 386Calorie, 51, 52, 278, 583Cam. See Climate anomaly metodCambridge University, 73, 89, 114, 132, 174,
360Camp century, 811Campo de' fiori, 827Canadian shield, 169, 775Canary current, 709, 717, 806Canyon diablo meteorite, 363Cape grim, 681, 682, 693, 694Capillary wave, 183, 184Carbon, 48, 439, 455, 457, 461–463, 627, 639Carbon cycle, 11, 457, 624, 627, 639, 661,
673, 746, 756, 760Carbon dioxide exchange between stmosphere
and ocean and the question of an increase in atmospheric CO2 during the past decades, 667
Carbon dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), 662
Carbon monoxide, 695Carbon14, 162, 391, 424, 455–457, 462,
463, 507Carbonate ion, 626, 664, 749, 751, 752, 756,
758Carboniferous, 73, 74, 88, 128, 148, 150, 414,
419, 591, 637, 638, 644Carcasonne, 179, 228, 591, 934Cariaco trench, 761Caribbean plate, 844Carnot engine, 266Carolina bays, 742
Carrington flare, 442, 461Cartesian coordinates, 26, 27, 212Catastrophic sealevel rise event (CRE),
789, 845Catastrophism, 69, 71, 72, 76, 83, 139Catching the light: the entwined history of
light and mind, 234Causes of climate change over the past 1,000
years, 482, 487Cayenne, 214, 233CCCD. See Calcium carbonate compensation
depthCCD. See Calcite compensation depthCDIAC. See Carbon dioxide information
analysis centerCelestial driver of phanerozoic climate, 463Celsius temperature scale, 99, 434Cenozoic climatic deterioration, 151, 152Center for population studies, 660Chacaltaya, 458Challenger ezpedition, 747Chaos, 56, 138, 204, 292, 302, 304, 305, 314,
341, 906, 939Charles' law, 561, 577Chauvet, 165Chemical rays, 220, 230, 233Chicago construction, 665Chicago great fire, 665Chikyu, 647Chinook, 546Chloroflourocarbons, 593, 597, 695,
926, 953Chopin foundation of the united states, 579Cichlids, 691CIMAS. See Cooperative Institute for Marine
and Atmospheric ScienceCIRES. See Cooperative Institute for Research
in Environmental ScienceClathrate, 687, 688Clathrate ridge, 687, 688Cleavage, 750, 751, 755CLIMAP, 401Climate (defined), 142Climate and atmospheric history of the past
420,000 years from the vostok ice core, Antarctica, 655
Climate and time, in their geological relations, 388, 425
Climate anomaly method (CAM), 882Climate change 2007: the physical science
basis, 18, 696, 796Climate classification, 81, 311, 861Climate cover-up, 939, 940
SUBJECT INDEX
972972
Climate modes of the phanerozoic, 174Climate over the past two millenia, 826CME. See Coronal mass ejection eventCO2, 4, 6, 67, 171, 172, 272, 293, 307, 364,
414, 455, 463, 479, 494, 500, 508, 571, 572, 585, 609, 611, 621, 623, 625, 627, 628, 649, 655, 660, 662, 667, 673, 675, 678, 749, 827, 861, 953
Coal, 73, 88, 586, 597CO2 as the primary driver of phanerozoic
climate, 463Coccolithophores, 639, 729, 747, 753, 754,
756, 757, 844, 847, 847, 912Coevolution of climate and life, 437–438Columbia glacier, 790Columbia University, 159, 362, 398, 449, 940Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Re
search Organisation (CSIRO), 682Continental drift, 9, 10, 81, 82, 141, 144, 159,
312, 393, 415, 919Continental shelf, 159, 394, 551, 745, 783,
846Continental slope, 761, 807, 932Contrails, 297, 477, 481, 488, 489, 613, 884Continent and ocean basin evolution by
spreading of the sea floor, 429Convent of minerva, 828Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmos
pheric Science (CIMAS), 600Cooperative Institute for Research in Environ
mental Science (CIRES), 12, 593, 600Copenhagen interpretation, 359Copepods, 756Coral gables, 578, 599Core, 411, 553, 836–838Coriolis accleration, 703, 730Coriolis force, 706, 705, 709, 730, 786, 807,
917, 920Corona, 252, 377, 440, 441, 453, 461, 565Coronal mass ejection event, 441Coronation mass (mozart), 190Corpuscules, 114, 117, 131, 219, 327Cosine (cos), 29, 30, 225, 880Cosmic rays, 162, 440, 450, 461, 463, 613Cosmic rays and particle physicsCosmic rays, carbon dioxide and climate, 463Cosmos club, 669Council of basel, 203Cre. See Catastrophic sealevel rise eventCretaceous, 10, 12, 70, 72, 74, 75, 78, 83, 84,
86, 88, 89, 94, 129, 141, 147, 150, 151, 165, 177, 289, 392, 395, 418, 430, 473, 510, 511, 611, 634–644, 647, 725–728, 732, 850, 933
Critical point, 521–523Cromwell countercurrent, 709Crust, 70, 83, 100, 163, 239, 362, 391, 398,
417, 428, 430, 627, 777, 779, 798CSIRO. See Commonwealth Scientific and
Industrial Research Organisation
DDana's system of mineralogy, 79Dansgaardoeschger events, 811–814, 819,
839Danube, 916Danzig, 858Dardanelles, 916Dead sea, 321, 775Decay constant, 45, 117Deciduous forest, 741Deep sea drilling project, 11, 12, 145, 151,
371, 393, 417, 418, 424, 428–430, 465, 490, 510, 621, 644, 683, 797
Deep water, 720, 808, 815Deep water wave, 185, 186, 218Deforestation, 662, 663, 665, 695, 818, 930,
933, 935Deglaciation, 86, 130, 150, 165–167, 174,
400, 552, 655–658, 739–742, 788, 791, 801, 802, 829, 933
Dendroctonus ponderosae, 868Denmark strait, 806, 807, 809Density, 46, 306, 519, 526, 527, 532De revolutionibur orbium coelestiium, 425,
827Deterministic nonperiodic flow, 301, 314Deuterium, 49, 121, 410, 458, 554, 693Deuterium/Hydrogen (DH), 811Deuterium/Hydrogen ratio, 410, 411Deutsche forschungsgemeinschaft, 893Devil's hole, 408, 408, 427DH. See Deuterium/HydrogenDiamictites, 143Dinoflagellates, 760Discours sur la méthode pour bien conduire
sa raison, 212Discours sur les révolutions de la surface du
globe, 69Displacement rule, 123, 125District of columbia, 873Dnieper, 916Dome C, 547, 655, 656, 659, 692, 693, 820,
821Don (river), 916Doppler effect, 194, 505, 508Double refraction, 216, 217, 219, 225
SUBJECT INDEX
973973
Dryas, 169, 802, 803, 807–811, 838, 840, 903, 928
Dryas octopetalia, 169Dropstone, 143, 474Dry valley, 543, 847DSDP. See Deep sea drilling projectDulongpetit law, 278Dust, 476, 484–486, 488, 489DV caldrill, 429DV submarex, 429
Ee, 39, 43–45Early eocene climatic optimum, 152Earthquake, 39, 136, 187, 202Earth's climate: past and futureEast African rift valley, 530, 775East Antarctica, 523, 548, 549, 653, 654, 656,
924, 926, 927East Germany, 13, 57, 155, 781, 852–854,
892, 893East Greenland current, 809, 839, 915, 918Eclipse, 114, 119, 214, 215, 243, 252, 377,
415, 440, 445, 828, 860ECOD. See European Science Foundation
Consortium for Ocean DrillingEcole polytechnique, 276Edinburgh, 19, 64–67, 124, 128, 266, 388,
403, 493, 494Eemian, 657, 813, 836–845, 847, 912, 925Eem river, 836Eirík's saga, 919Ekman transport, 708, 720El abra limestone, 94Electron, 156, 367, 440, 444, 510, 569Elkhorn coral, 746, 788, 843El nino, 142, 707, 721–723, 729, 786, 817,
824–826, 929El nino/Southern oscillation (ENSO), 721Emiliania huxleyi, 11, 12, 177, 744, 753, 759,
847Emission spectru, 242, 245, 252, 334–337Empedocles, 305, 314Emperor seamount train, 625ENSO EL Nino/southern oscillation, 721Entropy, 194, 269, 270EPICA. See European consotium for ice cor
ing in antarcticaEpitaxial growth, 754Equation of state, 531, 532, 534, 556Equator, 34, 382, 680, 702, 709, 724, 728,
779, 786, 819, 908, 929, 930Equatorial current, 709, 714
Equidistant cylindrical projection, 31Equilibrium vegetation ecology model (EVE),
612Equinox, 28, 377, 378, 384, 385, 471, 537,
555Equipotential surface, 779Equirectangular projection, 31Era of smog, 884ErnstMoritzArndt University, 893Escape velocity, 440, 562Essay on the principle of population, 43Estonia, 853Estuarine circulation, 713, 714Estuary, 177, 316, 920Euler number, 43, 44European Consortium for Research Ocean
Drilling (ECORD), 894European Consotium for Ice Coring in Antarc
tica (EPICA), 547, 655, 812European science foundation, 731, 894European Science Foundation Consortium for
Ocean Drilling (ECOD), 731European Union, 892, 895Evaporite, 143, 511, 531EVE. See Equilibrium vegetation ecology
modelExclusion principle, 347–349, 369Exobase, 566Exponent, 36, 42, 349Extinction, 10, 72, 83, 85–87, 164–166, 254,
304, 392, 530, 442, 850
FFaculae, 434, 460Faero islands, 804, 806, 807Fahrenheit, Daniel Gabriel, 556, 857Fahrenheit temperature scale, 52, 556, 858,
859Faint young sun paradox, 375, 376Fasnacht, 204Fecal pellets, 756, 757Feedback, 53, 172, 907Fens, 801Ferrel cell, 704, 706Fidelio, 91Firn, 546, 553, 693Fission, 162, 163, 357, 361, 362Fission track dating, 162, 362Fixing climate, 938Fixing the sky, 939Flinders mountains, 474Florida keys, 400, 842, 871Florida reef tract, 746
SUBJECT INDEX
974974
Flurocarbons, 695Fohn, 546Fram, 805, 806, 847Franz josef land, 540Freemasons, 858French Revolution, 33, 67, 87, 262, 862, 881Freshwater balance, 713, 715Frigoric, 263From earth to the moon, 440, 462Front, 546, 605, 647, 711, 715Front range, 546, 605Frost, 540, 906
GGamma ray, 115, 230, 251, 447, 453, 454Ganges delta, 783Gaussian distribution, 275Geissler tube, 243Geoid, 779, 781, 785Geological society (London), 67, 69, 74, 84,
127, 159, 460, 372, 632, 639, 935Geological time scale, 72, 130GEOMAR, 13, 18, 145, 638, 646, 648, 687,
892, 941, 943GEOSECS (geochemical sections), 717Geothermal heat flux, 53, 100, 548, 818, 926German democratic republic (DDR), 155, 852German hydrographic office, 818Gerolstein, 632GIN sea, 715, 738, 804, 806–809, 812, 826,
904, 920, 933GISP 2, 553, 556, 811, 812, 819, 838GISS. See Goddard institute for space scienceGjøa, 909Glacial, 143, 167, 412, 472, 655, 774, 934Glasgow, 76, 98, 117, 119, 123, 240, 252, 388,
493, 494, 516, 556Glasnost, 852Glessberg cycleGlobal dimming, 480Global marine deveopment, Inc., 670, 731Global warming, 6–8, 18, 940Glomar challenger, 417, 418, 430, 466, 490,
617, 622, 669, 798Goddard Institute for Space S,cience (GISS),
674, 879, 891, 942Gold foil experiment, 122, 332Gondwana, 81, 150, 415, 638, 667Gonyaulax noctiluca, 901Good bye lenin, 854Grand pile, 802Gravity recovery and climate experiment
(GRACE), 922
Gravity wave, 184Great barrier reef, 746Great conveyor, 714–716, 729, 738, 756, 803,
804, 807, 810, 813, 897, 904, 907, 920Great dying, 86Great lakes, 169, 371, 388, 407, 529, 531,
543, 775Great salinity anomaly, 809, 810Grebenka river, 611Greenhouse, 294, 572, 642, 760, 766, 899, 905Greenhouse gas, 271, 274, 594, 603, 623, 673,
899Greenland ice project. See GRIPGRIP (Greenland ice project), 802, 811GRIP summit, 802, 812, 814Groenlending saga, 919Gulf of Mexico, 134, 169, 187, 429, 465, 511,
548, 621, 697, 741, 783, 871Gulf stream, 371, 396, 709, 717, 725, 744,
806, 861, 871, 875Gustrow, 892Gyre water, 711, 712
hH2S, 529, 530, 765Hadley cell, 704–706, 713, 727–730, 817,
899, 930Hadley centre, 879, 881Hale cycle, 439HalerBosch process, 694Halflife, 45, 116, 117, 119, 126, 129, 163,
406, 410, 507, 810Hallstadt cycle, 439Harmonic oscillator, 281, 283, 329, 498Harrison, Abramovitz, and Kingsland, 600,
970Harvard University, 76, 117, 411Hawaii, 428, 490, 557, 625, 661, 670, 831,
842, 872Heaviside layer, 249, 250, 253Hebrew University, 12, 17, 321, 460Heidelberg, 104, 240, 252, 273, 285Heinrich events, 811, 818, 819, 846Helium, 48, 107, 114, 116, 117, 119, 120, 126,
162, 252, 342, 351, 361, 375, 409, 442, 446, 452, 496, 546, 577
Hermatypic corals, 746, 754Hesperium, 361Hilo, 872Himalaya, 152, 163, 642, 679, 724, 774, 783,
784Historical perspectives on climate change,
18, 570
SUBJECT INDEX
975975
History of ocean basins, 429History of the earth's atmosphere, 4Hoarfrost, 540HOH, 515, 516, 520–523, 525, 555, 574Holocene, 149, 169, 170, 173, 174, 455, 552,
791, 801, 803, 807, 816, 820, 826, 836, 839, 844, 921
Holomictic, 529Homestake mine, 443Hothouse, 148, 149, 642, 760, 766Huascaran, 820, 821Hudson bay, 168, 407, 541, 593, 717, 741,
780, 781, 784, 818, 917Hudson strait, 818, 846Humanism, 203Humboldt current, 720, 721Huon Peninsula, 844Hydrogen, 48, 342, 496, 515, 554, 811, 954Hydrologic cycle, 524, 609, 611, 713, 900Hydrosphere, 142, 305, 309, 736Hypsithermal, 400
IIce, 310, 411, 518, 520, 523, 528, 542, 543,
552, 614, 647, 655, 703, 911Ice age, 54, 76, 141, 168–170, 173, 174, 294,
382, 387, 424, 434, 459, 657, 665, 820, 830, 862, 884, 889, 897, 903
Ice ages: solving the mysteryIce cap, 77, 81, 89, 334, 405, 407, 411, 540,
551, 730, 785, 795, 811, 820, 835Icebergs, 75, 143, 437, 474, 790, 809, 811,
818, 819, 823, 846, 847Icehouse, 146, 147, 149, 151, 171, 172, 540,
640, 642, 760, 763–766, 936Ice ic, 539Ice ih, 539, 546Iceland, 160, 167, 216–218, 224, 232, 379,
430, 481, 540, 624, 717, 723, 804, 806, 809, 909, 919, 929
Iceland high, 929Iceland spar, 216–218, 224, 225, 232, 750, 751Icelandscotland ridge, 806, 807, 809, 815Ice rings, 528, 529Ice sheet, 540, 742, 784, 811, 818, 842, 845,
846, 918–920, 924–927Ice shelf, 551, 926Illustrations of the huttonian theory of the
earth, 67, 88India, 77, 80, 80, 141, 144, 150, 152, 173, 415,
638, 642, 706, 724, 763, 783, 909, 929Indian ocean, 164, 187, 202, 403, 408, 679,
709, 729, 776, 779, 787
Industrial revolution, 43, 74, 101, 114, 166, 170, 174, 265, 284, 455, 476, 487, 660, 663, 673, 694, 696, 757, 759, 835, 842, 922, 938
Intermediate water, 710, 714, 715, 729Inland, 169, 187, 475, 790, 843, 845, 846, 878,
901, 925Inquisition, 827, 828Institute for Arctic and Alpine Research, 925Insolation, 375, 382, 399, 656Institute fur Ostseeforschung, 893Institute for Baltic Sea Research, 13, 781, 893Institute for Nuclear Studies, 362, 393, 455Integrated ocean drilling program (IODP),
894Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (In
SAR), 927Interglacial, 173, 813, 814, 836Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC), 696, 794, 796, 823, 899, 902International Meteorological Organization
(WMO), 861, 862, 888, 890Interstadial, 801–803, 816, 836Intertropical covergence zone (ITCZ), 702,
705, 713, 738Inversion (temperature), 411, 563, 576, 587,
596Ion, 338, 530, 660, 748, 755, 757, 765IPCC. See Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
ChangeIreland, 63, 64, 447, 493, 731, 809, 823, 862Irrational number, 39, 42, 43Islamabad, 768Isopycnal, 532, 714, 715Isotope, 117, 399, 836–838, 840–842Italia, 175ITCZ. See Intertropical covergence zoneIxtoc I, 697
JJedda, 767, 768JOI. See Joint Oceanographic InstitutionsJOIDES, 429, 465–467, 490, 617, 647, 689,
894Joint Oceanographic Institutions, 17, 429, 467Joint Oceanographic Institutions for deep
earth sampling, 429Joule, 50, 52, 268, 269, 614Junfraujoch, 450Jupiter, 83, 214, 215, 300, 301, 523, 827, 828,
860Jurassic, 72, 74, 84, 85, 87, 128, 148, 177,
392, 639, 642, 725
SUBJECT INDEX
976976
Leopoldina, 852Levelofnomotion, 917LGM. See Last glacial maximumLIA. See Little ice ageLiberté, 175Liberty city, 669LIPS. See Lage igneous provincesLithosphere, 305, 736, 777–780, 797Lithuania, 853Little ice age (LIA), 824Lives of the most excellent painters, sculptors,
and architects, 599Loess plateau, 165, 485Logarithm, 36, 38–43, 45, 748, 749, 758Lomonosov ridge, 648, 847, 912London, 14, 27, 30, 34, 67, 69, 70, 73, 74, 92,
103, 104, 112, 158, 243, 248, 372, 434, 476, 487, 540, 644, 703, 717, 897
Long island, 780Longitude, 27–30, 33, 214, 541, 828, 860,
864, 880, 882, 890Longitude act, 860, 890Longitude: the true story of a lone genius who
solved the greatest scientific problem of his time
Longshore drift, 188Lorenz transformations, 344, 368Lost maples, 169LudwigMaximillian's University (munich),
852Luminosity, 375, 433, 436, 439, 459, 639, 666Luna I, 440Luxembourg palace, 224
MMagnetic field reversalsMalus' law, 225Manchester, 101, 114, 122, 131, 268, 333, 436Manchester University, 267, 451, 463Mangroves, 745Marburg, 81, 240, 271Maria laach, 632Marine biological laboratory, 471Marion dufresne, 418, 427Mass spectrometer, 121, 157, 394, 401, 418,
424, 426Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 301Maud rise, 848–849Mauna loa, 661, 667, 743Maunder sunspot minimumMauretania, 92, 93, 175Má vlast, 225
KKamchatka, 185, 481Kaon, 451, 453, 454, 461Karman line, 309, 313, 495, 562Kazan cathedral, 910KazanKomarek affair, 289Kelp, 582, 745Kelvin temperature scale, 51, 434Kepler's laws, 213, 214Key biscayne, 371, 558, 599, 669Kilimanjaro, 554Kinetic energy, 51, 187, 475, 497, 505, 702, 729Kirchhoff's law, 273, 377Kola super deep borehole, 798Krakatau, 481, 483Kyoto treaty, 829
LLaboratory of treering research, 456Labrador, 248, 877, 919Labrador sea, 715, 804, 807, 809, 815, 818,
846, 920Labrador sea water, 807, 809Lagoonal circulation, 714Lake Agassiz, 807, 808Lake Baikal, 775Lake Malawi, 775Lake Tanganyika, 775Lake Vida, 847Landsat, 908La nina, 721, 723, 786, 824–826, 929Lapse rate, 197, 478, 605, 607, 608, 610Large igneous provinces (LIPs), 643Lascaux, 165, 741Last glacial maximum, 167–169, 173, 174,
391, 411–413, 423, 424, 472, 488, 550, 551, 655, 656, 739, 740, 776, 803, 820, 840, 846
Latent energy, 51, 268Latent heat of fusion, 51, 543Latent heat of vaporization, 51, 52, 519, 555,
606, 607Latvia, 583Laughing gas, 690Law dome, 657, 659, 665, 681Law of constant composition of seawater, 747Law of large numbers, 882Laws of thermodynamics, 268, 271, 278,
284–286Le monde ou traité de la lumière, 213, 233Leningrad, 3, 6, 18, 472, 511, 614, 621, 634,
797, 865, 869, 910
SUBJECT INDEX
977977
Mcgill University, 114Mcmurdo sound, 543, 847Mecca, 767Mechanical energy, 51, 269Medieval climate optimum, 170, 174, 261,
820, 824, 909Medina, 767Mediterranean, 205, 235, 261, 419, 420, 715,
787, 804, 807, 916Mediterranean outflow water, 807Meltwater pulse 1A, 788–790, 846Meltwater pulse 1B, 788–789Mercator projection, 31, 908Meromictic, 529, 530Meson, 448, 462, 463Mesopause, 565, 574, 576Mesosphere, 565, 568, 576, 577, 587Methane, 49, 500, 517, 519, 575, 626, 673,
676, 686, 687, 689, 849, 937Metric system, 32–34, 46, 53, 192, 233, 262,
859, 881Mexico, 8, 19, 94, 133, 134, 392, 465, 504,
723, 741, 832Mexico city, 94, 135–139, 697Miami, 12, 290, 370, 371, 393, 465, 511, 557,
578, 579, 598, 599, 619, 634, 669, 910Michelsonmorley experiment, 246, 327, 344,
367Micrographia, 498, 508Midatlantic ridge, 160, 164, 430, 523, 621,
622, 624Middle ages, 91, 153, 213, 218, 665Midocean ridge, 40, 159, 164, 430, 523, 637,
752, 772, 785, 843Milankovitch parameters, 172, 414Minamata bay, 901Missouri botanical garden, 476Mixed layer, 199, 309, 310, 526, 938Mohorovicic discontinuity, 417, 426, 428Moldau, 255Mole, 50, 53, 104, 585Mollweide projection, 31, 32Molotovribbentrop pact, 853Momentum, 47, 334, 356, 395, 451, 462, 499Monsoon, 679, 680, 706, 929Montreal protocol, 593, 594, 596, 695, 954Moon, 47, 103, 120, 279, 280, 371, 375, 415,
445, 470, 566, 586, 675, 684, 701Moosehorn coral, 746, 788, 843Moscow, 4, 145, 362, 633, 634, 735, 797, 798,
869, 910Motion of the solar system in space, 230Mount pelee, 483
Mount pinatubeMullet, 753Munich, 9, 14, 56–60, 192, 236, 328, 357,
416, 852, 868, 892Muon, 443, 444, 449, 507Murmansk, 908Musee d'histoire naturelle, 68, 177, 206Music, 20–22, 57, 60, 190–192, 195, 288, 598
NNaCl, 49, 475, 519, 531, 548, 858Nannofossils, 177, 204, 254, 315, 372, 431,
465, 622, 623, 647, 848NASA, 463, 477, 507, 586, 674, 879, 885NASA/GISS, 863, 881, 883, 884, 886–888National Center for Atmospheric Research,
438, 473, 611, 627, 634, 731, 866National Science Foundation, 175, 333, 417,
428, 429, 465, 490, 557, 731, 798National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC),
911Native Americans, 487, 831Natural logarithm, 42, 43, 45NCAR. See National Center for Atmospheirc
ResearchNCDC. See US National Climate Data CenterNekton, 744Neogloboquadrina dutertrei, 847Neon, 121, 126, 243, 351, 364, 496Netherlands School of Sedimentary Geology
(NSG), 893Neutrino, 442, 443, 451, 452, 463Neutron, 49, 157, 158, 340, 449, 451, 454,
455, 462, 507Nevsky prospect, 910New orleans, 465, 630, 677, 783Newfoundland, 919Newton's rings, 221–223Nitrate, 487, 691, 692, 763, 764, 900, 901Nitrite, 691Nitrous oxide, 499, 500, 571, 573, 592, 597,
690Nobel prize, 109, 112, 114, 156, 331, 340,
344, 345, 360, 367–369, 443, 445, 446, 447, 451, 463, 594, 597
Noosphere, 736North Atlantic deep water, 533, 715, 804, 805,
807, 809, 920North Atlantic drift, 717, 806, 807, 809, 815,
819, 861North Atlantic oscillation (NAO), 721, 723,
786, 793, 817, 929
SUBJECT INDEX
978978
PPaleoceneeocene thermal maximum (PETM),
642, 848–850, 932, 933Paleoclimatology, reconstructing climates of
the quaternary, 823PanArctic ice ocean modeling and assimila
tion system (PIOMAS), 912Paneuropean picnic, 853Pangaea, 81, 630, 637, 638Papua new guinea, 844Paris, 31, 67, 68, 87, 107, 108, 115, 176, 177,
206, 214, 224, 233, 315, 317, 445, 717, 818
Peasoup fog, 476, 486Penicillus, 754Pennsylvanian, 414, 415Pennsylvania state University, 646, 677, 823,
826Perestroika, 852Periodic table, 105, 106, 131, 157, 244,
338–340, 345Perkins trading post, 831, 832Permafrost, 687, 689, 907, 931, 932, 938PETM. See Paleoceneeocene thermal maxi
mumPhlogiston, 262, 263, 285, 494, 495Photic zone, 752, 756Photon, 350, 355, 364, 365, 449, 501, 502,
508, 586, 587Photosynthesis, 504, 575, 582–585, 591, 596,
609, 610, 650, 736, 752–754, 847Physics of air, 365Physics of climatePhysikalishtechnische reichsanstalt, 122, 276,
282, 284Pic du midi, 450Pine forest, 741, 868Pion, 451Piston core, 398, 418, 426, 427Plague, 45, 261, 285, 665, 934Planetary wave, 706Plankton, 72, 256, 648, 653, 725, 744, 753,
901, 904Planktonic foraminifera, 72, 139, 175, 204,
315, 396, 401, 402, 430, 431, 622, 639, 647, 753–755
Plantation of ulster, 493Plasma, 440, 576, 592Plate tectonics, 82, 83, 100, 163, 429, 430,
484, 618, 622, 630, 633, 635, 641, 777, 779, 827
Pleistocene temperatures, 398, 426Poker club, 494Polar cell, 704, 706, 730
Northeast passage, 909Northwest passage, 78, 713, 909North woods, 407, 741Norway current, 717, 738, 806–808,
917, 918Norwegian fjords, 746Northwestern University, 636, 668Novaya zemlya, 540, 805Nuclide, 126Nugssuaq peninsula, 88Nummulite, 176
OOahu, 842Oak ridge national laboratory, 662Obliquity, 383, 384, 386, 398, 399, 403, 414,
419Observations: climate change and sea levelOccam's razor, 14, 17Ocean circulation, 418, 511, 642, 723, 726,
727, 765, 904, 930Octaves, 104, 105, 131, 192, 222Office of Science and Technology Policy
(OSTP), 617Ohio University, 148, 642, 761Ohm, 520Ohmygod particle, 453Old possum's book of practical cats, 250Older dryas, 803, 820Oldest dryas, 802On physical lines of force, 227, 228, 234On the influence of carbonic acid in the air
upon the temperature of the ground, 112, 131, 293, 314, 368, 890
On the photochemistry of ozone in the stratosphere and troposphere and pollution of the stratosphere, 593
On the smallness of sinking regions in the ocean, 713
Open UniversityOpticks, 209, 226, 233, 857Orbital magnetic quantum number, 347Orbital quantum number, 346, 347Orbitals, 343, 346, 347, 363, 367Orca basin, 761OSTP. See Office of Science and Technology
PolicyOwens college, 114, 436Oxford University, 76Oxygen, 263, 285, 351, 400, 494, 520, 585,
634, 649, 802, 821, 838Oxygen minimum, 756
SUBJECT INDEX
979979
Polar easterly winds, 706, 707Polar front, 647, 711, 712, 729Polar orthographic projection, 31, 32Polar regions, 12, 70, 78, 151, 173, 295, 381,
382, 401, 415, 510, 511, 512, 540, 541, 554, 563, 606, 635, 636, 642, 648, 725, 726, 729, 899, 907, 908
Pollen, 169, 740, 801, 820, 822, 839Polonium, 111, 112, 327, 354, 368Pontus euxinis, 765Positron, 360, 376, 446, 454, 462Potassium, 118, 132, 156, 157, 351, 691, 694Potassium–argon dating, 156–157Potemkin village, 892Potential energy, 51, 187, 563, 689, 702, 705Potential temperature, 535Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Re
search, 813Pozzuoli, 783Preboreal, 802Precession of the equinoxes, 383–386, 425Princiles of quantum mechanics, 360Principle quantum numberPrinciples of geology, 69, 71, 88Principles of physical geology, 128, 159, 429Project LOCO, 426, 429Project LOCOProton, 125, 342, 376, 410, 449, 454, 455, 567
QQuantum mechanics, 157, 327, 355, 357–360,
369, 864Quantum physics, 122, 123, 232, 331, 355,
357, 864Queen mary, 394
RRadiance, 277, 284, 433, 434, 575, 576, 817Radioactivity, 45, 110, 112, 116, 119, 132,
156, 327, 368, 444, 462Red sea, 322, 643, 715, 723, 787, 844Red sea outflow, 715Réflexions sur le phlogistique, 263Refugia, 740, 746Remarques generales sur les températures du
globe terrestre et des espaces plané-taires, 264, 285, 570, 577
Remote sensing, 187, 239, 240, 784, 908, 922Residence time, 524, 585, 626Reykjanes ridge, 160Rinnen, 782Rioni, 916
Rocks and mineral deposits, 49, 55Rodinia, 630Rogue wave, 183Ronnefilchner ice shelf, 551Rosenstiel school of marine and atmospheric
sciences, 12, 17, 372, 473, 531, 578, 898
Ross ice shelf, 551Ross sea, 551, 645, 924, 927Rostock, 781, 893Royal astronomical observatory, 860Royal society, 65, 212, 219, 220, 221, 223,
228, 263, 498RSMAS. See Rosenstiel School of Marine and
Atmospheric SciencesRue d’enfer, 224Rydberg constant, 245
SSagitta, 744Sahara, 170, 174, 296, 705, 830, 930Salinity, 198, 408, 531, 534, 776, 809, 810Salinity oscillator, 818Salt, 49, 99, 110, 129, 143, 293, 321, 430, 475,
511, 519, 520, 522, 531, 536, 544, 548, 628, 711, 712, 776, 805, 817, 914
Sangamonian interglacial, 836San pellegrino, 632Santa maria, 483Sat. See Surface air temperatureSaudi arabia, 767, 768Savannah river research center, 451Scattering of light, 272, 503, 504, 509Schrodinger equation, 357Schrodinger's cat, 359Schwerin, 782, 892Science et méthode, 302Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 176, 370,
398, 428, 466, 480, 660, 731, 864Sea fans, 755Seafloor spreading, 89, 145, 160, 164, 371,
510, 622, 624, 633, 637, 653, 763, 764, 779
Seafood, 315, 745, 901Sea frontiers, 578Sea level, 169, 412, 637, 724, 771, 772, 775,
779, 791, 795, 796, 924, 931Sea level change, 144, 306, 412, 413, 415,
427, 623, 660, 746, 772–775, 781, 782, 788, 791, 795, 841, 844
Sea of marmora, 915–917Sea of okhotsk, 715Sea urchin, 235, 755
SUBJECT INDEX
980980
Southern Methodist University (SMU), 8, 17, 19, 56, 90
Southern ocean, 542, 545, 551, 709, 715, 754, 756, 759
Southern oscillation, 721, 723, 817, 907, 929South florida, 476, 741, 745, 780, 793, 932Southwest monsoon, 706, 929Southwest passage, 909Specific heat, 52, 67, 264, 306–308, 310, 516,
519, 526, 556, 701Spectrocope, 240, 241, 243Spectroscopy, 121, 239, 240, 242, 243, 252,
285, 348, 367, 505Spectrum, 114, 131, 210–222, 224, 229, 232,
233, 239, 240, 242–244, 248, 250–252, 342, 363, 377, 452, 505, 584, 594, 603, 623, 690, 884
Spicules, 755Spin magnetic quantum number, 349Spitsbergen, 206, 539, 305, 909Sporer sunspot minimum, 437, 463Spreading center, 164Stadial, 801–803Stanford University, 17, 90, 392St. Augustine grass, 611, 615St. Lawrence, 308St. Mark's (school of Texas), 56Starfish, 755Steadystate, 170, 295Steam engine, 74, 101, 131, 166, 174, 265,
266, 284, 365, 516, 556, 659, 863Stefanboltzmann constant, 278, 378Stefan's law, 278, 279, 281, 293Stick map, 185Stomata, 584, 609, 610, 613, 640, 641, 649,
650, 668Storegga slides, 933Stratopause, 565, 574, 576, 674Stratosphere, 298, 309, 310, 444, 469, 477,
481, 482, 488, 489, 499, 504, 561, 564, 565, 568, 572, 575–577, 587, 593, 595, 613, 623, 675, 695, 826, 884
Subatlantic subboreal, 803Subduction zone, 164, 626, 632, 639, 779,
788, 844Subshells, 343, 346, 347, 349, 350, 367Subtropical front, 711, 715, 7158Suess effect, 456, 457, 463, 660, 865Summit ice core, 681, 814Sun, 3, 7, 28, 53, 54, 99, 114, 119, 120, 213,
214, 230, 231, 239, 252, 264, 278, 282, 333, 375, 376–387, 410, 439–444, 445, 460, 461, 471, 472, 474, 484, 502–504, 506, 520, 537, 554, 564, 566, 573, 575,
Seesaw effect, 809, 816Seismic profile, 683, 684, 688, 689Selma chalk, 630Sensible heat, 299, 308, 563, 603, 604, 606,
607, 610, 702, 706, 729, 906Shallow water wave, 185, 186Shelf break, 550, 551, 725Shell (electron), 157, 335, 337, 338, 340,
341–343, 346, 349, 367Shengen agreementShetland islands, 804Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, 491Shishiodoshi, 818Shoemakerlevy comet, 83, 89Siberia, 4, 104, 296, 404, 541, 544,
611, 635, 648, 682, 684, 687, 689, 710, 713, 742, 765, 775, 806, 915, 931, 938
Siberian traps, 765Siccar point, 64, 66, 67, 84, 88, 89, 98, 131,
418Siemens, 520Sigsbee scarp, 548Silica tetrahedra, 581, 627Simple mathematical models with very compli-
cated dynamics, 303, 314Sine (sin), 29SIPRE. See Snow, Ice and Permafrost Re
search EstablishemntSkralings, 919SMU. See Southern Methodist UniversitySnell's law, 211, 233Snow, 12, 54, 77, 142, 167, 382, 389, 411,
424, 472, 474, 482, 545, 554, 652, 689, 740, 838, 839, 856, 857, 897, 911, 917, 920
Snowball earth, 77, 147–150, 174, 433, 630, 668, 677, 760, 766
Snowflakes, 410, 539, 540, 546, 553, 809Snow, ice and permafrost research establish
ment, 552SOFAR, 200Soft corals, 755SOHO, 442, 463Solar constant, 53, 278–281, 285, 375, 377,
381, 387, 469, 474, 639Solar flare, 381, 440, 442, 444, 462Solar wind, 440, 441, 453, 457, 461, 463, 565,
566, 577, 646Solidarity, 853Soufriere, 483Sound, speed of, 192–202, 532, 684, 910Sound waves, 189, 190–194, 201, 239, 428,
568, 683, 688
SUBJECT INDEX
981981
576, 588, 591, 592, 613, 624, 675, 676, 688, 736, 767, 789, 827, 829, 832, 931, 954
Sunda shelf, 782Sunspot, 434, 435, 436, 453Supernova, 120, 126, 132, 335, 375, 443Sur la combustion en général, 494, 509Sur les équations du mouvement relatif des
systèmes de corps, 703, 730Surface air temperature (SAT), 863Svalbard, 540Švejk, 255, 257Sverdrup (unit), 709, 718, 787, 805Swallow float, 717Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 10, 17,
91, 93, 320, 552Symbiotic algae, 746, 754, 760
TTabasco sauce, 548Tambora, 482, 489, 862Tangent (tan), 29Tasmania, 681, 682, 693, 694Taylor dome, 655, 657, 659Temple of serapis, 783Terminal moraine, 388, 780, 803Termination I, 655, 839, 840, 845, 853Termination II, 656, 657, 838, 840Termination III, 654, 655Termination IV, 657, 658, 840Terra del fuego, 926Terra pinguis, 262, 285, 493, 508Texas A & M University, 490, 660, 671, 731The age of the earth, 63, 98, 99, 117, 119,
126–130, 132, 271, 362, 409, 475The atmosphere and ocean, 163, 284, 512,
660, 701, 702, 727, 759, 766, 865The biosphere, 443, 586, 664, 736, 766The charterhouse of parma, 204The chilling stars: a new theory of climate
change, 460, 463The cosmos of arthur holly compton, 446The day after tomorrow, 308, 810, 897The divine comedy, 261, 285The global carbon cycle, 457The good soldier švejk, 255The hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy, 39The last man, 483The netherlands, 13, 18, 206, 342, 344, 345,
419, 640, 649, 682, 731, 738, 781, 792, 801, 836, 843, 858, 859, 892, 893, 898, 905
The origin of species, 72, 769
Theory of the earth, 65–67, 87, 88, 227The persistence of memory, 829The pink panther strikes again, 690The scientific companion, 43, 55, 372The simpsons: i am furious (yellow), 332, 369The surface history of the earth, 129The theoretical biologist's toolbox, 332The vanishing face of gaia - A final warning,
940The world set free, 123Thermal neutron, 454, 455, 595, 507Thermocline, 199, 200, 309, 710, 721, 723,
729, 761, 928, 929Thermocline water, 711, 712, 714Thermodynamics, 265–268, 270, 271, 278,
284–286, 327, 328, 367, 859Thermometer, 7, 143, 200, 219, 264, 271, 276,
277, 307, 308, 434, 515, 516, 535, 561, 563, 565, 577, 604, 702, 857, 860, 861, 863, 888, 890
Thermopause, 566, 577Thermoscope, 561, 577, 857, 890Thermosphere, 565, 566, 568, 577, 623Thorium, 100, 110, 115, 116, 123, 129, 130,
155, 306, 354, 400, 409, 788Threebody problem, 301Tibetan plateau, 149, 311, 485, 605, 679, 680,
706, 724, 774, 775, 929Tide, 81, 182, 186, 187, 201, 300,
334, 372, 745, 771, 791, 792, 793, 794, 843, 901
Timing of armospheric CO2 and antarctic temperature changes across termina-tion III
Towards the edge of the universeTracers in the sea, 810Trade winds, 702–705, 707, 720, 721, 723,
727, 729, 730, 817, 825Traité de la lumiere, 213, 216, 233Transantarctic mountains, 549Transform fault, 40, 164Treaty of westphalia, 829Triads, 104, 131Triassic, 72, 74, 85, 86, 88, 91, 128, 148, 150,
419, 637, 639Tridacna, 754Triple point, 521–523, 555, 859Tritium, 49, 162, 163, 410, 810Tropic of cancer, 379, 380, 382, 886Tropic of capricorn, 379, 380, 382, 871, 886Tropopause, 309, 562, 564, 574, 576, 926Troposphere, 308, 309, 444, 475, 477–481,
484, 487, 488, 499, 563, 568, 572, 574–577, 587, 593, 595, 605, 606–608,
SUBJECT INDEX
982982
University of Leiden, 211, 342, 344University of Massachusetts, 646, 823, 926University of Miami, 12, 17, 237, 370,
393, 473, 578, 579, 598, 599, 601, 898, 941
University of Michigan, 165, 371, 463, 627, 849
University of Minnesota, 129, 155, 157University of Munich, 56, 57, 59, 328, 356,
367, 852University of Padua, 73, 447University of Stockholm, 592, 848University of Tokyo, 488, 930University of Utrecht, 18, 419, 422, 425, 567,
640, 649, 836, 893, 898, 938University of Vienna, 18, 277, 893University of Virginia, 19, 656University of Washington, 465, 912University of Zurich, 10, 17, 90, 91, 132, 389Upwelling, 100, 159, 715, 719–721, 723, 727,
729, 730, 763, 764, 786, 929Uranium, 36, 45, 100, 106, 110, 111, 114,
116–120, 123, 124, 127–131, 155, 156, 243, 340, 343, 344, 349, 354, 361, 362, 400, 409, 788, 901
Urea, 691USHCN. See U.S. Historical climate networkU.S. Historical climate network (USHCN),
874USSR academy of sciences, 633, 797US National Climate Data Center (NCDC),
874US standard atmosphere, 309, 314, 563
VValence, 104, 105, 116Valency, 104Vapor pressure, 522Variation in cosmic ray flux and global cloud
coverage, 459, 463Variations in the earth's orbit: pacemaker of
the ice ages, 403, 426Veen, 801Vega, 909Vela supernova remnant, 335Velasco formation, 94, 254Vernadsky Institute, 4, 633, 634, 735Vikings, 768, 893, 909, 919Virginia key, 601Vltava, 255Volcano, 135, 157, 158, 205, 481, 483, 484,
488, 504, 530, 624–630, 632, 643, 661, 826
613, 623, 673, 675, 705, 713, 884, 900, 926
Tsunami, 40, 41, 55, 184, 186–188, 202, 687, 689, 932, 933, 937
Tundra, 169, 311, 407, 740, 741, 801–803, 907, 931
Tunguska event, 742Turnover, 529, 747Two slit experiment, 223, 231, 233
UÜber den bau der atome, 335, 369Ultraviolet, 54, 210, 221, 222, 230, 233,
242–246, 250, 252, 274, 282, 286, 296, 299, 309, 330, 336, 338, 339, 363, 364, 366–368, 434, 444, 460, 469, 470, 590, 593
Uncertainty principle, 357, 369, 864Uniformitarianism, 10, 71, 72, 84, 88, 97, 130United states (ship), 3, 16, 17, 19, 30, 32, 36,
52, 56, 76, 80, 82, 107, 139, 150, 169, 175, 192, 206, 257, 264, 299, 311, 321, 362, 370, 388, 390, 393, 415, 429, 467, 471, 480, 485
Universite catholque de louvain, 419University of Alberta, 789University of Arizona, 371, 456, 823University of Basel, 10, 17, 175, 203, 393University of Berlin, 73, 274University of Bern, 81University of Breslau, 273University of Bristol, 50, 462University of California at berkeley, 660University of Chicago, 14, 71, 144, 145, 145,
362, 393, 440, 456, 495, 509, 510, 577, 660, 864
University of Colorado, 12, 13, 17, 18, 44, 579, 593, 600, 611, 677, 732, 762, 797, 832, 866, 892, 894, 911, 925, 935, 941, 951
University of East anglia, 878, 879, 881, 891, 942
University of Glasgow, 98, 117, 240, 265, 493, 509
University of Gottingen, 245University of Graz, 861University of Greifswald, 13, 18, 155University of Hamburg, 347University of Illinois Urbana, 10, 17, 90, 93,
160, 370, 390, 598, 767, 951University of Kansas, 892University of Karlsruhe, 246, 330University of Konigsberg, 240, 273
SUBJECT INDEX
983983
Wien's displacement law, 276, 282Wien's distribution law, 282, 328Will o' the wisp, 530Windemere, 802, 803WMO. See World Meterological OrganiztionWolf sunspot minimum, 783World Bank, 783, 932World Meterological Organiztion (WMO),
142, 861, 863, 879, 890WWR. See World weather records
XXra, 91, 109, 110, 115, 131, 209, 230, 347,
368, 568
YYale University, 73, 128Year without a summer, 482, 489, 862Yellow river, 165, 485Younger dryas, 169, 174, 678, 803, 807–809,
811, 819, 820, 838, 897, 903, 928Yucatan, 97, 164, 644, 745
ZZeeman effect, 344, 345
Vostok, 410, 411, 425, 427, 485, 486, 521, 523, 554, 652–656, 659, 680, 811, 812, 839
WWalker circulation, 706, 707, 720, 721, 729Warnemunde, 13, 781, 893Washngton UniversityWater waves, 181–189, 201, 209, 216–218,
224, 232, 347, 503Wave, 129, 159, 181–189, 192, 194, 201, 216,
234, 245, 328, 331, 334, 347, 359, 372, 460, 471, 475, 503, 520, 526, 536, 683, 706, 729, 768, 771, 906, 913, 914
Wave group, 183, 186Waves, tides, and shallow water processesWayne state University, 9, 17, 59Wealth of nations, 67, 87Weddel sea, 541, 551, 715, 729, 809, 848, 924,
926, 927Weichselian, 802, 836Weslyan University, 640West Antarctica, 548, 549, 790, 924, 925Westerly winds, 546, 706, 707–709, 711, 712,
719, 723, 727, 729, 914, 915, 928, 929Western boundary current, 709, 721Western pacifc warm pool, 721, 786West wind drift, 709What is life?, 358
SUBJECT INDEX