dengue vectorcontrol

8/12/2019 Dengue VectorControl

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DengueVECTOR CONTROL

YOSRI AZWAR


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Selection of control measures for bitin

Diptera

Pest/vectorIndoor/

outdoorbiting(I/O)

Day/night

biting(D/N)

Self-protection Disease control in the communityPersonalprotection Insectproofing

of

housesPrevention of

breeding in and

around housesOthercontrol

methods(adults)

Residualwall-

sprayingSpace-

sprayingb

Preventionof breeding

in fieldOc

me

(aRepellents,

clothing BednetsAnopheles I/O N + + + + + + +/-c +/-d + +/- +

Culex I/O N + + + + + + ++e +/-f +/- +/- +/-g

Aedes I/O D + + +/- + + + + - +/- + +/-h

Mansonia I/O N + + + + + + - - - - +/-

Blackflies O D + + - - - - - - +

Sandflies I/O D/N + + + + + + - +/- +/- +/- +/-

Midges I/O D/N + + + + + + - - - - +/- Horseflies O D + - - - - - - -

Stable flies O D + + - - +/- + - - -

Tsetse flies O D + - - - + - +/- -

a + + = effective; + = usually effective; +/- = sometimes effective; - = not effective.

b In the case of epidemic outbreaks, ultra-low-volume insecticide space-spraying can be considered.

cAnophelesdoes not usually breed near houses in urban areas, with the exception ofA. stephensiin southern Asia. In Africa, malaria transmission occurs in the semiurban

fringes of cities with prevailing rural conditions.

d It may be possible to obtain some additional protection by diverting mosquitos to domestic animals.

e Against Culex quinquefasciatus.

f Siting animal shelters far away from rice fields was effective in Japan.

g Control of the larvae of Culex tritaeniorhynchusin rice fields in Asia is difficult but may sometimes be achieved by intermittent irrigation, the use of larvivorous fish, and the

application of bacterial larvicides.

h To control pest mosquitos breeding in rural areas, such as tidal salt marshes, granular insecticides are sometimes used which only release the active agent after flooding w

water, which coincides with the hatching of the eggs. Other methods include the control of water levels and the improvement of irrigation and drainage systems.


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Vector control

Control measures

Selecting the most appropriate control measures

1. Personal protection

Repellents

Protective clothing

Insecticide vaporizers

Protection measures in hammocks

Suggestions for protection in the absence of a mosquito net

Mosquito nets


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Vector control

2. Insecticide spraying

Insecticide spraying of walls

Space-spraying with insecticides

3. Prevention of breeding

Source reduction

Biological control

Larvicides

Habitats in and around houses

Habitats in the field


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1. Personal Protection(Repellents)

Repellent are Avai lable as s prays, lot ions, creams, st icks and wipe-on appl icators or t iss


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1. Personal Protection(Protective clothing)

Headnets

Anklets

Wide-mesh netting jackets


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1. Personal Protection(Insecticide vaporizers)

Mosquito coils

Portable coil holders A rubber tapper


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Vaporizing mats

Electric liquid vaporizer

Dichlorvos dispenser


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Spray gun

Pressurized spray cans


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1. Personal Protection(Mosquito nets)

A rectangular mosquito net A rectangular mosquito net

(with an overlapping entrance flap)


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Rectangular mosquito nets

a support system


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Circular netmore care has to be taken

to avoid contact between the body and the net,

wich would allow mosquitos to feed


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Self-supporting net for babies and infants


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A hammock mosquito net


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Mosquito nets provide poor protection

if share by too many people


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Disadvantages of a standard, untreated mosquito net


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Advantages of mosquito nets treated with insecticide


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2. Insecticide Spraying(Wall and roof)

Insecticide spraying of walls

Wall and roof surface can be sprayedwith a residual insecticide against

indoor-resting mosquitos


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2. Insecticide Spraying(Special precautions)

Special precautions

Furniture and food must be removedor covered with a plastic sheet

before a house is sprayed


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2. Insecticide Spraying(Alternative methode)

Insecticidal paint

can be applied to suitable surface,such as timber and plaster


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2. Insecticide Spraying(Space spraying)

During epidemicsand when the

density of nuisance mosquitosreaches an unacceptable level,

space-spraying can be carried

out for immediate short-term

results.


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3. Prevention Of Breeding

Methods to control larvae include the following:

Eliminating or changing the breeding place to make it uns

development of larvae;

Making the breeding place inaccessible to adult mosquito

Releasing fish or other predators that feed on larvae;

Applying larvicides.


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3. Prevention of breeding(Source reduction)

Environmental modification

Removal or destruction of breeding sites

Small containers, such as used cans, bottles, tyres and coc

used as breeding sites can be removed or destroyed. This m

commonly used to control the breeding ofAe. aegypti andA

albopictus.


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Filling

The filling of mosquito breeding sites with soil,

stones, rubble, ash or rubbish is the most

permanent control measure available. It is most

suitable for reducing breeding in small depressions

water holes, borrow-pits, abandoned ditches orpools, which do not require much filling material.


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Drainage

The drainage of water can be accomplished by

constructing open ditches and dykes with tidal

gates, subsoil drainage and pumping. Proper

drainage reduces mosquito breeding; however, the

drainage systems used in agriculture or for thetransportation of sewage and rainwater in cities ar

often an important source of breeding because of

poor design and maintenance.

3 f


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Drainage

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Eucalyptus trees

Eucalyptus trees can be used for drying marshyareas and other plots of land with a high watertable. Species that grow rapidly and use a lot ofwater are particularly suitable. The trees dry theland by allowing water to evaporate through theirleaves. For optimum evaporation they should beplanted with adequate spaces between them. Anadditional advantage of the trees is theircommercial value.

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Eucalyptus trees

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Closing, screening or covering breeding sites

Potential breeding sites in relatively small enclosed

habitats, such as drinkingwater storage containers

and wells, should be made inaccessible to adult

mosquitos. Removable covers, such as mosquito-

proof lids or wire mesh screening, can be fitted insome cases

3 P ti f b di


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Closing, screening or covering breeding sites

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3. Prevention of breeding(Biological control)

The biological control of mosquitos and other pests

involves introducing into the environment their naturalenemies, such as parasites, disease organisms andpredatory animals.

They may include insects, viruses, bacteria, protozoa,fungi, plants, nematode worms and fish. The effectiveuse of these agents requires a good understanding of

the biology and behaviour of the insects to be controlleas well as of local environmental conditions.

Such methods may be most effective when used incombination with others, such as environmentalmanipulation or the application of larvicides that do notharm the biological control agents.

3 Prevention of breeding


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Several organisms have proved effective against

mosquito larvae. The most important are: Fishthat eat mosquito larvae (larvivorous fish);

Predatory mosquitos of the genus Toxorhynchi tethe larvae of which feed on other mosquito larvae

Dragonflies, the larvae of which feed on mosquit

larvae; Cyclopoid copepods, small crustaceans that

attack first- and second-instar larvae of mosquitos

Nematode wormsthat are parasites of mosquitolarvae;



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Several organisms have proved effective against

mosquito larvae. The most important are: Fungithat grow in the bodies of mosquito larvae;

Bacterial larvicides, the toxic products of thebacteria Baci l lus thur ing iens is H-14and Baci l lusphaer icus (It is not effective against blackflies or Ae.aegyp

Neem, an oil extract of seeds of the neem tree,Azadirachta indica, which has larvicidal properties

Azol la, a free-floating fern that can completelycover water surfaces and prevent breeding bymosquitos.



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Fishthat eat mosquito larvae (larvivorous fish);

The mosquito fish or top minnow, Gambusia affinis

The guppy, Poecilia reticulata



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The panchax, Aplocheilus panchax

The Mozambique mouthbrooder,

Oreochromis (Tilapia) mossambicus



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The carp, Cyprinus carpio

The Argentine pearl.sh, Cynolebias bellotii



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3. Prevention of breeding(Larvicides)

Larvicides

Petroleum oils

Synthetic organic larvicides

Bacterial larvicides



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3. Prevention of breeding(Larvicides)

Larvicide Formulationa

Dosage of active

ingredient

(g/ha)b

Duration of effective

action

(weeks)

Toxicity/ hazaactive ingred

Petroleum oils

Diesel oil S 140 - 190d 1 2 U

Larvicidal oil S 19 - 47d 1 2 U

Paris green GR 840 1000 1 2 High

Organophosphorus compounds

Chlorpyrifos EC, GR, S, WP 1125 3 17 Moderate

Fenitrothion EC, GR 100 1000 1 3 Moderate

Fenthion EC, GR 22 112 2 11 High

Jodfenphos EC, GR, S 50 100 7 16 U

Malathion EC, GR, S 224 1000 1 2 Slight

Pirimiphos methyl EC, GR, S 50 100 1 11 Slight

Temephos EC, GR, S 56 112 2 4 U

Insect growth regulators

Diflubenzuron GR, WP 25 100 1 4 U

Methoprene BR, S, SRS 100 1000 4 8 U

Pyriproxyfen GR 10 100 4 8 U

Bacterial larvicides

Bacillus thuringiensisH-14 BR, EC, GR, WP 100 6000 1 2 U

B. sphaericus BR, EC, GR 500 5000 2 8 U

a BR = briquettes; EC = emuls ifiable concentrate; GR = granules; S = suspension; SC = suspension concentrate;

SRS = slow-release suspension; WP = wettable powder.



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3. Prevention of breeding(Habitat in and around houses)

Mosquito breeding places in and around houses can b

into two main types:

Breeding sites with clean water: mainly rain-filled receptacle

tropical areas which are suitable breeding sites for some A

species.

Breeding sites with polluted water: mainly in on-site sanitat

and bodies of stagnant and polluted water favoured by Cul



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Breeding sites with clean water:

Temporary breeding sites indoors and outdoorsIndoors,Breeding sites forAedes mosquitos can bfound in and around houses in flower vasepot plants, pot-plant saucers and neglecteant traps (containers filled with water and

placed under the legs of food cupboards).vacant houses, breeding may occur in toilbowls, toilet-flushing cisterns, and drains ibathrooms and kitchens.



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Temporary breeding sites indoors and outdoors;Outdoors,Breeding sites can be found outdoors in rubbishtyres, discarded household and garden utensilsmaterials, roof gutters, water storage containerwater tanks, plants and various other objects. If

located near a beach or river bank, breeding alswater in the bottom of boats.



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Temporary breeding sites outdoors;



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Permanent breeding sites;Water storage containers,

Jars, cisterns and water storage tanks provide suitable

places forAedes species andAnopheles stephensi. The

of a reliable and properly designed piped water supply r

dependence on water storage containers and should lea

reduction in breeding sites. Measures to prevent breedicontainers must not adversely affect water quality or int

addition or removal of water.



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Permanent breeding sites;

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