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FAO-UN, Myanmar Publicaon 2011/04

The Mangrove Vegetaon of

Wubaik Reserved Forest

Win MyintConsultant to FAO, Assistant Director, Forest Department

&

Deiva Oswin StanleyTCDC Consultant to FAO, Mangrove Management Specialist

Forest Department, Ministry of Forestry

Union of Myanmar

Food and Agriculture Organizaon of the United Naons

Yangon, Myanmar



The designaons employed and the presentaon of the material in this publicaon do not imply

the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organizaon of

the United Naons concerning the delimitaon of its froners or boundaries

The opinions expressed in this publicaon are those of the authors alone and do not imply any

opinion whatsoever on the part of FAO

First Edion: 2011

©FAO-UN Myanmar

Photos: Dr. Deiva Oswin Stanley, Win Myint and Aung Aung Myint

Cover Design & Photos : Dr. Deiva Oswin Stanley

For Copies of the Book, write to:

FAO Representaon Oce

Seed Division Compound, Insein Road, Yangon, Myanmar

Email: [email protected]

Phone: 95-1-641772, 641673

Fax: 95-1- 641561



In commemoration of the International Year of Forests 2011



T h e M a n g r o v e V e g e t a o n o f W

u b a i k R e s e r v e d F o r e s t

The Mangrove Vegetaon of Wubaik Reserved Forest

CONTENTS

Foreword

Acknowledgments

1. Introducon

2. The Wunbaik Reserved Mangrove Forest

3. Guidelines to use this Book

4. Mangrove Vegetaon Diversity in the Wunbaik Reserved Forest

4.1 Index of mangrove vegetaon and associated salt tolerant plant

species idened from the Wunbaik Reserved Forest

4.2 Index of disnct characteriscs of mangrove species

4.3 Photographic representaons of the Wunbaik Mangroves

5. Descripon of Mangroves and Mangrove Associated Salt Tolerant PlantSpecies

5.1 Index of Flora idened in the Wunbaik Reserved Forest during the

project period and recorded earlier overall in Myanmar

5.2 Index of the vegetaon in the Wunbaik Reserved Forest and their

scienc names, habit and status

5.3 Index of the vegetaon in the Wunbaik Reserved Forest and their

vernacular names

6. Descripon of vegetaon in Myanmar language

7. References

1

4

6

13

13

15

18

23

130

134

136

139

191

Page

i



S u s t a i n a b l e C o

m m u n i t y b a s e d M a n g r o v e M a n a g e m e n t i n W u n b a i k F o r e s t R e s e r v e , T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

ForewordMyanmar is a country of greenery and well known globally for its rich forest resources. It is

bestowed with both terrestrial and mangrove forests in plenty. However, in recent days the status

of the forest in Myanmar is declining considerably due to several anthropogenic acvies. In this

context Government of Myanmar iniated a project on “Sustainable Community-based Mangrove

Management in Wunbaik Reserved Forest: TCP/MYA/3204” jointly to be worked with the Food and

Agriculture organizaon of the United Naons and Forest Department. The project is expected to

bring out the facts of the mangroves in Wunbaik Reserved Mangrove Forest of the Rakhine State

and also to develop an Integrated Mangrove Management Plan (IMMP) for the reserved forest in

terms of conservaon and raonal ulizaon. This IMMP also is expected to be replicated in the

suitable mangrove areas in the country.

The FAO – Myanmar oered necessary technical support through a TCDC consultant. The naonal

consultants from the Forest Department, Yambye and Kyauk Phyu Forest Department sta and local

mangrove dependent communies made a remarkable contribuon in this publicaon. We would

like mark our appreciaon to U Win Myint and Dr. Deiva Oswin Stanley, Integrated Mangrove

Management Specialist from India the authors for their meculous and hard work and Mr. Jeremy

Broadhead the backstopping Ocer of the project for his ecient guidance, for bringing out this

book into being.

This book entled ‘Mangrove Vegetaon Diversity in Wunbaik Reserved Forest’ is the pioneer

aempt to document the plant species of Wunbaik Reserved Forest and contains 70 species of

plants of which 34 are mangroves and 36 are of terrestrial origin. This is an easily understandable

bilingual module for students, researchers and the local community. We trust this book wouldbring an impact among the natural resource conservaonists and help administrators to plan

preservaon strategies to protect the natural forest resources of the country.

Dr. Shin Imai, Former FAO Representave

Food and Agriculture organizaon of the United Naons,

Yangon, Myanmar

U Aye Myint Maung, Director General

Forest Department,

Nay Pyi Taw

ii





Acknowledgements

Our hearelt thanks are due to the Western Commander, Brigadier General Soe Thein for

permission to study the mangroves in Wunbaik Reserved Forest, Rakhine State

Our thanks are due to U Thein Aung, Minister, Ministry of Forestry, U Thaung Aye, Chairman of

the Rakhine State Peace and Development Council, U Aye Myint Maung, Director-General, Forest

Department, Dr. Nyi Nyi Kyaw, Deputy Director General, Forest Department, U Sann Lwin, Director

General, Planning and Stascs Department, Ministry of Forestry, U Sein Htun, Director, Planning and

Stasc Division, Forest Department, and U Win Maung, Director, Dry Zone Greening Department

for rendering whole hearted support and valuable suggesons during project implementaon

We express our sincere thanks to Dr. Shin Imai, Former FAO Representave in Myanmar, Mr.

Giuseppe Romalli, FAOR a.i., Chief Technical Advisor of ESFSP project, Dr. Bir Mandal, Mr. Leon

Gouws and Mr. Jeremy Broadhead, Backstopping Ocer from FAO Asia-Pacic Forestry Group for

the competent guidance throughout the duraon of project TCP/MYA/3204 (2009-2011)

We would like to thank U Aung Aung Myint, Forest Department and FAO-Myanmar programme

unit, especially Dr. Aung Swe, Assistant FAOR Programme, Ms. Tha Nwai Law, Assistant FAOR

Administraon, Ms. Aye Aye Thet and Ms. Myat New, for support provided. Our special thanks are

due to Mr. Thu Kha, Ms. Sanda Saing, Ms. Say Wah, Ms. Aye Myint Khine, U. Than Hke Zin and Ms.

Khin Hnin Myint for their ever smiling assistance

Our special thanks are due to U Santha Tun, Associate Professor, Pathein University for his help in

mangrove taxonomy.

We are grateful to U Aung Myat Thein, Director, Rakhine State, U Win Myint, Assistant Director,

Kyauk Phyu District, U Bo Bo Win, Assistant Director, Thandwe District; Sta Ocers U Win Swe,

Kyauk Phyu Township, U Khin Maung Nyunt, Sitwe Township, U Aung Zaw Moe, Yambye Township,

U Thein Myint, Thandwe Township; and foresters and oce sta from the Forest Department for

oering their precious me for our surveys and related acvies during eld trips to the Wunbaik

mangroves.

Our special thanks are due to the ocers from line departments and agencies including Myanmar

Agriculture Service, Department of Fisheries, Selement and Land Record Department and theformer Naonal Project Coordinators of the project: U Hla Maung Thein and U Aung Khin and

also to Ms. Mu Mu Aung and U Aung Zaw Moe, Assistant Research Ocers, Forest Research

Instute, Yezin. We would like to thank the responsible ocers from all levels of The Peace and

Development Councils of Rakhine State, Kyauk Phyu and Thandwe Districts, and Kyauk Phyu,

Yambye, and Thandwe Townships. We wish to express our thanks to those who have contributed

to the preparaon of this book.

iii

U Win Myint

Consultant to FAO

Asst. Director, Forest Department

[email protected]

Dr. Deiva Oswin Stanley

TCDC Consultant to FAO

Mangrove Management Specialist

[email protected]; [email protected]



1



Mangrove Vegetaon Diversity of Wunbaik Reserved Forest

1. Introducon

Myanmar (Burma) is endowed with 1930 kilometers of coastline along the Bay of Bengal (Figure

1). Natural forest resources occupy 48.3 percent or about 31,773,000 ha of the total land area.

According to FAO, between the years 1990 and 2010, around 19.0% of forest cover, almost

7,445,000 hectares, has been lost. This is equivalent to a rate of around 372,250 hectares or 0.95%

per annum. Mangrove forests in Myanmar cover 494,584 m2 that is 3.6 % of the global total (Giri

et al., 2010).

Mul-temporal analysis of 1995 and 2000 satellite data conrms the major occurrence of

mangroves in three dierent regions along the west coast of Myanmar: Ayeyarwady Delta, Rakhine

and Tanintharyi coasts, accounng around 2 percent of the total naonal forest cover (Figure 2).

Mangroves are one of the most producve ecosystems and provide vital support to livelihoods inMyanmar. Mangroves occur at the land-sea interface and possess special adaptaons enabling

them to endure the physical and chemical condions associated with the marine environment.

Ayeyarwady Delta once had the largest mangrove formaon of Myanmar but now only a small

patch (13,700 ha) of degraded mangroves remains in Meinmahla Kyun (Island) wildlife sanctuary.

Due to construcon of massive bunds, excessive land reclamaon for agriculture and aquaculture,

tree cung for mber, fuelwood and charcoal manufacture on a commercial scale, unreserved

mangroves and mangroves from the 13 reserved forests out of which 10 mangrove reserves in the

Delta have been converted in to agricultural land and selements.

Tanintharyi mangrove forest is situated towards the southern end of the country and is considered

as a beer formaon of mangroves than Ayeyarwady and Rakhine. Rakhine State, bordering the

Andaman Sea, is bestowed with few good mangrove areas and Wunbaik is the solitary Reserved

Mangrove Forest and the foremost area in which mangroves should be conserved. The present

government’s land reclamaon programs and agriculture and aquaculture expansion policies,

paves way for massive destrucon of mangrove ecosystems in Myanmar. As the opmum ulizaon

limit of the mangroves has been exceeded in almost all cases, raonal strategies to conserve and

protect these areas are necessary.

Awareness regarding the signicance of mangrove ecosystems, the constuent ora and fauna,

the ecological and economical benets they oer needs to be raised at all stakeholder levels toassist protecon and conservaon. As a preliminary eort, mangrove plant species and associated

salt tolerant plants occurring in the Wunbaik Reserved Forest have been documented.

This book is an outcome of the project, “Sustainable Community-based Mangrove Management

in Wunbaik Reserved Forest: TCP/MYA/3204” a joint venture of Food and Agriculture Organizaon

of the United Naons and the Forest Department. The Handbook on ‘The Mangrove Vegetaon

of Wunbaik Reserved Forest’ will be useful for the Administrators, related Departments, Policy

Planners, Academicians, NGOs, and whomsoever involved in Natural Resource Management.



2


m m u n i t y b a s e d M a n g r o v e M a n a g e m e n t i n W u n b a i k F o r e s t R e s e r v e ,

T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Figure 1. Locaon map of the Union of Myanmar

Informaon of the Union of Myanmar

Locaon: Latudes = 9° 32 ' to 28° 31' North

Longitudes = 92° 10' to 101° 10' East

Area: Total land area = 676,577 Km²

Length (north-south) = 2090 Km

Maximum width (east-west) = 805 Km

Temperature: Rainy season = 25°C to 33°C

Cold season = 10°C to 25°C

Hot season = 32°C to 38°C (Max 43°C)

Rainfall Minimum rainfall = 800 mm

Maximum rainfall = 5,000 mm

Changes in Mangrove area

over the years in Myanmar 2001 2002 2010

Ayeyarwady delta 177,327 138344 92610

Rakhine coast 64,777 63974 197849

Tanintharyi coast 140,485 82390 172923

Mon coast No informaon No informaon 4148

Source: Tint Khaing, 2008 Forest DepartmentTCP/MYA/3204, FAO

UN

( Hectares )



3



Figure 2. Locaon map of mangrove forests in Myanmar

Informaon of Rakhine State

Total land = 14200 sq miles

Total populaon = 3000 ,000 (2006)

Max Temp = 28.8°C

Min Temp = 22.1°CAnnual Rainfall = 5,000 mm

Mean Rainfall = 1,400 mm

(for July and August)

Permanent Forest Area

= 2819.88 sq miles

Mangrove area = 167802 ha

Rakhine Mangroves

Ayeyarwady Mangroves

Tanintharyi Mangroves



4



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

2. The Wunbaik Reserved Mangrove Forest

The Wunbaik mangroves lie between 19˚ 08΄ 10˝ - 19˚ 23΄ 40˝ North and 93˚ 54΄ 35˝ - 94˚ 02΄ 10˝

East in Yambye Township, Kyaukphyu District, Rakhine State (Figure 3). A total of 22, 928 ha were

noed as Wunbaik Reserved Mangrove Forest on February 15, 1931 by the Brish Governmentto supply rewood to salt factories and inland steam vessels. An adjacent area of 4,081 ha was

also noed as Mingyaung Public Protected Forest by the Ministry of Forestry in 16 June, 2009.

Due to the lack of law enforcement to protect mangroves, around 20% of the total area inside the

Wunbaik Reserved Forest boundary has been converted into paddy and shrimp farms. Another 19

% is degraded. Illicit cung of mangroves within and outside the reserved zone is carried out on a

commercial scale by actors from dierent companies without substanal records, permissions or

monitoring. Wunbaik Reserved Forest is a major source of mber, fuelwood, wood for charcoal and

bark for dye industry in Rakhine State, Yangon and other areas of Myanmar. Forest Department

has yet to develop infrastructure facilies, a patrolling system or eecve law enforcement to

discourage excess extracon of wood and encroachment into the reserve for paddy and shrimp

farming.

Wunbaik forms a natural coastal bio-shield, sheltering Yambye and protecng inland areas from

cyclones and storms generated in the Bay of Bengal. As the mangrove shield has been removed,

inland areas and habitaon have become more suscepble to storm damage, land slides and

ooding. According to the analysis of satellite images the total area encroached for paddy and

shrimp farming in 1990 was 2.7 %. This area increased to 14.7 % in 2000 and 20 % in 2009. Similarly

the area of degraded forest has risen to 19% in 2009, leaving only 53 % under the dense forest

category. Even within these dense forest category areas, the trunk sizes of trees are considerably

thin and the majority of the present mangroves are considered secondary vegetaon (Figures 4,

5, 6 & 7).

In view of new infrastructure developments, the government has constructed a new geo-texle

road running from Kyaukphyu to Ma-e; about 20 miles in the east-west direcon. The road joins

the Kyaukphyu-Yangon highway and occupies 2% (55 hectares) of the total mangrove area in

Wunbaik. Bridges across the water ways and creeks’ within the mangroves are well designed and

appreciably do not disrupt the dal ows. It is understood by the Government aer compleon of

the Kyaukphyu - Ma-e road in 2006, there are several illegal encroachment acvies such as paddy

and shrimp farming going on damaging the reserved mangroves. Western Commander ordered

to quit the encroachers and only the encroachers bordering the road quit and however they all

moved inside beyond the direct view of surveillance. Connuing the same kari farming praccewould lead to massive encroachment, deserng the mangroves and conservaon of the Wunbaik

Reserved Forest will only be a fantasy

It is the prime responsiblity of the Government to conserve mangrove forests for coastal protecon,

preservaon of sheries resources within the mangroves and adjacent coastal waters, and for

long-term livelihood support of populaon within and outside the area. Government eorts to

conserve dwindling mangrove forests are most necessary, both with Rakhine State and the rest of

the country. In parcular, alternave energy resources need to be provided to alleviate pressure

on mangrove resulng from the cung of wood for fuel and for charcoal manufacture. Law

enforcement eorts need to be eciently strengthened to prevent further land encroachment.



5



Figure 3: Locaon Map of Wunbaik Reserved Mangrove Forest

Rakhine Mangrove Forests

Wunbaik Reserved Mangrove Forest

Wunbaik Reserved Mangrove Forest

Lat: 19˚ 08΄ 10˝ - 19˚ 23΄ 40˝ North

Long: 93˚ 54΄ 35˝ - 94˚ 02΄ 10˝ East



6



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

3. Guidelines to use this Book

This book consists of bilingual informaon of the 70 plant species idened from the Wunbaik Reserved

Forest. The informaon for each species includes

• Botanical name• Family

• Synonyms

• Vernacular names

• Species Descripon

• Distribuon

• Ecology

• Uses

Each species is illustrated with photographs taken from the Wunbaik Reserved Forest

Mangrove ora idened in the Wunbaik Reserved Forest during the project period and recorded earlierfrom overall Myanmar was tabulated for ready reference

There is a table appended with the disnct morphological idencaon key characters of the plants to be

used for idenfying the species in the eld

Index of plants, its habit and ecological status is appended

Index of Plants with vernacular names is appended

Introducon to taxonomic terminology

Fundamental taxonomical terms are dened through illustraons; reference sourcing from Michael Jensen’s

“Trees Commonly Culvated in Southeast Asia an Illustrated Field Guide”.



7



LEAVES

Arrangement of leaves:

Leaf structures:

Simple

Even pinnately compound

Bipinnately compound

Odd-pinnately compound

Palmately compound

Opposite

WhorledAlternate



8



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Leaf shapes:

Leaf margins:

Leave ps:

Needle Scalelike Linear Lanceolate Oblong Ellipcal

Spatulate Ovate Orbicular Reniform Cordate

Obovate Cuneate Oblanceolate Falcate

Enre Sinuate Serrate Dentate Lobed Cleed

Crenate Incised Parted Divided

Acuminate Acute Obtuse Rounded Truncate Emarginate



9



Leave bases:

Leaf venaon:

Flower structure:

Cuneate Acute Obtuse Rounded Truncate Auricula

Pinnate Arcuate Parallel Palmate

SgmaPetal

Stamen

Sepal

Style

Calyx



10



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Flower arrangement (or inorescence):

Spike Raceme Corymb

Panicle Umbel Head



11



FRUITS

Common types of fruit:

Fruit shapes:

General structure of species descripon

In order for consistency of descripons for all the species, the following components or parts of the plants are used in sequence as a general structure in this eld guide.

1. Habit (a) shape tree (tree/shrub/herb etc.)

(b) type of tree (evergreen/ deciduous)

(c) size (tree height)

(d) crown appearance

2. Stem (a) shape (straightness etc.)

(b) bark colour

(c) bark texture

Pod Stone fruit ( drupe ) Winged nut

Berry Capsule Cone

Globose Ellipsoid Ovoid Pyriform Conical



12



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

3. Roots (a) type of root

(b) size

4. Leaves (a) type of leaves (simple/ compound)

(b) leaves arrangement

(c) leaves blade

(i) shape

(ii) size

(iii) p

(vi) base

(v) margin

(vi) colour

(vii) texture

(viii) veins

(d) leave stalk

(e) spules

5. Flowers (a) type of owers (solitary/cluster)

(b) kinds of inorescences

(c) posion (terminal/axillary)

(d) numbers of owers

(e) sex

(f) stalks

(g) calyx

(i) numbers of sepals/ lobes

(ii) shape

(iii) size

(iv) colour

(v) texture

(h) corolla

(i) numbers of petals/ lobes

(ii) shape

(iii) size

(iv) colour

(v) texture

(vi) stamen/pisl (if disnct)

6. Fruits (a) kinds of fruits

(b) shape

(c) size

(d) colour

(e) texture



13



4. Mangrove Vegetaon Diversity in the Wunbaik Reserved Forest

25

27

29

31

33

35

37

3941

43

45

47

49

51

53

55

5759

61

63

65

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69

71

73

75

77

79

81

83

85

87

89

91



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T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

95

95

97

97

99

99

101

101

103

103

105

105

107

107

109

109

111

111

113

113

115

115

117

117

119

119

121

121

123

123

125125

127

127

129

129



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T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )



17





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T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Figure 4. Shrubby Vegetaon of Rhizophora sp in Wunbaik Reserved Forest

4.3 Photographic representaons of the Wunbaik Mangroves

Figure 5. Single row of old matured stand of Avicennia alba tress on the creek bank and behindthe mangroves the forest land is encroached for paddy farming



19



Figure 6. Pure stand of Ceriops tagal in Wunbaik Reserved Forest

Figure 7. Majority of the mangrove trees in the Wunbaik represenng thinner bole size



20



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Figure 8. The Wunbaik Reserved Mangrove Forest Survey Team

Figure 9. The Wunbaik Reserved Mangrove Forest Survey Team in Acon



21







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T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )





23



5. Descripon of Mangroves and Mangrove Associated Salt Tolerant

Plant Species

Mangrove Species



24



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Fig 1. Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl

A: Habit, B: Leaves, C: Buds

A

B

C



25



(1)

Botanical name: Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl.

Family: Acanthaceae

Synonyms: Unknown

Vernacular names: Khayar-phyu (Bamar), Phatyan-su, Kywesar-kha-yar (Rakhine), Kha-yar (Myeik),

Descripon:

Habit Herb, erect and spreading shrubby, up to 1.5 m tall.

Stem Stems are many, thick and spiny.

Leaves Simple leaf, opposite in arrangement, oblong in shape, margin deeply lobed with

sharp spines at each lobe's p and curved in full sun, aer under shade, dark

green in color. Leaves under the deep shade can be totally spineless.

Flowers Flowers are in cluster, spike inorescences, terminal, develop into pods, blue or

purple or white in color; petals are white turning brownish when older; opened

ower is 2-2.5cm long.

Fruits Fruit is capsule, rather square and slightly aened in shape, shorter than 2cm in

size, capsules when ripen explode to send their whish, at seeds ying up to 2 m

from the parent plant.

Distribuon: India, Southeast Asia, West Pacic Islands, tropical Australia. Ayeyarwady, Rakhine

and Tanintharyi in Myanmar.

Ecology: Grows on mud near the high de mark especially in areas with more freshwater

input. It is gregarious and very common along banks of the estuaries and in marshy

land and mangroves; rarely found inland; grow either under trees or in open areas,

somemes cover large areas and form thickets, parcularly in disturbed mangrove

areas.

Uses: Fruit is pounded and used as a blood purier and dressing for burns. A compress of

the fruit or roots is somemes applied in cases of snakebite and arrow poisoning.

The juice of leaves is reputed to prevent hair loss, to treat kidney stones. The whole

plant is boiled in fresh water, and the paent drinks the soluon instead of water,

half a glass at a me, unl the signs and symptoms disappear (Thailand). Water

extracted from the bark is used to treat colds and skin allergies. Ground fresh bark

is used as an ansepc. Tea brewed from the leaves relieves pain and puries the

blood. Soup from the leaves is good for lactang mothers.



26



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Fig 2. Acanthus ilicifolius Linn.

A: Habit, B: Leaves, C: Flowers, D: Fruits

D

C

B

A



27



(2)

Botanical name: Acanthus ilicifolius Linn.

Family: Acanthaceae

Synonyms: Acanthus neo-guineensis, Aquifolium indicum Rumph.

Vernacular names: Khayar-mayan, Khayar-chon (Bamar), Phatyan-su, Khayar (Rakhine), Khayar

(Myeik)

Descripon:

Habit Herb, erect and spreading shrubby, up to 2 m tall. Shoots are erect but tend to lean

or sprawl with age.

Stem Yellowish stems, scarcely branched, spiny, develop small advenous aerial roots.

Leaves Simple leaf, opposite in arrangement, oblong in shape, measuring 6.5-11 cm x

4-6 cm, margin slightly or deeply lobed with a spine at each lobe's p especially

in exposed condions. Leaves are thick, waxy, shiny, dark green in colour. Leaves

growing the deep shade can be totally spineless.

Flowers Flowers are in cluster, spike inorescences, terminal which grow at the branch

p, spikes up to 16.5 cm long. Petals are large, obovate in shape, measures 3 cm

x 2.5 cm, petal tube is light blue or violet (rarely white). Sepal lobes obovate-

oblong, fringed with small hairs. A. ilicifolius has light blue or violet owers while

A. ebracteatus has white owers.

Fruits Fruit capsule, shiny green in color, squarish and slightly aened, 2.5-3cm or

longer. When the capsules ripen, they explode to propel whish, at seeds ying

up to 2 m from the parent plant.

Distribuon: South India and Sri Lanka to Indo-China, Indonesia, the Philippines and northern

Australia, but rather scarce in Malaysia. Ayeyarwady, Rakhine, Tanintharyi and

Yangon in Myanmar.

Ecology: Unlike some mangrove plants, it does not exclude salt at the root level. In fact,

their sap is salty and excess salt is secreted through the leaves. Somemes, the

salt can be seen as a white crystalline layer on the upper surface. Forming the

undergrowth on the back mangroves, it provides shelter for small creatures, and

food. It grows in places shaded to fully-exposed in the undergrowth and on mud

lobster mounds.

Uses: In Myanmar, leaves and roots are used in treatment for rheumasm, neuralgia,

arrow-poison and snake bite



28



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Fig 3. Acanthus volubilis Wall.

A: Habit, B: Leaves, C: Stem, D: Buds

A B

C

D



29



(3)

Botanical name: Acanthus volubilis Wall.

Family: Acanthaceae

Synonyms:

Vernacular names: Khayar-nwe (Bamar), Kinpi (Rakhine), Zale-nwe (Myeik)

Descripon:

Habit Semi-erect to climbing herb, in undisturbed forests may be seen even in the

canopies.

Stem Slender, sprawling stems without spines, dark-green stems.

Leaves Leaves are simple, opposite in arrangement, leaf blades are oblong in shape with

smooth margins or slightly lobed, mostly without spines, usually wide above the

middle of the plant.

Flowers Flowers are in cluster, inorescence spikes, terminal which neatly organized

at branch ps, owers white in color; petals white, turning brown when older,

opened ower 2-2.5 cm long in size.

Fruits Fruits are capsule, shorter than 2cm, but fruits are rare on the plant.

Distribuon: South Asia, Southeast Asia and New Guinea. Ayeyarwady, Rakhine and Tanintharyi

in Myanmar.

Ecology: In dal mud among grasses.

Uses: From Malay folklore, powdered seeds are taken with water as a blood cleansing

medicine and against ulcers. In Myanmar, young leaves are used for preparing

soup



30



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Fig 4. Acroschum aureum Linnaeus.

A: Habit, B: Leaves, C: Sporangia

AC

B



31



(4)

Botanical name: Acroschum aureum Linnaeus.

Family: Pteridaceae

Synonyms: Acroschum inaequale Willd., Acroschum obliquum Blume, Acroschum

spectabileZoll., Chrysodium aureum Me., Chrysodium inaequale Fée., Chrysodium

vulgare Fée.

Vernacular names: Hnget-kyi-taung-akyi (Bamar), Hmo-hin (Rakhine), Zaloke-ngaut (Myeik)

Descripon:

Habit Fern, grows in huge clumps as understory, up to 2m tall.

Stem Stems are stout and covered with long scales.

Roots Rhizomes.

Leaves Compound leaves, pinnate, about 0.5-1 m long, bright red when young; ferle

leaets at the p are covered with red-brown sporangia, blades of sterile leaets

have a broadly rounded end and terminated with a short p. Leaves are shiny and

typically dark green upper surface, but paler on the leaf underside. Leaf margins

are somewhat uneven and wavy in appearance. Only 5 -8 pairs of leaets at the p

of a frond are reproducve.

Flowers No owers.

Fruits No fruits. Leaves bear spores for reproducon.

Distribuon: Southeast Asia and in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide. Ayeyarwady,

Rakhine and Tanintharyi in Myanmar.

Ecology: On the landward side of mangrove swamps or non-mangrove seaside areas

including reclaimed land. It is halophyc, but generally requires fresh water for

its establishmend. Grows well in nearly all light condions. Acroschum aureum

is highly shade-tolerant and takes advantage of decreased evaporave rates in

shade to reduce salt stress in estuarine environments. An indicator species of

degradaon or hydrology disrupon.

Uses: In Myanmar, young shoot is consumed as salad or cooked. The leaves are also used

as cale feed. Dried parchment-like fronds were used as roof thatching which are

durable and less of a re hazard. Pounded rhizomes are used to treat wounds and

boils.



32



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Fig 5. Acroschum speciosum Wild.A:Habit, B:Herbarium Specimen

A

B



33



(5)

Botanical name: Acroschum speciosum Wild.

Family: Pteridaceae

Synonyms: Acroschum aureum var. schmidi (Christ) C.Chr., Chrysodium aureum var.

schmidi Christ, Chrysodium speciosum Fée

Vernacular names: Hnget-kyi-taung-athay (Bamar), Hmo-hin (Rakhine), Zaloke-ngaut (Myeik)

Descripon:

Habit A large understorey fern, grows in huge clumps, up to 1.5 m tall, shorter than A.

aureum.

Stem Rhizomes, base of the leaf stalks covered with scales.

Roots Rhizomes.

Laves Leaves are compound, pinnate, less than 1m long, rusty colour, ferle leaets

at the p are covered with sporangia. This species diers from A. aureum by its

smaller total size and smaller leaets with elongated pointed ps. Young leaves

are brownish green and dark brown underside.

Flowers No owers.

Fruits No fruits. Similar to that of A. aureum, leaves bear spores for reproducon.

Distribuon: Tropical Asia and Australia, Throughout Southeast Asia. Ayeyarwady, Rakhine and

Tanintharyi in Myanmar.

Ecology: Perennial fern under the mangroves, shade areas, on places more frequently

inundated by des.

Uses: Uses are similar to that of A. aureum.



34



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Fig 6. Aegialis rotundifoliaRoxb.

A: Habit, B: Leaves, C: Flowers, D: Stem

A

D

C

B



35



(6)

Botanical name: Aegialis rotundifolia Roxb.

Family: Plumbaginaceae

Synonyms: Aegialites annulata var. rotundifolia, Aegianilites rotundifolia

Vernacular names: Sar-pin (or) Sar-byet-pin (Bamar), Sa-baung (Rakhine), Padan (Myeik)

Descripon:

Habit Shrub or small tree, woody, up to 3 m tall.

Stem Stem base swollen, branches more or less spongy and has annual leaf scars.

Roots No aerial roots. The swollen stem bases look like buresses.

Leaves Leaves are simple, arranged alternately or spirally, clustered at the p of twigs, leaf

blades are ovoid, thick, leathery, and margins are enre, have parallel veins. Bases

of the leaf stalks form in round sheath.

Flowers Flowers are in cluster, cymose racemous inorescences, terminal. Individual

owers have ve sepals arranged in a fused tube around the white gamopetalous

corolla that has ve petals fused into a short tube.

Fruits Fruit are dehiscent and have a spongy mesocarp.

Distribuon: India, Bangladesh, Thailand and, Rakhine, Tanintharyi and Ayeyarwady in Myanmar.

Ecology: Occurs in low muddy mangrove or marime swamps, in the interdal zone, usually

in open area, sandy or rocky soils in the more saline environment of the mangroves

toward the sea, less common in landward mangrove zones.

Uses: Stems are used as poles for construcon of local wharves, houses and huts.



36



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Fig 7. Aegiceras corniculatum (Linnaeus) Blanco.A: Habit, B: Leaves, C: Flowers, D: Stems, E: Roots

A

B

D

C

E



37



(7)

Botanical name: Aegiceras corniculatum (Linnaeus) Blanco.

Family: Myrsinaceae

Synonyms: Aegiceras fragrans König, Aegiceras majus Gaertn., Rhizophora corniculata Linn.

Vernacular names: Ye-khayar (Bamar), Jet-thalone (Rakhine)

Descripon:

Habit Mostly a shrub or a small tree up to 4 m tall.

Stem Stem is smooth, and bark is grey in color.

Roots No obvious above-ground (aerial roots) roots

Leaves Simple leaf, alternate in arrangement, obovate, leaf margin is enre with minutely

doed and leathery, shinny dark green. There are glands on the leaves for secreng

salt.

Flowers Flowers in cluster, inorescence umbel, terminal, 15-20 owers per inorescence,

owers are bisexual, small, white, have fragrant.

Fruits Dehiscent, capsules, up to 5 cm long, slightly curved and have a pointed p, like a

curved bean. The end of the fruit that is aached to the tree has a spiral paerned

cap. Fruits are light green, turn to pink and red when ripen. Mature fruits can

abundantly be collected during May, June and July.

Distribuon: India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, Southern China, Australia, Papua New Guinea and

the Solomon Islands. Tanintharyi, Yangon and Rakhine in Myanmar.

Ecology: Found on river banks over a wide range of salinies. These plants oen grow

together to form a thicket.

Uses: Wood used for charcoal making. Young leaves are edible. Fragrant owers with

high nector content helps local honey producon.



38



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Figure 8. Avicennia alba Blume.


A

D

B

C



39



(8)

Botanical name: Avicennia alba Blume.

Family: Avicenniaceae

Synonyms: Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. var. alba (Blume) Bakh.

Vernacular names: Thame-kyet-tet, (Bamar), Pyar-boke (Rakhine), Lame (Myeik)

Descripon:

Habit Tree, somemes dense bushy and spreading crown oen branching near the base

of the trunk, not more than 20 m height.

Stem Bark is grey to greenish black in color, smooth, ne ssure and no ake.

Roots Pencil-like pneumatophores.

Leaves Simple leaf, opposite in arrangement, lanceolate to ellipcal, usually egg-shaped,

acute at the leaf p, upper surface covered with numerous sunken, glandular dots,

shiny dark green. Lower surface is waxy and have a silvery gray.

Flowers Flowers in cluster, terminal or axillary racemose inorescences, small yellow

owers per inorescence, petals 4, yellow to orange, calyx 5 lobed. Flowering

starts in March.

Fruits Fruit capsule, conical in shape and aened, about 1.5 inches long and 1 inch

wide, extended into a beak, dull grayish-green in color; capsule containing one

seed viviparous. Mature fruits can be collected in August and September.

Distribuon: India, Southern Asia, Southeast Asia and Western Pacic. Ayeyarwady, Rakhine,

Tanintharyi and Yangon in Myanmar.

Ecology: Avicennia alba grows in dry riverbanks to muddy porons of the seashore. Pioneer

of mangrove on newly formed mud ats on the seaward side, swamps on sheltered

shores, along dal river banks and seashore, prefers the entrance of bays, tolerant

of very high salinity.

Uses: Wood is low quality rewood, rarely used to make charcoal and is burnt only to

smoke sh or rubber. Seeds are boiled and eaten. The bark and seeds are used as a

sh poison and resin used in birth control. Ash of the leaves is mixed with coconut

oil and the mixture is applied on the sore.



40



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Figure 9. Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.

A: Habit, B: Leaves, C: Fruits

A

B

C



41



(9)

Botanical name: Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.


Synonyms: Avicennia intermedia Gri., Avicennia marina var. acussima Stapf & Moldenke,

Avicennia marina var. anomala Moldenke,

Vernacular names: Thame-phyu (Bamar), Pyar-phyu (Rakhine)

Descripon:

Habit Shrub or tree, 3 - 10 m, or up to 20 m.

Stem Bark is whish in color, when dry thin, s, brile akes are present. Twigs are

square in cross-secon, unlike the rounded twigs in the other Avicennia species.

The habit is a twisted arrangement of mulple branches.


Leaves Simple leaf, leaf blades obovate to lanceolate, 5-8 cm long, thick, yellowish green

on the upper surface, and silvery-white or grey with very small maed hairs on the

surface below. There are salt glands on both sides.

Flowers Flowers in ght bunches, at the ends of a cross-like inorescence, 2-12 owers,

terminal, petals white to a golden yellow color, strong odour. Flowering starts in

March.

Fruit Fruit is broadly angular heart-shaped, with short beaked p, eshy, pale and

grayish green in color. Fruit contains large cotyledons that surround the new stem

of a seedling. This produces a large eshy seed, oen germinang on the tree and

falling as a seedling. Fruits are ripening in August and September.

Distribuon: Along the east coast of Africa, Southwest Asia, South and Southeast Asia and

Australia. Ayeyarwady, Rakhine and Tanintharyi in Myanmar.

Ecology: It occurs in the inter-dal zones of estuarine areas. It thrives in waters where both

salt and fresh water are present. The species can tolerate high salinity by excreng

salts through its leaves. It is highly variable with a number of ecotypes and forms

closely resembling other species. It is a pioneer in muddy soil condions but is

intolerant of shade. A. marina forests form a best nursery ground for sh.

Uses: Timber used as rewood. Leaves are used for burns. Bark resin used in birth control.

Ash of the leaves is mixed with coconut oil and the mixture is applied on ulcers.



42



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Figure 10. Avicennia ocinalis L.

A: Habit, B: Leaves, C: Flowers, D: Fruits, E: Stem

A

E

C

B

D



43



(10)

Botanical name: Avicennia ocinalis L.


Synonyms: Avicennia tomentosa Willd.

Vernacular names: Thamegyi (Bamar), Pyar (Rakhine)

Descripon:

Habit Evergreen tree, up to 25 m high.

Stem Bark is thin and smooth, yellowish-green to brownish-grey in color, with numerous

lencels.


Leaves Simple leaf, opposite in arrangement, obovate or broadly oblong, rounded at p

and acute at base, 4–12 cm and 2–6 cm in size, margin slightly rolled under, thick,

leathery, upper surface is dark green or shiny green and covered with numerous

sunken and dots, underneath with ne yellowish-green hairs and resin dots.

Flowers Flowers are in cluster, cymes which are head-like in panicle inorescences,

terminal, 2 – 12 owers per inorescence, sessile, owers are yellow in color.

Fruits Fruits are capsule, broadly ovoid and aened with a short beak, 2.5 cm long,

covered with short hairs and have one seed. Seeds are large and aened, without

seed coat, germinang in water. Fruits are viviparous and ripen in August and

September.

Distribuon: India, Sri Lanka, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Papua New Guinea and Oceania.

Ayeyarwady, Rakhine and Tanintharyi in Myanmar.

Ecology: In landward margins of mangrove swamps, along the dal river banks and river

mouths, on brackish or silt deposing shores and marshes.

Uses: Wood used for rewood, cabinet, to construct boats, houses, and wharves, bark

and roots are used for tanning and for dying cloth. Bark and fruits for tonic and to

treat wounds



44



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Fig 11. Bruguiera cylindrica (L.) BI.

A: Habit, B: Leaves, C: Flowers, D: Fruits, E: Stem, F: Roots

E

F

A

D



45



(11)

Botanical name: Bruguiera cylindrica (L.) BI.

Family: Rhizophoraceae

Synonyms: Bruguiera caryophylloides (N. L. Burman) Blume; Rhizophora caryophylloides N. L.

Burman., Rhizophora cylindrica Linné. Bruguiera malabarica Arn.

Vernacular names: Hnan-phyu (Bamar), Hnan-byu (Rakhine), Byuboke (Myeik)

Descripon:

Habit Tree, evergreen, up to 20 m tall.

Stem Bark grey, with corky lencels, small buress at the base.

Roots Tued knee shaped pneumatophores.

Leaves Leaves are simple, opposite, ellipc, 7-17 × 2-8 cm in size, margin enre, base

cuneate, apex acute, light green. Spules are pale yellow or greenish. Peoles are

1-3.5 cm long.

Flowers Flowers are in cluster, cymes pedunculate, axillary, 2- 3 owers per inorescence.

Calyx tube is smooth, 8 lobes, light green and scking out at right angles to the

fruit. Petals are white but soon turning brown, 3-4 mm long, 2-lobed, outer margins

usually basally fringed with white hairs. Flowering starts from December, January.

Fruits The seed germinates in the fruit forming a cigar-shaped seedling up to 15cm long.

The seedling grows slightly curved and may be purplish. The green/yellow sepals

sck out at right angles from the fruit. The seed germinates while sll on the

mother tree. Fruits are ripen during April, May, June.

Distribuon: India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines,

Northern Australia, New Guinea, Pacic islands. Tanintharyi, Ayeyarwady and

Rakhine in Myanmar.

Ecology: Usually on the s clay, behind Avicennia.

Uses: Young shoots are eaten as a vegetable or preserved aer boiling. The bark may be

used as a cooking spice. The mber is heavy and tough and used in construcon.

It is also good for rewood and for charcoal as it produces maximum heat among

mangrove woods.



46



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Fig 12. Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lamk.

A: Habit, B: Leaves, C: Flowers & Fruits, D: Stem, E: Penumatophores

B

E

DA

C



47



(12)

Botanical name: Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lamk.


Synonyms: Bruguiera conjugata (L.) Merr., Bruguiera capensis Bl., Bruguiera conjugata (non

Rhizphora conjuga L.) Merr., Bruguiera cylindrica (non Bl.) Hance

Vernacular names: Byu-u-talon, Byu-oak-saung (Bamar), Tut-kha-mauk (Rakhine), Saunggyi (Myeik)

Descripon:

Habit Evergreen tree, up to 30 m tall.

Stem Bark dark grey to brown, buress, numerous lencels.

Roots Knee shaped penumatophores are numerous. Short aerial roots appear from the

stems in permanently waterlogged condions.

Leaves Leaves are simple, opposite, ellipc to lanceolate, a pointed p, 4 -7 cm by 8 - 15

cm in size, leathery, reddish, spules may also be reddish.

Flowers Flowers are solitary and axillary. Calyx with more than ten, thick, pointed lobes is

usually colorful (pink to red). Petals are brown to orange in color and display three

small lamentous appendages at the p. Flowering is nearly year round.

Fruits The hypocotyl is olive green and ridged. The ridges are not always clear in fresh

specimens, but become very clear when dried. The length of the propagule is on

average 20 cm, while the diameter is on average 1.5 cm. Fruits are viviparous and

ripen during April to July.

Distribuon: South and East Africa, India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, West Pacic region.


Ecology: It is mostly mixed in the Rhizophora mucronata zone, but is usually absent from

the area nearest to the seaward edge. Within the forest, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza

can locally be present as the dominant species, but usually as a patch than a zone.

Uses: Wood is red and hard, used for piling, mine mbers, house posts, furniture and

cabinet, also as rewood and making charcoal. Fruit is edible.



48



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Figure 13. Bruguiera hainessii C.G.Rogers

A: Stem, B: Propagule, C: Flowers

B

E

C

A

C



49



(13)

Botanical name: Bruguiera hainessii C.G.Rogers


Synonyms: Rhizophora caryophylloides (non Burm. f) Gri.

Vernacular names: Myaing-gyi (or) Saungpho (Bamar), Myaing-gyi (Rakhine)

Descripon:

Shape Tree, evergreen, up to 30m tall.

Stem Trunk is bark brown to yellowish brown, lencels from top to base, somemes

smooth, short buress.

Roots Knee shaped pneumatophores

Leaves Leaves simple, opposite, oval, 9-16cm long, shiny green.

Flowers Flowers in clusters of 2-3 owers. Calyx is pale green with 10 stout long lobes.

Petals are white, 7-9 mm long, turning orange-brown, hairy with 2-4 bristles at the

ps. Flowers are larger than that of B. cylindrica.

Fruits Propagule develops on the parent plant, the hypocotyl is cigar-shaped (1-9cm

long), slightly thickened towards the end, slightly curved. The calyx lobes are

extended at right angles to the hypocotyl.

Distribuon: India, Southeast Asia. It is widely distributed from south Myanmar and Thailand

through the Malaysia to Papua New Guinea. Ayeyarwady and Rakhine in

Myanmar.

Ecology: On the landward margins of mangroves in relavely dry areas that are only

inundated during the spring des.

Uses: Fuel wood and mber for construcon



50



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Fig 14. Bruguiera parviora (Roxb.) W.& A. ex Gri.

A: Habit, B: Leaves, C: Flower, D: Stem

A

B C

D



51



(14)

Botanical name: Bruguiera parviora (Roxb.) W. & A. ex Gri.


Synonyms: Bruguiera ritchiei Merr., Kanilia parviora Bl., Rhizophora cylindrica (non L.) Roxb.,

Rhizophora parviora Roxb.

Vernacular names: War-kyeik-lein (Bamar), Thilar (Rakhine), Hnget (Myeik)

Descripon:

Habit Tree, 5 – 15m tall.

Stem Bark is brown with white spots, smooth.

Roots Knee shaped pneumatophores.

Leaves Leaves simple, opposite, blades yellowish green, ellipc, spules light yellow.

Flowers Flowers are in clusters, cymes, axillary, 3-7 owers per inorescences, sepals

yellow-green.

Fruits Fruit is narrowly, spirally-rolled and 2 cm long. The hypocotyl (oen mistaken for

the fruit) is cylindrical, up to 13 cm long, thinly pencil-like, smooth, viviparous,

sepals remain poinng parallel to the long axis of the fruit.

.

Distribuon: India, Bangladesh, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Southeast Asia, Northern Australia.


Ecology: Found on the inner side of the mangrove and noted to be a slow grower and has

the shortest lifespan.

Uses: Wood is heavy, hard, strong, but it easily checks and shrinks. Wood used as mine-

mber and shing stakes. Good rewood and charcoal. Germinang sprout is

edible.



52



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Fig 15. Bruguiera sexangula Loureiro.

A: Habigat, B: Leaves, C: Flowers

A

B

C



53



(15 )

Botanical name: Bruguiera sexangula Loureiro.


Synonyms: Bruguiera angulata Gri., Bruguiera eriopetala Wight & Arno; B. sexangula var.

rhyn chopetala W. C. Ko.

Vernacular names: Byu-shwewar (or) Byu-kyet-tet (Bamar), Saung-thay (Myeik)

Descripon:

Habit Small tree, evergreen, up to 12 m tall.

Stem Bark grey to pale brown, smooth, corky lencels, oen anged stem base.

Roots Knee shaped pneumatophores, occasionally also slt roots.

Leave Leaves are simple, opposite, ellipc-oblong, base cuneate, apex acute, 3-6 x 8-16

cm in size, leathery. Spules are green or yellowish. Peoles are yellowish, 1.5-3.5

cm long.

Flowers Flowers are solitary, axillary, on single-owered stalk, calyx tube 1-1.5 cm long,

9-13 lobes, margin with a tu of hairs, petals yellow, rapidly turn brown with age.

Flowering is all year round.

Fruits Fruit is spirally-rolled and ridged, 1.5-1.8 cm, hypocotyl cigar-shaped, angular, 6-12

cm long, dispersed by water.

Distribuon: India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia,

Philippines, Hainan, Pacic islands. Ayeyarwady in Myanmar.

Ecology: Along the dal waterways, coastal sh ponds, usually weer condions than B.

gymnorrhiza.

Uses: Wood is heavy, hard, strong, used as mine-mber, poles. Used for rewood and

charcoal. Roots and leaves are used to treat burns.



54



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Fig 16. Ceriops decandra (Gri.) Ding Hou.

A: Habit, B: Leaves & Flowers, C: Fruit, D: Stem & Roots

A

B

C

D



55



(16)

Botanical name: Ceriops decandra (Gri.) Ding Hou.


Synonyms: Ceriops candolliana Arn. Bruguiera decandra Gri., Ceriops roxburghiana Arn.

Bruguiera decandra Gri., Ceriops roxburghiana Arn., Ceriops zippeliana Bl.,

Rhizophora decandra Roxb.

Vernacular names: Madama (Bamar), Ka-baing (Rakhine), Ka-byaing (Myeik)

Descripon:

Habit Shrub or small tree, evergreen, up to 5 m (occasionally to 15 m) tall.

Stem Bark is brown, rarely grey, smooth to aky, trunk up to 15-20 cm in diameter at

breast height, small buresses.

Roots Tued knee shaped pneumatophores

Leaves Leaves are simple, opposite, ellipc-oblong, 10 x 4.5 cm, glossy-green.

Flowers Flowers are in cluster, condensed head, axillary, 2-4 sessile owers, with a short

stout angular stalk, on the upper part of branches. Corolla 2.5-4 mm long, white,

quickly ages and turns a brownish colour.

Fruit Berry, 10-15 cm long, erect, disnctly rounded p, with erect or ascending

persistant sepals, calyx is covered with lencels or is warty. Flowering and fruing

connuously throughout the year.

Distribuon: India, Southeast Asia, East Timor, Papua New Guinea, Ayeyarwady, Rakhine and


Ecology: It grows in the middle to landward zone of the mangrove swamp. Ceriops decandra

is primarily a landward species whereas C. tagal is a seaward. It is common in areas

regularly ooded at high des, where fresh water is in regular supply and salinity

never exceeds that of normal sea water.

Uses: Wood is highly durable. Used for posts, poles, tools, boat ribs, rewood and

charcoal. The bark is a source of tannin and dye.



56



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Fig 17. Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob.

A: Habit, B: Leaves, C: Flowers, D: Fruit

A

B

C

D



57



(17)

Botanical name: Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob.


Synonyms: Ceriops candolliana Arn. Ceriops australis White, Ceriops boiviniana Tul., Ceriops

candolleana Arn.

Vernacular names: Madama-myaw (Bamar), Kabaing-yeni (Rakhine), Panlone (Myeik)

Descripon:

Habit Small tree, evergreen, up to 7 m tall.

Stem 20–40 cm in diameter, bark light grey or reddish, smooth or irregularly ssured,

twig ps at, formed from the spules, small buressed.

Roots Tued knee shaped pneumatophores.

Leaves Leaves are simple, opposite, upside down egg-shaped, p rounded or notched,

acute at base, 5–10 x 2–6 cm, enre, dark green in shade, bright greenish yellow

in full sun, thick, leathery, glabrous, without visible veins, clustered at end of twigs,

peole 1–3.5 cm long, spules paired, aened at branched ps.

Flowers Flowers in cluster, cymes single, in leaf axils, owers 4–10, short stalked, calyx

yellow-green with 5–6 narrow pointed lobes turned back on fruit, petals 5–6,

white, united at base, 2-lobed and ending in 2–4 bristles.

Fruits Berry, 15-25 cm long, drooping, ovoid, viviparous, becoming cigar-shaped, sharply

angled, sepals recurved persistant.

Distribuon: Eastern Africa to Southeast Asia, Australia. Ayeyarwady, Tanintharyi and Rakhine

in Myanmar.

Ecology: In the inner mangrove, within occasional des, well-drained soil. It can tolerate

diseases, insects, pests, salt, and waterlogging. It may form a patch of mono

stand. Rarely occurs under Rhizophora or Bruguiera forest. Natural regeneraon is

extremely high.

Uses: Highly durable, good rewood and the bark is used for tanning. The tender fruit is

eaten. Bent branches are used (as are the knees) for boats, the trunks for house-

building.



58



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Figure 18. Excoecaria agallocha L.

A: Habit, B: Leaves, C: Inorescence, D: Fruit , E: Stem

A

B

D

CE



59



(18)

Botanical name: Excoecaria agallocha L.

Family: Euphorbiaceae

Synonyms: Commia cochinchinensis Lour., Sllingia agallocha (L.) Baill.

Vernacular names: Tha-yaw (Bamar), Kya-kan (Rakhine), Tha-yaw (Myeik)

Descripon:

Habit Deciduous tree, up to 20 meter tall and crown is irregular.

Stem Bark grey in color and rough covered with brown corky pores.

Roots No above-ground roots.

Leaves Leaves are simple, obovate to broad-ellipc, apex rounded or shortly pointed, 4–12

cm long, 2–5 cm wide, margins mostly enre or somemes toothed, glabrous and

thick in texture, peole 12–20 mm long, 2 glands near apex, pinkish while young,

turn bright red and the enre tree become reddish appearance when they are

about to drop o.

Flowers Flowers in cluster, catkin-like inorescence, axillary, stemless small owers spirally

arranged, erect; male and female owers occur in separate trees, female ower

clusters are much smaller.

Fruits Fruits are capsules with 3 lobed, 1.5 cm wide, round and contain dark brown seeds.

Seeds oat. Fruits ripen in September and October.

Distribuon: India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, Southern China Taiwan, Southern Japan, Australia

and the Pacic Islands. Rakhine, Tanintharyi, and Ayeyarwady in Myanmar.

Ecology: The tree grows more inland, usually in the interdal zone at the high water mark.

It can grow in both stony and muddy ground. The tree can tolerate dry and salty

condions. It grows quickly in open areas, but can also survive in shade.

Uses: The mber is so, light, and white, with a ne grain, but rots quickly.

Used for carpentry. Not used for rewood due to unpleasant smoke. The milky

sap is poisonous, can cause temporary blindness if it enters the eyes and can also

cause skin blisters and irritaon. The sap used to kill sh and an ingredient in arrow

poison.



60



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Figure 19. Heriera fomes Buch. Ham.

A: Habit, B: Leaves, C: Flowers, D: Stem, E: Roots

A

B

D

B

C

E



61



(19)

Botanical name: Heriera fomes Buch. Ham.

Family: Sterculiaceae

Synonyms: Heriera minor Lam.

Vernacular names: Pinle-kanazo, Ye-kanazo (Bamar), Rezo (Rakhine), Kanazo (Myeik)

Descripon:

Habit Medium-sized tree, up to 25 m.

Stem Stem form buress.

Roots Many peg-like pneumatophores.

Leaves Leaves are simple, alternate, leaf blade ellipc lanceolate, 10-15 cm long and 5-8

cm wide, enre, thick and slightly hard, upper surface pale green and smooth,

lower surface whish grey and rough, with very short scurfy hairs, net-like venaon.

Flowers Flowers are in cluster, pendulous and much branched, unisexual, small, creamy to

pale brownish, hairy stalk.

Fruits The fruit consists of a cluster of woody, indehiscent, winged ripe carpels. Seeds are

solitary and buoyant. Ripen fruits are available from July to August.

Distribuon: India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. Ayeyarwady and Rakhine in

Myanmar.

Ecology: Landward edges and along brackish dal streams

Uses: Timber for boat building, furniture.



62



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Figure 20. Heriera lioralis Dryand.


A

B

CD



63



(20)

Botanical name: Heriera lioralis Dryand.

Family: Sterculiaceae

Synonyms: Balanopteris minor Gaertn., Balanopteris tothila Gaertn., Helicteres apetala

Blanco.

Vernacular names: Kone-kanazo (Bamar),

Descripon:

Habit A much branched, undy tree (15-25m tall)

Stem Bark dark or pinkish grey, smooth becoming aky, ssured when older, well

developed buresses.

Roots Plank roots.

Leaves Leaves are simple, arranged in a spiral, oblong, 10-20cm long, thin but s, wither

to a dull orange-yellow, and are two-toned: dark green above and silvery white

beneath. This is because of overlapping star-shaped scales on the underside.

Flowers Flowers ny (0.5cm), bell-shaped, hairy emerging in complex clusters at the branch

ps. Individual trees bear either male or female owers.

Fruits Fruits are massive woody, shiny-brown to purplish with a keel or short ange

along one side so that they resemble boats. The fruits can oat for weeks and will

germinate when they are stranded at high de. Each fruit contains one seed.

Distribuon: East Africa, Madagascar to southern China, Southeast Asia, Northern Australia and

the Pacic. Ayeyarwady, Rakhine and Tanintharyi in Myanmar.

Ecology: Grows on the landward margins of mangroves and adjacent forest, or rocky shores;

intolerant to high salinies and exposed or poorly drained soils. Occasionally

associated with Excoecaria, Avecennia and Xylocarpus.

Uses: Boat building, household uses, fruits and seeds are used in treang diarrhea and

dysentery, seeds are used in coocking along with sh, roots used as sh poison.



64



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Figure 21. Kandelia candel (L.) Druce.

A: Habit, B: Leaves, C: Flowers, D: Propagule

A D

CB



65



(21)

Botanical name: Kandelia candel (L.) Druce.


Synonyms: Kandelia rheedei Wight & Arn., Rhizophora candel Linné

Vernacular names: Byu-baing-dauk, Baing-daungshe (Bamar), Taung-pwun (Rakhine), Byu-kaunt-

nhyin (Myeik)

Descripon:

Habit Small tree, up to 7 m tall.

Stem Bark smooth, greyish or reddish brown, low and small buresses.

Roots No pneumatophores.

Leaves Leaves simple, opposite, blades shiny and green, narrowly oblong, ellipc or

drop-shaped-oblong, 6-13 x 2.5-6 cm, margin is curled inward, leaf stalk 1-1.5 cm.

Spules aened but slightly twisted at the branch ps.

Flowers Flowers in clusters, cymose, dichotomously branched, peduncles axillary, 4 - 9

owers, whish, with numerous stamens; calyx 5-6 slender lobes, pollinated by

insects.

Fruits Ovoid, green, 1.5-2.5 cm long, viviparous, propagule slender (25-40cm long) and

tapered at each end, capped by the persistent sepals whose ps bend backwards

to the fruit stalk.

Distribuon: India, Southeast Asia, to China, Ryu Kyu Islands and southern Japan, Northern

Sumatra and Borneo. Ayeyarwady, Tanintharyi and Rakhine in Myanmar.

Ecology: Occupies a narrow niche in the mangrove forest, occurring in the back mangrove

communies or on the banks of dal rivers. Kandelia candel are good at prevenng

erosion and thus are useful for protecng coastlines. They are oen used to help

reclaim land from the oceans.

Uses: Mainly used for rewood.



66



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Fig 22. Lumnitzera liorea (Jack) Voigt.

A: Habit, B: Leaves & Flowers

A

B



67



(22)

Botanical name: Lumnitzera liorea (Jack) Voigt.

Family: Combretaceae

Synonyms: Lumnitzera coccinea Wight & Arn.

Vernacular names: Eik-mathwe-ahni (Bamar), Dawai-Mhaing (Myeik), Shar-pin (Chaung Thar)

Descripon:

Habit Evergreen tree up to 25m tall with spreading crown.

Stem Bark is dark brown in color and deeply ssured.

Roots Knee-shaped roots are present and looping.

Leaves Simple leaf; spiral in arrangement; spatula shaped with oval ends in shape and

2 - 8cm in size; dark green in color; thick and eshy, plascky in texture; crowded

towards the end of the twigs, almost stalk less, small gland is present at the leaf

p.

Flowers Flowers in terminal cluster, owers bright red with ve ny petals and small 2-3cm,

the stamens much longer than the petals, fragrant and produce lots of nectar.

Fruits Small fruits are vase shaped, corky and oat, and dispersed by water. Each fruit has

one seed.

Distribuon: Southeast Asia, Papua New Guinea, Northern Australia. Ayeyarwady, Rakhine and


Ecology: Grows in the back mangroves, in so, muddy sand or sandy mud where dal

inundaon is rare, along waterways with a permanent and strong input of

freshwater, small gland at the leaf p that resembles leaf nodules and are believed

to contain nitrogen xing bacteria. Lumnitzera liorea and Lumnitzera racemosa

exclude each other inhabitant.

Uses: Timber is durable, even on submersion of salt water, used for furniture, bridge,

wharves, cart axils, ooring and sleeper.



68



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Fig 23. Lumnitzera racemosa Willd.

A: Habit, B: Flowers & Fruits

B

B

A

B



69



(23)

Botanical name: Lumnitzera racemosa Willd.

Family: Combretaceae

Synonyms:

Vernacular names: Eik-mathwe-aphyu, Pyan-shar (Bamar), Pinle-sha (Rakhine)

Descripon:

Habit Shrubs or tree up to 8m tall

Stem Bark reddish-brown and ssured

Roots Short and blunt pneumatophores.

Leaves Simple leaf, alternate in arrangement, relavely small, thick and eshy, plascky,

erect, spatula-shaped with oval ends, a small notch at the p, crowded towards

the ends of twigs and have a leaf stalk.

Flowers Flowers occur in cluster, axillaries, bisexual, stalkless inorescence; ower is white

in color with 5 petals. The owers are weakly scented and produce lots of nectar,

calyx tube are persistent.

Fruits Fruits small, woody, brous, ribbed, oatable and dispersed by water. Each fruit

contains one seed.

Distribuon: Eastern Africa to Southeast Asia, Southern China, Papua New Guinea, Northern

Australia. Ayeyarwady, Rakhine and Tanintharyi in Myanmar.

Ecology: Grows in the back mangroves, sandy or hard mud areas, shores and waterways

with freshwater inuence.

Uses: Timber is hard and durable, used to construct bridges, wharves, parts of canoes

and furniture and household items. Used as rewood, bark used for tanning.



70



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Fig 24. Nypa fruicans Wurmb.

A: Habit, B: Leaves, C: Buds & Flowers, D: Stem

A

B

D

C

C



71



(24)

Botanical name: Nypa fruicans Wurmb.

Family: Arecaceae

Synonyms:

Vernacular names: Dani (Bamar), Re-ohn (Rakhine), Pa-ohn (Myeik)

Descripon:

Habit Palm, up to10 m tall.

Stem Trunkless, creeping horizontal trunk that grows beneath the ground from which

branches with erect ps arise.

Roots Rhizomes.

Leaves Pinnately compound leaf, feather-like leaf are 4m long with leaets.

Flowers Flowers are in a globular inorescence, female owers at the p with catkin-like

red or yellow, male owers on the lower branches.

Fruits Fruits are woody, aened sideways and ridged lengthwise, bearing 1-3 seeds

each. The ripe nuts separate from the ball and are oated away on the de.

Distribuon: India, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Borneo, Phillipines, Ryukyu Islands,

New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, northern Australia.

Ecology: Nypa palm grows in so mud and slow moving dal and river waters that bring in

nutrients. The palm can be found as far inland as the de can deposit the oang

nuts.

Uses: Leaves of the Nypa palm are used as thatch and basketry. The sap from the

inorescence stalk is used to make toddy, vinegar or boiled down to sugar. Young

seeds and tender nut juice are edible.



72



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Fig 25. Rhizophora apiculata Blume.

A: Habit, B: Leaves, C: Flowers, D: Propagule, E: Stem

A

B

C

C

D

E

C



73



(25)

Botanical name: Rhizophora apiculata Blume.


Synonyms: Mangium candelarium Rumph., Rhizophora candelaria DC., Rhizophora conjugata

(non Linné) Arn., Rhizophora lamarckii , Rhizophora mangle (non Linné)

Vernacular names: Byu-chedauk-apho, Byu-chedauk-ywet-chun (Bamar), Byu-saung-yaung (Rakhine),

Pa-yone-ame (Myeik)

Descripon:

Habit Trees or small tree, up to 30 m tall.

Stem Trunk can be 50 cm in diameter; bark grey, usually with vercal ssured.

Roots Slt roots, arching slt roots can extend up to 5 m up the stem, and occasionally

aerial roots from the branches.

Leaves Leaves simple, opposite, glabrous, ellipc-oblong to sublanceolate, base broadly

cuneate, apex acute to apiculate, 7-16 × 3-6 cm, ny black-spoed below. Peole

1.5-3 cm; midvein reddish, leaf stalks and spules reddish.

Flowers Inorescences, cymes, 2 oweres on a short, stout, dark grey stalk, owers

stalkless, 4 sepals brownish yellow to reddish.

Fruits Fruit brown, upside-down pear-shaped, crowned by the persistent sepals. Seedling

viviparous, hypocotyl about 30 cm long, smooth, with somewhat rounded p.

Distribuon: India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, tropical Australia, the west Pacic

Islands. Ayeyarwady, Tanintharyi and Rakhine in Myanmar.

Ecology: Gregarious on deep so mud of estuaries ooded by high des.

Uses: Wood is heavy and very hard, require care seasoning to prevent spling, used for

foundaon piles, beams, boats, interior mber, furniture, also used for fuel wood

and charcoal; bark used for dye.



74



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Fig 26. Rhizophora mucronata Lam.

A: Shape, B: Leaves, C: Flowers, D: Fruit, E: Stem, F: Roots

A D

C

F

B

B

E



75



(26)

Botanical name: Rhizophora mucronata Lamk.


Synonyms: Mangium candelarium Rumphius,Rhizophora candelaria Wight & Arn., Rhizophora

lafolia Miq., Rhizophora longissima Blanco, Rhizophora macrorrhiza Gri.,

Vernacular names: Byu-chedauk-ama, Byu-chedauk-ywet-wyne (Bamar), Byu (Rakhine), Payon-ama,

Payone-aphyu (Myeik)

Descripon:

Shape Evergreen tree 25(–30) m high, 70 cm in diameter,

Stem Bark brown or blackish, smooth, with horizontal ssures.

Roots Slt roots are numerous and branching.

Leaves Leaves opposite, ellipcal to oblong, 8–15 cm long, 5–10 cm wide, enre, acute,

without visible veins, thick and leathery, glabrous, black-doed beneath. Peole

3–5 cm long. Spules paired, leaving ring scar.

Flowers Flowers in cluster, axillary, 2–3 mes forked, with 4–8 owers, bell-shaped

hypanthium, 4 pale yellow, pointed leathery sepals and 4 cream-colored petals,

the ower inorescence is longer, slender and yellow,

Fruits Berry ovoid or conical, 3–5 cm long, brown, leathery. Seed 1, viviparous, becoming

cigar-shaped, the seedling is 60cm long and has a warty bumpy surface.

Distribuon: Tropics from South and East Africa, India, Southern China, Ryukyu throughout

Malaysia to northeastern Australia. Ayeyarwady, Tanintharyi and Rakhine in

Myanmar.

Ecology: Grows in places with daily inundaon, brackish and saline salts deposing shores

and marshes, in deep so mud.

Uses: Wood, durable except in the ground, and dicult to saw, is used for construcon,

sh traps, house frames, piling, and poles. Fruits are eaten. Bark used for dye

extracon and tanning, tree as rewood and to make charcoal.



76



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Fig 27. Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea Gaertn. F.

A: Habit, B: Fruit, C: Flowers

A

B C



77



(27)

Botanical name: Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea Gaertn. F.

Family: Rubiaceae

Synonyms: Ixora manila Blanco, Scyphiphora hydrophylacea (sic)

Vernacular names: Unknown

Descripon:

Habit Shrub or small tree, evergreen, much branched, up to 3 m tall.

Stem- Bark brown, resinous young shoots.

Roots Prop roots.

Leaves Simple leaves, opposite, leathery, glossy and obovate, 4-9 x 2-5 cm; grandular

leaets at the base of the leaf stalk form a hairy sheath; slender leaf stalk is up to

13 mm long.

Flowers Flowers in clusters, axillary, bisexual, owers stemless, white; calyx tube 5 mm

long, cup shaped at the end of tube, crowned by 4 minute teeth; corolla tube

is cylindrical, nged with red, 2-4mm ling, with a rough-hairy mouth; petals are

broadly ellipc, 2 x 2.5 mm.

Fruits Cylindrical fruits, green, ribbed along its length (6-8 angular), 8 mm long, pped

remnants of the calyx; fruit contain 4 cylindrical seeds, each 1 x 2 mm, fruit is

buoyant.

Distribuon: Southern India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, northern Australia, western Solomon

Islands. Tanintharyi and Rakhine in Myanmar.

Ecology: Occur on mud, sand, and rocky substrates on the landward margin of mangroves

or on the banks of dal waterways. It is intolerant of freshwater. Prefer frequent

dal inundaons. Flowering is throughout the year. Produce a lot of fruit but seed

germinaon is low.

Uses: Wood is used to make utensils, post and rewood. Contains high amount of tannin

and dye. Leaves are used to treat stomach problems.



78



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Fig 28. Sesuvium portulacastrum (Linnaeus) Linnaeus.

A: Habit, B: Flowers

B

A



79



(28)

Botanical name: Sesuvium portulacastrum (Linnaeus) Linnaeus.

Family: Aizoaceae

Synonyms: Crithmus indicus Rumph., Portulaca portulacastrum L., Pyxipoma

polyandrum Fenzl., Sesuvium polyandrum Fenzl. ex Bri., Sesuvium repens Willd.

Vernacular names: Da-ye-shar, Sat-shar (Bamar), Kyi-shar (Rakhine), Kyone-ma-nee (Myaik)

Descripon:

Habit Herb, perennial, sprawling up to 30 cm (12 in) high.

Stem Thick, smooth stems up to 1 m (3.3 ) long, prostrate, forming mats to 2 m

diameter.

Roots Stem nodes have roots.

Leaves Leaves simple linear or lanceolate, 10–70 mm (0.39–2.8 in) long and 2–15 mm

(0.079–0.59 in) wide, smooth, eshy, glossy green; peole absent.

Flowers Flowers solitary, owers are pink or purple in color; pedicel to 20 mm; owering

usually take place in all year-round.

Fruits Fruit capsules; conic, 10 mm. Seeds 30-60, black, 1.2-1.5 mm, shiny, smooth.

Distribuon: Nave to Africa, Asia, Australia, North America and South America. Ayeyarwady,

Tanintharyi and Rakhine in Myanmar.

Ecology: A widespread and variable subtropical and tropical species occurs in sandy clay,

coastal limestone and sandstone, dal ats and salt marshes.

Uses: Provides environment protecon, sand dune xaon and ornamental uses.



80



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Fig 29. Sonneraa alba J.E. Smith.

A: Habit, B: Leaves, C: Flowers, D: Fruit, E: Stem, F: Pneumatophores

A

F

B

E

C

D



81



(29)

Botanical name: Sonneraa alba J.E. Smith.

Family: Sonneraaceae

Synonyms: Mangium caseolare album Rumph., Rhizophora caseolaris Linné, Sonneraa acida

Benth., Sonneraa alba F.Vill., Sonneraa caseolaris Engl.,

Vernacular names: Lamu-ta-that (or) Lame (Bamar), Lan-mu (Rakhine)

Descripon:

Habit Tree, up to 20 meter tall.

Stem Bark light grey or brownish, either warty or smooth.


Leaves Leaves simple, opposite, oval or nearly circular with round apex, 5-10 cm in length,

thick and leathery, light green with faint nge of pink at the leaf p. Old leaves

store excess salt and shed.

Flowers Flowers are cluster, inorescences cyme and terminal, owers large, calyx at with

6 lobes and red on the inside, petals ny, stamens many and white, pisl green and

persistent on fruit. Flowering year round. Sweet nectar aracts many insects and

bats.

Fruits Globose, up to 5 cm in diameter, somewhat crowned by the persistent sepals

whose ps bend back to the stalk. Seeds white, aened, ny, buoyant. One fruit

contains 150-200 small seeds.

Distribuon: East Africa to Southeast Asia, Okinawa, Sothern Japan, Australia. Tanintharyi,

Ayeyarwady and Rakhine in Myanmar.

Ecology: Occur at the front or the seaward side of the mangrove belt and usually on sandy

soil. Can tolerate wide uctuaons in salinity and oen grow on exposed, so but

stable mudbanks. A pioneer species, it colonizes newly formed sandy mud ats in

sheltered estuaries and coastal areas. It is intolerant to long periods of exposure

to freshwater.

Uses: Heavy mber, resistant to shipworm and pests and used for building boats, piling

and posts for bridges and houses, furniture, paper materials, dye, etc. Fruits are

edible and sour in taste. Leaves may be eaten raw or cooked. The pneumatophores

are made into oats for shing nets. Used as rewood. It produces lot of heat but

also a lot of ash and salt. Barks used for dye.



82



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Fig 30. Sonneraa apetala Buch.-Ham.

A: Habit, B: Leaves, C: Flowers & Buds, D: Stem, E: Pneumatophores

A

E

C

D

B



83



(30)

Botanical name: Sonneraa apetala Buch.-Ham.


Synonyms: Bla apetala O.K., Kambala apetala Ran.

Vernacular names: Kant-palar (Bamar), Pyar-zee (Rakhine), Amayar (Myeik)

Descripon:

Habit Large tree, up to 30 meters tall, crown large with many drooping twigs and

branchlets.

Stem Bark smooth, thin, light-brown, irregularly ssured, buresses not prominent.

Roots Pencil like pneumatophores are many.

Leaves Simple leaves, opposite, narrowly ellipc to oblong, apex obtuse, aenuated at

base, sparse, thin, 4-10 x 2-3 cm in size.

Flowers Flower in cluster, cymes, 3-7 owers, axillary, owers large, 1.5-2 cm across, calyx

4-merous, petals absent, cream colored, stamens many, sgma large and umbrella

shaped.

Fruits Berry, globose, broadly rounded on the at calyx tube, 2.2 cm diameter, pped

with style, pale, smooth, white, fruit bunches may grow directly on the tree stem.

Distribuon: India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar. Ayeyarwady and Rakhine in Myanmar. Not

found elsewhere in Southeast Asia.

Ecology: Mangrove forests, form pure stand in mangroves, especially in the inland, less

saline zones. The species is easily idened from the other two species of the

genus by its narrowly ellipc leaves, apetalous owers, 4-merous calyx and large

umbrella-shaped sgma.

Uses: Wood is good for planks, oars, boxes, bobbins for texle mills and as rewood.



84



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Fig 31. Sonneraa caseolaris (L.) Engl.

A: Habit, B: Leaves, C: Flowers & Fruits,

A

B C



85



(31)

Botanical name: Sonneraa caseolaris (L.) Engl.


Synonyms: Bla caseolaris O.K., Bla pagatpat Niedenzu, Mangium caseolare rubrum

Rumph., Rhizophora caseolaris L., Sonneraa acida Linné,

Vernacular names: Lamu (Bamar), Lam-be (Rakhine)

Descripon:

Habit A shrub or evergreen tree 12 m high, with rather open spreading crown.

Stem Bark gray, coarsely aky, twigs quadrangular.


Leaves Leaves simple, opposite, without spules, nearly sessile, ellipcal, oblong or ovate,

5–13 cm long, 2–5 cm wide, with broad or tapering base and blunt or rounded p,

enre, with 8–12 widely spreading ne side veins on each side, leathery.

Flowers Solitary, owers large, terminal, 1–3 owered at end of drooping twigs malodorous,

nocturnal. Petals dark or blood-red, stamens numerous, with thread like laments,

style long, stout.

Fruits Fruit broadly ovoid or subglobose, 3-4 by 5-5.7 cm, supported on enlarged calyx

which forms a shallow cup, about 6 cm wide.

Distribuon: India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, tropical Australia, the Solomon Islands.

Ecology: Occurs generally on the less salty parts of mangrove forests on a deep muddy soil,

never on coral banks, oen along dal creeks with slow moving water, ascending

these as far as the ood mounts

Uses: Heavy wood, poor quality mber, occasionally used for salt water piling,

boatbuilding, construcon and posts. Sour young fruit is edible and used for

vinegar. Bark contains a moderate amount of tannin. Firewood quality is low.



86



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Fig 32. Sonneraa grithii Kurz.

A: Habit, B: Leaves, C: Flowers, D: Fruits, E: Stem, F: Pneumatophores

A

F

E

D

C

B



87



(32)

Botanical name: Sonneraa grithii Kurz.


Synonyms: Sonneraa acida var. grithii King., Sonneraa alba (non SM) Gri.

Vernacular names: Laba (Bamar), Lam-baik (Rakhine)

Descripon:

Habit A medium-sized tree, up to 20 m high, spreading branches and occasionally

drooping branches, evergreen.

Stem Bark deep brownish or pale brown, young trees hairy smooth barked but aer

maturity it becomes ssured.

Roots Pencil like pneumatophores.

Leave Leaves simple, opposite, enre, obovate to almost round, round apex, base

rounded, 5 cm - 10 cm x 3 cm - 6 cm, eshy, glabrous, shining green, short peolate,

exspulate, pulvinous, glabrous, greenish midrib, veins conspicuous in dorsal side,

reculate venaon.

Flowers Solitary, terminal, ebracteate, pedicel short, greenish, glabrous, solid, shining

Flower bisexual, incomplete, petals absent, acnomorphic, whish green sepals 6

- 8 gamosepalous, aached with globose ovary Stamens numerous, free, lament

long, white, glabrous, round, so, basixed, exerted, showy.

Fruits Fruit globose berry, terminally into short stylar beak, partly enclosed by persistent

green calyx at base; seeds numerous, angular, light brown in colour.

Distribuon: Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia westward up to southeast Bangladesh and

Andaman Islands. Tanintharyi, Ayeyarwady and Rakine in Myanmar.

Ecology: S. grithii occurs slightly in highlands inundated properly.

Uses: Heavy wood, poor quality mber, occasionally used for salt water piling,

boatbuilding, construcon and posts



88



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Fig 33. Xylocarpus granatum J. Koenig.

A: Habit, B: Leaves, C: Fruits, D: Stem, E: Roots

A

E D

C

B



89



(33)

Botanical name: Xylocarpus granatum J. Koenig.

Family: Meliaceae

Synonyms: Carapa granatum (Koen.) Alston, Carapa indica A. Juss., Carapa moluccensis auct.

non Lam., Carapa obovata Blume, Granatum lioreum parvifolium Rumph.,

Vernacular names: Pinle-ohn (Bamar), Re-ohn (Rakhine)

Descripon:

Habit Tall tree with spreading crown and grow up to 22 meter in height.

Stem Bark is yellowish to orange-brown, thin and aky; trunks are oen hollow especially

in old tree, buresses.

Roots Plank-like aerial roots, meandering surface roots.

Leaves Pinnately compound leaves, spirally arranged, up to 20 cm long, peole 2-5 cm

long; the leaf consists of 2 pairs of opposite leaets; leaets are ellipc to ob-ovate

in shape, 7-11cm long and 3-6 cm wide, thick and leathery in texture, apex of leaf

rounded to blunt.

Flowers Flowers in cluster on axillary inorescence, which is 4-7 cm long and contains 8-20

small white or pink owers; owers are bisexual or female only; calyx nged with

red: oval shaped petals 4.

Fruits Round shaped capsule, 15-23 cm in diameter, very woody, green or brown, capsule

with four disnct secons, lled with large tetrahedrally-shaped woody seeds.

Aer falling fruit open to reveal 8-20 seeds, 7-10 cm long.

Distribuon: East Africa, Madagascar, Sri Lanka, India, through to Indonesia and Papua New

Guinea, to the South West Pacic Islands and northern Australia. Tanintharyi,

Ayeyarwady and Rakhine in Myanmar.

Ecology: Tropical dal estuaries with a seasonal freshwater input and near the high de

zone along coastlines. Commonly found in a variety of substrates from mud to ne

sands.

Uses: Wood is heavy, moderately hard, but not durable, aracve pale pink mber, used

for ornamental pieces and smoking pipe stems. Bark for tannin and red dye. Oil

from the seed used as lamp oil and for hair grooming. Bark used to treat cholera,

fruit and seed to treat diarrhea.



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T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

A

D

B

B

B

Fig 34. Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lamk.) M.Roem.

A: Habit, B: Leaves, C: Stem, D: Roots



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(34)

Botanical name: Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lamk.) M.Roem.

Family: Meliaceae

Synonyms: Carapa borneensis Becc., Carapa mekongensis (Pierre) Pellegr., Carapa moluccensis

Lam., Carapa obovata auct. non Blume, Granatum litoreum parvifolium Rumph.,

Vernacular names: Kya-na (Bamar), Pa-nan (Rakhine), Pinle-ohn (Myeik)

Descripon:

Habit Tree up to 22 m high.

Stem It has light brown bark, peeling in longitudinal akes.

Roots Peg-like pneumatophores.

Leaves Compound leaves, consists of 2 pairs of opposite leaets, the leaets are ellipc

to ovate, 4-12 cm long, 2-8 cm wide, with a blunt or pointed p; leaves are bright

green, turn to yellow or red before leaves shedding.

Flowers Bisexual or female owers, owers in clusters on axillary inorescence, which is

4-8 cm long with 9-35 owers; owers are small and creamy-white in color; calyx

is deeply 4 lobed and at; petals 4, yellowish, oblong to egg-shaped. Flowers can

be found from May-June, with mature fruits found from August-September.

Fruits The fruit is woody capsule and a globular, about the size of an orange (5 -10 cm

diameter). Each fruit contains 4-16 ghtly packed, tetrahedral seeds which are

4-7cm long. Seed is able to remain aoat for more than two months.

Distribuon: India, through Southeast Asia and Papua New Guinea, the southwestern Pacic

Islands and northern Australia. Ayeyarwady, Rakhine and Tanintharyi in Myanmar.

Ecology: In landward margin of marine mangroves, banks of dal creeks, behind coastal

dunes. Usually found in gravel, sand or mud.

Uses: Wood is moderately light, so, but moderately durable, used for construcng

houses, boats, making handles of small tools and for rewood. Seeds used as

medicine to treat stomachaches. Fruit used in Indonesian tradional medicine

for womb contracon, and to increase the appete. Bark tannin is used to treat

shing nets, also to treat intesnal problems.



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93



Mangrove Associated Salt

Tolerant Species



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T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Figure 35. Albizia procera.

Figure 36. Amyema mackayense

(Blakely) Danser.



95



(35)

Botanical name: Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth.

Family: Leguminosae

Synonyms: Unknown

Vernacular names: Sit, Thitphyu (Bamar),

Descripon: Large tree, 20 m tall, light brown stem. Leaves pinnate with 2-5 pairs, leaets

6-10 pairs, slightly pointed obliquely oblong-ovate, 1-2 x 3-4 cm. Flowers heads in

branched clusters at end of twigs and upper leaf axils, without ower stalks, 0.3-

0.5 inch long to extremity of stamens, calyx tubular, glabrous, more than half the

length of corolla, corolla funnel-shaped. Pods 7.5 -17 cm, drying pale grey-brown.

(36)

Botanical name: Amyema mackayense (Blakely) Danser.

Family: Loranthaceae

Synonyms: Unknown

Vernacular names: Kyibaung (Bamar)

Descripon: An epiphyte, stems are smooth, enlarged at the nodes, much-branched. Leaves are

simple, opposite, lamina ellipcal or ovate, rounded at the apex, short peoles.

Inorescences solitary or paired in the axils, peduncle 6-22 mm long; ower is

red, yellow, or green, few-rayed umbel of triads with the central ower sessile,

and corolla lacking longitudinal ridges in bud. Fruit ellipsoidal, crowned by the

persistent calyx limb. minutely and sparsely brown-tomentose. The species occurs

in New Guinea, northern Australia and India, exclusively in mangrove communies,

and is recorded as parasic on Avicennia, Camptostemon, Ceriops, Excoecaria,

Lumnitzera, Rhizophora, and Sonneraa.



96



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Figure 37. Bidens pilosa L.

Figure 38. Brownlowia tersa (L.) Kosterm.



97



(37)

Botanical name: Bidens pilosa L.

Family: Asteraceae

Synonyms: Unknown


Descripon: A woody herb, about 1 m or more high, almost glabrous to densely hairy. Stems are

reddish nged, with angular branches. Leaves are pinnately compound, opposite,

3-5 leaets, ovate to lanceolate, apices acute, 6–12 cm long, 4–8 cm wide, leaves

margin serrated. Peole is slightly winged. Flowers are in dense clusters, axillary

or terminal inorescences, with long slender peduncles. Flowers are ny, yellow or

orange. Modied leaves with nely hairy margins are surrounding inorescences.

The seeds are slender, linear, curved. They are 4 angled and 6-12mm long.

Flowering occurs throughout the year. It occurs on any disturbed or waste ground,

roadsides and areas that are dry and inferle. It is found in Rakhine, Chin, Magway,

Mandalay, and Sagaing.

(38)

Botanical name: Brownlowia tersa (L.) Kosterm.

Family: Tiliaceae

Synonyms: Brownlowia beccarii (Mast.) Pierre, Brownlowia lanceolata Benth., Dialycarpa

beccarii Mast., Glabraria tersa Linne, Heriera aenuata, Heriera lanceolata,

Litsea tersa,

Vernacular names: Ye-thaman, Ye-kanazo (Bamar), Chru-san (Rakhine)

Descripon: A shrub, usually 2 m tall. Branches are grey, smooth and have grooves along the

length. The small branches are covered with aened scales. Leaves are simple,

lanceolate, with rounded base and pointed p, measuring 2-5 by 6-20 cm, enre

and leathery. The upper surface is glossy and smooth, and lower surface is grey-

green, covered with ny hairy scales. Peole is 1-2 cm long. Flower heads with few

owers are pink with yellow base, in axils or terminal posion. Fruit is a woody

capsule or nut, heart-shaped, 1.5 cm long, pale greyish-green, covered with small

brown warts. It grows in sunny places in mangrove swamps, and along creeks

where mud is accreng. Its distribuon is from India to Southeast Asia, and for

Myanmar, Ayeyarwady, Mon, Rakhine and Tanintharyi. It is used as fuelwood.



98



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Figure 39. Canavalia marima Thouars

Figure 40. Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn.



99



(39)

Botanical name: Canavalia marima Thouars.

Family: Leguminosae

Synonyms: Canavalia apiculata Piper, Canavalia arenicola Piper, Canavalia baueriana Endl.,

Canavalia marima (Aubl.) Urb., Canavalia miniata (Kunth.) DC.


Descripon: A scandent or creeping herb, 2-6 m long. The end of the plant twines and roots

from the nodes. Leaves are compound with three leaets, eshy. Lealades are

obovate or broadly oval, and oen with a triangular p. Flowers are in clusters,

axillary, on a long stalk, and reddish-violet. Fruits are bean-like pods with 2-10

seeds. It grows on sandy beaches, dunes, and on landward margins of mangroves.

Natural distribuon is throughout Southeast Asia. Young pods and seeds are edible

aer boiling. Flower is used as spice.

(40)

Botanical name: Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn.

Family: Verbenaceae

Synonyms: Clerodendrum buxifolium (Willd.) Spreng., Clerodendrum capsulare Blanco,

Clerodendrum commersonii Spr., Clerodendrum nereifolium (Roxb.) Schauer.,

Jasminum litoreaum Rumph.,

Vernacular names: Taw-kyaung-pan (Bamar), Tha-man-zi (Myeik) Garden quinine, Kywe-yan-nge,

Pinle-kyauk-pan1

Descripon: A shrub, somemes climber or small tree, up to 3 m tall. Stem is woody, smooth,

with drooping branches. Young twigs are covered with short hairs. Leaves are

simple, opposite, ovate to ellipcal, pointed p, measuring 1.5-14 by 0.7-5 cm,

leaf margin enre, eshy, and smooth, lower surface has dark green dots. Flowers

are in clusters, axillary, upper clusters appear terminal, 3-7 owers. Calyx is cup or

bell shaped with 5 lobes and hairy. Corolla has 5 big rounded lobes with a 1.5-3.5

cm long tube. The reddish 4 stamens are longer than the ower. Fruits are round

with aened top. It breaks into 4 lobes when ripen. It grows in or near brackish or

saltwater and in mangroves. Distributed in India and Sri Lanka through Southeast

Asia to Southern China, Australia and Polynesia. Seeds and roots are used to treat

poisoning from sh and marine animals. Leaves are used to treat wounds.



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T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Figure 41. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.

Figure 42. Cynometra ramiora Linn.



101



(41)

Botanical name: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.

Family: Poaceae

Synonyms: Capriola dactylon (L.) O.K., Cynodon arcuatus J.S. Presl. ex C.B. Presl., Cynodon

dactylon var. glabratus (Steud.) Chiov., Cynodon glabratus Steud., Cynodon parvi-

glumus Ohwi.

Vernacular names: Mye-sa, Myin-sar-myet (Bamar)

Descripon: Perennial grass with creeping stems. Roots appear from the internodes of the stem.

The culms (stems) take root at the lower nodes. It forms thick mats by means of

stolons and rhizomes. The owering stems are slender, smooth and hollow. The

leaf blade is aened with a sharp p, and is hairy or glabrous (hairless). The leaf

sheath is round and glabrous. The erect stems bear owers. The inorescence

consists of 3-7 slender spikes up to 60 mm long, arranged terminally on the axis. It

occurs on almost all soil types especially in ferle soil; from dry site to moist sites.

It colonizes on fallow lands, roadsides, drier landward of mangroves. It is found

throughout South Africa, Southeast Asia.

(42)

Botanical name: Cynometra ramiora Linn.

Family: Leguminosae

Synonyms: Cynometra bijuga Span. Ex Miq., Cynometra polyandra auct. non Roxb., Cynometra

schumanniana Harms., Cynometra whiordii Elmer, Cynomorium silvestre.

Vernacular names: Myin-ka (Bamar), Hmin-kan (Rakhine)

Descripon: A shrub or tree, 4-12 m tall. Bark is smooth, grey, somewhat uted. Leaves

are alternate, 2-6 leaets in pairs (usually only one pair), leathery. Leaets are

asymmetrically ellipc, Flower are in clusters, axillary, short racemes, subtended

by large bracts, bisexual, yellowish white. Fruit is hard, brown, and slightly circular,

with short hairs. It occurs on landward margins of mangroves. It oen grows on

heavy clay soil. Natural distribuon is from India through Southeast Asia to the

Pacic. Wood is rarely used for construcon, but not durable. It is suitable for

making interior materials. Used as local medicine, leaves and seeds are used to

cure skin diseases.



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T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Figure 43. Dalbergia candenatensis (Dennst.) Prain

Figure 44. Dalbergia spinosa Roxb



103



(43)

Botanical name: Dalbergia candenatensis (Dennst.) Prain.

Family: Leguminosae

Synonyms: Cassia candenatensis Dennst., Dalbergia monosperma Dalzell, Dalbergia torta

Graham.

Vernacular names: Ye-chinyar-nwe (Bamar)

Descripon: A woody climber with many short lateral branchlets, twining by p of stem. Bark

is dark grey, smooth. Pinnate leaves are in alternate posion with 3-7 leaets. Leaf

blades are obovate, occasionally notched at the end. Upper surface is dark green,

lower surface is shiny and has a disnct net-like venaon. Flowers are bisexual,

panicle, axillary, sessile, and white. Pods are at, rather thick, half-moon shaped.

It is a coastal species, on the landward margin of mangroves or on banks of dal

creeks. It needs fresh water input. Its distribuon is from Sri Lanka and India

eastwards to southern China, throughout Southeast Asia.

(44)

Botanical name: Dalbergia spinosa Roxb.

Family: Fabaceae

Synonyms: Unknown

Vernacular names: Su-koke (or) Byaik (Bamar), Sa-lane-nwe (Rakhine), Su-kauk (Myeik)

Descripon: A s shrub or small tree, with twining habitat, up to 8 m tall. At each node 2

woody spines, up to 4 cm long. Tap root system developed but no aerial roots.

Leaves are compound leaves with small leaets. Inorescence raceme, axillary.

Flowers are complete, bisexual, zygomorphic; sepals 5, green, eshy; petals 5,

white. Fruit is pod, kidney shape, aened, 2.5 cm long and 1.7 cm broad. One

margin is convex and other concave with mid-notched. Stem is used for fuel wood.

It is found in Rakhine, Ayeyarwady, Tanintharyi and Yangon.



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T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Figure 45. Derris scandens (Aubl.)

Figure 46. Derris trifoliata Lour.



105



(45)

Botanical name: Derris scandens (Aubl.) Pier.

Family: Leguminosae

Synonyms: Brachypterum scandens W & A., Deguelia negrensis (Benth.) Taub., Deguelia

scandens Aubl., Derris guianensis Benth., Derris degrensis Benth.,

Vernacular names: Mi-gyaung-nwe (or) Nwe-phyu (Bamar), Taw-pone-nwe (Myeik).

Descripon: An evergreen very large woody climber. It has not aerial roots. Bark is dark-grey to

black. Leaves are compound leaves, alternate, leaf axis is up to 19 cm long. Leaets

are opposite, 3-5 pairs. Lower pairs are smaller than upper pair. Leaf blades are

ellipc-lanceolate, enre, with a pointed p. Inorescence is a raceme or panicle,

of pea-like owers, axillary. Flowers are pale rose coloured. Fruit is a dry pod, hairy,

at, oblong, pointed, one margin thicker than other. Each pod contains 1-3 round,

at seeds. It is found on lowland, also in landward of mangroves. It is a Southeast

Asian species.

(46)

Botanical name: Derris trifoliata Lour.

Family: Leguminosae

Synonyms: Dalbergia heterophylla, Deguelia trifoliata (Lour.) Taub., Deguelia uliginosa (Wild.)

Baill., Derris heterophylla (Willd.) Backer.

Vernacular names: Nwe-net or Ka-byoke-nwe (Bamar), Nwe-boke (Rakhine), Nwe-net (Myeik)

Descripon: A woody vine-like shrub or climber, up to 15 m long. Bark is smooth, dark brown.

Young stems are dark red. The alternate compound leaves are pinnate, 3-5

leaets, dark green, shiny, rounded at the base, a long tapering at the p. Flowers

are bisexual. The inorescence is slender, racemes, 7-20 cm long, with few to

numerous owers. The pods are slightly, disc-like, 3-4 cm by 2 cm, 1-2 seeded.

Seeds are at and round, and bronze-green when it is dry. It is abundant on muddy

shores, along dal streams, mangrove swamps, etc. Derris provides shelter for the

smaller creatures of the mangroves. Distribuon is from East Africa to subtropical

and tropical Asia to tropical Australia. Used as sh-poison and as medicine.



106



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Figure 47. Dolichandrone spathacea (l.f.) K.Schum

Figure 48. Drymoglossum piloselloides



107



(47)

Botanical name: Dolichandrone spathacea (l.f.) K.Schum.

Family: Bignoniaceae

Synonyms: Bignonia javanica Thunb., Bignonia longiora Wild. Ex DC., Bignonia longissima

Lour., Bignonia spathacea L., Dolichandrone lingissima K. Sch.,

Vernacular names: Ye-tha-khut (Bamar), Set-kawet (Myeik)

Descripon: An ever green, small tree, 5-20 m tall, oen crooked. Bark is grey to dark brown,

somewhat ssured in old trees. Leaves are compound leaves, 2-4 pairs of opposite

leaets, with terminal leaet, leaf blades are ovate to lanceolate, unequal sided

and long-pped, young leaves slightly pinkish. Flowers are large, trumpet-shaped,

white or greenish yellow. Fruits are up to 45 cm long, aened, curved like a bean

pod. Seeds are numerous, squarish, with thick corky wings. This grows in the back-

mangrove zone and banks of dal rivers and estuaries. It occurs from the coast of

Malabar (India) throughout Southeast Asia to the west-Pacic and the Solomon

Islands. Wood is lightweight wood and used for shing net oats. Leaves are used

to make mouth-wash for thrush. Flowers year round.

(48)

Botanical name: Drymoglossum piloselloides (Linn.) Presl.

Family: Polypodiaceae

Synonyms: Acrochum heterophyllum L., Drymoglossum heterophyllum C. Chr., Notochlaena

piloselloides Kaulf., Oetosis piloselloides O. K.,


Descripon: It is an epiphyte. Rhizome is long and creeping. Leaves are simple and enre.

Sterile leaves are eshy, have smooth surface, nearly circular, and about 1 cm

across, without stalks. Ferle leaves are elongated from 3 to 12 cm long, and have

about 1 cm long peoles. The edge of the ferle leaf bears spores. It is a common

epiphyc fern on old trees in mangroves and lowlands. Natural distribuon is

from Northeastern India, throughout Southeast Asia to Papua New Guinea and

northern Australia. Leaves have medicinal uses.



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T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Figure 49. Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk

Figure 50. Eupatorium odoratum L.



109



(49)

Botanical name: Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk.

Family: Asteraceae

Synonyms: Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.

Vernacular names: Kyeik-hman (Bamar)

Descripon: A herb, subsucculent. Stem is erect and grows to an average height of 45-50 cms,

with many spreading branches and brous roots, oen roong at lowest nodes.

Leaves are simple, opposite, lanceolate, acuminate, shallow serrate, measuring

13cm by 3cm, purplish in strong sun, sessile. Flowers - has both ray owers and

disk owers, 1-3 ower heads in inorescense, axillary and terminal, peduncles to

-2cm long. It grows in wet areas. Eclipta alba has many tradional medicinal uses.

A black dye obtained from Eclipta alba is used for dyeing hair and taooing.

(50)

Botanical name: Eupatorium odoratum L.

Family: Asteracea

Synonyms: Unknown

Vernacular names: Bizat (Bamar), Gone-ta-line (Rakhine)

Descripon: A herb or shrub speices. Leaves are opposite or alternate. Flowers heads are

corym-bose, homogamous. Involucre long or short: bracts few- or many- seriate,

sub- equal or outer shorter; receptacle naked. Corollas all equal, regular, tubular;

limb 5 lobed or toothed. Anthers appendaged. Style- arms long, obtuse. There are

about 400 species.



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T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Figure 51. Fimbristylis ferruginea (L.) Vahl.

Figure 52. Finlaysonia obovata Wall



111



(51)

Botanical name: Fimbristylis ferruginea (L.) Vahl.

Family: Cyperaceae

Synonyms: Fimbrisstylis cyrtophylla Miq., Fimbristylis longgispicata (non Steud.) Camus,

Fimbristylis marginata Labill., Fimbristylis polytrichoides (non R.BR.)


Descripon: A perennial species, with a short woody creeping rhizome. Stems are rigid, smooth,

greyish-green, 20-80 cm long. Leaves are much shorter than the stems, 2-10 cm

long. They have a tongue, consisng of a dense fringe of short hairs. Flowers cluster

are usually contracted into a dense head, 3-5 cm long. There are 2-3 leaets at

the base of the ower cluster. Nut is biconvex, strongly compressed, obovate to

oblong-obovate, straw like to dark, greyish-brown. It grows on clayey soils, wet

and sunny condion, in areas subjected to regular inundaon by brackish water.

(52)

Botanical name: Finlaysonia obovata Wall.

Family: Asclepiadaceae

Synonyms: Finlaysonia marima Backer, Olus crepitans Rumph., Secamone marima Bl

Vernacular names: Byauk-nwe (Bamar), Kyakin (Rakhine), Setku-nwe (Myaik)

Descripon: Climber, up to 5 m high, stem is woody, slender, produce white latex when it is

broken. Leaves are simple, opposite. Leaf blades are narrowly lanceolate on

young shoots and ovate on old branches. Peoles are thick and red. Flowers are in

clusters, axillary, greenish yellow and noxious smelling. Peduncles are thick, violet,

covered with short hairs. Fruits are eshy, widely spread, have a hooked, pointed

top, ovoid; look like horns of a bualo. It occurs along the dal creeks in mangrove

forest. It grows from the Bay of Bangal through Southeast Asia to Moluccas. Young

leaves are edible.



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T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Figure 53. Flagellaria indica L.

Figure 54. Hibiscus liaceus L.



113



(53)

Botanical name: Flagellaria indica L.

Family: Flagellariaceae

Synonyms: Flagellaria minor Bl., Flagellaria philippinensis Dlmer, Palmijuncus laevis Rumph.,

Flagellaria indica var. gracilis Backer.

Vernacular names: Myauk-kyein (Bamar), Kyaung-phet (Myeik)

Descripon: Perennial climber. Stem is 2-15 m long and 1-3 cm diameter, woody at the base.

Leaves are lamina, mostly 10–40 cm long and 5–20 mm wide, glabrous, apex

tapering into a coiled tendril. Flowers are solitary, grouped in terminal clusters,

white, fragrant. Fruits are round, about 6mm in diameter, shiny, pink to orange,

usually 1-seeded. It is a common climber in moist forests, grows along mangrove

margins, frequently along streams or in gullies and oen forming dense thickets.

It occurs from Tropical Africa through South Asia and Southeast Asia Northern

Australia. Stem is used for basket work, but quality is not good as raan.

(54)

Botanical name: Hibiscus liaceus L.

Family: Malvaceae

Synonyms: Hibiscus abuloides Willd., Hibiscus celebicus Koord., Hibiscus cuspidatus Sol. Ex

Park., Hibiscus elatus (non Sw.) Miq.,

Vernacular names: Thaman-shaw (Bamar), Thin-pan (Rakhine), Shaw-pin (Myeik)

Descripon: A shrub or tree, up to 15 m tall. Bark is grayish-brown and smooth. Stem may reach

30 cm in diameter. Leaves are simple, heart shape, rather large 8-20 cm long, 6-15

cm across, bright green on the upper surface, and grayish-green and hairy below.

Flowers are bisexual, bright yellow with a deep red centre upon opening. Fruits are

light brown, ovoid, dry capsule about 2 cm long, spling into 5 segments and 10

cells of seed at maturity. Nave is from Eastern and Northern Australia, Oceania

and Southeast Asia. Grows on the beach, by rivers and in mangrove swamps.

Flowering occurs throughout the year. Wood is used as rewood. Bark used to

make durable rope.



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T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Figure 55. Hoya carnaso (L. f.) R. Br.

Figure 56. Ipomoea alba Linnaeus



115



(55)

Botanical name: Hoya carnaso (L. f.) R. Br.


Synonyms: Unknown

Vernacular names: Commonly known as Wax plant.

Descripon: Twining epiphytes, usually roong at nodes. Leaves are simple, thick and eshy.

Some leaves are moled with speckles of silvery white. Umbel inorescences,

owers are small, star shaped, pink or white. Calyx small, scales 5. Corolla rotate

or star-like, eshy, oen wax- like. Seeds oblong or ovate plumed. Hoya carnosa

is nave to Eastern Asia and Australia. This species is used to treat high blood

pressure and cholesterol levels.

(56)

Botanical name: Ipomoea alba Linnaeus.

Family: Convolvulaceae

Synonyms: Calonycon aculeatum House

Vernacular names: Nwe-kazun-phyu (Bamar)

Descripon: A perennial herb, up to 5-30 m tall with twining stems. The leaves are simple,

enre or three-lobed. The owers are large, 8-14 cm diameter, fragrant, white or

pink. The owers open quickly in the evening and last through the night, remaining

open unl touched by the morning sun. On overcast days, the blossoms may

remain open for longer. The owers also tend to remain open longer during cool

temperatures. The name Moonower derives from their blooming in the evening

and their being round in shape like a full moon.



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T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Figure 57. Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) Sweet.

Figure 58. Leucaena leucocephala



117



(57)

Botanical name: Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) Sweet.

Family: Convolvulaceae

Synonyms: Convolvulus bilobatus Roxb., Convolvulus brasiliensis Linne, Convovulus marinus

Rumph., Convolvulus marima, Convolvulus pes-caprae Linne,

Vernacular names: Pinle-kanzun (Bamar), Khauglaung-pan (Rakhine)

Descripon: A creeping vine, perennial herb. Branches may reach up to 30 m in length. It

produces a milky juice when injured. Taproots are long and deep. Leaves are simple,

alternate, somewhat ellipcal, have shallow notches at the apexes, leaf blades

measuring 3-14 cm by 2.5 – 12 cm, long peoles. Flowers are axillary. Corollas

are funnel-shaped. Color ranges from pink to red-purple or violet. Four seeds per

fruit are produced. Seeds are brown in color. It occurs along the beaches. It grows

just above the high de line along coastal beaches, forming large mats that assist

in stabilizing sands. It occurs in tropical islands of North and South America, east

central Africa, west central Africa, India, Asia, and Australia. Seeds are a good

remedy for stomach ache. Leaves are used to treat swellings, boils and ulcers, and

juice of stem is for bites and sngs.

(58)

Botanical name: Leucaena leucocephala.

Family: Fabaceae

Synonyms: Acacia leucocephala (Lam.) Link., Leucaena glauca Benth.., Mimosa glauca sensu

L., Mimosa leucocephala Lam.

Vernacular names: Bawzagaing (Bamar)

Descripon: Shrub or tree up to 18 m tall. It is shrubby and branching strongly aer coppicing.

Bark is greyish and has prominent lencels. Leaves are compound leaves, bipinnate

with 10-20 pairs of leaets, variable in length up to 35 cm, with a large gland at

the base of the peole. Flowers are in globose heads with a diameter of 2-5 cm.

Pod 14-26 cm x 1.5-2 cm, at, brown at maturity. Seeds 18-22 per pod. It is widely

distributed throughout the tropics. It is commonly used in tropical reforestaon

and agroforestry systems.



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Figure 60. Merope angulata (Willd.) Swingle

Figure 59. Melastoma villosum.



119



(60)

Botanical name: Merope angulata (Willd.) Swingle.

Family: Rutaceae

Synonyms: Merope spinosa, Paramignya angulata (Willd.) Burkill, Paramignya longispina HK.,

Sclerostylis spinosa

Vernacular names: Taw-shauk (Bamar), Pyar-shauk-pin (Rakhine), Taw-shauk (Myeik)

Descripon: A branchy shrub, up to 3 m tall. Stem has 1.5- 3.5 cm long woody spines in the

axils. Leaves are simple, alternate posion. Leaf edges are slightly notched, blunt

or slightly pointed apex. Leaf blades are thick, leathery, resinous, having lime-

like odour if bruised; covered with translucent dots. Flowers are solitary, axillary,

bisexual, 5-merous, white, fragrant. Fruits are berry, lemon-like, 2-5 cm long, with

3 aen sides so that the fruit is triangular in cross-secon forming 3 chambers;

each contain 1 large, long, aened seed. This species grows on landward

mangroves and along river banks. Its natural distribuon is form West Bengal

eastward through Southeast Asia; Myanmar, Malaysia, Singapore, Java (Indonesia)

and Papua New Guinea. It is used as folk medicine to treat womb contracon.

(59)

Botanical name: Melastoma villosum. Sims

Family: Melastomataceae

Synonyms: Melastoma decemdum Roxb ex Jack


Descripon: A shrub, erect, up to about 6 feet tall, young branches subquadrangular, bark brown

to grey. Leaves are simple, ovate to lanceolate, base rounded apex acute, margins

enre, upper surface with some hairs, vein disnct, peole long Inorescence

terminal, 1-3 owers, 5-merous, petals bright purple, outer stamens longer, pink

anthers. Fruit is eshy capsule, edible, young leaves and roots medicinal use. On dry

or swampy ground in scrubs or grasslands, open places, roadsides. Distribuon in

China, Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand, , Laos, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines.



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Figure 62. Phoenix paludosa Roxb.

Figure 61. Paspalum sp.



121



(62)

Botanical name: Phoenix paludosa Roxb.

Family: Arecaceae

Synonyms: Unknown

Vernacular names: Thinbaung (Bamar), Thinbaung (Rakhine)

Descripon: A palm, up to 6m tall. The stems are sender, grey and persistent spiny leaf stalks.

Leaf sheaths are brous and le scars on the stem. Leaves are bright green, persist

near the top of the stem, inserted on the trunk. Flowers are unisexual, cluster

looks like a s brush, axillary. Clusters are numerous. Berries are oval, about 1 cm

long. Seeds have a lateral embryo, unique in Phoenix. It occurs on the landward

margin of mangroves, and also in open places forming extensive dense. Its natural

distribuon is from east Africa, India, Andaman Islands, Myanmar, Vietnam,

Cambodia, Thailand, Malay Peninsula and Indonesia. Palm cabbage and fruits areedible.

(61)

Botanical name: Paspalum sp

Family: Poaceae

Synonyms: Unknown

Vernacular names: Bualo grass, Pyaung-sa, Sour grass

Descripon: Paspalum species are grasses. Stems are aened at base; leaf blades at to

folded; inorescence of one to many spike-like branches, branches alternate or

somemes paired and forked at end of stem; spikelets in 2 to 4 rows along lower

side of inorescence branches. There are many Paspalum species worldwide.

Paspalum species are eaten by ducks, swans and other water birds.



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Figure 64. Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre

Figure 63. Pluchea indica (L.) Less.



123



(64)

Botanical name: Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre.

Family: Legununosae

Synonyms: Caju pinnatum O. Kuntze., Cysus pinnatus Linn., Dalbergia arborea Willd., Derris

indica (Lam.) Bennet., Galedupa indica Lam., Galedupa maculata Blanco,

Vernacular names: Thinwin-phyu (Bamar), Thawin (Rakhine)

Descripon: A medium sized tree, up to 10 m tall. The trunk is short with thick branches and

spread canopy. The bark is grayish- brown, and yellow on the inside. Taproot is thickand long; lateral roots are numerous. Leaves are in alternate, pinnate compound

consist of 5 or 7 leaets which are arranged in opposite with single terminal leaet.

Leaets are 5-10 cm long, 4-6 cm wide, and pointed at the p. Inorescences

are racemes, axillary, on short peduncle with pink or white small owers. Pods

are ellipcal, 3-6 cm long and 2-3 cm wide, woody with thick wall, which usually

contains a single seed of light brown color. It can grow on most soil types ranging

from stony to sandy to clayey. It does not do well on dry sands. It is highly tolerant

of salinity. It grows along coasts, sandy beds and river banks. It is nave in India

and Myanmar. Commonly used as fuelwood. Timber is not durable. The oil is used

as a fuel, lubricant and in soap making. The oil is used as folk medicine to treathuman and animal skin diseases.

(63)

Botanical name: Pluchea indica (L.) Less.

Family: Asteraceae

Synonyms: Pluchea foliosa DC., Baccharis indica L., Erigeron denculatum Burm.f.

Vernacular names: Khayu (Bamar), Hin-khayu (Rakhine), Ye-khayu (Myeik)

Descripon: It is a shrub with many branches, up to 1-3 m tall. Young shoots have so hair. Later

it becomes glabrate. Leaves are simple, alternate, ovate to reverse egg-shaped,

margin is serrate. Leaves are obscurely glandular on both surfaces, and very

aromac when crushed. The leaf has short stalk or nearly sessile and no spules.

Inorescence consists of many heads in either terminal or axillary. Peduncles are

short or stemless. The base of the ower head is anked by leaets in 6-7 rows.

The one-seeded fruit is cylindrical, dry indehiscent. It is brown with about 5 ribs. It

occurs in lioral areas such as mangroves, brackish swamp, dal ats. It is shaded

out by taller shrubs and trees. Seed disperse by wind, and have a short viability.

It is nave of India, through Southeast Asia and Indo-China to Australia and the

Pacic Islands.



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T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Figure 65. Sarcolobus globosus Wall.

Figure 66. Scaevola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb.



125



(65)

Botanical name: Sarcolobus globosus Wall.


Synonyms: Sarcolobus banksii , Sarcolobus globosa R. & S., Sarcolobus globosus subsp.

globosus, Sarcolobus globosus subsp. peregrinus (Blanco) R.E. Rintz.

Vernacular names: Shoke-htwe-nwe (Bamar), Theik-ka-lain (Rakhine), Sa-mon (Myeik)

Descripon: A shrubby climber, up to 4 m, with a smooth stem. Leaves are slightly eshy,

oblong, with hairs on the upper surface. Small owers are in cluster, 5-10 owers

in a cluster, axillary, patels 5, sepals 5, yellow with longitudinal purple streaks,

covered by short hairs on the inside. Fruits are solitary, brown, ellipc with a very

unequal base, measuring 8-9 by 7-8 cm. The fruit is thick, eshy, and rich in milky

latex. Seeds are numerous, at, obovate, surrounded by a thick, wing-like margin

and buoyant. It is common on muddy mangroves. It is owering throughout the

year. It is found in India, Bangladesh through Southeast Asian, and Ayeyarwady,

Rakhine and Tanintharyi in Myanmar.

(66)

Botanical name: Scaevola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb.

Family: Goodeniaceae

Synonyms: Buglossum litoreum Rumph., Lobelia frutescens Mill., Lobelia plumieri (non L.)

Burm., Scaevola frutescens, Scaevola koenigii Vahl.,

Vernacular names: Yae-phau-pin (Chaung Tha)

Descripon: A spreading shrub or small tree, up to 7 m tall. Slender branches are white. Leaf

scars are conspicuous. Leaves are simple, arranged spirally and opposite, densely

crowded at the end of branches. Leaf blades are oblong to obovate. White hairs

occur in the leaf axils. Flowers are in long cluster, axillary, peduncle 1 cm long.

Flowers are bisexual, white or pale yellow. Calyx is short, petals have violet stripes

on the inside. Corolla tube is 1-1.5 cm long. The eshy, white fruits are 1 cm

long, with 1-2 corky seeds. Fruits are dispersed by birds. It grows especially on

sand dunes and well drained areas forming extensive colonies. Several parts of

this plant are used in local medicine. Wood is resistant to sea water and used for

making nails for canoes. It naturally grows through out Southeast Asia.



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Figure 67. Scirpus sp.

Figure 68. Sesbania sp.



127



(67)

Botanical name: Scirpus sp.

Family: Cyperacea

Synonyms: Scirpus ternatanus Reinw. ex Miq., Scirpus chinensis Munro


Descripon: Scirpus spp consists of a large number of aquac, grass-like species. Common

names are deergrass or grassweed. The genus grows in wetlands and moist soil.

Some species specialize in saline, marshy, environments such as interdal mud-

ats; others prefer ponds or lake-sides and river-beds. They have grass-like leaves,

and clusters of small spikelets, oen brown in colour. Some species (e.g. S. lacustris)

can reach a height of 3 m, while others (e.g. S. supinus) are much smaller, only

reaching 20-30 cm tall. Scirpus species are oen planted to inhibit soil erosion and

provide habitat for other wildlife. They are also used in some herbal remedies; the

plant's rhizomes are collected dried in the sun before use.

(68)

Botanical name: Sesbania sp.

Family: Fabaceae

Synonyms: Unknown

Vernacular names: Nyan (Bamar)

Descripon: Herbs or short-lived trees with fast growth rate, associaon with several nitrogen-

xing Rhizobia in the soil that cause formaon of numerous and large nodules

in the plant roots. Leaves are compound, paripinnate, with numerous opposite

deciduous leaets. Calyx is broad campanulate, with short nearly equal teeth. Pods

are long, linear, dehiscent, seeds numerous, separated by disnct transverse bars.

Fiy species of Sesbania have been described in tropical and subtropical regions

of the world. Wood is white and so. This genus also have several potenal uses

including forage, poles for light construcon, fuelwood, pulpwood, live fences,

medicines, shade trees for other crops and gums.



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T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

Figure 69. Tamarix troupii Hole.

Figure 70. Vanda sp.



129



(69)

Botanical name: Tamarix troupii Hole.

Family: Tamaricaceae

Synonyms: Unknown

Vernacular names: Sarpin (Bamar), Pyar-pinle, Sar-pinlin (Rakhine),

Descripon: Shrub or small tree with pendulous branches. Leaves are small, subulate, triangular

base, acute, mostly scale-like, alternate, espulate, usually sessile, mostly with

salt-secreng glands. Flowers are bisexual, in racemes or panicles, spiniform,

peduncle is short, pinkish-white owers; calyx 4 or 5, persistent; petals 4 or 5, free,

deciduous aer anthesis or somemes persistent. Capsule is conic, dehiscent.

Seeds are small and white, numerous, hairy.

(70)

Botanical name: Vanda sp.

Family: Orchidaceae

Synonyms: Unknown

Vernacular names: Thitkhwa (Bamar)

Descripon: Epiphyte, but it is not parasic. Leaves are at and strap, someme cylindrical,

eshy and have parallel veins. Flowers are in clusters, up to 15 owers on a stalk,

aened, 2-4 inches across, fragrant, and have variety of colors: blue, orange,

yellow, pink and white, oen spots. Flowering occurs in a few months and the

owers last for 2 to 3 weeks. Vanda genus is one of the ve most horculturally

important orchid genera. Many Vanda orchids are regarded as endangered species

in the Convenon on Internaonal Trade in Endangered Species. vv species

distributed in India, Himalaya, SE Asia, Indonesia, the Philippines, New Guinea,

southern China and northern Australia.



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T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )



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139



6. Description of vegetation in Myanmar language

(1)

½ku©aA'trnf tuifefoyfpf tDb&ufwDa,hwyfpf (Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl)

rsdK;&if;trnf atuifefao;pD; (Acanthaceae)

a'otac: c&mjzL (Arm)? zuf&efql;? uRJpm;c&m (&cd kif )? c&m (jrdwf )

tyif\½ku©aA'qd kif&moGifjyifvu©Pmrsm;

tyifobm0 yifaysmhtrsdK;tpm;jzpfonf/ yifpnfrsm; axmifrwf fí (odk Ur[kwf ) jyef Yum;í NcKHyifuJ hod k Yjzpfonf/ 4-5ay cef Ytxd jrifhEd kifonf/

yifpnf yifpnfonf wkwfcd kifíql;rsm;yg&S daom yifpnf½dk;wHi,frsm;pG m xGufavh&S donf/

t&Guf &GufxD;jzpfí rsufES mcsif;qd kifxGufonf/ &Gufjym;onf awmif hwif;rmaMumí iSufaysm&Guf yH koP³ mef &S donf/ &Gufem;[dkufrsm;jzpfaeNyD; &GufxdyfESif h &Gufem;[d kufwdk Y\xdyfrsm;wGif cRefjraomql;rsm;&S donf/ql;rsm;onf aea&mifaumif;pG m&&Sdygu aumufaewwfNyD;? aea&mifaumif;pGmr&&S dygu cyfjym;jym;jzpf aewwfonf/ t&Gufonf tpdrf;&if ha&mif&S dNyD; t&dyfatmufwGif ql;rsm;rygbJ&S dEd kifonf/

yef;yGif h yef;yGif hrsm;onf tpkvd kuf&S dí tyfacsmif;yk Hyef;cd kifjzpfonf/ yef;cdkifrsm;onf tud kif;rsm;\ xdyfrSxGuf aom xdyfxGufyef;cdkif trsdK;tpm;jzpfonf/ yef;yGif hrsm;pkaygif;í toD;tjzpf zHG UNzdK;wwfonf/ yef;yGif h rsm;onf tjzLa&mif&S dNyD; Mumvmaomtcg tndKa&miftoGif ajymif;vJvmonf/ yGif hum;aeaomyef;yGif h\ tvsm;onf 1 vufrcef U&d Sonf/

toD; tufuG JoD; trsdK;tpm;jzpfonf/ &if hrSnf haomtoD;\t&G,ftpm;rS m 1 vufr cef U&S dygonf/ jym;csyfí

av;axmif hpyfpyf yH ko@mef&S donf/ &if hrSnh faomtoD;onf tufuG JNyD;jym;csyfí tjzLa&mif&S daomtaph rsm;onf rdciftyifrS 6 aycef Ytxd ta0;od kY avESif htwl jyef YvGifhwwfygonf/

jyef UES H U&ma'o tdEd,Ed kifiHrS ta&S Uawmiftm&SESifh ypdzdwfork'&mtaemufzufuRef;rsm;? MopaMw;vswdkuf\ tylyd kif;a'otxd jyef YES H Yaygufa&mufonf/ jrefrmEd kifiHwGif {&m0wDjrpf0uG sef;ay:? &cd kifESif h weoF m&Dwd kif;wdk Yüaygufa&mufonf/

a*[aA' þrsdK;pdwfonf 'Da&tjrif hqH k;a&mufonfh &G HUEHGwGifaygufa&mufavh&Sdonf/ tyifBuD;atmuf t&dyf& aomae&mrsm;wGifomru tvif;yGifhae&mrsm;wGifyg aygufa&mufavh&S donf/ txl;ojzif h a&csKdvTrf;aom jrpf0rsm;ESif h jrpfurf;wavsmufwGif tpkvd kufaygufa&mufavh&Sdonf/ þrsKd;pdwf0iftyifrsm;onf 'Da&awmysufae&mrsm;wGif xlxyfpG maygufa&mufavh&S donf/ ukef;wGif;yd kif;wGifvnf; aygufa&mufEk dif onf/

toH k;0ifyHk xkaxmif;NyD; toD;rIef Yud k aoG;oefYaq;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? tylavmifem vdrf;aq;tjzpfvnf;aumif;toH k;jyKonf/ toD;ESif htjrpfud k a&mBudwfí &&S dvmaomtzwfud k a>rqdyfajzaq;ESif h jr§ m;qdyf ajzaq;tjzpf toH k;jyKEd kifonf/ xd kif;EdkifiHwGif c&myif\yÍöig;yg;ud kBudKcsufí &vmaomt&nfud k ausmufuyfwGif ausmufwnfjcif;a&m*gtwGuf toH k;jyKaMumif;od&S d&onf/ tacgufjyKwfa&ud k tat;rd zsm;emjcif;ESifh "mwfrwnf hí ta&jym;,m;,Hjcif;wGif toH k;jyKEd kifonf/ jrefrmEk difiHwGifom;onfrdcifrsm;Ed k Y&nftxGufaumif;&ef t&Gufud k[if;cg;&nfcsufaomufonf/



140



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

(2)

&ku©aA'trnf tuifefoyfpf tpfvpfpDzd k;vd,yfpf (Acanthus ilicifolius Linn.)


a'otac: c&mr&rf;(Arm)? zuf&efql;? c&m (&cd kif )? c&m (Nrdwf )

tyif\&ku©aA'qd kif&moGifjyifvu©Pmrsm;

tyifobm0 awmif hwif;íaxmifrwfaom (od kUr[kwf ) yifaysmhcsKHEG,ftrsKd;tpm;jzpfum 6 ay cef Ytxd jrif hEd kifonf/tñGef Yud kif;wufrsm;onf axmifrwfNyD; touf&if hvmonfESif htrQ idkufusaeavh&S donf/

yifpnf yifpnfonf wpfcgwpf&H t0ga&mif&S dNyD; ql;rsm;yg&S donf/ yifpnfonf ab;ud kif;jzmrIenf;NyD; yifpnf tqpfrsm;wGif av½SLtjrpfrTm;av;rsm; xGufavh&S donf/

t&Guf &GufxD;jzpfí rsufES mcsif;qd kifxGufonf/ &Gufjym;onf tpdrf;&if ha&mif&S dNyD; awmif hwif;rmaMumí

iSufaysm&GufyH koP³ mef&S donf/ &Gufem;onf tawmftwef[d kuf fNyD; t[dkuf\xdyfrsm;wGif ql;rsm;&Sdonf/t&Guftom;xlonf/ za,mif;vT myg&S dNyD; awmufyaom tpdrf;&if ha&mif&S donf/ vH k;0t&dyfatmufwGif aygufa&mufaeygu ql;rsm;xGufavhr&S dyg/

yef;yGifh yef;yGif hrsm; tcd kifvk dufyGif honf/ yef;cdkifrsm;onf tyfacsmif;yk Hjzpfonf? yef;yGifhrsm; >ywfodyfpG mxGufavh &Sdonf/ tudkif;rsm;\xdyfrSxGufaom xdyfxGufyef;cd kiftrsKd;tpm;jzpfonf/ yef;yGif honf c&rf;a&mif jzpfonf/ yef;yGif hrsm;onf vSypG mjzif h xdyfxGufyef;cd kiftrsKd;tpm;rsm;ay:wGif txyfxyfxGufavh&Sd onf/ yGif hcsyfrsm; BuD;rm;onf/ yGifhum;aeaom yef;yGif h\ tvsm;onf 2 vufrcef U&d Sonf/ yGifhcsyfonftjyma&mif(od kY ) c&rf;a&mifjzpfonf/

toD; &ifhrSnf haomtoD;\ t&G,ftpm;rS m 1 vufrcef Y &Sdygonf/ awmufyítpdrf;a&mif&Sdaom toD;awmif h

rsm; pkNyHKí oD;avh&Sdonf/ jym;csyfí av;axmif hpyfpyf yH koP³ mef&S donf h tufuG JoD;trsKd;tpm;jzpfygonf/&ifhrSnh faomtoD;onf tufuG JNyD;jym;csyfí tjzLa&mif&S daom taphrsm;onf rdciftyifrS 6 aycefY txd ta0;od kY avESifhtwljyefYvGif hwwfygonf/

jyef UES HU&ma'o tdEd ,awmifyd kif;? oD&dvuF m? tif'd kcsKdif;em;? tif'd keD;&S m;? zdvpfyd kifESif h MopaMw;vsajrmufyd kif;txdjyef UES HUaygufa&mufonf/ jrefrmedkifiHwGif {&m0wDjrpf0uRef;ay:? weoF m&DESif h &cd kifa'owd k YwGif ayguf a&mufygonf/

a*[aA' tcsKdUaom 'Da&awmtyifrsdK;rsm;uJ hod kU qm;"mwfudk tjrpftqif hwGifom ppfxkwfjcif;r[kwfbJ? t&Guf\rsufES mjyifrSppfxkwfí rd k;a&? avESif htwl jyifyodk Y z,f&S m;ypfjcif;jzpfonf/ xd kaMumif h wpfcgwpf&H qm;"mwftm; t&Guf\tay:rsufES mjyifwGif yH kaqmifcJi,frsm;toGifjzif h awG U&avh&S donf/ t&dyf&aomae&mrsm;wGifomru tvif;yGif hae&mrsm;wGifyg aygufa&mufavh&S donf/

toH k;0ifyH k jrefrmjynfwGif a'ocHrsm;onf t&GufESif htjrpfud k 'lvm? t½d k;tqpfa&mifjcif;? taMumtm;enf;jcif;ESif h jr§m;qdyf? a>rqdyfajzjcif;wd k YwGif toH k;jyKonf/



141



(3)

½ku©aA'trnf tuifefoyfpf aAmfvlbdvpfpf (Acanthus volubilis Wall.)


a'otac: c&mEG,f (Arm)? uifyd (&cd kif )? Zav;EG,f (Nrdwf )


tyifobm0 yifaysmhtrsdK;tpm;jzpfonf/ c&myiftrsdK;tEG,fjzpfaomfvnf; EG,fwufwwf faomaMumifh c&mEG,f [kac:onf/ c&mEG,fyifonf tjcm;tyifrsm;\ &Guftkyfxdwdkif EG,fwufwwfavh&S donf/

yifpnf yifpnfonf qvif'gyk Hjzpfonf/ aysmhajymif;NyD; acGvdrfítql;rJ hum tpdrf;&if ha&mif&S donf/

t&Guf &GufxD;jzpfonf/ t&Gufrsm;rsufESmcsif;qdkifxGufonf/ t&Guf\tem;rsm;onf ajymifacsmonf (odk U)tenf;i,ft0d kufrsm;jzpfaewwfonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzif h ql;ryg&S dbJ yifpnf\ tv,fyd kif;txufwGif

xGufaom t&Gufrsm;\ t&G,ftpm;onf yd krd kMuD;rm;onf/yef;yGif h yef;yGif hrsm; tcd kifvk dufyGif honf/ yef;cd kifrsm;tyfacsmif;yk H&Sdonf/ yef;yGifhrsm; >ywfodyfpG mxGufavh&S donf/

tud kif;rsm;\ xdyfrSxGufaom xdyfxGufyef;cd kifjzpfonf/ tjzLa&mifyef;yGifhrsm;jzpfonf/ yGif hum;aeaomyef;yGif h\ tvsm;onf 1 vufr rS 1 vufr cG JcefU&dSonf/

toD; tufuG JoD;trsdK;tpm;jzpfjyD; toD;wifrIenf;yg;onf/ &ifhrSnf haomtoD;\ t&G,ftpm;rSm 1 vufrcef Uom &S donf/

jyef UES H U&ma'o awmiftm&S? ta&S Uawmiftm&SESif h ygyl0ge,l;*DeDwd kUwGifawG U&S d&wwfonf/ jrefrmEk difiHwGif {&m0wDjrpf0uG sef;ay:? weoFm&DESif h &cd kifa'owd kYü aygufa&mufygonf/

a*[aA' 'Da&0ifaom &TH UEG Hrsm;wGif jrufyifrsm;ESif h a&maES maygufa&mufavh&S donf/

toH k;0ifyHk rav;wd kif;&if;aq;toH k;t& tapUtrIef Uud k aoG;oef Uap&ef a&ESif ha&maES maomufjcif;ESif h tempd krsm;ud k uko&mwGiftoHk;jyKonf/ jrefrmjynfwGif a'ocHrsm;onf t&GufEkrsm;udk [if;csdK? [if;cg;csufaomufMuonf/



142



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

(4)

½ku©aA'trnf tc½dkwpfcRef atmf&D,rf (Acroschum aureum Linnaeus)

rsdK;&if;trnf w,f&Da';pD; (Pteridaceae)

a'otac: iSufBuD;awmiftBuD; (Arm)? rd I[if; (&cd kif )? Zvkyfaiguf (Nrdwf)?


tyifobm0 bH kedrf hyiftrsdK;tpm; (zef;yif ) jzpfonf/ opfyifBuD;rsm;\atmufwGif t½Hkvdkufrsm;jym;pG maygufonf/6 aycef Y jrif honf/

yifpnf yifpnfawmif hwif;NyD; axmifrwfonf/ atmufajcwGif tzwfrsm;ESif h zH k;tkyfxm;onf/

tjrpf ½dkifZkrf;tjrpf trsdK;tpm;jzpfonf/

t&Guf t&Gufrsm;onf iSufarT;&Gufaygif;jzpfonf/ 3 ay cefY &SnfNyD; Asuf 20 vufrcefY&S donf/ i,f&G,fpOfwGif awmufyaom teDa&mif&S donf/ &GufrT mrsm; 10-20 cef Yyg&Sdonf/ rsdK;atmifaom &GufrTmrsm;\xdyfwGif eDndKa&mifpydk;rsm;ESif h zH k;tkyfxm;onf/ rsdK;ratmifaom &GufrTmrsm;\&Gufjym;onf 0d kif;íus,fjyef YNyD;xdyfydkif;odk Y cRefoG m;onf/ t&Gufrsm;\tay:zufrsufES mjyifonf awmufyaomtpdrf;a&mif&S dí atmufrsufES mjyifonf ta&mifazsmhonf/ t&Guf\tem;onf wpfcgw&HwGif vI dif;wGef Yrsm; jzpfay:wwfonf/pydk;xkwfvkyfaom qJvfrsm;onf tkwfcJusdK;a&mifrS oHacs;a&mifajymif;oG m;onf/ &Gufaygif;xdyfzsm;&Sd &GufrTm 5-8 pk HwGifom pyd k;rsm;o,faqmifxm;onf/

yef;yGifh tyGif htoD;raqmifyg/

toD; rsdK;yG m;&eftwGuf t&GufwGif pyd k;rsm;udkxkwfvkyfonf/

jyef UES HU&ma'o ta&S Uawmiftm&Sa'oESif h urÇ mwpf0Srf; tylyd kif;a'orsm;wGif aygufa&mufonf/ jrefrmEk difiHwGif {&m0wDjrpf0uRef;ay:? weoF m&DESif h &cd kifa'owd k Yüf aygufa&mufygonf/

a*[aA' 'Da&awmrsm;\ ukef;wGif;buf a&0yf{&d,mrsm;? yifv,furf;½d k;wef;rsm;wGif ajrtopfjzpfxGef;aom{&d,mrsm;wGif aygufa&mufonf/ qm;ief&nfBudKufyifjzpfaomfvnf; yk HrSefBuD;xG m;&eftwGuf a&csdKud kvnf; vd ktyfaomtyifjzpfonf/ tvif;a&miftajctaetrsdK;rsdK;wGif aumif;pG maygufEk difonf/avmif;&dyfcHEkdifonf/ t&dyfatmufwGif yif&nfysHEIef;avsmhenf;apjcif;jzif h qm;ief'gPfud kcHEk difonf/

toH k;0ifyH k jrefrmEk difiHwGif a'ocHrsm;onf t&GufEkrsm;ud k okwfíaomfvnf;aumif;? csufjyKwfíaomfvnf;aumif;pm;oH k;Muonf/ t&Gufrsm;udk uRJ? EG m;tpmtjzpfvnf;aumif; toH k;jyKonf/ tjrpfajcmuftrIef Yrsm;ud ktemrsm;ESih f tylavmifjcif;rsm;uko&mwGiftok H;jyKonf/



143



(5)

½ku©aA'trnf tc½d kwpfcRef pyDpD,dkqrf (Acroschum speciosum Wild.)

rsdK;&if;trnf w,f&Da';pD; (Pteridaceae)

a'otac: iSufBuD;awmiftao; (Arm)? rdI[if; (&cd kif )? Zvkyfaiguf (Nrdwf)


tyifobm0 iSufBuD;awmif tBuD;uJ hod kY tyGif htoD;raqmifonf h bH kedrf hyiftrsdK;tpm;jzpfonf/ od kY&mwGif iSufBuD;awmiftao;u yd kíi,fonf/ ESpf&SnfcHaom zef;yifjzpfonf/

yifpnf tjrpfrsm;ESif h t&Guf½d k;wHrsm;\atmufajcwGif yifpnfud k tzwfrsm;ESif hzHk;tkyfxm; onf/

tjrpf ½d kifZkrf;tjrpftrsdK;tpm;jzpfonf/

t&Guf t&Gufrsm;onf iSufarT;&Gufaygif;jzpfonf/ iSufBuD;awmiftBuD;ESif h rsm;pG mqifwlonf/ uG mjcm;onfrS miSufBuD;awmiftao;onf tyif½kHi,fjcif;? t&Gufyd kao;jcif;? &GufrT m\xdyfzsm;onf tenf;i,fao;oG,fNyD; cRefoGm;jcif;wd kYjzpfonf/

yef;yGif h tyGif htoD;raqmifyg/

toD; rsdK;yGm;&eftwGuf t&GufwGif pydk;rsm;ud kxkwfvkyfonf/

jyef UES H U&ma'o tm&Swd kuf\tylyd kif;a'o? MopaMw;vswd kuf? ta&S Uawmiftm&Sa'owpfcGifvk H;wd kYwGif jyef YES H Y ayguf a&mufonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif {&m0wDjrpf0uRef;ay:? weoF m&DESif h &cd kifa'owd k Yü aygufa&mufygonf/

a*[aA' iSufBuD;awmiftBuD;uJ hod k Yyif 'Da&awmrsm;\atmuf? tyifBuD;rsm;atmuf? t&dyf&aomae&mrsm;?'Da&twuftusrsm;aomae&mrsm;wGif t½H kvd kuf rsm;jym;pG maygufonf/

toH k;0ifyHk iSufBuD;awmiftBuD;ud k tok H;jyKouJ hod k Yjzpfonf/



144



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

(6)

½ku©aA'trnf at*sD,,fvpfwpfpf a&mhwef'Dzd k;vD;,m; (Aegialis rotundifolia Roxb.)

rsdK;&if;trnf yvlbuf*Dae;pD; (Plumbaginaceae)

a'otac: qm;yif (od kY ) qm;Asufyif (Arm)? qm;abmif (&cd kif )? y'ef; (Nrdwf )


tyifobm0 NcKHyif(od k Y) tyifi,frsdK;jzpfonf/ tom;rmonf/ 6 ay rS 9 ay txdjrif honf/

yifpnf yifpnf\atmufajconf yg;ysOf;uJ hod k YxGufonf/ tud kif;tcufrsm;wGif tenf;ESif htrsm; a&jr§Kyfrsm;&S donf/ t&GufrStrm&Gwfrsm; usef&pfonf/

tjrpf av½SLjrpfrsm;r&S dyg/ yifpnft&if;onf yg;ysOf;uJ hod k Yjyef Yum;aeonf/

t&Guf t&Gufrsm;rS m&GufxD;jzpfonf/ t&Gufrsm;wnfaeyk HrS m &GufvT J(od k Y ) c½kacGyH k jzpfonf/ tuk dif;xdyfwGifpkNyKHxGufonf/ t&Gufrsm;bJOykH0d kif;onf? t&Guftom;xlonf? om;a&uJ hod kYrmonf? rsufES mjyif ajymifacsmonf? t&Guf\ tem;rsm;wGif vI dif;wGefYrsm;ryg&S day/ rsOf;NydKifozG,f &GufaMumrsm;yg&S donf/&Guf½dk;wHatmufajconf tzwftoGifjzpfNyD; tudkif;udk zkH;tkyffxm;onf/

yef;yGifh yef;yGif hrsm; tcdkifvd kufyGif honf? tqH k;&S dyef;cd kifrsm;jzpfNyD; tud kif;rsm;xdyfrS yef;cdkifrsm;xGufonf f/ yef;yGif hwpfyGif hcsif;pDwGif yGifhcsyf 5 ckyg&S dNyD; yGif hcsyf>yefywfvnfwGif qufvsufwnf&S donf/ yGif hzwftH krS quf vsuf&Sdaom yGif hzwf 5 ckonf tjzLa&mif&S dí wd kaomyGif hzwf>yefwGif wG Jqufaeonf/

toD; toD;onf tufuG JoD;jzpfí taphwGif;pmonf a&jr§KyfuJ hod k YyGonf f/

jyef UES H U&ma'o tdE d,? b*Fvm;a'h&S f? jrefrmESifh xd kif;Ek difiHwd k YwGif aygufa&mufygonf/ jrefrmEk difiHwGif {&m0wD ? &cd kifESif h weoFm&Da'orsm;ü aygufa&mufygonf/

a*[aA' 'Da&twuftus&S daomZkeftwGif;? 'Da&awmrsm;\ tedrf hydkif;&T H UEG Hrsm;? tvif;yGif haomae&mrsm;? qm;"mwf yd krd k&&S daom yifv,fESif heD;aomzufwGif oJajr(od k Y ) ausmufwHk;?ausmufcJqefaom ajrqDvT mrsm;wGif aygufa&mufonf/ 'Da&awmrsm;\ ukef;wGif;buftyd kif;wGif tawG U&enf;yg;onf/

toH k;0ifyH k yifpnfud k a'ocHjynfolrsm;\aetdrf? wJrsm;? aqmufvkyf&efESifh avScsnf&eftwGuf wd kiftjzpftoH k;jyK Buonf/



145



(7)

½ku©aA'trnf at*sD;p&m;pf aumfeDulvm;wrf (Aegiceras corniculatum (Linnaeus) Blanco)

rsdK;&if;trnf rmqifae;pD; (Myrsinaceae)

a'otac: a&c&m; (Arm)? *sufovk H; (&cd kif )?


tyifobm0 NcKHyif (od k Yr[kwf ) tyifyktrsKd;tpm;jzpfí tjrif hay 12 aycef Yxd&S donf/

yifpnf/ yifpnfrS macsmarG Uí tacgufrS mrD;cd k;a&mifjzpfonf/ tjrpfrsm;onf ajrrsufES mjyiftay:yd kif;wGifxif&S m;pGm r&S day/

t&Guf/ t&Gufonf &GufxD;jzpfonf/ &GufvGT Jwnf&S donf/ Muuf fOajymif;jyefyHkjzpfonf/ t&Guf\tem;wGif vIdif;wGef Yrsm; ryg&Sday/ t&Gufonf ajymifacsmí ao;i,faom tpuftajymufrsm;&S donf/ t&Gufrsm;

wGif qm;ief&nfpdrf hxGufEk difonf h*vif;rsm; yg&S donf/yef;yGif h/ yef;yGifhrsm;tcdkifvd kufyGifhonf/ xD;yk Hyef;cd kifjzpfonf/ tud kif;xdyfrS yef;cd kifxGufonf/ wpfcd kifvsif 15 -

20 yGif h yg&Sdonf/ yef;yGif hrsm; vdifpkHjzpfonf/ ao;i,fNyD; tjzLa&mif&S donf/ arT;&eH Y&S donf/ 'DZifbmvrS rwfvtxd yGif honf/

toD;/ tufuG JoD;jzpfonf/ toD;\t&G,ftpm;onf 2 vufr cef Y &Snfaom toD;awmifhjzpfonf/ tenf;i,f aumufum xdyfzsm;cRefonf/ toD;\ atmufajconf c½kacGyH koP³ef&S donf/ tpdrf;Eka&mif&S donf/&if hrSnf hvQif yef;a&mif? teDa&mifjzpfvmonf/ jrefrmEk difiHwGif &if hrSnf haomtoD;rsm;ud k arv? ZGefvESif h Zlvd kifvrsm;wGif pkaqmif;Ek difygonf/

jyef UES H U&ma'o tdE d,? oD&dvuF m? awmifw½kwf? ta&S Uawmiftm&S? MopaMw;vs? ygyl0ge,l;*DeDESif h aqmfvrGefuRef;

wd kYjzpfonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif {&m0wD ? &cd kifESif h weoF m&Da'orsm;ü aygufa&mufygonf/a*[aA' jrpf½k d;wpfavQmuf&S d a&csKda&iefpyfaoma'orS a&iefyd kif;txdawGU&Sd&onf/ ,if;tyifrsm;onf wpfcg

w&Hü wpfpkwpfa0;wnf; xlxyfpG maygufa&mufvsuf&S donf/

toH k;0ifyHk opfom;ud k rD;aoG;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? tacgufudk tempdrf;rsm; tan§mfuif;ap&ef aoG;vdrf;jcif;jzif hvnf;aumif;? ig;zrf;&mwGif tacgufjzifh rl;a0apjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif; toH k;jyKBuonf/ vSyaomyef;yGif hrsm;ESih f arT;&eH YaMumif h ysm;&nfxkwfvkyf&mwGif tvGefta&;ygonf/ t&GufEkonf csOfaomt&om&SdNyD; tpdrf;wd k Yp&mtjzpfpm;okH;onf/



146



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

(8)

½ku©aA'trnf tufAfpD;eD;,m; t,fbm (Avicennia alba Blume)

rsdK;&if;trnf tufAfpDeD;a,;pD; (Avicenniaceae)

a'otac: orJhBuufwuf (Arm)? jymykyf (&cd kif)? vrJ h (Nrdwf )


tyifobm0 tyifBuD;rsKd;jzpfí wpfcgw&HrS m tudkif;rsm;>ywfodyfaeaom NcHKykwftjzpf awG Y&onf/ &GuftkyfjyefYum;íwpfcgw&HrSm tud kif;rsm; yifpnf\atmufajcteD;xd xGufwwfonf/ tyiftjrif h ay 60 xuf rjrif h yg/

yifpnf tacgufonf acsmarG Uí El;nHhaom tajrmif;pif;rsm;yg&SdNyD; rD;cdka&mif (odk Yr[kwf ) tpdrf;ykyfa&mifjzpf onf/

tjrpf cJwefyk H av½SLjrpfrsm;jzpfonf/t&Guf t&Gufonf &GufxD;jzpfí rsufES mcsif;qd kifxGufonf/ t&GufyH koP³ ³ mefrS m avmfuufoD;yH krS bJOyk Htxd

&Sdonf/ t&Guf\xdyfzsm;rsm;cRefonf/ t&Guf\tay:rsufES mjyifonfrsm;pG maom *vif;tpuftaysmuf rsm;ESif h awmufyaomtpdrf;a&mif&S donf/ atmufrsufES mjyifonf ajymifvufNyD; aiGrifa&mif &S donf/

yef;yGifh yef;yGif hrsm; tcd kifvk dufyGif honf/ tqH k;r&S dyef;cd kifjzpfonf/ tudkif;xdyf (od k Yr[kwf ) tud kif;ESif ht&GufMum;rS yef;cdkifxGufonf/ yef;cd kifay:wGif ao;i,faomt0ga&mifyef;yGif hrsm;onf 10 yGif hrS 30 yGif hxd &Sdonf/yGif hzwf 4 ck&Sdí t0ga&mifrS vdar® mfa&mifod k Yajymif;onf/ yGif hcsyf 4 ck&S donf/ yef;yGif hrsm; rwfv rS pwifyGif hygonf/

toD; toD;onf tufuG JoD;jzpfí uawmYyH kcyfjym;jym;jzpfonf/ toD;\t&G,ftpm;onf 1.5 vufr cef Y

&Snfí 1 vufrcef Y us,fonf/ xdyfwGif iSufEkwfoD;uJhodk Y jzpfaeonf/ rD;cd k;pdrf;a&mif&Sdí toD;wpfoD;vQif taphwpfaphomygonf/ tyifxufwGifyif tan§ mufaygufEkdifygonf/ Mo*kwfvESif h pufwifbmvrsm;wGif &if hrSnf haomtoD;rsm;ud k pkaqmif;Ek difygonf/

jyef UES H U&ma'o taemuftdE d,? awmiftm&S? ta&S Uawmiftm&S? MopaMw;vsESif h ypdzdwftaemufbufa'owd k Y jzpfonf/jrefrmEk difiHwGif {&m0wD ? &cd kifESif h weoF m&Da'orsm;ü aygufa&mufygonf/

a*[aA' ajcmufaoG Yaom jrpfurf;yg;wpfavQmufrS &T UHEG Hyd kif;jzpfaom yifv,furf;pyfa'oxd aygufa&mufygonf/ topfjzpfxGef;aomvwmjyifrsm;wGif a&S;OD;pG maygufaomtyifjzpfonf/ jrifhrm;aom qm;ief &nf'Pfud k cHEk difonf htyifjzpfonf/

toH k;0ifyH k orJ hom;onf xif;? rD;aoG;tjzpf t&nftaoG;raumif;yg/ &mbmrd Iif;wd kuf&mwGifomokH;onf/ taphud k

jyKwffípm;oH k;Ekdifonf/ tacgufESif htaphud k ig;rsm;tqdyfoif hap&eftwGuf vnf;aumif;? tacgufrS tap;ud k oaEwm;&mwGif toH k;jyKMuonf/ temaygufa&m*grsm;twGuf orJh&Gufud k jymcsítkef;qDESif h a&mvdrf;ay;Muygonf/



147



(9)

½ku©aA'trnf tufAfpD;eD;,m; r&D;em; (Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.)

rsdK;&if;trnf tufAfpDeD;a,;pD; (Avicenniaceae)

a'otac: orJ hjzL (Arm)? jymjzL (&cd kif )

½ku©aA'qd kif&moGifjyifvu©Pmrsm;

tyifobm0 NcKHyif (od k Yr[kwf ) tyifvwfrsKd;jzpfí 10 – 30 ayxd jrif honf/

yifpnf tacgufonf tjzLa&mif? acsmhuvufa&mif&S donf/ ajcmufaoG Uaomtcg uGswfqwfaomtacgufrsm;tzwfvd kufuG monf/ uef Yvef Yjzwfyd kif;rsm;wGiftud kif;onf av;axmif hyH kjzpfonf/ tud kif;tcufrsm;onf vdrfaumufavh&S donf/

tjrpf cJwefyk H av½SLjrpfrsm;&S donf/

t&Guf &GufxD;jzpfonf/ rsufES mcsif;qdkifxGufonf/ &Gufjym;onf bJOyk HrS avmfuufoD;yk Htxd&S donf/ tvsm;2 vufrcef Y &Snfonf/ t&Guftom;xlonf/ t&Guf\tay:zufrsufES mjyifonf acsmarG YNyD; pdrf;0ga&mif&S dí atmufrsufES mjyifonf ao;i,faom tarT;rsm;ESif htwl aiGrifa&mif(od kYr[kwf) rD;cd k;a&mif jzpfonf/ t&GufrsufES mjyifESpfzufpvk H;wGif qm;ud kppfxkwfaom*vif;rsm;&Sdonf/

yef;yGif h yef;yGif hrsm;tcd kifvd kufyGif honf/ yef;cd kifwGifyef;yGif h 2yGif hrS 12yGif htxd >ywfodyfvsufyGifhonf/ yef;cd kifrsm;tud kif;rsm;\xdyfrS xGufonf/ yGif hzwfrsm;onf tjzLa&mifrSt0ga&mifod kY ajymif;oG m;onf/ pl;&SaomteH Y&S donf/ rwfvrSpwifí tyGif hyGif honf/

toD; toD;cG HaysmhoD;jzpfonf/ axmif hpGef;ygíESpfvk H;ykH&S donf/ xdyfwGif iSufEIwfoD;uJ hod k Yjzpfonf/ tom;xl onf/ rD;cd k;pdrf;ta&mifazsmhazsmhjzpfonf/ toD;wGif BuD;rm;aom taphwGif;pm (taph&Guf ) &S donf/

4if;onf tyifaygufud k0ef;&Hvsuf&S donf/ yifxufrsdK;aygufoD;rsdK;jzpfonf/ rdciftyifay:wGifyif tan § § mufaygufNyD;? tyifayguftjzpfa<uusonf/ Mo*kwfvESif hpufwifbmvrsm;wGif toD;rsm; &if hrSnfh onf/

jyefUES H U&ma'o tmz&duta&SUzufurf;ajcwpfavQmuf? awmiftm&S? ta&S Uawmiftm&SwpfvT m;ESif h MopaMw;vs wd k Yjzpf Muonf/ jrefrmEk difiHwGif {&m0wD ? &cd kifESif h weoF m&Da'orsm;ü aygufa&mufygonf/

a*[aA'/ jrpf0rsm;wGif 'Da&a&mufaomZk HtwGif; qm;ief&nfESif h a&csdKa&iefpyfae&mrsm;wGif yd krd kzG HNzdK;onf/ t&Guf rSqm;rsm;ud kppfxkwfEkdifojzif hqm;tiHEIef; jrif hrm;vsifvnf; cHEkdif&nf&S donf/xd kod kY a*[pepftrsdK;rsdK;wGif &SifoefEk difojzif h orJ hjzLonf tjcm;opfrsdK;rsm;ESifh eD;uyfpG mwG JzufaeEk difonf/ jyif;xefaom&moDOwk?avjyif;rsm;? yd k;rT m; a&m*grsm;ud kvnf;cHEkdifonf/ xkdaMumif h topfjzpfxGef;aom&G H Uajrrsm;wGif a&S Uajy;

opfrsdK;tjzpf pwifaygufa&mufonf/ od k Y&mwGif t&dyfusa&mufjcif;ud k rcHEk difacs/ orJ hawmrsm;onf ig;? ykZGefrsm; om;aygufyG m;&mawmrsm; jzpfonf/

toH k;0ifyH k/ opfom;ud k xif;tjzpfoH k;onf/ t&Gufud k tylavmifemrsm;twGufvnf;aumif;? tacgufrStap;ud k oaEwm;aq;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? orJ h&Gufud kjymcsí tkef;qDESif ha&mum temaygufa&m*grsm;twGuf vnf;aumif; tok H;jyKMuygonf/



148



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

(10)

½ku©aA'trnf tufAfpD;eD;,m; atmhzfpDe,fvpfpf (Avicennia ocinalis L.)

rsdK;&if;trnf/ tufAfpDeD;a,;pD; (Avicenniaceae)

a'otac: orJhBuD; (Arm)? jym (&cd kif)

½ku©aA'qd kif&moGifjyifvu©Pmrsm;

tyifobm0 tjrJpdrf;aom tyifBuD;rsKd;jzpfNyD; 75 aytxdjrif honf/

yifpnf tacgufonf yg;vT míacsmarG UNyD; pdrf;0ga&mifrS rD;cd k;ndKa&mifajymif;oG m;onf/ tacguf\rsufES mjyifwGif tpuftaysmufrsm;pG m yg&S donf/

tjrpf cJwefyk H av½SLjrpfrsm;jzpfonf/

t&Guf t&Gufonf &GufxD;jzpfí rsufES mcsif;qd kifwnf&S donf/ bJOajymif;jyefyH k(odk Yr[kwf ) us,fjyef YaomiSufaysm&GufyH kjzpfonf/ t&Guf\xdyfonf 0d kif;í atmufajconf cRefonf/ 2 - 5vufrcefY&Snfí1- 2.5vufrcef Y us,fonf/ t&Guftem; tenf;i,fwGef Yvdyfonf/ t&Guftom;xlNyD; acsmarG Uonf/tay:zufrsufESmjyifonf awmufyaomtpdrf;a&mif&S dí tpuftaysmuf? tayguf frsm;pG mjzif h zH k;tkyf xm;onf/ atmufrsufES mjyifwGif pdrf;0ga&mifEl;nH haom tarT;rsm;? ap;uyfaomtqDrsm;jzif h zH k;tkyf xm;onf/

yef;yGifh yef;yGif hrsm; tcdkifvd kufxGufonf/ yef;cd kifonf OD;acgif;yH ktqH k;&Sdyef;cd kifjzpfonf/ tud kif;rsm; xdyfrSxGufonf/ wpfcd kifvsif yef;yGif h 2 - 12 yGif htxd yg&S donf/ yGif hn § mwHr&S dacs/ yef;yGifh\ta&mifrS mt0ga&mifjzpfonf/

toD; toD;onf tufuGJoD;jzpfonf/ bJOyHkcyfjym;jym;ESifh xdyfwGif iSufEIwfoD;uJ hod kY&S donf/ toD;onf 1

vufrcef Y &Snfonf/ toD;ud k tarT;wd krsm;jzif hzH k;tkyfxm;onf/ wpfoD;vQif taphwpfaphyg&S donf/taphonf BuD;rm;í cyfjym;jym;jzpfNyD; taphcG Hryg&S day/ a&xJwGiftan § mufxGufonf/

jyef UES H U&ma'o rl&if;a'orS m ta&SUygupöwef? oD&dvuF m? awmiftm&S? ta&S Uawmiftm&S? MopaMw;vswd k Y jzpfMuonf/jrefrmEk difiHwGif {&m0wD? &cd kifESif h weoF m&Da'orsm;ü aygufa&mufygonf/

a*[aA' 'Da&awmtwGif;ydkif;usaom &T UHEG Hrsm;? 'Da&twuftus&S daom jrpfurf;yg;wpfavQmuf? urf;ajcESif hajredrf hyd kif; EH k;yd kYcsonf h ae&mrsm;wGifaygufa&mufonf/

toH k;0ifyH k opfom;ud k xif;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? bD½d k? tdrf? avS? aqmufvkyfjcif;wd k YwGifvnf;aumif;? tacgufESif htjrpfrsm;udk qd k;aq;tjzpfvnf;aumif; toH k;jyKMuonf/ tacgufESif htoD;ud k tm;wd k;aq;tjzpfESif h temrsm;ta&mifusap&eftwGuf tok H;jyKonf/



149



(11)

½ku©aA'trnf b½l*sD&m qvif'&Dum (Bruguiera cylindrica (L.) BI.)

rsdK;&if;trnf ½d kifZd kzd ka&;pD; (Rhizophoraceae)

a'otac: ES HjAL; (Arm)? ES HjzL (&cd kif )? jAL;ykwf (Nrdwf )


tyifobm0 tNrJpdrf;opfyifjzpfonf/ tjrif h 60ay txdjrif honf/

yifpnf tacgufrSm rD;cd k;a&mif&S donf/ yifpnfwGif av&SLayguftzkrsm;&S donf/ yifpnftajcwGif edrf haomyg;ysOf;rsm;&S donf/

tjrpf 'l;qpfyk Htjrpfxk H;rsm;&S donf/

t&Guf t&Gufrsm;onf &GufxD;jzpfonf/ &Gufqd kifxGufonf/ bJOyH koP³ mef&S donf/ tvsm; 3 - 7vufr? teH 1 - 3vufr t&G,ftpm;&S donf/ &Gufem;acsmonf/ &GufxdyfcRefí &Guf&if;onf oyfyk HoP³ mef&S donf/t&Gufyg;vT mNyD; awmufyaomtpdrf;a&mif&S donf/ &GufpG,f&S donf/ t0gazsmh(od kY ) tpdrf;a&mifjzpfonf/&Gufn § mwH &Snfonf/

yef;yGif h yef;yGif hrsm;onftcd kifvdkufyGifhonf/ tqk H;&S dyef;cd kifjzpfonf/ tud kif;ESifht&GufMum;rSyef;cd kifrsm;xGufonf/wpfcd kifvsif 2yGifh (odk Y ) 3yGif Y yg&S donf/ yGif hzwftk Honf acsmrGwfNyD; tpdrf;Eka&mif&S donf/ yGif hzwf 8 ck onf toD;wGif axmif hrSefjyKvsufuyfaeonf/ yGifhcsyfrsm; tjzLa&mif&S donf/ od kY&mwGif rMumrD tndKa&mifajymif;oG m;onf/ t0d kuf2ckygí tjyifbuftem;wGif tjzLa&miftarT;rsm;yg&S donf/'DZifbmv? Zefe0g&Dvrsm;rS pwifyef;yGif hygonf/

toD; taphrS tan § mufaygufvmaomtñGef Yavmif; (toD;[krSwf,lavh&S donf ) onf aq;jyif;vdyfESif hwlí

6vufrcef Y &Snfonf/ tpdrf;a&mif(od kY ) t0ga&mifyGifhzwfrsm;onf toD;wGifaxmif hrSefjyKí wG,fuyf usef&pfonf/ tyifaygufonf tenf;i,fauG;aumufí c&rf;a&mif&S donf/ rdciftyifay:wGif&S dpOf tan § mufxGufaom yifxufrsdK;ayguftoD;rsdK;jzpfonf/ {NyDv? arv? ZGefvrsm;wGif&if hrSnf haomtoD;rsm;&&S dEkdifygonf/

jyef YES H U&ma'o tdEd,? oD&dvuF m? jrefrm? xd kif;? AD,uferf? tif'd keD;&S m;? rav;&S m;? zdvpfyd kif? ygyl0ge,l;*DeD?ypdzdwfuRef;rsm;? MopaMw;vsajrmufyk dif;a'orsm;wGif jyef YES HYaygufa&mufonf/ jrefrmEk difiHwGif {&m0wD?&cd kifESif h weoF m&Da'orsm;ü aygufa&mufygonf/

a*[aA' trsm;tm;jzif hajrap;? &T H Uap;ajrrsdK;wGifvnfaumif;? orJ hyifrsm;\ taemufbufwGifvnf;aumif; ayguf a&mufonf/

toH k;0ifyHk t&GufEkrsm;ud kjyKwfNyD;aemuf qm;pdrfívnf;aumif;? tpdrf;twd kif;vnf;aumif; pm;oH k;Muonf/tacgufud k [if;cwftarT;tBudKiftjzpf toH k;jyKonf/ opfom;onf av;vHrmaMumojzif h aqmufvkyf a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGiftokH;jyKonf/ xif;? rD;aoG;tjzpf vlBudKufrsm;onf/ tylpGrf;tiftrsm;qk H;ay;Ek difonf h 'Da&awmopfrsdK;jzpfonf/ tacgufrSxl;qef;aomteH YwpfrsdK;xGufojzif h ig;rsm;ta0;od k Yajy;Muonf/



150



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

(12)

½ku©aA'trnf b½l*sD&m *sifrfEkd½d kifZm (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lamk.)


a'otac: jALtkyfaqmif; (Arm)? csif;rem;a'gif;? wGwfcarmuf (&cd kif )? aqmif;BuD; (Nrdwf )


tyifobm0 tjrJpdrf;opfyifjzpfonf/ tjrifhay 90 txdjrif honf/

yifpnf tacgufrS m tndK&if ha&mif&S donf/ yifpnfwGif av½SLaygufrsm;&S donf/ ig;taMu;cG HuJ hod k Y tayG;rsm;&S donf/yifpnfajc&if;wGif yg;ysOf;rsm;jzpfaeonf/

tjrpf tyifatmufajrBuD;ay:wGif 'l;qpfyk kHav½SLjrpfrsm;pG m&S donf/ tjrJwrf;a&0yfaomae&mrsm;wGif yifpnf ay:rS av½SLjrpftwd krsm; xGufwwfonf/

t&Guf t&Gufrsm;&GufxD;jzpfonf/ &Gufqd kifxGufonf/ bJOyk H&SnfarsmarsmrS avmhuufoD;yk H&Sdonf/&GufxdyfcRefonf/ t&G,ftpm;rS m 3 - 7 vufr t&SnfESifh 2 - 3 vufrtus,fcef Y &S donf/ om;a&uJ hod k Y rmonf/ teDa&mif&Sdonf/ &GufpG,fonfvnf; teDa&mif&S dEk difonf/ jALtkyfaqmif;\ t&Guf\xdyfzsm;ydkif;onf usOf;ajrmif;ao;oG,fonf/

yef;yGifh yef;yGif hrsm;onf tud kif;tcufrsm;Mum;rS xD;wnf;xGufonf/ xlNyD;cRefaom t0d kufrsm;ygonf h 10ck xufyd kaom yGif hcsyfftHkonf trsm;tm;jzif h yef;a&mifrSteDa&mifodk Y ajymif;oG m;onf/ yGif hzwfrsm;onf tndK a&mifrS vdar® mfa&mifod k Yajymif;NyD; 0wfqHzd kwd kif 3ckonf xdyfüuyfaeonf/ wpfESpfvk H;eD;yg; yef;yGifh onf/

toD; tñGef Yavmif;(toD;[krSwf,lavh&S donf )onf oHvGifpdrf;a&mif&S dí xdyfyd kif;ü&S donf/ toD;wGif

axmif hpGef;rsm;&S donf/ ,if;onf vwfqwfonf htcsdefü xif&S m;rIr&S dyJ ajcmufaoG Uonf htcgwGif ay:vGifxif&S m;onf/ t&G,ftpm;rS m 8 vufrcef Y&Snfí 0.75 vufrcefY vH k;ywf&S donf/ toD;rsm; {NyDvrSZlvd kifvtwGif; &ifhrSnf honf/

jyef YES H U&ma'o tmz&duwd kuf\ awmifbufESih fta&S Ubufurf;rS? tdE d,? oD&dvuF m? ta&SUawmiftm&SESif h ypdzdwf ork' &mtaemufyd kif;a'owd kYwGif awGY&onf/ jrefrmEk difiHwGif {&m0wD ? &cd kifESif h weoF m&Da'orsm;üaygufa&mufygonf/

a*[aA' jAL;tkyfaqmif;onf jAL;ajcawmuf&Guf0d kif;rsm;ESif h rsm;aomtm;jzifh a&maES maygufa&mufwwfonf/'Da&awmtwGif; jAL;tkyfaqmif;ud k ae&muGufí vTrf;rd k;yiftjzpfawGUEkdifonf/

toH k;0ifyH k opfom;onf teDa&mif&S dNyD; tom;rmonf/ yk difwd kif½d kufjcif;? owåKwGif;axmufwd kifrsm;? tdrfwd kifrsm;? y

&dabm*rsm;jyKvkyf&mwGifvnf;aumif;? xif; ? rD;aoG;tjzpfvnf;aumif; tokH;jyKonf/ toD;udkpm;ok H;Ek difonf/



151



(13)

½ku©aA'trnf b½l*sD&m [defeufqD; (Bruguiera hainesii C.G.Rogers)

rsdK;&if;trnf ½d kifZd kzd ka&;pD; (Rhizophoraaceae)

a'otac: NrdKifBuD; (od kY ) aqmif;zd k (Arm)? NrdKifBuD; (&cd kif)


tyifobm0 tyifBuD;rsdK;opfyifjzpfonf/ tjrif h ay 100 cefYtxd &S donf/

yifpnf yifpnf\tacgufonf tndKa&mifrS rD;cd k;a&mifod kYajymif;í tyif\xdyfzsm;rS atmufajctxd 0gndK a&mif tpuftajymufrsm;yg&S donf/ wpfcgwpf&HrS m acsmarGUonf/ wd kaomyg;ysOf;rsm;&S donf/

tjrpf 'l;acgif;yk Hav½SLjrpfrsm;&Sdonf/

t&Guf &GufxD;jzpfonf/ &Gufqd kifxGufonf/ t&Gufrsm;onf bJOyH koP³mef&Sdí 3.5vufrrS 6.5vufrxd &Snfonf/ awmufyaomtpdrf;a&mif&S donf/

yef;yGif h yef;yGif hrsm;tcd kifvd kufyGifhonf/ wpfcd kifvsif 2 - 3 yGif h ygonf/ yGif hzwftk Honf &Snfíawmifhwif;aomt0dkuf 10 ck yg&S donf/ tpdrf;a&mifazsmha&mif&Sdonf/ yGif hcsyfrsm;onf tjzLa&mif&S donf/ 3 - 4vufrcef Y &Snfonf? tarT;xlonf/ ao;i,faomyef;yGif hrsm;onf vdyfjymuJ hod k Yaomtif;qufrsm;\tultnDjzif h 0wfrIeful;Muonf/ jrdKifBuD;yef;yGifhonf ES HjAL;yef;yGif hxufyd kBuD;onf/

toD; rdciftyifay:wGifyif zG HYNzdK;vmaom tñGef Yavmif;(toD;[krSwf,lavh&S donf )onf aq;jyif;vdyfyH k oP³ mefESif hwlí 4 vufrcef Ytxd &Snfonf/ tzsm;wGif tenf;i,fxlNyD; aumufaeonf/ yGif hzwfrsm;onf toD;wGif axmifhrSefwG,fuyfvsuf&Sdonf/

jyef YES H U&ma'o tdEd,Ek difiHESif h ta&SUawmiftm&SwGif jrefrmEk difiHawmifyd kif;ESifh xd kif;Ek difiHwdk YwGif us,fjyef YpG mayguf a&mufrI&Sdonf/ rav;uRef;qG,fESif h ygyl0ge,l;*leDwd k YwGifvnf; awG U&S d&onf/ jrefrmEk difiHwGif {&m0wD ?&cd kifa'orsm;ü aygufa&mufygonf/

a*[aA' 'Da&awma'orsm;\ ukef;wGif;ydkif;usaomae&mrsm;? tjrif hqk H;'Da&oma&muf&S dEkdifaom tawmf ajcmufaoG Uaomae&mrsm;wGif awG U&S d&onf/

toH k;0ifyHk xif;tjzpftjyif aqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;wGifygtok H;jyKonf/



152



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

(14)

½ku©aA'trnf b½l*sD&m ygADzavmf&m (Bruguiera parviora (Roxb.) W. & A. ex Gri.)

rsdK;&if;trnf ½d kifZd kzd ka&;pD; (Rhizophoraaceae)

a'otac: 0g;Budwfvdrf (Arm)? oDvm (&cdkif )? iSuf (Nrdwf )


tyifobm0 tjrJpdrf;opfyifjzpfonf/ 15 ay rS 45ayxd jrif honf/

yifpnf yifpnfonfrD;cdk;a&mif&S dNyD;? tacgufrSm tajr § mif;rsm;jzpfaeonf/

tjrpf 'l;acgif;ykH av½SLjrpfrsm;&Sdonf/ 4if;tjrpfrsm;onf ajray:odk Y 1 aycef Ytxd jrif h fonf/

t&Guf t&Gufrsm;onf &GufxD;jzpfonf? &Gufqd kifxGufonf? t&Gufrsm; bJO&Snfarsmarsmyk H&S dMuonf?&GufxdyfcRefonf? &Guf&if;odk YoG,fonf/ t&Gufonfpdrf;0ga&mif&S dí &GufpG,frS m t0gEka&mifjzpfonf/

yef;yGifh yef;yGif hrsm;onf tcd kifvd kufyGif honf/ tqk H;&S dyef;cd kiftrsdK;tpm;jzpfonf/ tud kif;ESif h t&GufMum;rS yef;cdkifxGufonf/ wpfcd kifwGif 3-7 yGif hygonf/ yef;yGif hrsm; pdrf;0ga&mif&Sdonf/ yGif hcsyf 8-ck&S dNyD;yGif hcsyftk Honf >yefyk Hjzpfaeonf/ yGif hcsyfrsm;onf toD;awmifhESiYftvsm;vdkufNydKifvsuf cd kifjrJpG mwG,fuyfusef&pfonf/

toD; tyifavmif;(toD;[krSwf,lavh&S donf)onf rdciftyifay:wGifyifzG H UNzdK;onf/ yifxufrsdK;aygufoD;trsdK;tpm;jzpfonf/ qvif'gyH k&S dí 6 vufrcef Y f&SnfNyD; rsufES mjyifacsmarG Uonf/

jyef YES H U&ma'o tdE d,? b*Fvm;a'h&S f? qmrd k0guRef;pk? ta&S Uawmiftm&S? MopaMw;vswdkufajrmufyd kif;a'orsm;wGif jyefYES Y H aygufa&mufonf/ jrefrmEk difiHwGif {&m0wD ? &cd kifESif h weoF m&Da'rsm;ü aygufa&mufygonf/

a*[aA' 'Da&awmrsm;\ twGif;yd kif;usaomae&mrsm;wGifawG U&S d&NyD; rSwfwrf;rsm;t& BuD;xG m;rIaES;auG;NyD;oufwrf;wd kaom tyifrsdK;jzpfonf/

toH k;0ifyH k opfom;onf odyfonf;qrsm;onf/ tom;rmonf/ od k Y&mwGif vG,fulpG mBuKH UNyD; tufuGJaMumif;rsm;jzpfwwfonf/ owåKwGif;axmufwd kifESifh ig;rQm;wHtjzpfok H;onf/ xif;? rD;aoG; t&nftaoG;aumif;rGefonf/ tan § mufxGufptyifaygufud k pm;ok H;Ek difonf/



153



(15)

½ku©aA'trnf b½l*sD&m qufqef*lvm (Bruguiera sexangula Loureiro)


a'otac: jAL;a&T0g? jAL;Muufwuf (Arm)? oDvm (&cd kif )? aqmif;ao; (Nrdwf )


tyifobm0 tjrJpdrf;opfyifjzpfonf/ tjrif h 40 ay txdjrif hEk difonf/

yifpnf tacgufrSm rD;cd k;a&mif? tndKazsmhta&mif&S donf/ tayG;acsmonf/ azgYESifhwlaomav½SLaygufrsm;ygonf/ yifpnftajcwGif yg;ysOf;jzpfaeonf/

tjrpf 'l;acgif;yk Hav½SLjrpfrsm;&Sdonf/ wpfcgwpf&H axmufuefjrpfrsm;&S donf/

t&Guf &GufxD;jzpfonf/ &GufqdkifxGufonf? t&Gufjym;onf bJOyk H&Snfarsmarsm(ok dY ) iSufaysm&GufykH&S donf/&Guf&if;onf oyfyk HuJ hod k Y&S dNyD; &Gufzsm;cRefonf/ tvsm; 3 - 6 vufr? teH 1 - 4 vufrt&G,f&Sdonf/t&Gufrsm;onf om;a&uJ hod k Yrmonf? &GufpG,frsm;&S dNyD; tpdrf;a&mif(od k Y) t0ga&mifoef;onf/ &Gufn § monfvnf; t0ga&mifoef;onf/

yef;yGif h wpfyGif hcsif;yGif honf/ yef;yGif hrsm;onf tud kif;ESih ft&GufMum;rSxGufonf/ yGif hzwftk Honf 0.5 vufrcef Y &Snfonf? yGif hzwft0d kuf 9 - 13 ckyg&S donf/ yGif hzwftem;rsm;wGif tarT;Murf;rsm;&S donf/ yGif hcsyfrsm;onf t0ga&mifjzpfonf/ &if hvmvQif vsifjrefpG m tndKa&mifodk Yajymif;oG m;onf/ wpfESpfywfvnfvk H; yef;yGif h onf/

toD; toD;rsufESmjyifwGif axmif hpGef;(aZmif;)rsm;&S donf/ 0.5 vufrcef Y&Snfonf? yifxufrsdK;aygufoD;rsdK;jzpfonf/ tyifavmif;(toD;[krSwf,lavh&S donf )onf rdciftyifay:wGifyif zG H UNzdK;onf/ aq;jyif;vdyfyH k

&S dí 2 - 5 vufrcef Y &Snfonf/ a&wGifarsmNyD; rsdK;jyef YyG m;onf/jyefYES H U&ma'o tdEd,? oD&dvuF m? jrefrm? xd kif;? uarÇ m'D;,m;? AD,uferf? tif'd keD;&Sm;? rav;&S m;? zdvpfyd kif? [d kifeefuRef;?

ESif h ypdzdwfuRef;rsm;wGif jyefYES H Yaygufa&mufonf/ jrefrmEk difiHwGif {&m0wDwd kif;üaygufa&mufygonf/

a*[aA' yifv,furf;½d k;wef;ESif h 'Da&a&mufaom acsmif;wpfavsmufwGifaygufonf/ pGwfpd kaomae&mwGif jAL;tkyfaqmif;ESifhtwlwG Jí aygufonf/

toH k;0ifyH k opfom;onf av;vHNyD;rmaMumonf/ od k Y&mwGif vG,fulpGmtufuG Jonf/ owåKwGif;axmufwdkifrsm;ESif h arsmwd kifrsm;? xif;? rD;aoG;rsm;tjzpf ok H;onf/ tjrpfESifht&Gufud k tylavmifemrsm;wGiftok H;jyKonf/



154



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

(16)

½ku©aA'trnf qD&Da,mhyf 'Duif'&m (Ceriops decandra (Gri..) Ding Hou)


a'otac: r'r (Arm)? ubd kif (&cd kif )? ubd kif (Nrdwf )


tyifobm0 tNrJpdrf;tyifi,f(od k Y ) NcKHtrsdK;tpm;jzpfonf/ tjrif hay 15ay(5 rDwm)cef Y jrih fonf/

yifpnf tacgufonf tndKa&mif&S dum ajymifacsmrStzwfrsm;&S dwwfonf/

tjrpf ao;i,faom yg;ysOf;rsm;&S donf/

t&Guf &GufxD;trsdK;tpm;jzpfonf? &Gufqd kifxGufonf? bJOyk H&Snfarsmarsm&S donf? tvsm; 4 vufr teH 2vufrt&G,f&S donf/ awmufajymifaomtpdrf;a&mif&S donf/

yef;yGifh yef;yGif hrsm; tcd kifvd kufyGif honf/ tqk H;r&Sdyef;cd kiftrsdK;tpm;jzpfNyD; OD;acgif;yk Hyef;cdkifjzpfonf/ tudkif;ESih ft&GufMum;rSyef;cd kifxGufonf/ wpfcd kifvQif yef;yGifh 2 - 4 yGif h yg&S donf? yef;yGif hrsm;wGif yGif hn § mwHr&Sdacs?yef;cdkif½d k;wHonf wd kNyD;rmonf/ axmifhcRef;rsm;ygonf/ yef;yGif hrsm;ao;i,fNyD; tjzLa&mif&Sdonf/tjzLa&mifyGif hcsyftk Honf &if hvmonfESifhtrQ tndKa&mifod k Yajymif;oG m;onf/ wpfESpfywfvH k; tyGif h yGif honf/

toD; toD;\xdyfyd kif;onf vH k;0d kif;NyD; axmifrwfaeaom taetxm;jzif hoD;avh&S donf/ yGifhzwfwnfNrJonf/toD;onf0.5 vufr cef Yom &Snfonf/ yGif hzwftH kwGif av&Iaygufrsm;ESif htuGuftajymufrsm;yg&S donf/wpfESpfywfvnfvk H; toD;oD;onf/

jyef YES H U&ma'o tdE d,wd kuf? ta&S Uawmiftm&S? ta&S UwDarmESih f ygyl0ge,l;*DeDwd k YwGif jyef YES H Yaygufa&mufonf/jrefrmEk difiHwGif {&m0wD ? &cd kifESif h weoF m&Da'orsm;ü aygufa&mufygonf/

a*[aA' 'Da&awmrsm;\twGif;yd kif;rS ukef;wGif;bufae&mrsm;? aeYpOf 'Da&tjrif hqH k;a&muf&S dNyD; a&csdK0ifa&mufrI&S daomae&mrsm;? ykHrSefyifv,fa&iefEIef;xufryd kaom tief"gwf&&S daomae&mrsm;wGif aygufa&mufonf/oufywf 8 ESpfjzif h ikwfwufcRefjcif; "r®wmrsdK;qufvkyfief;ud k aqmif&GufEk difonf/

toH k;0ifyH k 'Da&awmopfrsdK;rsm;teuf r'rom;onf trmqk H;jzpfonf/ wm&SnfcHEkdifpGrf;&S donf htwGuf wd kif?avSaxmufwd kifESif h u&d,mwefqmyvmrsm;\ vufudkif½d k;rsm;jyKvkyf&mwGif toH k;jyKonf/ xif;rD;aoG;tjzpfvnf; toHk;jyKonf/ tacgufonf aq;zuf0if*kPfowd Å&S dNyD; wifeif<u,f0ojzif h qd k;aq;xkwf&mwGifvnf;aumif; toH k;0ifonf/



155



(17)

½ku©aA'trnf qD&Da,mhyf w,f*,fvf (Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Roxb.)


a'otac: r'r-arQm (Arm) ? ubdkif-a&eD (&cdkif )? yef;vH k; (Nrdwf)


tyifobm0 tyifi,ftrsdL;tpm;jzpfonf/ tyifBuD;vnf;awGUEkdifonf? tjrJpdrf;opfrsdK;jzpfonf/ tjrifh 20 - 40aycef Yom &Sdonf/

yifpnf yifpnf\tacgufonf tndKazsmha&mif(odk Y ) teDa&mifoef;onf? tacgufonf acsmarG Uonf(od k U)yH koP³mefrrSefaom tufuG JaMumif;rsm;&S donf/ vHk;ywf 8 - 16 vufrcef Y &Sdonf? &GufpG,frS zG H UNzdK;vmaomtud kif;rsm;onf xdyfzsm;rsm;jym;csyfonf/ ao;i,faomyg;ysOf;rsm;&S donf/

tjrpf 'l;qpfyk Htjrpfxk H;rsm;&S donf/t&Guf &GufxD;trsdK;tpm;jzpfum &Gufqd kifxGufavh&S donf/ bJOajymif;jyefyk H&Sdonf/ &Gufxdyf0d kif;NyD; t[d kufyg&S d

um &Guf&if;cRefonf/ tvsm; 2 - 3 vufr ESih f teH 1-2.5 vufrt&G,f &S donf? &Gufem;acsmonf/t&dyfatmufwGif tpdrf;&if ha&mif&S dNyD; aea&mifatmufwGifrl awmufyaompdrf;0ga&mif&Sdonf/ tom;xl um om;a&uJhodk Yrmonf/ ajymifacsmNyD; tarT;r&S dacs/ &GufaMumrT mrsm; rxif&S m;yg/ &GufpG,f tpH kvdkuf&S dNyD; tud kif;xdyf&Sd&GufpG,frsm;onf jym;csyfonf/

yef;yGif h yef;yGif hrsm;tcd kifvd kufyGifhonf/ tqk H;&S dyef;cd kiftrsdK;tpm;jzpfonf/ tud kif;ESif ht&GufMum;rS yef;cdkif xGufonf/ wpfcd kifvsif 4 – 10 yGif hcef Y ygavh&S donf/ tpdrf;a&mifyGif hzwf 5 - 6 ck&SdNyD;? yGif hzwftpG,frsm;onf toD;wGifaemufjyefvSnf hNyD; wG,fuyfaeMuonf/ tjzLa&mifyGifhcsyfonfvnf; 5 - 6 ck

&S donf/ yGif hcsyftkHwGif t[d kuf 2 ck &S donf/toD; cG HaysmhoD;jzpfonf/ rdciftyifay:&S dpOfwGif tañ § mufxGufonf/ yifxufrsdK;aygufoD;rsdK;jzpfonf/

tyifavmif;onf(toD;ESif hrS m;avh&S donf ) aq;jyif;vdyfyk HoP³ mef&S donf/ tvsm; 6 vufr rS 1 aytxd &Snfonf/ taphwpfaphwnf;om yg&S donf/ xif&S m;aomaxmif hpGef;rsm;&S donf/ wGJvsm;usaeaomtaetxm;jzif h oD;avh&S donf/

jyef YES H U&ma'o tmz&duta&S Uzsm;rS ta&S Uawmiftm&S? MopaMw;vstxd jyef YESH Yaygufa&mufonf/ jrefrmEk difiHwGif {&m0wD ? &cd kifESif h weoFm&Da'orsm;ü aygufa&mufygonf/

a*[aA' 'Da&awmtwGif;yk d kif;? &Hzef&Hcg'Da&a&mufEk difaom? a&pD;a&vmaumif;aom? ae&mrsm;wGif aygufa&muf onf/ r'rarsmonf a&m*g? yd k;rT m;? qm;ief"mwfESifh a&0yfjcif;wd kYudk aumif;pG mcHEk dif&nf&S donf/ r'r

arsmawmud k tuGufvd kuf oD;oef YawG U&wwfonf/ wpfcgwpf&H jAL;tkyfaqmif;? jAL;ajcaxmufyifrsm;atmufwGif awG U&avh&S donf/ obm0rsdK;qufjcif;aumif;rGefaomaMumif h pk dufcif;jyKvkyf&efyif rvd ktyf acs/

toH k;0ifyHk r'rarsmtom;onf 'Da&awmopfrsdK;rsm;wGif trmqk H;jzpfonf/ xif;? rD;aoG; t&nftaoG;taumif;qk H;jzpfonf/ tacgufonf wifeif"mwf<u,fpGmyg0ifojzif h qd k;aq;csufvkyf&mwGifok H;onf/toD;ud kpm;oH k;Ekdifonf/ opfud k tdrf? avS? rsm; aqmufvkyf&mwGif toH k;jyKonf/



156



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

(18)

½ku©aA'trnf tdyfZd kum&D,m t*,fvd kcg (Excoecaria agllocha L.)

rsdK;&if;trnf ,lzd kbDa,;pD; (Euphorbiaceae)

a'otac: wa&m (Arm)? usuef; (&cdkif )? wa&m (Nrdwf )?


tyifobm0 &Gufa<u tyifBuD;trsdK;tpm;jzpfonf? &GuftkyfyHkoP³ meftrsdK;rsdK;&S dum tjrif hay 60 cef Y jrif honf/

yifpnf yifpnf\tacgufonf Murf;wrf;NyD; tndKa&mif&S dum taygufrsm;ygaom tacgufzwfrsm;ESifh zH k;tkyf vQuf&S donf/

tjrpf ajray:av½SLjrpfrsm;r&S day/

t&Guf &GufxD;trsdK;tpm;jzpfonf/ bJOajymif;jyefyH krS t&if;ESif htzsm;ESpfbuf tcsdK;nDoG,faomyk H&S donf?t&Guf\xdyfonf t0d kuf(od kY ) xdyfcRefonf/ tvsm; 1.5 – 5 vufr ESif h teH 1 – 2 vufrt&G,f &Sdonf f/ &Gufem;onf trsm;tm;jzif h twGef Yrsm;&S dwwfonf/ t&Gufonf ajymifacsmNyD; tom;xlonf/&Gufn § mwHonf 0.5 – 1 vufreD;yg;&SnfNyD; t&if;wGif*vif; 2 ck&S donf/ &GufEkonf yef;a&mifoef;NyD;&if hvmaomf awmufyaomteDa&mifodk Y ajymif;oG m;onf/ &Gufa<ucgeD;csdefwGif wpfyifvH k;eD;yg;teDa&mifjzpfaeonfud k awG U&S d&onf/

yef;yGifh yef;yGif hrsm; tcd kifvd kufyGif honf? aMumifNrD;yef;cd kifjzpfonf/ tud kif;ESifht&GufMum;rS yef;cdkifxGufonf/yef;yGif hrsm; ao;i,fí yGif hn § mrJhonf/ yef;cd kifay:wGif aMumifvdrftaetxm;jzif h axmifrwfpG m yGif hMuonf/ tzd kyif? tryiftjzpf oD;jcm;awG U&onf/ tryGif honf yd kíao;i,fNyD; yef;cdkifay:wGif >ywfodyfpGmyGif havh&S donf/

toD; tufuG JoD;trsdK;tpm; jzpfonf? toD;\yH koP³mefonf vH k;0d kif;NyD; 0.5 vufrcef Y tcsif;&Sdonf/tajrmif;oH k;ajrmif;ygonf/ taphrsm; tndK&if ha&mif&SdNyD; a&wGifay:onf/

jyef YES H U&ma'o tdEd ,Ek difiH? oD&dvuFmEk difiH? ta&S Uawmiftm&S? w½kwfEk difiHawmifyd kif;? wd kif0rf? *syefEk difiHawmifydkif;?MopaMw;vsESif h ypdzdwfuRef;Ek difiHrsm;wGif aygufa&mufonf/ jrefrmEk difiHwGif {&m0wD ? &cdkifESif h weoF m&D a'orsm;ü aygufa&mufygonf/

a*[aA' yd kíukef;wGif;usaom 'Da&tjrifhqHk;wufonf h {&d,mrsm;wGif aygufa&mufonf/ xdk Utjyif ausmufajrESifh &T HUxlaomae&mrsm;wGifvnf; aygufa&mufEkdifonf/ wa&myifonf qm;ief'gPfESif h ajcmufaoGUrSKud k cHEk difpGrf;&S donf/ tvif;yGif hae&mrsm;wGif vQifjrefpGm &SifoefBuD;xG m;Ek difouJ hod k U t&dyfusaomae&mrsm;wGifvnf; &SifoefEk difonf/

toH k;0ifyH k opfom;onf ayghyg;NyD;tjzLa&mif&S dum opfaMumajzmif hpif;onf h opfaysmhrsdK;jzpfonf/ tvG,fwul aqG;ajrUEk difonf/ y&dabm*rsm;jyKvkyfEk difonf/ teH Uqd k;&Sdjcif;aMumif h xif;tjzpftoH k;jyKír&ay/tyifrSxGufaom Ed k Uap;a&miftap;onf tqdyf&S dojzif h rsufpdESif hxdawG Urdygu ,m,DrsufpduG,fjcif;ESif h ta&jym;a&mifjcif;jzpfay:wwfonf/ tap;ud k ig;zrf;&mwGifvnf;aumif; jr § m;qdyfvl;&mwGifvnf;aumif; toH k;jyKMuonf/



157



(19)

½ku©aA'trnf [&DwD;&m; azgrD;pf (Heriera fomes Bunch. Ham.)

rsdK;&if;trnf pwmusLvDa,;pD; (Sterculiaceae)

a'otac: a&uepd k? yifv,fuepd k (Arm)? a&Zd k; (&cd kif )? uepd k (Nrdwf )


tyifobm0 tyifBuD;rsdK;jzpfonf/ tjrif h 75 ay cef Utxd jrif honf/

yifpnf yifpnfwGifyg;ysOf;rsm;&S donf/

tjrpf oyfyk Hav½SLjrpfrsm;&S donf/

t&Guf &GufxD;trsdK;tpm;jzpfonf/ &GufvT JxGufonf/ t&GufonfbJO&SnfarsmarsmyH k (od k Y) avmhuufoD;yH k&S donf/tvsm; 4 – 6 vufrESif h teH 2 – 3 vufr t&G,f&S donf? &Gufem;acsmonf/ t&Guftom;xlNyD;tenf;i,frmaMumonf/ t&Guf\tay:rsufES mjyifonf acsmarGUNyD; tpdrf;a&mif&S donf/ atmuf rsufES mjyifonf rD;cd k;azsmha&mif&Sdonf/ tarG;wd krsm; cyfBuJBuJ&S dvsuf tenf;i,fMurf;wrf;onf/

yef;yGif h yef;yGifhrsm; tcd kifvd kufyGif honf? yef;cd kifrsm;onf tcufrsm;jzmNyD; atmufzufod k YwG Jvsm;usaeMuonf?vdifrpH kyef;yGif hrsm;jzpfonf/ ao;i,fNyD; Edk UESpfa&mif&S dMuon? yGif hn § mwHrsm;wGif tarT;rsm;&S donf/

toD; cG HrmoD;jzpfonf/ tufuG JoD;r[kwfyg? toD;wGiftrTmrsm;&S donf/ &if hrSnfYaomtcgtufuGJNyD; tawmif ygaomtaphrsm; a&wGifarsmygoGm;onf/

jyef YES HU&ma'o tdEd ,? oD&dvuF m? b*Fvm;a'U&SfESifh ta&SUawmiftm&SwGifaygufa&mufonf/ jrefrmEk difiHwGif {&m0wD ESif h &cd kifa'orsm;üaygufa&mufygonf/

a*[aA' vwmajrESif h ukef;wGif;pyfaom 'Da&0ifonf hjrpfacsmif;wpfavsmufwGif aygufa&mufavh&S donf/toH k;0ifyHk opfom;uk davSESif h y&dabm*rsm;jyKvkyf&mwGiftoH k;jyKEk difonf/



158



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

(20)

½ku©aA'trnf [&DwD;&m; vpfwd k&m;vpfpf (Heriera lioraliss Dryand.)

rsdK;&if;trnf pwmusLvDa,;pD; (Sterculiaceae)

a'otac: ukef;uepd k (jrefrm)


tyifobm0 tud kif;tcufrsm;jzmxGufavh&S daom tyifBuD;rsdK;jzpfonf/ 30 – 75 ay (15 -25 rDwm) cef Y tjrif hay&S donf/

yifpnf tacgufrS m rD;cd k;a&mift&if h(odk Y ) yef;Eka&mif&S donf/ tacgufacsmrGwfNyD; tzwfvefonf/ toufBuD;vmaomtcg tajr § mif;rsm;jzpfay:vmonf/ zG H UNzdK;aom yg;ysOf;rsm;&S donf/

tjrpf yg;ysOf;rsm;onfav½SLjrpfuJ hod k Y tvkyfvkyfonf/

t&Guf t&Gufrsm; c½kywfyH k0dkufvsufxGufonf/ azsmhaomvdar® mfa&mif&S dum yg;NyD;awmif hwif;onf/ &SnfoG,fyHk &Sdum 10 - 20 pifwDrDwm&Snfonf/ t&Guf\tay:rsufES mjyifonf tpdrf;&if ha&mif&SdNyD; t&Guf\atmufzuf rsufES mjyifwGif Mu,fyH koP³ meftaMu;zwfrsm; wpfckESif hwpfckxyfvsuf wnf&S d aeaomaMumif h aiGjzLa&mifjzpfaeonf/

yef;yGifh yef;yGif honf ao;i,fNyD; t&G,ftpm;rS m 0.5 pifwDrDwmcef Uom &S donf/ acgif;avmif;yH koP³ mef&S dyef;yGif hrsm;onf tud kif;tcufrsm;\xdyfrSxGufaom yef;cd kifrsm;ay:wGif tpkvd kufyGif havh&S donf/ tzdkyGif hyGif haomtyif tryGif hyGif haomtyif[lí oD;jcm;&S donf/

toD; toD;onf tcG HrmNyD; awmufyaom tndKa&mifrS r&rf;a&mif&S donf/ toD;\ ab;zufwpfavsmuf fwGif ajrmif;&S dNyD; yH koP³ mefrS m oabF m? oAÁ mefESif hqifwlonf/ toD;onf a&wGif &ufowÅ ywfrsm;pG m a&ay:

wGif aygavmarsmEkdifNyD; 'Da&vS dKif;jyif;ESifhtwlarsmygum tan § mif haygufEk difonf/ toD;wpfoD;wGif taph wpfaphomyg&S donf/

jyef YES H U&ma'o ta&S Utmz&du? rufwm*ufpumrS awmifw½kwf? ta&S Uawmiftm&S? MopaMw;vsajrmufydkif;ESif h ypdzdwfwd k UwGif jyefYES H Uaygufa&mufonf/ jrefrmEk difiHwGif {&m0wD? &cdkifESif h weoF m&Da'orsm;ü aygufa&mufygonf/

a*[pepf opfawmrsm;ESifhqufpyfaomae&m? oJxlaomyifv,furf;pyfponf h ukef;wGif;yd kif;wGif aygufa&mufonf/ ukef;uepd konf wa&myif? orJ hyif? yifv,ftkef;yifponf h tyifrsm;ESif htwl qufEG,faygufa&mufavh&S donf/

toH k;0ifyH k opfom;ud k avSwnfaqmuf&mwGifvnf;aumif;? tdrfoH k;y&dabm*rsm;jyKvkyf&mwGif vnf;aumif; toH k;

jyKonf/ toD;ESif htaphud k 0rf;ud kufjcif;? 0rf;oG m;jcif;a&m*grsm; uko&mwGiftoH k;jyKonf/ tjrpfud k ig;zrf;&mwGif tqdyftjzpftoH k;jyKMuonf/



159



(21)

½ku©aA'trnf uifef',fvD,m uifef',fvf (Kandelia candel (L.) Druce)


a'otac: jAL;bd kif;awmif h (Arm)? awmifyGef; (&cd kif )? jAL;cGef Yn §if; (Nrdwf )


tyifobm0 tyifi,frsKd;jzpfNyD; tjrif hay 20 ausmfcef Yomjrif honf/

yifpnf tacgufonf acsmarG Uí rD;cd k;a&mif(odk Yr[kwf ) eDndKa&mifjzpfonf/

tjrpf ao;i,faomyg;ysOf;&S donf/

t&Guf t&Gufonf &GufxD;jzpfí rsufES mcsif;qd kifwnf&Sdonf/ &Gufjym;onf awmufyaomtpdrf;a&mif&S díbJOyH k (od k Yr[kwf ) iSufaysm&GufyH kjzpfonf/ 2.5 vufr – 5.4vufrcef Y&Snfí 1.2 vufrrS 2.5vufrcef Y us,fonf/ t&Guftem;onf twGif;yd kif;od kYaumufí t&Guf\½dk;wHonf 0.5 vufr 0.8vufr&Snfonf/ &GufpG,fonf jym;aomfvnf; ud kif;\xdyfzsm;yd kif;od kY tenf;i,fvdrfaumufí oG m;onf/

yef;yGif h yef;yGif hrsm;tcd kifvd kufyGifhonf/ yef;cd kifonf tqH k;&S dyef;cd kifjzpfonf/ tud kif;ESih f t&GufMum;rSxGufonf/yef;yGif hrsm;onf wpfpkwpfa0;wnf;&S donf/ ud kif;cGrsm;Mum;wGif tjzLa&mifyef;yGif hrsm;onf 4 yGif h rS 9yGif hxd &S donf/ 0wfqHzd kwHrsm;pG myg&S donf/ ao;oG,faom yGif hcsyfrsm;onf 5 ck - 6 ck &S donf/ tif;quf rsm;jzif h 0wfrIeful;onf/

toD; toD;onf bJOyH kjzpfNyD; 0.8 vufr - 1.2 vufrcefY &Snfonf/ tpdrf;a&mif&S donf/ yifxufayguf toD;rsdK;jzpfonf? tñGef Yavmif;(toD;ESif htrSwfrS m;wwfMuonf )onf 10 vufrrS 1 ay 4 vufr cefY

&Snfvsm;ít&if;ESif htzsm;ESpfbufpvk H;odk Y oG,foG m;onf/ cd kifjrJaeaom yGif hcsyfrsm;onf toD;xdyfwGif OD;xkyfaqmif;xm;ouJ hod k Y &S donf/ yGif hcsyfxdyfzsm;rsm;onf toD;tn § mwHbufod kY vefvsuf&S donf/

jyef YES H U&ma'o tdEd ,? ta&S Uawmiftm&S? w½kwfEk difiH? ½lusL;uRef;? *syefEk difiHawmifyd kif;? plrmMwm;awmifyd kif;ESif h abmfeD,d k ajrmufyd kif;wd k Y jzpfMuonf/ jrefrmEk difiHwGif {&m0wD? &cdkifESif h weoF m&Da'orsm;ü aygufa&mufygonf/

a*[aA' 'Da&awmwGif tenf;qHk;awG Y&S d&NyD; twGif;yd kif;usaomae&mrsm;ESif h 'Da&twuftus&S daom jrpf0Srf;vGifjyifrsm;wGiftpktzG J U vd kufaygufa&mufonfudkawG Y&S d&onf/ þtyifrsKd;onfajrqDvT mwd kufpm;jcif;ud k taumif;qH k;umuG,fEk difNyD; urf;½d k;wef;umuG,fjcif;twGuf toH k;jyKMuonf/

toH k;0ifyHk opfom;ud k xif;tjzpf t"dutoH k;jyKMuonf/



160



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

(22)

½ku©aA'trnf vlrfepfZ&m vpfwd k&D;,m; (Lumnitzera liorea (Jack) Viogt.)

rsdK;&if;trnf uGefb&Daw;pD; (Combretaceae)

a'otac: tdrf hroG,fteD(Arm)? oQm;yif (&cd kif ) xm;0,frd SKif; (Nrdwf )


tyifobm0 tjrJpdrf;? tyifvwf? &Guftkyfjyef Yum;onf/ tjrif h ay 70 txdjrif hEkdifonf/

yifpnf yifpnfonf trnf;a&mif&S donf/ tacgufwGif eufaomtufuG JaMumif;rsm;&Sdonf/

tjrpf 'l;acgif;ykHav½SLjrpfrsm;&S donf/

t&Guf t&Guftom;xlNyD; t&nf&Trf;onf/ yvwfpwpfuJ hod k Y xlydef;ydef;jzpfonf/ t&Gufonf a,mufryk HjzpfNyD;t&Guf fxdyfonf bJOyk Hjzpfonf/ &Gufn § mwHwd konf/ t&GufxGufyk HrSm c½kywfjzpfonf/ tudkif;\tqk H;wGif t&Gufrsm; pkNyHKxGufonf/ t&Gufxdyfzsm;wGif ao;i,faomt&nftdwfrsm;&S donf/

yef;yGifh yef;yGif hrsm;onf ao;i,fNyD;teDa&mif&S donf/ tqkyfvd kufyGif honf/ xdyfxGufyef;cd kifjzpfonf/ yef;yGif hwGif awmufyaomteDa&mif yGif hcsyfi,f 5 ckpD&S donf/ 0wfqHwd kifonf yGif hcsyfxuf yd krd k&Snfvsm;onf/ yef;yGifh rsm;onf arT;&eHY&S dNyD; yef;0wf&nfrsm;pG mxkwfvkyfonf/

toD; toD;rS mao;i,fonf/ yef;tkd;yk H&S donf/ azgYuh Jod k Y a&wGifaygavmarsmygNyD; rsdK;aphrsm;a&jzif hjyefYES H Yonf/toD;wpfoD;wGif taphwpfaphomyg&S donf/

jyef YES H U&ma'o ta&S Uawmiftm&S? ygyl0ge,l;*DeD? MopaMw;vsajrmufyd kif;wd k YwGif aygufa&mufonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif{&m0wD? &cd kifESifh weoF m&Da'orsm;ü aygufa&mufygonf/

a*[aA' 'Da&awmrsm;\twGif;buf oJa&maES maom&T H Uajr? ajraysmY? 'Da&ta&mufenf;aomae&m? a&csdK&&S dEk difaomacsmif;rsm;wpfavsmufwGif aygufa&mufygonf/ t&Gufxdyfzsm;&d S t&nftdwfrsm;onf avxJrS Ek dufBwdK*sif"gwfudk pkwf,lay;aombufwD;&D;,m;rsm;yg&S donf/

toH k;0ifyH k opfom;onf tvGefrmaMumojzifhwefbdk;&Sdonf/ qm;iHa&atmufwGif ESpfaygif; 50 MumNyD;aemufrysufrpD;&S daMumif;awGU&Sd&onf/ txl;ojzif h tacgufud krcG gbJ tok H;jyKvQifjzpfonf/ wHwm;? qdyfcH wHwm;? vSnf;0if½d k;? Murf;cif;? ZvDzm;wk H;rsm;jyKvkyf&mwGif tok H;jyKonf/ ESif;qDeHYarT;NyD; ysOftjzpf qG JaqmifrI&S dojzif h bD½d kjyKvkyf&efoif hawmfonf/ od kY&mwGif ysOfBuD;BuD;rm;rm; r&&S dEk difyg/



161



(23)

½ku©aA'trnf vlrfepfZ&m a&pDrd kqm (Lumnitzera racemosa (Jack) Viogt.)

rsdK;&if;trnf uGefb&Daw;pD; (Combretaceae)

a'otac: tdrf hroG,ftjzL? ysH&S m; (Arm)? yifv,f&Sm; (&cd kif)


tyifobm0 tjrJpdrf;aom tyifi,fjzpfonf/ tjrif h ay 30 cef Yom jrif honf/

yifpnf yifpnfonf eDndKa&mif&Sdonf/ tacgufwGif a'gifvkduftufuG JaMumif;rsm;&S donf/ topfxGufaomtud kif;i,frsm;onf teDa&mifodk Yr[kwf tndKa&mif&S donf/ wpfcgwpf&H yxrwGiftarT;tenf;i,f&S dNyD;xdkaemuf ajymifacsmoG m;onf/

tjrpf wdkaomav½SLjrpfrsm;&S donf/

t&Guf t&Guftom;xlNyD; t&nf&Trf;onf/ yvwfpwpfuJ hod kY xlydef;ydef;jzpfonf/ t&Gufonf a,mufryk HjzpfNyD;t&GufxdyfwGif ao;i,faomtcsdKif h&S donf/ &Gufn § mwH&Snfonf/ t&GufxGufyk HrS m &GufvT JxGuf fonf/tud kif;\tqk H;wGif t&Gufrsm;pkNyKHxGufonf/

yef;yGif h yef;yGif hrsm;onf ao;i,fNyD;tjzLa&mif&S donf/ t&Guftud kif;rsm;Mum;rS yef;cdkifxGufonf/ yef;cd kifwGif yef;yGif hrsm;onf yGif Yn § mwHr&S dbJ tqkyfvd kufyGifhonf/ yef;yGif hwGif yGifhcsyfi,f 5 ckpD &S donf/ 0wfqHwd kifESif h yGif hcsyf fwd k Y t&SnfwlnDonf/ yef;yGif hrsm;onf &eHYodyfrxGufyg/ yef;0wf&nfrsm;pG m xkwfvkyfonf/

toD; toD;rS mao;i,fonf/ opfom;uJ hod k YrmNyD; tarT;tenf;i,f&S donf/ a&wGif aygavmarsmygNyD; rsdK;aph rsm; a&jzif hjyef YESH Yonf/ toD;wpfoD;wGif taphwpfaphomyg&S donf/

jyef YES H U&ma'o tmz&duwd kufta&SUbufurf;rS ta&S Uawmiftm&S? w½kwfjynfawmifyd kif;? ygyl0ge,l;*DeD? MopaMw;vswd kufajrmufyd kif;wd k YwGif aygufa&mufonf/ jrefrmEk difiHwGif {&m0wD? &cd kifESif h weoF m&Da'orsm;ü ayguf a&mufygonf/

a*[aA' 'Da&awmrsm;\twGif;buf? oJqefaomajrESif h ajcmufaoGUaom&T H Uajrwdk Yud k yd kESpfoufonf/ 'Da& ta&mufenf;aomae&m? a&csdK&&S dEkdifaomacsmif;rsm;wpfavsmufwGif aygufa&mufygonf/

toH k;0ifyHk opfom;onf rmaMumNyD;tMurf;cHonf/ qdyfcHwHwm;? wHwm;? avS? tdrftok H;taqmifypöönf;rsm;?jyKvkyf&mwGif tok H;jyKygonf/ tdrfYroG,fteDxuf tyifao;i,fojzif h t&G,ftpm;BuD;aom opf? ysOf r&&S dEk difyg/



162



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

(24)

½ku©aA'trnf eDyg; z½lwDuefpf (Nypa fruicans Wurmb)

rsdK;&if;trnf at&Dau;pD; (Arecaceae)

a'otac: "ed (Arm)? &Dtkef; (&cd kif )? ytkef; (Nrdwf )


tyifobm0 yifpnfud k,fxnfr&SdbJ t½k Hvd kufaygufaom tyiftrsdK;tpm;jzpfí tjrif hay 30 aycef Yxd&S donf/

yifpnf tyif\ud k,fxnfrS m tvsm;vd kufwG m;oG m;aygufa&mufí ajrBuD;xJwGif epfjr §K yfaeNyD; tcuftvufrsm;rS majray:wGif axmifrwfpGmxGufay:onf/

tjrpf ½d kifZkrf;tjrpfrsm;&S donf/

t&Guf t&GufrS m iSufarT;yH koP³ mef&Gufaygif;jzpfonf/ 12 ay rS 18 ay txd&Snfvsm;onf/

yef;yGifh tyGif hrsm;onf vH k;0d kif;aomyH koP² mef&S dí tryef;cd kifyef;yGif hrsm;\xdyfü aMumifNrD; yef;cd kifuJ hod k YjzpfNyD;teDa&mifjzpfonf/ tzd kyef;yGif hrsm;onf tud kif;tcufrsm;\atmufbufrsufES mjyifwGif&S dí t0ga&mif jzpfonf/

toD; toD;\tom;onf rmausmí ab;wd kufcyfjym;jym;jzpfNyD; &Snfvsm;aomtajrmif;rsm;yg&Sdonf/toD;wpfoD;wGif taph 1 ck rS 3 cktxd &S donf/ &if hrSnfhvmaom tqHonf toD;rSuGJxGufNyD; 'Da& twuftustvdkuf ta0;od kYarsmygoG m;onf/

jyef YES H U&ma'o tdE d,? jrefrm? xd kif;? rav;&Sm;? tif'd keD;&Sm;? abmfeD,d k? zdvpfyd kif? ½l;usL;uRef;? e,l;*leD,m? aqmfvrGefuRef;?MopaMw;vsajrmufyd kif;? jrefrmEk difiHwGif {&m0wD? &cd kifESif h weoFm&Da'orsm;ü aygufa&mufygonf/

a*[aA' "edyifrsm;onf aysmhaysmif;aom &G HUEG Hrsm;ESif h ajz;nif;pGma&GUvsm;aeaom jrpfa&pD;aMumif;ESifh 'Da& twuftustvdkuf o,fyd k Yxm;aomtm[m&"mwfrsm;wGif aygufa&mufonf/ ,if;tyifrsm;onfa&csdKvTrf;&mjrpfacsmif;rsm;rS a&iefa'orsm;txdaygufa&mufonf/

toH k;0ifyH k &Snfvsm;NyD; iSufarT;ESif hwlaom "edyif\t&Gufrsm;ud k a'ocHjynfolrsm;u oufu,ftdrf(od k Yr[kwf )aetdrfrsm;twGuf trd k;tjzpftoH k;jyKMuonf/ "ed&Gufrsm;ud k awmif;,ufvkyfjcif;? oufu,fxd k;jcif;rsm;wGif yHko@meftrsdK;rsdK;jzifh toHk;jyKMuonf/ yef;cd kif\½d k;wHrSxGufvmaomt&nfud k "ed&nf?csOfpk&nf(od k Yr[kwf ) usdKcsuf&mrS&&S dvmaom oMum;&nftjzpf toHk;jyKEk difonf/ i,f&G,fpOf taphud kpm;oH k;Muonf/



163



(25)

½ku©aA'trnf ½d kifZd kzd k;&m; tyDusLvm;wm; (Rhizophora apiculata Blume.)


a'otac: jAL;ajcawmuftzd k? jAL;ajcawmuf&GufcRef (Arm)? jAL;aqmifa,mif (&cd kif )? y½H k;trJ (Nrdwf )


tyifobm0 tjrJpdrf;tyifrsdK;jzpfonf/ 60aytxd jrif hEk difonf/

yifpnf tacgufonf rD;cd k;a&mifjzpfí a'gifvd kufajrmif;rsm;yg&S donf/

tjrpf udkif;axmufjrpfrsm;&S donf/ ud kif;axmufjrpfonf yifpnfwGiftjrif h 15 aycef Ytxd xGufEk difonf/tud kif;rsm;rSvnf; av½SLjrpfrsm;wpfcgwpf&H xGufonf/

t&Guf &Gufjym;onf tv,fwGifus,fí t&if;ESif htzsm;bufod kY &SnfarsmarsmoP³ mef&S donf/ tus,f 1.5 -2.5vufr ESif h tvsm; 3 - 6 vufrcef Y&S donf/ t&Guft&if;xuf xdyfbufod k Yyd kcRefonf/ atmufbuf rsufES mjyifwGif ao;i,faomteufa&mif tpuftaysmufrsm;&S donf/ &Gufv,faMum? &Guf½d k;wH? &GufpG,f wd kYonf teDa&mif&S dMuonf/

yef;yGif h tqH k;&S dyef;cd kifjzpfí yef;yGif h 2 yGif hyg&S dNyD; yef;cd kifrS m wd kwkwfaom rD;cdk;&if ha&mifjzpfonf/ yef;yGif hrS m Edk YESpf a&mifjzpfonf/ yGif hn § § m½d k;wH ryg&S day/

toD; toD;rS m tndKa&mifjzpfNyD; vS Hajymif;jyefyH koP³ mef tay:rSatmufod k YwG Jvsm;usaeonf/ toD;wGif yGif hcsyfrsm;rS m tkyfvsufwnfjrJaeonf/ rdciftyifay:wGifyif tyifavmif; (toD;[krSwf,lavh&Sdonf )zG H YNzdK;onf/ 1 aycefY&Snfonf/ acsmarG YNyD; xdyfyd kif;rSmvH k;0d kif;onf/

jyefYES H U&ma'o tdEd,? b*Fvm;a'U&S f? oD&dvuFm? ta&S Uawmiftm&S? tylydkif;MopaMw;vs ESifh taemufypdzdwfuRef;Ek difiHrsm;jzpfonf/ jrefrmEk difiHwGif {&m0wD? &cd kifESif h weoFm&Da'orsm;ü aygufa&mufygonf/

a*[aA' El;nH haysmYaysmif;aom &T H UEG HrsdK;wGif tpkta0;vdkufaygufa&mufNyD; tm;jyif;aom'Da&vI dif;'Pfud k cHEk dif&nf &S donf/

toH k;0ifyH k xif;? rD;aoG;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? tacgufud k qd k;aq;tjzpfvnf;aumif; toH k;jyKonf/



164



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

(26)

½ku©aA'trnf ½d kifZd kzd k;&m; rlc½dkem;wm; (Rhizophora mucronata Lam.)


a'otac: jAL;ajcawmuftr? jAL;ajcawmuf&Guf0d kif; (jrefrm)? jAL; (&cd kif )? y&Hk;tjzL (Nrdwf)/


tyifobm0 tjrJpdrf;tyifrsdK;jzpfí 75 ay rS 90 aytxdjrif honf/

yifpnf tacgufrS m tndKa&mif(od kY ) teufa&mifjzpfí acsmarG YNyD; tvsm;vd kuftajrmif;yg&S donf/

tjrpf ud kif;axmufjrpfrsm; jzmxGufvsuf&S donf/

t&Guf t&GufrS m &Gufqd kifxGufí bJOyH koP³ mef &SnfarsmarsmjzpfaeNyD; 3 – 6 vufr xd&SnfNyD; 2 – 4 vufrxd us,fonf/ t&Gufonf xlNyD;ajymifacsmojzif h &GufaMumrsm;ud k rjrifEk difay/ &Gufem;acsmonf/t&Guf\atmufzufrsufESmjyifwGif teufa&miftpufrsm;&S donf/ &Gufn § monf 1.5 – 2 vufr &Snfonf/ &GufpG,ftpH kvd kuf&S donf/ &GufpG,fae&mwGif trm&Gwfusefonf/

yef;yGifh yef;yGif honf tcd kifvd kufjzpfí tud kif;rsm;Mum;rSxGufonf/ t0ga&mif&S donf/ yef;cd kifonf tqif h 2 qifh 3 qif hcGaeNyD; &Snfvsm;onf/ wpfcd kifvsif 4 yGifhrS 8 yGifhtxd &S donf/ acgif;avmif;ykHyGifhzwftkHwGif yGif hzwf 4 ck&SdNyD; t0gEka&mif&S donf/ yGif hcsyf 4 ckonf ajymifvufNyD; Ed k YESpfa&mif&S donf/

toD; toD;onf cG HaysmhoD;jzpfonf/ bJOyk H(od kYr[kwf) acgif;avmif;ykHjzpfNyD; 1.5 vufr - 2 vufr cef Y&Snfonf/ ajymifacsmNyD; tndKa&mif&S donf/ aphwpfaphom&S dNyD; tyifay:wGifyif tan § mufxGufonf/tyifavmif;onf pD;u&ufyk H&Snfvsm;vmNyD; t&Snf 2 ay? tcsif; 1 vufreD;eD;&Sdonf/

jyef YES H U&ma'o tylyd kif;a'orsm;jzpfaom tmz&duwdkufawmifydkif;ESif hta&S Uyd kif;? tdE d,? awmifw½kwfyifv,f?rav;uRef;qG,fESif h MopaMw;vswd kufta&S Uajrmufyd kif;wd kYwGif aygufonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif {&m0wD ?&cd kifESifh weoF m&Da'orsm;ü aygufa&mufygonf/

a*[aA' aeYpOf 'Da&twuftus&S daomae&m? a&csdKa&iefpyfaomae&m? Ek H;yd kYcsxm;aom urf;ajcESifh EG Hjyifwd k YwGifaygufygonf/ pdkufysdK;p&mrvd kbJ obm0tavsmuf rsdK;qufjyef YyG m;rIaumif;ygonf/

toH k;0ifyH k vTwdkuf&efcufcJonf/ ajrESif hwd kuf f½d kufrxdvQif opfom;onfcd kifrmNyD; arsmwdkiftjzpfok H;Ek difonf/aqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;? tdrfaqmufjcif; ? ig;zrf;u&d,mjyKvkyfjcif;wd k YwGiftokH;jyKonf/ tacgufud kqd k;aq;xkwfvkyf&mwGifok H;onf/ xif;? rD;aoG;tjzpfok H;onf/ ig;uefrsm; uefabmifcd kifcef Yap&ef jAL;ajcawmuftrrsm;ud k pd kufxm;Ek difonf/



165



(27)

½ku©aA'trnf qd kifzDzd k&m [d kufN'dKzDvfavpD;,m; (Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea Gaertn. F.).

rsdK;&if;trnf ½lbDa,;pD; (Rubiaceae)

a'otac: yifv,fyk He&dyf&Guf0d kif; (Arm)


tyifobm0 tNrJpdrf;NcKHyif (od k Y) tyifi,fjzpfonf/ tud kif;rsm;pG mxGufonf/ tjrif h 10 aycefY&S donf/

tjrpf ud kif;axmufjrpfrsm;&S donf/

yifpnf tacgufrSmtndKa&mifjzpfonf/ yifwufrsm;wGif tqDrsm;&S donf/

t&Guf &GufxD;jzpfonf/ &Gufqd kifxGufonf/ t&Gufrsm;onf om;a&uJ hod k Yajymifacsmonf/ bJOajymif;jyefykH&S donf/3 vufr t&Snf? 1-2 vufr tus,f&S donf/ t&Guft½dk;wGif *vif;rsm;yg&S daomt&Gufi,frsm;jzif h xyfxm;onf/

yef;yGif h yef;yGif hrsm; tcd kifvd kufyGif honf/ tud kif;rsm;tMum;rSxGufonf/ vdifpk Hyef;yGif hrsm;jzpfonf/ yGif hn § mwHrsm;r&S dyg/ yef;yGif hrsm;tjzLa&mifjzpfonf/ yGif hzwftk H>yefonf tzsm;wGifcGufykHjzpfNyD; tzwf 4 ck &S donf/yGif hcsyftkHonf qvif'gyk HjzpfNyD; teDa&mif&S donf/ tarT;&S donf/ yGif hcsyfrsm;onf zm;zm;vsm;vsm;&S d onf/

toD; qvif'gyk H&Snfonf/ tpdrf;a&mif&Sdonf/ toD;tvsm;vk dufwGif 6 - 8 taMumajr § mif;rsm;yg&S donf/toD;wGif yGif hzwft<uif;tusefrsm;&Sdonf/ toD;onf a&wGifaygavmarsmygEk difonf/

jyef YES H U&ma'o tdEd,Ek difiHawmifydkif;? oD&dvuF muRef;? ta&S Uawmiftm&Sa'o? MopaMw;vswd kufajrmufydkif;? aqmfvrGef uRef;rsm;\taemufzufa'orsm;wGif jyef YESH Yaygufa&mufonf/ jrefrmEk difiHwGif &cd kifESif h weoF m&D a'orsm;ü aygufa&mufygonf/

a*[aA' 'Da&a&mufaomacsmif;ajrmif;rsm;\ urf;wpfavQmufESif h 'Da&awmrsm;\ ukef;wGif;buf f &TH Uajr? oJajr?ausmufaygrsm;aomajrwd k UwGif aygufygonf/ a&csdK0ifa&mufjcif;ud k rcHEk difyg/ 'Da&tBudrfrsm;pG ma&muf&S daomae&mrsdK;ud k yd krdkESpfoufonf/ wpfESpfywfvnfvk H; yef;yGif honf/ toD;rsm;pG moD;aomfvnf;opfaphrsm;\ tyifaygufEIef;enf;yg;onf/

toH k;0ifyHk opfom;ud k tdrfok H;ud&d,mwefqmyvmrsm;jyKvkyf&mwGif tok H;jyKonf/ wd kifarsm tjzpfvnf;aumif;?xif;tjzpfvnf;aumif;tokH;jyKonf/ om;a&e,f&ef"gwfaygif;ESifh qd k;aq;"gwfaygif;rsm;pGmyg0ifonf/t&Gufud k tpmtdrfa&m*guko&mwGif tok H;jyKonf/



166



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

(28)

½ku©aA'trnf qufqlAD,rf yd k YusLvmuyfpx&rf (Sesuvium portulacastrum (Linnaeus) Linnaeus.

rsdK;&if;trnf td kifZd ka,;pD; (Aizoaceae)

a'otac: '&,fvQm? qwfvQm (Arm) ? usD;vQm (&cd kif)? usKH;reD; (Nrdwf )


tyifobm0 ajrjyifay:wG m;oG m;aom ESpf&SnfcH yifaysmhjzpfonf/ tjrif h 1 aycef YjrifhEk difonf/

yifpnf xlxJNyD;? acsmrGwfonf/ yifpnfonf 3 ayausmfcef Y&Snfonf/ ajrjyifwGif tcsif; 6 aycef Y tus,ftxd us,fjyef YpG maygufEk difonf/

tjrpf yifpnfqpfMum;rStjrpfrsm;xGufonf/

t&Guf &GufxD;jzpfonf/ t&GufrS mao;ao;&Snf&Snfjzpfonf/ tom;xlonf/ acsmrGwfonf/ tpdrf;a&mif&S donf/&Gufn § mwHr&S dyg/

yef;yGifh wpfyGif hcsif;jzpfonf/ yef;a&mif&S donf/ yGif hn § mwH&S donf/ wpfESpfywfvnfvk H; yef;yGif honf/

toD; tufuG JoD;jzpfonf/

jyef YES H U&ma'o ajrmuftar&duwd kuf? awmiftar&duwdkuf? tmz&duwdkuf? tm&Swd kufESif h MopaMw;vswd kuf? tylyd kif;a'orsm;wGif jyef YES Y Haygufa&mufonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif {&m0wD? &cd kifESifh weoF m&Da'orsm;ü ayguf a&mufygonf/

a*[aA' tylyd kif;ESif h ortylyd kif;a'orsm;wGif us,fjyef YpG maygufonf YopfrsdK;jzpfonf/ oJqefaom&T H Uap;ajr?yifv,furf;½d k;wef;a'owGif xk H;ausmufajr? oJausmufajr? trsdK;tpm;rsm;? qm;aygufajrESif h 'Da& a&

mufaomajrjyef Yae&mrsm;wdk YwGif aygufonf/toHk;0ifyH k oJaomifck Hrsm;cd kifjrJapa&;? ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;umuG,fa&;ESif h tvSpd kufysdK;jcif;wd kYwGif tokH;jyK&ef

tvm;tvm&S donf/



167



(29)

½ku©aA'trnf qd kem&m;&S m; t,fvfbm (Sonneraa alba J.E. Smith)

rsdK;&if;trnf qd kem&mwDa,;pD; (Sonneraaceae)

a'otac: vrkwowf? vrJ h (Arm)? vrf;rl; (&cd kif)/


tyifobm0 opfyif? tjrif h 65 aycefYtxdjrifhonf/

yifpnf tacgufonf rD;cd k;a&mifazsmhazsmh(od k Yr[kwf ) tndKa&mif&Sdonf/ acsmrGwfonf/

tjrpf cJwHyk H av½SLjrpfrsm;&S donf/

t&Guf &GufxD;jzpfonf/ &Gufqd kifxGufonf/ t&Gufonf bJOyk H(od kY ) t0d kif;yk H&S dNyD; t&Gufxdyfzsm;0d kif;onf/ 2 – 3vufr t&Snf&Sdonf/ tom;xlNyD; om;a&uJhodk Y jzpfaeonf/ t&GufEkrsm;onf tpdrf;a&mifazsmhNyD;xdyfzsm;wGif rxif&S m;aom yef;a&miftpGef;tuGuf&S donf/ t&Gufrsm;wGifqm;tyd krsm;ud k pkaqmif;xm;NyD;&if haomtcg 4if;t&Gufud kacRcsonf/

yef;yGif h yef;yGif hrsm;onf BuD;rm;onf/ tjzLa&mif0wfqHwdkifrsm;pG m&S donf/ ao;i,faomyGif hcsyf 6 ckyg&S donf/yGif hzwfrsm;onf twGif;bufwGif teDa&mifjzpfonf/ 0wfrI HcHwd kifonf tpd drf;a&mif&S donf/ wpfESpfywfvk H;yef;yGif honf/ tifqufydk;rsm;ESif hvif;qGJrsm;u csdKaom0wf&nfrsm;udk vma&mufpm;ok H;onf/

toD; toD;vk H;0d kif;onf/ 2 vufrcef Y tcsif;&S donf/ toD;wGif yGif hzwfrsm;usefaeNyD; yGifhzwfrsm;\tzsm;rsm;onf toD;n § mwHzufod k Y vefvsuf&S donf/ toD;rsm;onf tjzLa&mif&Sdonf/ toD;twGif;rS taphrsm;onf cyfjym;jym;jzpfNyD; ao;i,fonf/ a&wGifaygavmarsmEk difonf/ wpfoD;wGif taph 150-200 cefY yg0ifonf/

jyefYES H U&ma'o tmz&duwd kufta&S UzufrS ta&SUawmiftm&S? MopaMw;vswd kuftxd jyefYES H Yaygufa&mufonf/ jrefrmEk difiH wGif {&m0wD? &cd kifESifh weoF m&Da'orsm;ü aygufa&mufygonf/

a*[aA' 'Da&awmrsm;\ yifv,fbufrsufES mpmae&mrsm;? trsm;tm;jzif h oJqefaomajrrsm;wGif aygufonf/qm;ief"gwftrsdK;rsdK;ud k cHEk difonf/ tumtuG,f&S daom jrpf0topfydk Ycsaom aomifjyif? vwmjyifrsm;wGifa&S;OD;pG maygufa&mufaom a&S Uajy;tyifrsdK;jzpfonf/

toH k;0ifyH k opfom;onf odyfonf;qrsm;onf/ qm;ief&nfwGif tif;qufydk;rT m;'gPfud k cHEkdifonfhtwGuf avSjyKvkyfjcif;? yd kifwk dif½d kufjcif;? wHwm;ESif h tdrfaqmufvkyfjcif;? y&dabm*rsm;jyKvkyfjcif;rsm;wGif tok H;jyKonf/ wd kif? arsm? xif;tjzpfvnf; tok H;jyKonf/ tylu,fvd k&Drsm;pG mxkwfaomfvnf; jymrsm;pGmjzpfonf/ tacgufud k qd k;aq;csufvkyf&mwGifok H;onf/ t&Gufud kcsufjyKwfpm;ok H;Ek difonf/

vufacsmif;ykHtjrpfrsm;ud k ig;zrf;yd kufrsm;cs&mwGif azgYwk H;tjzpftok H;jyKonf/



168



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

(30)

½ku©aA'trnf qd kem&m;&S m; atyufwvm; (Sonneraa apetala Buch.-Ham.)


a'otac: uefYyvm (Arm)? Nym;ZD; (&cd kif )? tr&m (Nrdwf )


tyifobm0 BuD;rm;aomopfyifjzpfonf/ tjrif hay 100 txd jrifhEk difonf/ &GuftkyfBuD;rm;NyD; yGif haeonf/wG Jvsm;usaeaom tudkif;tcuftvuf vGefpG mrsm;jym;onf/

yifpnf tacgufonf yg;NyD;acsmarG Uonf/ yk HoP³ meftrSefr&Sdaom tufuG JaMumif;rsm;&S donf/ yifpnfonf tndKazsmhta&mif&S donf/ yg;ysOf;rsm;&S dwwfaomfvnf; rxif&S m;acs/

tjrpf cJwHyk Hav½SLjrpfrsm;pG m&S donf/

t&Guf &GufxD;jzpfonf/ &Gufqd kifxGufonf/ t&Gufyg;NyD; &Snfarsmarsmjzpfonf/ 2 – 4 vufr t&Snf? 1vufr Asuf&S donf/ t&Gufonf xdyfzsm;wGifpkcRefoG m;onf/

yef;yGifh yef;yGif honfBuD;rm;NyD; wpfyGif hcsif;yGifhonf/ tudkif;xdyfwGif yGif honf/ tud kif;wpfud kif;wGif yef;yGifh 3 - 7yGif h yg&S donf/ yGif hzwf 4ck ygonf/ yGifhcsyfryg&Sdacs/ 0wfqHwdkifrsm;pG m&S djyD;? 0wfrH IcHonf BuD;NyD;xD;yk HoP³ mefjzpfonf/

toD; tom;xlaom cG HaysmhoD;jzpfonf/ cyfjym;jym;t0d kif;ykH&S daom toD;vk H;jzpfonf/ t&G,ftpm;rS m1-vufrcef Y tcsif;&Sdonf/ toD;xdyfwGif 0wfrI HcHwd kif qufvufwnfjrJonf/ toD;rsufES mjyifonf acsmrGwfNyD; tpdrf;Eka&mif &S donf/ toD;cd kifrsm;onf yifpnfrS wd kuf½dkufxGufonf/

jyef YES H U&ma'o tdE d,? oD&dvuF m? b*Fvm;a'h&S f? jrefrmEkdifiHurf;½d k;wrf;rsm;wGif aygufa&mufonf/ ta&S Uawmiftm&S\tjcm;ae&mrsm;wGif rawG U&S d&acs/

a*[aA' 'Da&awmrsm;twGif; oD;oef Yuef Yyvmawmrsm;tjzpf awG YEk difonf/ txl;oNzif h ukef;wGifyd kif;ae&m?qm;iH"gwfenf;yg;aomae&mwGif jzpfygonf/ þopfrsdK;ud k tjcm;rsdK;pkwl opfrsdK;ESpfrsdK;rS atmufygtcsuf4 csufjzif hvG,fulpG mcG JNcm;Ek difonf/

(1) t&Gufrsm;&Snfarsmarsmjzif hxdyfwGifpkcRefjzpfaejcif;?

(2) yGif hcsyfryg&S djcif;?

(3) yGif hzwf 4 ckyg&S djcif;?

(4) 0wfrI HcH onf BuD;NyD;xD;ykHoP³ mefjzpfjcif;?

toH k;0ifyH k opfom;ud k ysOftjzpftokH;jyK&efaumif;rGefonf/ avS mfwuf? vGef;? aowÅmrsm;jyKvkyf&mwGif tok H;NyK onf/



169



(31)

½ku©aA'trnf qd kem&m;&S m; pDqD,d kvm;&pf (Sonneraa caeseoLaris (L.) Engl.)


a'otac: vrk (Arm)? vrf;bdkuf (&cdkif )?


tyifobm0 tjrJpdrf;opfyif? tyifvwf jzpfonf/ ay 35 txdjrifhonf/ &Guftkyfjyef Yum;onf/

yifpnf yifpnfonf tzwfvd kuftayG;rsm;jzif hMurf;onf/ rD;cd k;a&mif&S donf/ tudkif;rsm;onf av;axmif hjzpf onf/


t&Guf &GufxD;jzpfonf/ &Gufqd kifxGufonf/ &GufpG,fr&S dyg/ t&Gufonf bJOykH(od k Yr[kwf )&Snfarsmarsmjzpfonf/2-5 vufr t&Sn?f 1 - 2 vufrtus,f t&G,f&S donf/ t&Guftajconf us,fonf/ t&Gufxdyfzsm;0d kif;onf/ &Gufem;acsmonf/ t&Gufonfom;a&uJ hod k Yajymifacsmaeonf/ rsufES mjyifESpfbufpvk H;wGif &GufaMumrsm; jzmvsufawG U&onf/

yef;yGif h yef;yGif Yrsm;BuD;rm;onf/ wpfyGif hcsif;yGifhonf/ tud kif;rsm;\xdyfrSxGufonf/ wpfud kif;wGif 1 - 3 yGif h &Sd onf/ yGifhcsyfrsm;onf MuufaoG;a&mif&S donf/ ao;oG,faomtjzLa&mif 0wfqHwd kifrsm;pG m&S donf/tv,fwGif ydkrd k&SnfxGufaeaom 0wfrH IcHwdkif&S donf/

toD; cG HaysmhoD;jzpfonf/ cyfjym;jym;t0d kif;yk H&S daom toD;vkH;jzpfonf/ 2 vufrausmfcef Y tcsif;&S donf/ toD;atmufajcwGif yGif hzwftk Honf cGuftjzpf toD;ud kvufcHxm;onf/ toD;rsufES mjyifonf ajymifacsmjzpfonf/ tndKazsmha&mif&S donf/

jyefYES H U&ma'o tdEd,? oD&dvuFmEk difiH? ta&S Uawmiftm&S? MopaMw;vswd kuftylyk dif;a'o? aqmfvrGefuRef;pk wd k YwGif jyef YES H Uaygufa&mufonf/

a*[aA' 'Da&awmrsm;\twGif;ydkif;? qm;ief&nfta&mufenf;aomae&m? &T H Uap;ajreufaomae&m? 'Da& twuftusnifomaom acsmif;rsm;wpfavsmuf? jrpf0rsm;rS a0;aomae&mrsm;wGifaygufonf/

toH k;0ifyH k opfom;onfav;onf/ opftjzpf t&nftaoG;nH honf/ a&iefwGifrl wd kifpd kufjcif;? avSjyKvkyfjcif;wd k YwGifokH;onf/ toD;tEkud k pm;ok H;Ekdifonf/ csOfaomt&om&Sdojzif h &S mvum&nftNzpftokH;jyKonf/tacgufudk om;a&e,fvkyfief;? qd k;aq;vkyfief;rsm;wGif tok H;jyKonf/



170



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

(32)

½ku©aA'trnf qd kem&m;&S m; *&pfzfoD (Sonneraa grithii Kurz.)


a'otac: vb (Arm)? vrf;bd kuf (&cd kif )?


tyifobm0 tyifvwfopfyifrsdK;jzpfonf/ tjrif hay 75 aycef Ytxdjrif honf/ &GuftkyfjyefYum;onf/ wpfcgwpf&H tuk dif;rsm; wG Jvsm;usaewwfonf/ tjrJpdrf;opfyifjzpfonf/

yifpnf tacgufonf tndK&if ha&mif&S donf/ tyifi,frsm;wGif tacgufonf tarT;rsm;jzifh ajymifacsmaeNyD;BuD;vmaomtcg tufuG JaMumif;rsm;jzpfvmonf/


t&Guf &GufxD;jzpfonf/ &Gufqd kifxGufonf/ &Gufem;acsmonf/ t&Gufjym;onf bJOajymif;jyefyk HrS t0d kif;yk Htxd&S donf/ &Guf&if;0dkif;onf/ tom;xlonf/ tarT;r&Sdyg/ awmufyaomtpdrf;a&mif&S donf/&Gufn § mwd kNyD; &Guf&if;zk&S donf/ &GufpG,fr&S dyg/ &Gufv,faMumonf tpdrf;a&mif&SdNyD; aMumzufwGif xif&S m;onf/

yef;yGifh tqH k;&Sdyef;cd kifjzpfonf/ yef;cd kifwGifwpfyGif hcsif;yGif honf/ yef;yGif honfvdifpk Hjzpfonf/ tpdrf;azsmha&mifyGif hzwf 6 - 8 ck&S donf/ yef;yGif honf ESpfjcrf;nDjzpfonf/ &Snfvsm;ao;oG,faom tjzLa&mif0wfqHwd kif rsm;pG m&S donf/ yGif hcsyfr&S dyg/ xd kaMumif h t*F grpk Haomyef;yGif hjzpfonf/

toD; tom;xlaom cG HaysmhoD;jzpfonf/ cyfjym;jym;t0dkif;yk H&Sdaom toD;vkH;jzpfonf/ toD;xdyfwGif iSufEIwfoD;yk H0wfrH IcHwdkifESif h toD;atmufajcwGifyGif hzwfrsm;onf wnfjrJvsuf&S dMuonf/ toD;rsufESmjyifonfajymifacsmjzpfonf/ tndKazsmha&mif &Sdonf/

jyef YES H U&ma'o xd kif;Ek difiH? rav;uG sef;qG,ftaemufzufurf;rS b*Fvm;a'h&S f ta&SUawmifbuftxd jyef YES HYaygufa&muf f onf/ jrefrmEk difiHwGif {&m0wD? &cd kifESif h weoFm&Da'orsm;ü aygufa&mufygonf/

a*[aA' jrpfacsmif;rsm;\ta&S UrsufES mpm? topfjzpfxGef;aomvwmjyifrsm;wGif awG U&avh&Sdonf/

toH k;0ifyH k rod&S dyg/



171



(33)

½ku©aA'trnf Zd kifvd kum;ywfpf *&ifaewrf (Xylocarpus granatum J. Koening.)

rsdK;&if;trnf rDvDa,;pD; (Meliaceae)

a'otac: yifv,ftkef; (Arm)? &Dtkef; (&cdkif )?


tyifobm0 tyifvwfjzpfonf/ &Guftkyfjyef Yum;onf/ tjrif h 75 ay cef Yjrif hEk difonf/

yifpnf tacgufyg;onf/ eDndKa&mif? vdar®mfndKa&mif &Sdonf/ tayG;tzwfrsm;&Sdonf/ yg;ysOf;rsm;&S donf/

tjrpf yg;ysOf;jrpfrsm; ajray:wGifwGm;oG m;vsuf&S donf/

t&Guf &Gufaygif;jzpfonf/ 8 vufrcef Y&Snfonf/ &Gufn § § monf 1 - 2 vufrcef Y &Snfonf/ &GufrTmrsm;onf rsufES mcsif;qd kif 2 pkH xGufonf/ &Gufaygif;\tqk H;wGif &GufrT mtpk Hjzif hqk H;onf/ &GufrT mrsm;onf tom;xlonf/ ajymifacsmonf/ bJOyk H&S dNyD; &Gufxdyf0dkif;onf/

yef;yGif h yef;cd kifonf 2 - 3 vufrcef Y &Snfonf/ ao;i,faomyef;yGif h 8 - 20yGif h yg0ifonf/ tjzLa&mif?yef;a&mif&S donf/

toD; tajr § mufqHuJ hod k Y vkH;aeonf/ tufuG JoD;jzpfonf/ tpdrf;(od kYr[kwf ) tndKa&mif&S donf/ toD;cG Honf opfom;uJ hod k Y&Sdonf/ toD;twGif; trT mav;rTm&S donf/ &if hrSnf hítoD;uG Jtufaomtcg 3 - 4 vufrt&G,f&Sdaom taphta&twGuf 8 – 20 aph xGufusvmonf/

jyef YES H U&ma'o tmz&duta&S Uyd kif;? tdE d,wd kuf? ta&S Uawmiftm&S? awmifypdzdwfuRef;rsm;? MopaMw;vswd kufajrmufyd kif;a'orsm;wGifaygufa&mufygonf/ jrefrmEk difiHwGif {&m0wD? &cdkifESif h weoF m&Da'orsm;ü aygufa&muf ygonf/

a*[aA' 'Da&a&mufaomae&mrsm;? &moDtvd kufa&csdK&Ek difaomae&m? urf;ajcwpfavsmuf 'Da&tjrif hqk H;a&mufaomae&mrsm;wGif aygufonf/ &T HUajrrsdK;rSoJEHk;ajrrsdK;txd ajrtrsdK;tpm;rsm;wGif awG U&S d&ygonf/

toH k;0ifyHk opfom;onfESpfvd kzG,f yef;Eka&miftqif;&S dojzif h vlokH;ypönf;tvStyESif h aq;wHydkufjyKvkyf&mwGif tok H;jyKonf/



172



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

(34)

½ku©aA'trnf Zd kifvd kum;ywfpf armfvlqif;ppf (Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lam.) M.Roem.)

rsdK;&if;trnf rDvDa,;pD; (Meliaceae)

a'otac: use (Arm)? yeef (&cdkif )? yifv,ftkef; (Nrdwf )


tyifobm0 tyifajzmif hrwfonf/ tjrif h ay 80 txd jrif honf/ t&Gufa<uopfrsdK;jzpfonf/

yifpnf tndKazsmha&mif&Sdonf/ tacgufwGif axmifvd kuftzwf frsm; vefvsuf&S donf/

tjrpf oyf fyk Hav½SLjrpfrsm;&S donf/

t&Guf &Gufaygif;jzpfonf/ &Gufqd kifxGufaeaom &GufrT m 2 pkH – 3 pk H &S donf/ &GufrT monf bJOyk H &Snfarsmarsm&Sdonf/ &GufxdyfwGiftcRefjzpfonf/ &Gufa<u&moDwGif t&Gufrsm; rlvtpdrf;&if ha&mifrS vdar® ®mfa&mif?t0ga&mif? teDa&mifrsm;odk Yajymif;onf/

yef;yGifh tcd kifvd kufyGif honf/ yef;yGif hrsm;onfao;i,fNyD; yef;Eka&mif? t0gEka&mif? tjzLa&mif &S dMuonf/ wpfcd kif vQif yef;yGif h 9 yGif hrS 35 yGif htxd yg0ifonf/ yef;cdkifonf 3 vufrcef Y tvsm;&S donf/

toD; toD;vk H;0ef;onf/ ojAKoD;t&G,f&S donf/ toD;cG Honf opfom;uJ Yod k YjzpfNyD; trT mrsm; zG J Ypnf;xm;onf/taph 4 aphrS 16 aphtxd yg0ifonf/

jyef YES HU&ma'o tdE d,wdkuf? ta&S Uawmiftm&S ? tif'dkeD;&Sm;? ygyl0ge,l;*DeD? ypdözdwftaemufawmifydkif;uRef;rsm;? MopaMw;vswdkufajrmufyd kif;a'orsm;wGif aygufa&mufygonf/ jrefrmEk difiHwGif {&m0wD? &cdkifESif h weoF m&Da'orsm;ü aygufa&mufygonf/

a*[aA' 'Da&tv,ftvwfESifh 'Da&tjrif hqk H;a&mufaomae&mrsm;? 'Da&awmrsm;\ twGif;bufESif hukef;ajrbufae&mrsm;? yifv,furf;ajc&SdoJaomifckHrsm;\taemuf bufae&mrsm; wGifaygufygonf/ a&csdKa&muf aom ae&mrsm;ud kESpfoufonf/ ausmufp&pfqefaomajr? oJqefaomajr? &TH Uajrrsm;wGifawG U&avh&S donf/

toH k;0ifyH k opfom;onf tenf;i,fayghaomfvnf; toif htwifhrmaMumonf/ tdrf? avSaqmufvkyfjcif;? ud&d,mwefqmyvmrsm;\vufud kif½d k;jyKvkyfjcif;wd k YwGif tok H;jyKonf/ xif;tjzpfvnf;tok H;jyKonf/wd kif;&if;aq;tjzpf taphudk tpmtdrfESifhtlvrf;aMumif;a&m*grsm;twGufvnf;aumif;? tif'd keD;&Sm;Ek difiH wGif toD;udk trsdK;orD;rsm;om;tdrfaq;tjzpfvnf;aumif;tokH;jyKonf/



173



(35)

&ku©aA'trnf t,fbD;ZD;,m; y&d kpD&m

rsdK;&if;trnf vuf*f,lrifed k;pD;

a'otac: ppf? opfjzL (Arm)


tyifMuD;jzpfonf/ ay 60 cef Yjrifhonf/ t&Gufonf iSufarT;&Gufaygif; trsdK;tpm;jzpfonf/iSufarT;&Gufaygif; 2 - 5 pkHyg&S donf/ &GufrT m 6 - 10 pk Hcef Yygonf/ &GufrT mrsm;onfbJO&Snfarsmarsmyk H&S donf/0.4 – 0.8 vufr teH ESif h 1 – 1.5 vufrt&Snf&S donf/ yef;rsm;tcd kifvdkufyGif honf/ tud kif;xdyfzsm;rsm; rSvnf;aumif;? tyifxdyfyd kif;wGif t&GufESif htudkif;rsm;tMum;rS vnf;aumif; yef;cd kifrsm;xGufonf/ yGif hnS mwHrsm;ryg&S dacs/ 0wfqHwd kifrsm;&Snfvsm;onf/ yGif hzwftkHonfjyGefyk H jzpfaeonf/ajymifacsmjyD;tarT;r&S dyg/ yef;yGif hrsm;onf uefawmh ykHjzpfonf/ toD;onf tufuG J oD;awmif hjzpfonf/&ifhrSnf hvsif ajcmufaoG UjyD; eDnd k a&mif&S donf/

(36)

&ku©aA'trnf atjrJrm rufu,efqpfpf

rsdK;&if;trnf avmf&if;ao;pD;

a'otac: usD;aygif; (Arm)

tyif\&ku©aA'qd kif&moGifjyifvu©Pmrsm;uyfyg;yifjzpfonf/ yifpnfacsmrGwfonf od k Y&mwGif tqpfrsm;wGifyifpnf MuD;onf/ tudkif;rsm;pG mxGufonf/ t&Gufrsm;&GufxD;jzpfonf/ &Gufqd kifxGufonf/ &Gufjym;onf bJOyk HrS tenf;i,f &Snfarsmarsmyk Htxd &S donf/ &Gufxdyf0d kif;onf/ &GufnS mwHwd konf/ yef;yGif hrsm;tcd kifvd kuf yGif honf/xD;yk Hyef;cd kifjzpfonf/ yef;cd kif&dk;wHay:wGif wpfcd kifcsif; (od kY ) tpk Hvd kuf&S donf/ yef;cd kif&k d;wHonf 1vu®eD;eD;&Snfonf/ xD;yk Hyef;cdkif\ tv,frSyef;yGif hrsm;wGifyGif hnS mwHr&S dyg/ yef;yGifhrsm; teDaa&mif?t0ga&mif? tpdrf;a&mif wd kYjzpfEd kifonf/ toD;onfbJOyk Ht0d kif;jym;jzpfonf/ toD;wGif yGifhzwftk Hqufvufcd kifjrJvsuf&S donf/ tndka&miftarT;tenf;i,f&S donf/ e,l;*DeD,m? MopaMw;vs ajrmufydkif;?wd k YwGifjyefYES Y HaygufyGm;onf/ 'Da&awmwGifomawG&jyD; orJ h? r'r? oa&m? tdrf hroG,f? jAL;? ESif h vrkyif rsm;wGif uyfyg;yiftjzpf awGU&onf/



174



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

(37)

&ku©aA'trnf bd kif'if yk difvd kqm

rsdK;&if;trnf tufpfwma&;pD;

a'otac: -

tyif\&ku©aA'qdkif&moGifjyifvu©Pmrsm;

opfaysmhyifjzpfonf/ od k Yaomf yifpnfonfopfom;uJ hod k Yrmonf/ tjrif h 3 ay ausmfcef Y&S donf/tarGT;vk H;0eD;yg;r&S dyg/ wpf f ff f f f ff f fcgwpf&H tarT;xlxyfpG m &S dwwfonf/ yifpnfwGif teDa&mif tpGef;txif;rsm;&S donf/ tud kif;rsm;rvk H;bJ axmif hrsm;yg&Sdonf/ t&Gufrsm;onf iSufarT;&Gufaygif; jzpfonf/&Gufqd kifxGufonf/ &GufrT m 3-4 &Guf&S donf/ t&Gufrsm; bJOyk HrS &Snfarsmarsmyk H txd&S donf/&GufxdyfcG sefonf/ &Gufem;vToGm;yk H&S donf/ &GufnS mwGiftenf;i,f awmifyH&S donf/ yef;yGifhrsm;tcdkifvd kufyGif honf/ tud kif;xdyfrSxGufaom xdyfxGufyef;cd kif (odk Y ) t&GufESif htud kif;Mum;rSxGufaomMum;xGufyef;cd kifrsm; jzpfMuonf/ yef;cd kif&d k;wH &Snfonf/ yef;yGifhrsm;ao;i,fonf/ t0ga&mif (od kY )

vdar® mfa&mif&S donf/ yef;cd kif&d k;wHwGif tarT;rsm;&S daom t&Gufi,frsm; jcH&Hvsuf &S donf/ opfaphrsm;onf qvif'gyk H&S djyD; 0.5 vu®cefYom&Snfonf/ tenf;i,f aumufonf/ tajrS mif;av;ck&S donf/ wpfESpf ywfvnfvkH; yef;yGif honf/ vrf;ab;? pGef Yypfajrae&mrsm;? ajcmufaoG UjyD; ajrMoZmnH Yzsif;aomajrae&mrsm; wGifaygufonf/ jrefrmedKifiHwGif &cd kifjynfe,f? csif;jynfe,f? rauG;wd kif;? rEÅ av;wd kif;?ESif h ppfud kif;wd kif;wd k YwGifawGU&Sd&onf/

(38)

&ku©aA'trnf ba&mifvd k0D,m wmqm

rsdK;&if;trnf wDvDa,;pD;

a'otac: a&oref; (od kY ) a&uepd k (Arm)? jcLqef(&cd kif )


jcKHyifrsdK;jzpfonf/ tjrifh 6 aytxdjrif havh&S donf/ tud kif;rsm; tndKa&mif&S donf/ acsmrGwfonf/tajrS mif;rsm;yg&S donf/ tud kif;rsm;i,fpOfwGiftaMu;cG HuJ hod k Ytzwfrsm; &S donf/ t&Gufrsm;rS m &GufxD;jzpfonf/ t&Gufrsm;onf t&if;us,fjyD;tzsm;od kY oG,f fonf/ &Guf&if;0d kif;jyD; &GufxdyfcG sefonf/ teH 1-2 vu®rS tvsm; 2.5-8 vu®rxd&S donf/ &Gufem;acsmonf/ t&Gufonfom;a&uJ hod k Yrmonf/

t&Guf\ tay:rsufES mjyif onfajymifacsmjyD; atmufrsufESmjyifwGiftarG;rsm;&S donf/ &GufnS mwH 1vu®cef Y &Snfonf/ yef;yGif hrsm;tcd kifvd kufyGif honf/ yef;cd kifrsm;wGif yef;yGifhtenf;i,fom &S donf/xdyfxGuf (od kY ) Mum;xGuf yef;cdkifrsm;jzpfMuonf/ yef;yGif hrsm;onf yef;a&mif&S djyD; t&if;bufwGif t0ga&mif&S donf/ toD;onf tufuG JoD; (od k Y ) cG HrmoD;jzpfonf/ ESpfvk H;yk H&Sdonf/ vu®0ufcef Y&S donf/ta&mifrS m rD;cd k;pdrf;a&mif azsmYazsmhjzpfonf/ toD;cG Hay:wGif tndKa&mif azghuJ hod k Ytzwfi,f rsm;&S d onf/ 'Da&awmrsm; wGifaea&mifaumif;pGm&aomae&mrsm;? 'Da&a&mufaom acsmif;rsm; wpfavS smuf?&T H Uajrrsm;? wd k YwGifaygufa&mufygonf/ jyef YESY Haoma'orsm;rS m tdE d,wdkufrS ta&SUawmiftm&S txdjzpfonf/ jrefrmed kifiHwGif rGefjynfe,f? weoFm&Dwd kif;? {&m0wDwd kif; ESifh &cd kifjynfe,fwd kYwGif awGU&Sd&onf/ xif;yiftjzpf tok H;jyKygonf/



175



(39)

&ku©aA'trnf ueAmvD,m rm&DwD;rm;

rsdK;&if;trnf vuf*sLrDae;pD;

a'otac: -


wGm;oG m;yif (odk Y ) EG,fyifjzpfonf/ tyif\tnGefYjzif h&pfywfjyD;wG,fwufonf/ tqpfrsm;rStjrpfrsm;xGufonf/ t&Gufrsm;onf&Gufaygif;jzpfonf/ &GufrT m 3 ckyg&S donf/ xdyfwGif&GufrT mwpfckjzif hqk H;onf/ &GufrTmrsm;onf bJOyk H&S donf/ &Gufxdyfonf Mwd*Hyk Hjzpfavh&Sdonf/ t&Guftom;xlonf/yef;yGif hrsm;tck difvd kuf yGif honf/ t&GufESif htud kif;Mum;rSyef;cd kifxGufonf/ yef;cd kift&d k;wH&Snfonf/yef;yGif hrsm;onf teDa&mif (od k Y ) c&rf;a&mifjzpfonf/ toD;onftufuG JoD; jzpfonf/ yJoD;awmif huJ hod k Y jzpfonf/ wpfoD;vsif 2 aphrS 10 aphtxdyg0ifonf/ oJaomifjyifrsm;ESif h 'Da&awmrsm;\ ukef;wGif;bufae&mrsm;wGifaygufonf f/ ta&S Yawmiftm&SwpfcGifvk H;wGif obm0tavsmuf jyef YES H Yaygufa&muf

onf/ Ekaom toD;eSif htaphrsm;ud k jyKyfpm;í&onf/ yef;yGif hud k[if;cwf tarT;tMudKif tjzpf tok H;jyKonf/

(40)

&ku©aA'trnf uvD&dk d'if'&rf tifemrD

rsdK;&if;trnf Ambifae;pD;

a'otac: awmaMumifyef;? yifv,faMumifyef; (Arm)? oref;ZD (jrdwf )?


jcKHyif (od k Y ) tyifi,fjzpfonf/ wpfcgwpf&H EG,fwufwwfonf/ tjrif h 10 aycef Y&S donf/ yifpnfonf opfom;uJ hod k Yrmonf/ acsmrGwfonf/ tudkif;rsm;onf wG Jvsm;usvsuf&S donf/ tud kif;EkpOf tarT;rsm;zk H;tkyfaeonf/ t&Gufonf&GufxD;jzpfonf/ &GufqdkifxGufonf/ &Gufjym;onft&if;ESif htzsm;ESpfbufodk Y tcsdK;nDoG,foG m;onf/ bJOyk Hvnf;&S donf/ &GufxdyfcG sefonf/ &Gufem;acsmonf/ tom;xlonf/rsufeS mjyifacsmrGwfonf/ atmufrsufES mjyifwGif tpdrf;&if ha&mif tpufrsm;&S donf/ tcd kifvd kufyef;yGif h onf/ yef;cd kifonft&GufESif htudkif;Mum;rS xGufonf/ tyif\ tay:yd kif;wGifrltud kif;xdyfrSxGufonf/wpfcd kifvS sif 3-7 yGif h&S donf/ yGif hzwf 5 ckygonf/ yGif hzwftkHonf cGufyk H(od k Y )acgif;vmif;yk H jzpfjyD;

yGifhzwfrsm;wGif tarT;rsm;&S donf/ yGif hcsyf 5 ck&Sdonf/ yGif hcsyfrsm; MuD;rm;jyD;0k dif;onf/ yGif hcsyftkH>yefonf0.5vu®-1.4vu® &Snfonf/ 0wfqHwd kif 4 ckonf yef;yGif hxuf &Snfvsm;jyD; teDa&mif&Sdonf/toD;vkH;0d kif;jyD;xdyfjym;onf/ toD;xdyfwGif iSufEIwfoD;uJ hod k Y&S donf/ a&csKda&iefpyfae&mrsm; ESif h 'Da& awmtwGif; ayguf a&mufonf/ tdE d,? oD&dvuF m rS ta&S Uawmiftm&S? w½kwfjynfawmifyd kif;?MopaMw;vswd kuf txdjyefYES H Yonf/ toD;ESif htjrpfud k ig;ESif hyifv,fa&owÅ 0gwd k Y\ tqdyfwufjcif;ud kuko&mwGiftok H;jyKonf/ &Gufud kxdcd kuf&Semrsm;wGiftok H;jyKonf/



176



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

(41)

&ku©aA'trnf pd kifEk d'k H 'ufwdkifvef

rsdK;&if;trnf yd ka,;pD;

a'otac: ajrpmjruf? jrif;pm;jruf (Arm)


ESpf&SnfcHyif? jrufyifjzpfonf/ yifpnf\tqpfrsm;rS tjrpfrsm; xGufonf/ atmufzuftqpfrsm;rS yifpnft&k Hvk dufxGufonf/ wG m;oG m;aomyifpnfrsm;ESif h &d kifZkrf;rsm;jzif h us,fjyef Yaomjrufcif;jyifjzpfvmonf/ axmifrwfaom yifpnfrS yef;yGif honf/ yef;yGif h&S daom yifpnfonfacsmrGwfonf/qvif'gyk HjzpfjyD; tacgif; &Sdonf/ t&GufwpfcsdKUtrT;yg&S djyD; wpfcsdKUwGiftarT;ryg&Sdacs/ &GufxdyfcG sefonf/yef;yGif hrsm;tcd kifvd kufyGif honf/ tqk H;r&Sdyef;cd kifjzpfonf/ yef;cd kifwGif qvif'gyk H yef;cd kiftao; 3-7ckyg0ifonf/ yef;cd kiftvsm; 2 vu®cef Y&S donf/ pd kpGwfaom ae&mrS ajcmufaoG Uaomae&mtxd?t&dyftenf;i,f&aom ae&mrS yljyif;aom aea&mifatmuftxd? ae&mtrsdK;rsdK;wGifaygufonf/

pGef Yypfxm;aomajrrsm;? vrf;ab;rsm;? 'Da&awmrsm;\ukef;wGif;buf ajcmufaoGUaomae&mrsm;wGifaygufonf f/ ta&S U awmiftm&SwpfcGifvk H;wGifjyefYES Y Haygufa&mufonf/

(42)

&ku©aA'trnf pifEd krufx&m &rfrDzavm&m


a'otac: jrif;u (Arm)? rSif;uef; (&cdkif )


jcKHyif (od kY ) tyifvwfjzpfonf/ 15-40 aytxdjrifhonf/ tacgufonfacsmrGwfonf? rD;cd k;a&mif&S donf/yifpnfwGif fyg;ysOf; tenf;i,f&S donf/ t&Gufrsm;onf&Gufaygif;jzpfonf/ &GufvT JxGufonf/ &GufrTm2-6 ckonf tpk Hvd kuf (trsm;tm;jzif h wpfpk H ) &Sdonf/ t&Gufrsm;onf om;a&uJhodk Yrmonf/ t&Guf \tem;ESpfbufrnDbJ cyfapmif;apmif;jzpfonf/ yef;yGif hrsm;tcd kifvd kufyGif honf/ t&GufESif htud kif;Mum;rS yef;cd kifxGufonf/ tqk H;r&S dyef;cd kifjzpfonf/ yef;cd kif&d k;wH wpfckwnf;ay:wGif yef;yGifhrsm;pDvsuf yGif h fonf/ yef;cd kif&d k;wHwdkonf/ &dk;wHwGif ao;i,faom t&Guf frsm;&S donf/ vdifpk Hyef;yGif hrsm;jzpfonf/yef;yGif hrsm; t0gazsmha&mif&SdMuonf/ toD;onfcGHrmoD;jzpfonf/ tenf;i,fvk H;0ef;onf/

tndKa&mif&S donf/ tarT;wdkrsm;&S donf/ 'Da&awmrsm; \ukef;wGif;bufae&mrsm; wGifaygufonf f/&T H Uap;ajrrsm;wGif aygufavh&Sdonf/ tdE d,rS ta&S Uawmiftm&S wpfcGif? ypdzdwfurf;ajca'orsm;wGif aygufa&mufonf/ opfom;ud k aqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif wpfcgwpf&Htok H;jyKonf/ od k Y&mwGif wm&SnfrcHyg/ tcef;wGif;ok H;ypönf;rsm;twGufomoif hawmfonf/ wd kif;&if;aq;tjzpf t&GufESif h taphud k ta&jym;a&m*grsm;uko&mwGifok H;onf/



177



(43)

&ku©aA'trnf a':vfbm*sD,m uifef'efemwif;qpfpf


a'otac: a&csif;,m;EG,f (Arm)?


EG,fyifjzpfonf/ yifpnfonf opfom;uJ hod k Yrmonf/ tud kif;rsm;pG m xGufonf/ tnGefYjzif h &pfywfwGufwufonf/ tacgufonf tndK&if h a&mif&S donf/ acsmrGwfonf/ t&GufonfiSufarG;&Gufaygif;jzpfonf/ &GufvT JxGufonf/ wpf&Gufvsif &GufrT m 3-7 ckyg&S donf/ &Gufjym;onf bJOajymif;jyefyk H?wpfcgwpf&H &GufxdyfwGiftcsdKifhyg&S donf/ t&Guf\tay: rsufES mjyifonf tpdrf;&if ha&mif&Sdonf/atmufrsufES mjyifonfawmufyjyD; &GufaMumrsm; xif&S m;onf/ yef;yGifhrsm;tcdkifvd kufyGifhonf/ tqk H;r&Sdyef;cd kif jzpfonf/ t&GufESif h tudkif;Mum;rSxGufonf/ yef;cd kifwGiftcuf rsm;pG m&S donf/ yef;yGif h rsm;onfvdifpk Hjzpfonf/ tjzL a&mif&S dMuonf/ yGif hn§ mwHrsm; ryg&S dacs/ toD;rS mtufuG JoD;jzpfonf/

cyfjym;jym;ESif h vjcrf;yk Hjzpfonf/ yifv,furf;ajcwGifaygufaom opfrsdK;jzpfonf/ 'Da&awmrsm;\ukef;wGif;bufae&mrsm;? 'Da&0ifa&mufaom acsmif;rsm;\urf;yg;ae&mrsm;wGif aygufonf f/ a&csdK &&Sd&efvnf;vk dtyfonf/ oD&dvuF m? tdEd , ta&S Ybufurf;rS w&kwfjynfawmifyd kif;? ta&S Uawmiftm&SwpfcGifvkH;wd k YwGif jyefYES H Yaygufa&mufonf/

(44)

&ku©aA'trnf a':vfbm*sD,m pyd kifEd kqmrsdK;&if;trnf azab;pD;

a'otac: ql;ukwf (od k Y ) jAdKuf (Arm)? qvDEG,f (&cd kif)? ql;aumuf (jrdwf )


jcKHyif (ok d Y ) tyifi,fjzpfonf/ yifpnfonfopfom;uJ hodk Yrmonf/ &pfywf EG,fwufwwfonf/ tjrif h 25 ay txd&S dEdkifonf/ tqpfrsm;wGif opfom; uJ hod k Yrmaom ql; 2 acsmif;&S donf/ ql;rsm;onf 1.6vu®txdt&Snf &SdMuonf/ a&aomufjrpfpepfzG HUjzdK;onf/ av&Ijrpfr&S dyg/ t&Gufrsm;onf &Gufaygif;jzpfonf/ &GufrT m rsm;ao;i,fonf/ yef;yGif hrsm;tcd kifvdkufyGif honf/ t&GufESif htud kif;Mum;rS xGufonf/tqk H;r&Sdyef;cd kifjzpfonf/ yef;yGif hrsm; t*F gpk H? vdifpkH jzpfMuonf/ yef;yGif hud kESpfjcrf;nDjzpfatmif

wpfae&mwnf;rSom cG JpdwfEd kifonf/ tom;xlaom tpdrf;a&mif yGif hzwf 5ck? tjzLa&mifyGif hcsyf 5ck &S dMuonf/ toD;onftufuG JoD;jzpfonf/ ausmufuyfyH?k cyfjym;jym;jzpfonf/ Asuf 0.7 vu®? tvsm;1 vu® t&G,f&Sdonf/ tem;wpfbufck H;vsuf? useftem;wpfbufonf tv,fwGifcsdKifhjyD;cGuf aeonf/ yifpnfud kavmifpmxif;tjzpftok H;jyKonf/ jrefrmEd kifiHwGif &cd kifjynfe,f? {&m0wD? weoF m&D?&efukefwd kif;wd kYwGifawG U&onf/



178



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

(45)

&ku©aA'trnf 'J&pfpf puef'efpf

rsdK;&if;trnf vuf*sLrDed k;pD;

a'otac: rdacsmif;EG,f (od k Y) EG,fjzL (Arm)? awmykef;EG,f (jrdwf )


tjrJpdrf;yif? MuD;rm;aomEG,fyifjzpfonf/ yifpnfonfopfom;uJ hod k Yrmonf/ av&Ijrpfr&Sdyg/tacgufonf tndKa&mif (odk Y ) trnf;a&mifjzpfonf/ t&Gufrsm;onf&Gufaygif;jzpfonf/&GufvT JxGufonf/ t&Guf&d k;wHonf 8 vu®txd&Snfonf/ &GufrT mrsm; xdyfqk difvsuf 3-5 pkH&S donf/t&if;bufrS&GufrT mrsm;onf xdyfbuf&GufrT m rsm;xuft&G,ftpm; yk di,fonf/ &Gufjym;rsm;onf t&if;ESif htzsm;ESpfbufod kY tcsdK;nDoG,fonf (od kY ) t&if;us,fítzsm;od k YoG,fonf/ &GufxdyfcG sefonf/&Gufem;acsmonf/ yef;yGif hrsm;tcd kifvdkufyGif honf/ tqk H;r&S dyef;cd kifjzpfonf/ t&GufESif htud kif;Mum;rSxGufonf/ yef;yGif hrsm;yJaphykHjzpfonf/ yef;Eka&mif&SdMuonf/ toD;onftufuG JoD;jzpfonf/

tarT;&Sdonf/ jym;jym;&Snf&Snfjzpfonf/ tem;wpfbufonf useftem;wpfbufxuf yd kxlonf/toDwpfoD;vsif taph 1-3 aphyg0ifonf/ ajredrfha'orsm;wGif aygufonf/ ta&S Uawmif tm&S\opfrsdK;jzpfonf/

(46)

&ku©aA'trnf 'J&pfpfx½dkif zd kvDa,wm


a'otac: EG,feuf (od kY ) ujAKwfEG,f (Arm)? EG,fbkwf (&cd kif )? EG,feuf (jrdwf)tyif\&ku©aA'qdkif&moGifjyifvu©Pmrsm;

jcKHyif (od k Y) EG,fyifjzpfonf/ yifpnfonfopfom;uJ hod k Yrmonf/ tvsm; 40 aytxd&SnfEd kifonf/tacgufacsmrGwfonf/ tndK&if ha&mif&S donf/ yifpnfi,fpOfwGif teD&if ha&mif&S donf/ t&Gufonf &Gufaygif;jzpfonf/ &GufvG T JxGufonf/ iSufarT;&Gufaygif;jzpfonf/ &GufrTm 3 - 5 ckyg&S donf/awmufyaom tpdrf;&if h a&mif&S donf/ &Guf&if;0d kif;onf/ &Gufxdyf fcG sefonf/ yef;yGif hrsm;tcd kifvd kufyGif honf/ tqk H;r&S dyef;cd kifjzpfjyD; qvif'gyk H&S donf/ vdifpk Hyef;yGif hrsm; jzpfonf/ yef;cd kiftvsm; 3 - 8vu®cef Y &S donf/ toD;rS mtufuG JoD;jzpfonf/ csyfjym;yk H&S donf/ Asuf 0.8 vu®? tvsm; 1-1.6vu®t&G,f&S donf/ wpfoD;vsifopfaph 1 - 2 aphyg0ifonf/ taphonfjym;jyD;0d kif;onf/ ajcmufaoG Yvsif

aMu;nSdpdrf;a&mif&S donf/ &TUHnG H xlxyfaomurf;ajc? 'Da&a&mufacsmif;rsm;wpfavS smuf? 'Da&awmrsm;\a&0yf{&d,mrsm; wdk YwGifaygufonf/ tmz&duwd kufta&S Ubufurf;ajcrS tm&Swk dufESif h MopaMw;vswd kufwd k Y\ ortylydkif;ESif h tylyd kif;a'orsm;txd jyef YESY Haygufa&mufonf/aq;buf0iftyifjzpfonf/



179



(47)

&ku©aA'trnf a':vDcsef'&krf; pygompDa,;

rsdK;&if;trnf bpfEd keDa,;pD;

a'otac: a&ocGwf (Arm)? pufu0uf (jrdwf)


tjrJpdrf;opfyif? tyifi,fjzpfonf/ tjrif h 65 aytxd&S donf/ yifpnf aumufauG;avh&S donf/tacguftndKa&mif&S donf/ tyiftd kvsiftacguf wGiftajrS mif;rsm;ay:vmonf/ t&Gufrsm;&Gufaygif;jzpfonf/ &GufrT m 2-4 pk H yg0ifjyD; xdyfwGif&GufrG T mwpf&Gufjzif hqk H;onf/ &Gufjym;onf bJOyk H (od k Y) &Guf&if;us,fjyD;tzsm;od k YoG,fonfYyk H &Sdonf/ &GufxdyfcG sefonf/ &Gufem; ESpfbuft&SnfrnDyg/ t&GufEkpOfyef;a&mif&S donf f/ yef;yGifhrsm; MuD;rm;onf/ x&rfyufyk Hjzpfonf/ tjzL (od k Y) pdrf;0ga&mif&Sdonf/toD;onf tufuG JoD;jzpfonf/ tvsm; 18 vu®txd &Snfonf/ toD;wGif taphrsm;pGm yg0ifonf/taphrsm;onf av;axmif h pyfpyfjzpfjyD;? awmifyHygonf/ 'Da&awmrsm;\ukef;wGif;buf? 'Da&a&muf

jrpfacsmif;rsm;\ wpfavsmuf? jrpf0rsm;ponfhae&mrsm;wGifaygufonf/ tdE d,EdkifiH rvmbm urf;ajcrS ta&S Uawmiftm&SwpfcGif? ypdzdwfork'&m taemufbufurf;? aqmfvrGefuGsef;pkrsm;txd jyefYES H Yaygufa&mufonf/ opfom;onfayghyg;onf/ ig;zrf;yd kufazghrsm; jyKvkyf&mwGifok H;onf/ t&Gufud k cHwGif;oef Y&Sif;a&; twGuftok H;jyKonf/ wpfESpf ywfvnfvk H; yef;yGif honf/

(48)

&ku©aA'trnf '&dkifrd k*vdkqrf yDvd kqJvd GKuf'D;rsdK;&if;trnf ay:vDyd k'Da,;pD;

a'otac: -


uyfyg;yiftrsdK;tpm;jzpfonf/ &dkifZkrf;tjrpfonf &Snfvsm;jyD;wG m;oG m;aeonf/ t&Gufrsm;&GufxD;jzpfonf/ &Gufem;acsmonf/ t&GufwGifrsdK;yG m; &efpyd k;qJvfrsm;&S donf/ rsdK;ratmifaomt&Gufrsm;onf tom;xlonf? rsufESmjyifacsmrGwfonf? t&Guf0d kif;onf? tcsif; 0.4 vu®cefYt&G,f &S donf?&Gufn§ mwHr&Sdyg/ rsdK;atmifaomt&Gufrsm;onf t&GufxdyfwGif pyd k;rsm;o,faqmifxm;jyD; 1 vu®rS 5vu®txd &SnfxGufvmonf/ &GufnS mwHvnf; 0.5 vu®cef Y&Snfonf/ 'Da&awmrsm;ESifh ajredrfa'orsm;

wGif toufMuD;aomopfyifrsm;tay:wGif awG U&avh&S daom uyfyg;yif trsdK;tpm;jzpfonf/ tdEd,ta&S Uajrmuf rS ta&S Uawmiftm&Sa'o? ygyl0g e,l;*DeD? MopaMw;vswd kufajrmufyk dif; txdjyef YES HY aygufa&mufnf/ þopfrsdK; \t&Gufud kb,aq;rsm;wGiftokH;jyKonf/



180



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

(49)

&ku©aA'trnf tDuvpfyfwm t,fbm


a'otac: MudwfrSef (Arm)


a&rsm;pG myg0ifaom yifaysmhjzpfonf/ tyifaxmifrwfonf/ ysrf;rQ 1.5 - 2 aycef Y jrif honf/tud kif;rsm;pG mjzmxGufonf/ tjrpfonf ftrS sifrsm;pG m &S donf/ atmufzuftqpfrsm;rS tjrpfrsm;xGufonf/ t&Gufrsm; &Gufqd kifxGufonf/ &Guf&if;us,fí tzsm;ok d YusOf;oG m;onf/ &Gufxdyf ao;jyD;cG sefonf/ Asuf 1 vu®ESif h t&Snf 5 vu®t&G,f&S donf/ &Gufem;wGif vToG m;rsm;&S donf/t&Gufrsm;aea&mifatmuf wGifyef;a&mif&Sdonf/ &GufnS mwHr&S dacs/ yef;yGif hrsm;tcd kifvd kufyGif honf/OD;acgif;yk Hyef;cdkifjzpfonf/ yef;cd kifrsm;onf tud kif;xdyf (od k Y ) t&GufESif htuk dif;Mum; rSxGufonf/ yef;cd kif ½d k;wHonf 1 vu®eD;eD;&Snfonf/ MudwfrSefyifonf pd kpGwfaomae&mwGifaygufonf/ MudwfrSefyifud k

b,aq;wGifrsm;pG mtok H;jyKonf/ MudwfrSefyifrS trJa&mif qd k;aq;ud k qHyifqd k;aq;ESif h aq;rSif aMumifxdk;&mwGif tok H;jyKonf/

(50)

&ku©aA'trnf ,lygwd k&D,rf tdk'd k&mwrf


a'otac: bdZyf (Arm)? *kefwvd kif; (&cd kif )


yifaysmhtrsdK;tpm;? jcKHyifjzpfonf/ t&Gufrsm;onf &GufxD;jzpfonf/ &Gufqd kif (odk Y ) &GufvT J xGufonf/yef;yGif hrsm;tcd kifvk dufyGif honf/ tqk H;r&S dyef;cd kifjzpfonf/ OD;acgif;yk Hyef;cd kifjzpfonf/ yef;cd kifwGif yef;yGif hrsm;onf rsufES mjyif wpfajy;nD&SdaeMuonf/ yef;cd kif&d k;wHwGif vToG m;yk H tem;&S daomao;i,faom yGif hnS m&Gufrsm;&S donf/ tzd kyif (odk Y ) tryif [lí&S donf/ yGifhcsyf 5ck&S donf/ yGifhcsyftk H>yef onfqvif'gykH&S djyD; xdyfwGif oG m;yk H 5 ckjzpfaeonf/ 0wfqHwdkifao;i,fonf/ 0wfrIHcHwd kif&Snfonf/rsdK;pdwfaygif; 400 cef Y&S donf/



181



(51)

&ku©aA'trnf zifb&pfpwdkifvpf zm&l S*sDeD,m

rsdK;&if;trnf qd kufyga&;pD;

a'otac: -


ESpf&SnfcHyif? jrufyifjzpfonf/ ½d kifZkrf;tjrpfwd kdonf/ yifpnfonfcd kifjrJonf? 10 vu® rS 2.5aytxd&Snfonf/ acsmrGwfonf/ cdkpdrf;ta&mif&S donf/ t&Gufrsm;onf yifpnfxufrsm;pG mwd konf/1-4 vu®cef Yom&Snfonf/ t&Guft&if;wGif tarT;xlaom vS smwpfck&S donf/ yef;yGif hrsm;tcd kifvd kuf yGif honf/ OD;acgif;yk Hyef;cdkifjzpfonf/ yef;cd kifonf 1-2 vu®cef Y &Snfonf/ yef;cdkifonf tn§ mrJh yef;yGif hrsm;pG mjzif h odyfonf;pG mzG J Upnf; xm;onf/ yef;cd kift&if;wGif yGif hnS m&Guf 2-3 ck&S donf/ toD;onf cG HrmoD;jzpfonf/ bJOajymif;jyefyk H rS tenf;i,f&SnfarsmarsmykHtxd&S donf/ &T HUap;ajr? pk dpGwf aomae&m?aea&mifaumif;pG m&aom ae&mrsm;? 'Da&twuftus yk HrSef&S daom ae&mrsm; wGifaygufa&mufonf/

(52)

&ku©aA'trnf zifavqd k;eD;,m; tdkAd kAm;wm;rsdK;&if;trnf tufpfuv,fyDa,a'pD;

a'otac: ajAmufEG,f (Arm)? usuif; (&cd kif)? puúLEG,f (jrdwf )


EG,fyifjzpfonf/ tjrif h 16aycef Ytxdjrih fonf/ yifpnfonfopfom;uJ hod k Y jzpfonf/ vk H;0d kif;onf/'gPf&m&vsiftjzLa&miftap;xGufonf/ t&Gufrsm; &GufxD;jzpfonf/ &Gufqd kifxGufonf/ t&GufonfEkpOfwGif ao;oG,fí &if haomtcg bJOyk Hjzpfvmonf/ &GufnS mwHrsm;xljyD;teDa&mif&S donf/ yef;yGif hrsm;tcd kifvd kufyGif honf/ t&GufESif htud kif;Mum;rSxGufonf/ pdrf;0ga&mif&S djyD; teY Hqd k;xGufonf/yef;cd kif&d k;wHxlonf/ c&rf;a&mif&S donf/ tarT;wd krsm;zkH; tkyfvsuf&S donf/ toD;onftom;xlonf/

jyef Yum;jyD; xdyfwGifcG sefvsuf csdwfjzpfaeonf/ uG sJ\OD;csdKyk Ho@mef&Sdonf/ 'Da&awmrsm;twGif;acsmif;rsm; wpfavSsmufwGifaygufonf/ b*Fvm;yifv,fatmfrS ta&S Uawmiftm&S wpfcGifwGifjyef YES H Y aygufa&mufonf/



182



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

(53)

&ku©aA'trnf zvuf*s,fvm;&D;,m; tif'Dum

rsdK;&if;trnf zvuf*s,fvm&Da,;pD;

a'otac: ajrmufMudrf f (Arm)? ajrmufMudrf f (&cd kif)


ESpf&SnfcH? EG,fyifjzpfonf/ 6 - 18 aytxd&SnfEd kifonf/ yifpnftcsif; 1 vu®cefY&S donf/yifpnft&if;yd kif;onf opfom;uJ hod k Yrmonf/ &Gufjym;onf usOf;jyD;&Snfonf/ Asuf 0.5 vu® ESif h t&Snf 16 vu® txd&S dEd kifonf/ tarT;r&Sdyg/ &Gufxdyfao;oG,fjyD;vdyfae&m wG,fwuf&efcsdwfuJhodk Y jzpfae onf/ yef;yGifhrsm;wpfyGif hcsif;yGif honf/ tzsm;wGif tpkvd kufyGif honf/ tjzLa&mif&S donf/teH UarT;onf/ toD;rsm;vk H;0ef;onf/ tcsif; 0.25 vu® cef Y&S donf/ yef;a&mif(odk Y ) vdar® mfa&mif&S donf/awmufyonf/ toD;wpfoD;vsiftaphwpfaphomyg&S donf/ pGwfpd kaomawmrsm;wGif awG Y& avh&S donf/'Da&awmrsm;\tem;owfrsm;wpfavS S smuf? acsmif;rsm;ESifh vdS sKrsm;wGif xlxyfpGmawG U&onf/ yifpnfud k

jcif;awmif;rsm;,ufvkyf&mwGif ok H;onf/ odk Yaomf MudrfuJ hod kYt&nftaoG;raumif;yg/

(54)

&ku©aA'trnf [pfbpfpfuyfpf wDvDa,;&Syf

rsdK;&if;trnf rmvfaA;pD;

a'otac: oref;avsS mf (Arm)? oifyef; (&cd kif )? avSsmfyif (jrdwf )


jcKHyif (od k Y) tyifvwfjzpfonf/ tjrifh ay 50 txdjrif hEd kifonf/ tacgufrS m rD;cd k;a&mifjzpfjyD;acsmrGwfonf/ yifpnftcsif; 1 aytxd&S dEdkifonf/ t&Guf rsm;&GufxD;jzpfonf/ pG,fawmf&GufuJhodk Y ESvkH;yk H&S donf/ t&Gufrsm;onf Asuf 2 - 6vu®? tvsm; 3 - 8vu® t&G,f&S dMuonf/ tay:rsufES mjyif onf awmufyaomtpdrf;a&mif&S djyD; atmufrsufES mjyifonf cd kpdrf;a&mifESif h tarT;rsm;&S donf/yef;yGif hrsm;vdifpk Hjzpfonf/ yef;yGif hrsm;onfawmufyaom t0ga&mifESif h tv,fwGifteDa&mif&SdMuonf/



183



toD;rsm;onf bJOyk H&S djyD; tndKazsmha&mif&Sdonf/ tufuG JoD;awmif hjzpfonf/ 1 vu®cef Yt&Snf&S donf/tuef Y 5 ckjzif htufuG Jonf/ wpfoD;vsif taph 10 aphyg0ifonf/ yifv,furf;ajca'o? jrpfacsmif;teD;?'Da&awmrsm;? a&0yf{&d,m wd kYwGifaygufonf/ rl&if;a'oonfta&S Uawmiftm&SrS MopaMw;vswd kuf\ta&S Ubuf ESif h taemufbuf ork'&muG sef;rsm; txdjzpfonf/ opfom;ud k avmifpmxif; twGuf vnf;aumif;? tacgufud kavSsmfMudK; tjzpf vnf;aumif; tok H;jyKonf/

(55)

&ku©aA'trnf [d k,m umaeqd k

rsdK;&if;trnf tufpfuv,fyDa,a'pD;

a'otac: -


&pfywfEG,fwufwwfaom uyfyg;yifjzpfonf/ tqpfrsm;rStjrpfxGufonf/ t&Gufrsm;onf&GufxD;

jzpfonf/ tom;xlonf/ tcsdKUt&Gufrsm;onf aiGa&miftpuftajymuf rsm;&Sdonf/ yef;yGif hrsm;tcd kifvd kufyGif honf/ tqkH;r&S dyef;cdkifjzpfonf/ xD;yk Hyef;cd kifjzpfonf/ yef;yGif hrsm; ao;i,fonf/ yef;a&mif(od k Y) tjzLa&mif&S dMuonf/ yGif hzwf 5 ck&Sdonf/ yGif hcsyftk HonfMu,fyk H&S djyD; tom;xlonf/ za,mif;om;ESih fwlonf/ taphrsm;onf bJOyk H (odk Y ) &Snfarsmarsmyk H&Sdonf/ rl&if;a'oonf ta&S Utm&SESif hMopaMw;vs wdkufwd kYjzpfMuonf/ aoG;wd k;a&m*gESif h aoG;aMumusOf;a&m*grsm;twGuf aq;buf0iftyifjzpfonf/

(56)

&ku©aA'trnf/ td kifydk;rD;,m; t,fvfbm

rsdK;&if;trnf uGefaAmfAsLav;pD;

a'otac: EG,fuefpGef;jzL (Arm)?


ESpf&SnfcHyif yifaysmhjzpfonf/ tjrif h 15 - 100 aytxd yifpnfjzif h &pfywf íEG,fwufonf/t&Gufrsm;&GufxD;jzpfonf/ t[d kuf 3 ck&S donf/ &Gufem;acsmonf (od k Y ) yef;yGif hrsm; 3 - 6 vu® tcsif;

t&G,ftxd MuD;rm;Muonf/ yef;yGif hrsm; arT;&eHY&S donf/ yef;a&mif(od k Y )tjzLa&mif &SdMuonf/ naeyd kif;tcsdefrS vsifjref pG mpwifyGif hjyD; wpfnvk H;ESih feHeuf aea&mifcsnf&onftxdyGif honf/ &moDOwkat;vsifyd kíMum&SnfpGmyGifhonf/ yef;yGif hrsm; vjynf YuJ hod kY0k dif;pufjcif; ESif h ntcsdefyGif hjcif;wd k YaMumif hrGef;zvm;0g; [ktrsm;uac:Muonf/



184



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

(57)

&ku©aA'trnf td kifyd k;rD;,m; yufpfuyfya&;

rsdK;&if;trnf uGefaAmfAsLav;pD;

a'otac: yifv,fuefpGef; (Arm)? acgif;avmif;yef; (&cdkif )


ESpf&SnfcHyifaysmh? wGm;oG m;yifjzpfonf/ tud kif;tcufrsm;jzif h ay 100 txdt&Snf&S dEd kifonf/'gPf&m&vsif tjzLa&miftap;rsm;xGufonf/ a& aomufjrpfonfeufjyD;&Snfonf/ t&Gufrsm;&GufxD;jzpfonf/ &GufvT J xGufonf/ &Snfarsmarsm &S donf/ Asuf 1 vu® tvsm; 5 vu® cef Yt&G,f

&S donf/ &GufxdyfwGif t[d kufi,frsm;&S donf/ &GufnSmwH&Snfonf/ yef;yGif hrsm; t&GufESif htud kif;Mum;rSxGufonf/ yGif hcsyftkHonfacgif;avmif;yk H jzpfonf/ yef;a&mif (od k Y ) c&rf;a&mif&SdMuonf/toD;wpfoD;vsif taph 4 aphyg&S donf/ taphrsm; tndKa&mif&S donf/ 'Da&tjrif hqk H;trSwf yifv,f urf;ajcwpfavsmufwGif jyef YyG m;aygufa&mufonf/ us,fjyefYpG m jzmcif;xm; ouJ hod k Yaygufojzif h yifv,furf;ajcrSoJaomifrsm;cd kifjrJa&;ud ktaxmuftuljyKonf/ awmifESifhajrmuftar&duwk dufwd k Y\tylyd kif;a'ouGsef;rsm;? tmz&dutv,fydkif;\ ta&S UESif htaemufbufurf;ajcrsm;? tdEd,? tm&S ESif h MopaMw;vswd kuf wdk YwGifjyef YES H Yaygufa&mufonf/ taphud ktpmtdrf a&m*g? t&Gufudk a&mif&rf;jcif;?a&ylavmifjcif;? jynfwnfemrsm;? ydk;rT m; tqdyfwufjcif; wd kYudkuko&mwGiftok H;jyKonf/

(58)

&ku©aA'trnf vlpD;em;vlud kqufzvm

rsdK;&if;trnf azab;pD;

a'otac: abmpud kif; (Arm)?


jcKHyif (od k Y ) tyifvwfjzpfonf/ tjrifh ay 60 cef htxdjrifhonf/ ikwfwuf xGuftm;aumifonf/tacgufonf tndKa&mif&S djyD; xif&S m;aomav0if aygufrsm;&S donf/ t&Gufrsm;onf 2 qif h iSufarG;&Gufaygif;jzpfonf/ &GufrTmtpk H 11 - 12 pk Hcef Yyg0ifonf/ t&Guftvsm; 1 ay cef Yxd&SdEd kifonf/xif&S m;aom &Guf&if;zk&Sdonf/ yef;yGif hrsm;tcd kifvdkufyGif honf/ tcsif; 1-2 vu®&S donf h vk H;0d kif;onf YOd;acgif;ykH yef;cd kifrsm;jzpfonf/ toD;onftufuG JoD; tawmif hjzpfonf/&if hrSnf Yvsiftndka&mifjzpfonf/ wpfoD;vsif taph 18-22 aphyg0ifonf/ tylyk dif;a'owpfcGifvk H;wGif jyef YES HYaygufa&mufonf/ tylydkif;a'o\ oD;ESHopfawma&maES mpkdufysdK;pepfwGif tok H;rsm;aomopfrsdK;jzpfonf/



185



(59)

&ku©aA'trnf r,fvmpwd krm ADvd kqrf

rsdK;&if;trnf r,fvmpwd krmaw;pD;

a'otac: -


jcKHyiftrsdK;tpm;jzpfonf/ tjrif h 6 aycef Y&Sdonf? tud kif;rsm;tenf;i,f av;axmif hpyfpyf&Sdonf/tayG; tndka&mif&S donf/ t&Gufrsm;&GufxD; jzpfonf/ &Gufjym;onf bJOyk HrS tenf;i,f &Snfarsmarsmyk H txd&S donf/ &GufxdyfcG sefonf/ &Gufem;acsmonf/ t&Guftay: rsufeS mjyifwGif tarT;tenf;i,f&S donf/ &GufaMumrsm;xif&S m;onf/ &GufnSmwH&Snfonf/ yef;yGif hrsm; tcdkifvd kufyGifhonf/tud kif;xdyfrSyef;cd kifxGufonf/ 1 yGif hrS 3 yGif htxdygonf/ yef;yGif hrsm;wGif yGifhzwf 5 ck? yGifhcsyf 5 ckpD &S dMuonf/ awmufyaomyef;a&mifyef;yGifhrsm;jzpfMuonf/ tjyifbufrS 0wfqHwdkifrsm; yd k&Snf Muonf/cG HaysmhoD; jzpfonf/ tom;xlonf/ pm;í&onf/ t&GufEkrsm;eSif h tjrpfwd k Yonf aq;buf0ifonf/

a&0yfaomae&m odk Yr[kwf ukef;ay:wGif jcKHawm? jrufawm? tvif;yGif haomae&m? vrf;ab;ponfwd k YwGifawG Y&onf/ w&kyf? uarÇ m'D;,m;? jrefrm? xdkif;? vmtd k? tif'dkeD;&S m;? rav;&S m;? zdvpfyd kif Ed kifiHrsm;wGif aygufa&mufonf/

(60)

&ku©aA'trnf rD;&kyf tef*sLavwm

rsdK;&if;trnf &law;pD;a'otac: awma&Smuf (Arm)? ysm;a&S muf (&cd kif)? awma&S muf (jrdwf )


NcKHyifjzpfonf/ 10 aycef Ytxdjrif honf/ tud kif;rsm;pGm&S donf/ yifpnfESifh tud kif;wd k YwGif 1 vu® cefY&Snfaom ql;trmrsm;&S donf/ t&Gufrsm;onf &GufxD;jzpfonf/ &GufvT JxGufonf/ tom;xljyD;om;a&uJhodk Yrmonf/ tqD&S donf/ yGwfacsvd kufygu oHyk&m&eHYxGufonf/ t&Gufay:wGif tpuf tajymufrsm;&S donf/ t&Guftem;rsm;wGif t[d kuftenf;i,f&S donf/ t&Gufxdyfzsm;onf tenf;i,fcG sefonf (od kY ) wkH;onf/ yef;yGif hrsm; wpfyGifh csif;yGif honf/ t&GufESifhtuk dif;Mum;rSxGufonf/vdifpk Hjzpfonf/ yGif hzwf 5 ck ? yGif hcsyf 5ck pD&S dMu onf/ yef;yGif hrsm; tjzLa&mif jzpfonf/ &eH YarT;onf/

toD;onfcG HaysmYoD;jzpfonf/ oHyk&moD;ESif hqifonf/ od kY&mwGif cyf&Snf&Snf ok H;ajrS mif hyk Hjzpfonf/uef Yvef Y jzwfMunf h fvsif tcef; 3cef;yg0ifonf/ wpfcef;vsif &Snf&Snfjym;jym; taph wpfaphpDyg&S donf/'Da&awmrsm; \ukef;wGif; bufae&mrsm;? acsmif;urf;em; wpfavsmuf wGifaygufonf/ taemuf bifa*gvf ta&S UbufrS ta&SUawmif tm&S? jrefrm? rav;&S m;? puF myl? *smAm; (tif'd keD;&S m;) ESifh ygyl0ge,l;*DeDwd k YwGif jyef YES H Uaygufa&mufonf/ awma&S mufyifonf &ifacgif;ESif hom;td drfa&m*grsm;twGufb,aq;tjzpftok H;jyKonf/



186



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

(61)

&ku©aA'trnf ywfpfylvrf rsdK;pk

rsdK;&if;trnf yd ka,;pD;

a'otac: -


ywfpfylvrfrsdK;pkonfjrufrsdK;rsm;jzpfMuonf/ yifpnf&d k;wHonftajcwGif jym;onf/ t&Gufrsm;onfjym;jyD;acgufvsuf&S dMuonf/ yef;cd kifwGif tyfacsmif;ykH yef;cd kifrsm;pG myg0ifonf/ yef;cd kifrsm;onf&dk;wHay:wGif vT Jvsuf (odk Y ) wpfcgwpf&H tpk Hvd kuf (od k Y) yifpnftqk H;wGifcGvsufxGufMuonf/ yef;cdkif&dk;wHtajcwGif tyfacsmif;yk Hyef;cd kiftao; rsm;&S donf/ ywfpfylvrfrsdK;pk wGif rsdK;pdwfrsm;pG m yg0ifonf/ ywfpfylvrf jrufrsdK;rsm;udk bJ? ief; ESif h tjcm;a&aysmfiSufrsm;u pm;aomufMuonf/

(62)

&ku©aA'trnf zd k;epf yvl'd kqm

rsdK;&if;trnf ata&;pD;

a'otac: oifabmif; (Arm)? oifabmif; (&cd kif )


xef;yiftrsdL;tpm;jzpfonf/ yifpnfonfqvif'gykH&S donf/ tndKa&mifjzpfonf/ yifpnfwGif ql;rsm;ygaom t&Guf&d k;wHta[mif;rsm; cdkifjrJae wwfonf/ t&GufonftrS sifrsmjzif hwnfaqmufxm;onf/yifpnfay:wGif t&Gufae&monftrm&Gwftjzpfusef&pfonf/ t&Gufrsm;onf awmufyaom tpdrf;a&mif&S donf/ yifpnfxdyfzsm;wGift&Gufrsm;pkaeonf/ yef;yGif hrsm;onf vdifrpk HtyGif hrsm;jzpfMuonf/yef;cd kifonfyef;yGif hrsm;pkaygif;í tvk H;jzpfaeonf/ toD;onfcGHaysmhoD;jzpfonf/ bJOyk H&S donf/taphrsm;wGif tnGef Yavmif;onf ab;zufwGifwnf&S donf/ þtcsufonf zd k;epfrsdK;pk0if tyifrsm;\vu©Pmjzpfonf/ oifabmif;onf 'Da&awmrsm;\ukef;wGif; bufae&mrsm;? tvif;yGifhaeaomae&mrsm; wd k YwGifxlxyfpG maygufonf/ tmz&du? tdEd,? uyÜvDuG sef;rsm;? jrefrm? AD,uferf? uarÇ m'D;,m;? xd kif;? rav;uG sef;qG,f? tif'd keD;&S m; ed kifiHwd k YwGif jyef YES H Yaygufa&mufonf/ oifabmif;tzl;ESih ftoD;ud k pm;ok H;í&onf/



187



(63)

&ku©aA'trnf yvlcsD,m tif'Dum

rsdK;&if;trnf tufpwma&;pD;

a'otac: c,l (Arm)? [if;c,l (&cd kif )? a&c,l (jrdwf)


jcKHyifjzpfonf/ 3-9 aytjrif h&S donf/ tuk dif;rsm;pGmxGufonf/ tud kif;rsm; i,fpOfwGif tarT;Ekrsm;&S donf/ t&Gufrsm;&GufxD;jzpfonf/ &GufvT JxGufonf/ &Gufjym;onf bJOyk HrS bJOajymif;jyefyk Hjzpfonf/&Gufem;rsm; vToG m;yk H&S donf/ t&Guf\rsufES mjyifESpfbufpvkH;wGif xif&S m;aom *vif;rsm;&Sdonf/t&Gufud kacsvd kufvQif ESpfvk dzG,f&eH YxGufonf/ &Gufn§ mwd kjyD; wpfcgwpf&Hvk H;0r&S dacs/ &GufpG,fvnf;r&S dyg/OD;acgif;yk Hyef;cd kifrsm;pG m&S donf/ yef;cd kifrsm;onf tud kif;xdyf(od kY ) t&GufESif htud kif;Mum;rSxGufonf/yGif hnSmwHrsm;wd kjyD; wpfcgwpf&Hvk H;0r&S dyg/ yef;ck diftajcwGif ao;i,faom &Gufzwfrsm;&Sdonf/toD;onf tufuGJoD;jzpfonf/ qvif'gyk H&S donf/ tnd §a&mifjzpfonf/ taMum 5 ck&Sdonf/

wpfoD;vsif taph wpfaphomyg&Sdonf/ 'Da&awmrsm;? a&csdKa&ief pyfaom &T H Y UñT Hawmrsm;? vwmjyifrsm;wGifaygufa&mufonf/ od kY&mwGif 4if;xufjrif haomtyifrsm; 0ifvmvsSif wjznf;jznf;aysmufuG,f oG m;onf/ opfaphoufwrf; wd konf/ avjzif hopfaphjyef YvGif honf/ td dEd,wk dufrS ta&S Uawmiftm&S?tif'd kcsdKif;em;? MopaMw;vswkdufESif h ypdzdwfuG sef;rsm; od k Yjyef YES YHaygufa&mufonf/

(64)

&ku©aA'trnf yGef*rD;,m; yifemwmrsdK;&if;trnf vuf*sLrDae;pD;

a'otac: oif;0ifjzL (Arm)? o0if (&cdkif )


tyifvwfjzpfonf/ tjrif h ay 30 cef Ytxdjrif honf/ yifpnfwd konf/ tud kif;rsm;jym;onf/&GuftkyfjyefYonf/ tacguftnd ka&mifjzpfonf/ a&aomufjrpf&SnfjyD; ab;jrpfrsm;jym;onf/ t&GufonfiSufarG;&Gufaygif; jzpfonf/ t&GufxdyfwGif &GufrT mwpfckjzif h qk H;onf/ &GufrT m 5-7 ck&S donf/ yef;yGif hrsm;tcd kifvd kufyGif honf/ tqk H;r&S d yef;cdkifjzpfonf? tud kif;ESih ft&Guf Mum;rSxGufonf? yef;cd kif½d k;wH wd kdonf/yef;yGifrsm;ao;i,fjyD; yef;a&mif? tjzLa&mif&S dMuonf/ toD;onf tufuG J oD;jzpfonf/ toD;tem;

ESpfbuf onf apGapmif;apmif;&S donf/ t&Snf 2 vu®cef Y ESif h Asuf 1 vu®cef Y&S d onf/ toD;cG Hxlonf/wpfoD;vS sif taphwpfaphomygavh&S donf/ ajrtrsdK; tpm;trsdK;rsdK;? ausmufaygrsm; aomajr?oJqefaomajr? ajrap;wdk YwGif aygufed kifonf/ odk Y&mwGif ajcmufaoG UaomoJajrwGifaumif;pG m rayguf yg/ yifv,furf;ajc ESif h jrpfurf;em;wpfavS smufwGifaygufonf/ rl&if;a'otjzpf tdEd, ESif h jrefrmEd kifiHwd k Yaygufa&mufonf/ opfom;ud k xif;tjzpf t"dutok H;jyKonf/ tqDud k acsmqD? avmifpmqD?qyfjymwd k Y csufvkyf&mwGifok H;jyKonf htjyif vlESif hwd&pä mefwd k Y\ ta&jym;a&m*grsm;uko&mwGiftok H;jyKonf/



188



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

(65)

&ku©aA'trnf qmud kvk d;bwfpf *vd kbd k;qyfpf

rsdK;&if;trnf tufpfuv,fyDa,a';pD;

a'otac: &S kwfaxG;EG,f(Arm) ?od kufuvdef (&cd kif )? qrkH (Nrdwf)


jcKHqefaom EG,fyifjzpfonf/ 13 aycef Ytxdjrif honf/ yifpnfacsmrGwfonf/ t&Gufrsm;tenf;i,ftom;xlonf/ &Guf&if;us,fítzsm;od k Ytenf; i,fusOf;oG m;onf/ tay:rsufES mjyifwGif tarT;rsm;&S donf/ao;i,faom yef;yGif hrsm;tcd kifvd kufyGif honf/ wpfcd kifvsif 5-10 yGifhyg&S donf/ t&GufESif h tud kif;Mum;rS xGufonf/ yGif hcsyf 5 ck&S donf/ yGif hzwf 5ck t0ga&mifjzpfjyD; yef;a&miftpif;rsm;ygonf/ twGif;bufwGif tarGT;rsm;zk H;tkyfxm;onf/ toD;onftndKa&mif&S donf/ toD;vk H;tenf;i,f&Snfonf/ toD; atmuf ajcrnDyg/ 4 vu®cef Ytcsif;&S donf/ toD;onftom;xlonf/ tjzLa&mif tap;rsm;&S donf/toD;wGiftaphrsm;pG myg0ifonf/ taphonf bJO ajymif;jyefyk H? cyfjym;jym;jzpfonf/ awmifyHygonf/

a&wGifarsmygEdkifonf/ 'Da&awmwGif tawG U&rsm;onf/ wpfESpfywfvnfvk H;yef;yGif honf/ td dE d,?b*Fvm;a'h&S fed kifiHwd k YrS ta&S Uawmiftm&S txdjyef YES HH Yaygufa&mufonf/

(66)

&ku©aA'trnf pu,fAd kvm wmum'g

rsdK;&if;trnf *Gwf'efeDa,;pD;

a'otac: a&azghyif (Arm)


jcKHyif (ok Yd ) tyifi,fjzpfonf/ tjrif h ay 20 cef Y&S donf/ &Guftkyfjyef Yum; onf/ tud kif;rsm;qvif'gyk H&S djyD; tjzLa&mif&S donf/ tud kif;rsm;wGif &GufnS mae&m rsm;onf trm&GwfuJ hod k Yusef&pfonf/t&Gufrsm;onf &GufxD; jzpfonf/ &Gufjym; onf bJOajymif;jyefykHrS cyf&Snfarsmarsmjzpfonf/&Gufqd kif(od k Y)c&kywf xGufonf/ tud kif;zsm;wGif t&Gufrsm;pkjyKHaeavh&S donf/ t&Gufonf bJOajymif;jyef yk HrS tenf;i,f&Snfonf/ &GufnS mwGif tarT;rsm;&S donf/ yef;yGif hrsm;tcd kifvd kufyGif honf/ t&GufESif h tud kif;Mum;rsm;rS yef;cdkifxGufonf/ yef;cd kif&d k;wHrsm; 0.5 vu®eD;eD; &Snfonf/ vdifpk Hyef;yGif hrsm;jzpfMuonf/ yef;yGif hrsm; tjzLa&mif (od k Y) t0gazsmh a&mif&S dMuonf/ yGif hzwftk Hwd konf/ y Gif hzwfrsm;\twGif;zufwGif c&rf;a&miftpif;rsm; &S donf/ yGif hcsyftk HjyGefonf 0.5 vu®cefY&Snfonf/ toD;onf

cG HaysmhoD; jzpfonf/ tom;xlonf/ tjzLa&mif&S donf/ t&Snf 0.5 vu®cef Y &S djyD; azghuJ hod k Ytaph1-2aphygonf/ iSufrsm; pm;ok H;jcif;jzif hrsdK;aphjyef YyG m;onf/ oJaomifck Hrsm;? a&pD;a&vmaumif;rGef aomae&mrsm;wGif wpfpkwpfa0;aygufyGm;onf/ tyif\ tpdwftyd kif;tawmfrsm;rsm;ud k b,aq;tjzpftokH;jyK onf/ opfom;onf yifv,fqm;iHa&ud kcHEd kif&nf&S dojzif h avSrsm;pyf&mwGifoHtjzpf tokH;jyKonf/ta&SUawmiftm&SwpfcGifwGif obm0tavsmufjyef YES H Yaygufa&mufonf/



189



(67)

&ku©aA'trnf qm;ywfpf rsdK;pk

rsdK;&if;trnf qd kufyga&;pD;

a'otac: -


þrsdK;pkwGif a&aetyifrsm;? jrufuJ hod k YtyifrsdK;rsm; rsm;pGmyg0ifonf/ a&0yfaomajredrf ha'orsm;? pGwfpd kaomajrrsm;wGifaygufa&mufonf/ tcsdKU rsdK;pdwfrsm;onf qm;iHajr? a&tjrJ0yfaeaom&T H UnGefajrrsm;?'Da&a&muf faom vwmjyifrsm;wGif&Sifoef&ef txl;jyKjyifrIrsm;&dMuonf/ jrpfMurf;cif;rsm;? a&uefrsm;ESif h uefabmifrsm;wdk YwGif MudKufESpfoufMuaom rsdK;pdwfrsm;vnf; &S dMuonf/ 4if;wd k YwGif jrufyifuJ hod k Yt&Gufrsm; ESifh ao;i,faom tyfacsmif;yk H yef;cdkifrsm;&S dMuonf/ trsm;tm;jzif htndKa&mif&S dMuonf/ tcsdKUrsdK;pdwfrsm; 10 aycef Ytxdtjrif h&S dMujyD;? tcsdKUrsdK;pdwfrsm;onf 1 aycef Yomjrif honf/pc&pfywfpf rsdK;rsm;ud k ajrqDvT mwd kufpm;jcif;rS umuG,f&ef f ESif h om;iSuf wd&pä mefrsm;cd katmif;aexd kif&

ef? pk dufysdK;Muonf/ 4if;tjyif pc&pfywfpf rsdK;rsm;\ &dkifZkrf;tjrpfrsm;ud ktajcmufvSrf;jyD; b,aq;tcsdKUaz:pyf&mwGif tok H;jyKonf/

(68)

&ku©aA'trnf qufpfbifeD;,m; rsdK;pdwf

rsdK;&if;trnf aZpD;

a'otac: OmPfyif (Arm)? OmPfyif (&cd kif )?


yifaysmhrsdK;jzpfonf/ oufwrf;wd konf/ tBuD;jrefonf/ tjrpfwGif EdkufBwdK*sifpkyf,lay;aom ½d kifZd kAD,rfrsm;aexd kifjyD; tjrpfzkrsm;jzpfay:onf/ t&Gufrsm;onf&Gufaygif;jzpfonf/ &GufrT mrsm;pG m&Sdonf/&GufrT mrsm;&Gufqdkif xGufonf/ t&Gufxdyfonf&GufrTmtpk Hjzif hqk H;onf/ aEG&moDwGift&Guf fa<uonf/yef;yGif honf acgif;avmif;yk H&S donf/ toD;onftufuG JoD; jzpfonf/ toD;awmif honf &Snfvsm;onf/toD;wGiftaphrsm;pG myg0ifonf/ tylyd kif;ZkHa'otwGif; qufpfbif eD;,m;rsdK;pkwGif rsdK;pdwfaygif; 50cefYyg0ifonf/ bufpk Htok H;0ifaom tyifrsdK;jzpfonf/ t&Gufudkpm;okH;í&onf/ aq;zuf0iftyifjzpfonf/ opfom;onftjzLa&mif&S djyD; opfaysmY jzpfonf/ arsmwdkif? avmifpmxif;? aysmYzwfopf?

jcHpnf;½d k;yif? xk d Ytjyif avmifpmxif;tjzpftok H;jyKEd kifonf/



190



T C P / M Y A / 3 2 0 4 ( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 )

(69)

&ku©aA'trnf xr&pf x&lyD

rsdK;&if;trnf xr&Dau;pD;

a'otac: qm;yif (Arm)? jym;yifv,f? qm;yifv,f (&cdkif )?


jcKHyif (okY d ) tyifi,fjzpfonf/ tud kif;rsm;wG Jvsm;usaeonf/ t&Gufrsm; ao;i,fonf/ &GufvTJxGuf onf/ &Guf&if;us,fjyD;tzsm;od kYao;oG,fum Bwd*HykHtajc&S donf/ &GufxdyfcG sefonf/ trsm;tm;jzif h &GufnS mr&S dyg/ &GufpG,fr&S dyg/ t&GufwGif qm;ud kppfxkwfaom*vif;rsm;&Sdonf/ yef;yGif hrsm; tcd kifvd kuf yGif honf/ tqk H;r&S dyef;cd kifjzpfonf/ yef;cd kifwGiftcufrsm;pGm &S donf/ yef;cd kif½d k;wHwdkonf/ yef;yGif hrsm;onf vdifpk Hjzpfonf/ yef;Eka&mif? tjzLa&mifyef;yGif hrsm; jzpfMuonf/ wnfjrJaom yGif hzwf 4-5ckyg&S donf/ yGif hcsyf 4 - 5 ck onf wpfcsyfcsif; vGwfvyfpG m&S donf/ 0wfrI Hul;jyD;aemuf yGif hcsyfrsm;aMuGusavh &S daomfvnf; wpfcgwpf&HwnfNrJaeonf/ toD;onf tufuG JoD;jzpfonf/ atmufajcjym;í tzsm;cG sef

aomtoD;vk H;ykH jzpfonf/ taphrsm;ao;i,f rsm;jym;jyD; tjzLa&mif&S donf/ tarT;rsm;yg&S donf/

(70)

&ku©aA'trnf Aif'grsdK;pk

rsdK;&if;trnf atmcpfa';pD;

a'otac: opfcG (Arm)?


opfuyfyifjzpfaomfvnf; vufcHyifrSopf&nfud kpkyf,laom uyfyg;yifr[kwfacs/ t&Gufrsm;onf jym;jyD;&Snfonf/ wpfcgwpf&H qvif'guJhod kY&S donf/ tom;xlonf/ &GufaMumrsm;jydKifvsuf&S donf/yef;yGif hrsm;onftpkvdkuf &S donf/ yifpnf&d k;wHwpfckay:wGif tyGif htenf;i,frS 15 yGifhtxd &Sdwwf onf/ yef;yGif hrsm;onf cyfjym;jym;jzpfonf/ tcsif;2 vu® rS 4 vu®txd&S donf/ tcsdKUteH YarT;onf/tjyma&mif? vdar® mfa&mif? t0g&mif? yef;a&mif ESif h tjzLa&mif trsdK;rsdK;&S donf/ rMumcPtpuftajymufrsm;&S d wwfonf/ vtenf;i,ftwGif;yef;rsm;yGif havh&S donf/ yef;yGifrsm;onf 2 ywfrS 3 ywftxd wm&SnfcHonf/ Aif'grsdK;pkonf yef;refpd kufysdK;a&;t& ta&;BuD;aom opfcGrsdK;pk 5 pkteuf wpfcktygt0ifjzpfonf/ Aif'gopfcG rsdK;pdwfrsm;udk rsdK;wkef;aysmufuG,f&eftEÅ &m,f&Sdaom rsdK;pdwf

rsm;tm; ukefoG,frIqd kif&m Ed kifiHwpfumoabmwlnDcsuft& rsdK;wkef;aysmufuG,f&ef tEÅ &m,f&S daomrsdK;pdwfrsm;tjzpfowfrSwfxm;onf/ Aif'gopfcG rsdK;pdwfrsm;onf tdE d,Ed kifiH? [dr0EÅ m? ta&S Uawmiftm&S? tif'd keD;&S m;EdkifiH? zdvpfyd kifEd kifiH? e,l;*DeD,m? w&kwfEd kifiHawmifyd kif; ESif h MopaMw;vswd kuf ajrmufyd kif;wd k YwGif jyef YES H Yaygufa&mufonf/



191



7. References

Banerjee, LK; Sastry, RK and Nayar MP (1989). Mangroves in India: Idencaon manual

Botanical survey of India. Calcua, India.

Bor, N. L. (1960). The grasses of Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan. Pergamon Press, Oxford,

London, New York and Paris.

Davison, G.W. H. and P. K. L. Ng and Ho Hua Chew (2008). The Singapore Red Data Book:

Threatened plants and animals of Singapore. Nature Society, Singapore.

Hong, P.N. & H.T. San (1993). Mangroves of Vietnam. The IUCN Wetlands Programme, IUCN,

Bangkok,Thailand.

Hussain, Z. & G. Acharya (1994). Mangroves of the Sundarbans. Volume II: Bangladesh. IUCN,

Bangkok, Thailand.

Jensen, M. (1995). Trees Commonly Culvated in Southeast Asia: An Illustrated Field Guide.

RAP Publicaon: 1995/38, FAO Regional Oce for Asia and the Pacic (RAP), Bangkok,

Thailand.

Khan,M.S. (1980). Sonneraaceae. Flora of BangladeshNo. 12. BangladeshNaonal Herbarium

andBangladesh, Agricultural Research Council (BRAC), Dhaka.

Kitamura, S., Anwar, C., Chaniago, A. and Baba, S. (1997). Handbook of Mangroves in

Indonesia: Bali & Lombok. The Development of Sustainable Mangrove Management Project,Ministry of Forestry, Indonesia and Japan Internaonal Cooperaon Agency. Published by

the Internaonal Society for Mangrove Ecosystems (ISME).

Kochummen, K.M. (1972). Malvaceae. Tree Flora of Malaya, vol. 1, 309-314. Longman, Kuala

Lumpur.

Sahni, K.C. (1998). The book of Indian trees. Bombay Natural History Society, Oxford

University Press, Mumbai, Delhi, Calcua, Chennai.

Seeber, G. , Weidelt, H.-J. and Banaag, V.S. (1979). Dendrological Characters of Important

Forest Trees from Eastern Mindanao”. Philippine-German Rain Forest Development Project,Published by German Agency for Technical Cooperaon (GTZ), Eschborn.

deiva oswin stanley, 2011 - mangrove vegetation diversity of wunbaik reserved forest, myanmar

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