definitions of language: “language is a shared symbol system” (hollihan, baaske) “language, is...
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Definitions of Language:
“Language is a shared symbol system” (Hollihan, Baaske)
“language, is formally speaking, is a set of words and the rules that govern the connection of those words.” (Redmond)
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Functions of language:
Informative: communicate information and knowledge.
Expressive: communicate feelings, attitudes and emotions.
Directive: language is used to ask questions, give orders, or make requests.
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Language is symbolic
A symbol is something that a group of language users agrees stand for something else.
We all agree that an apple is something you eat, and a bike is something you ride.
Language is also closely tied to culture
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Characteristics of language
Symbols are arbitraryIn English Water – refers to H20 and other
languages have other names for it.
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Characteristics of language
Language is impreciseAbstract language vs. concrete languageFood, Junk food, candy bar, Snickers
Ambiguous LanguageThere are often multiple interpretations of
words and their meanings
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Rules of LanguagePhonological: concerned with how
sounds are used to form words.Syntactic: arrangement of symbols.Semantic: governs meaning of words.Pragmatic: what uses and interpretations
are appropriate in a certain context.
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Denotative vs. Connotative meanings
Denotative meanings are concerned with the literal meaning of a word (dictionary).
Connotative meanings are implied or emotional meanings of words.
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Competence in language:
Use “concrete-specific” language rather than abstract.
Use clear familiar words.Eliminate “linguistic clutter.”Use appropriate words.Avoid language scapegoating.Avoid ambiguity (equivocation) of words.Beware of static language.
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Continued:
powerful vs. powerless language.Avoid sexist language.Vivid language. (use of metaphors,
similes, other stylistic devices)
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Use vivid language through imagery:
Use concrete words that call up mental impressions through sight, smell, and taste.
Generate imagery through metaphors and similes.
Use rhythm to enhance vividness of your discourse.
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Language is FigurativeMetaphors and SimilesMetaphors are a implicit comparison
between things that are essentially different yet have something in common.Example: “The eyes are the window of the
soul”“The car is a lemon”
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Similes
“A simile is an explicit comparison between things that are essentially different yet have something in common.”
A simile contains the words “like” or “as.”Example: “Walking into my grandparent’s home
when I was a child was like being wrapped in a giant security blanket”
“The monuments in Washington DC are being eaten like a giant alka-seltzer tablet.”
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Stylistic devices for rhythm:
Parallelism: use of similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences.
Example: “Rich and poor, intelligent and ignorant, wise and foolish, virtuous and vicious, man and women—it is ever the same, each soul must depend wholly on itself.” (Elizabeth Cady Stanton)
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Repetition:
Repeating the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences.
Example: “We will not tire, we will not falter, and we will not fail.” (George W. Bush)
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Alliteration:
Repeating the initial consonant sound in close or adjoining words.
Example: “Peace is essential for progress, but progress is no less essential for peace.” (Liaquat Ali Khan)
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Antithesis:
Juxtaposing contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure.
Example: “Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.” (John F. Kennedy)
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Keep in mind that language helps in shaping understanding and meaning for your listeners.