1

“Morality, like art,

means drawing a line

someplace.”

Oscar Wilde

① Answer the following questions.

Discuss the Oscar Wilde’s words with class

What is Morality?

Is morality necessary in everything?

Can you be moral all the time?

What are some ethical dilemmas you have faced?

Should poor people be punished for stealing if they are stealing

to feed their family?

How can you be moral in your workplace?

What are the ethical standards of dentistry profession?

Hippocratic Oath was taken

by physicians and physician-

assistants since 12th-century.

Discussion

Grammar: Parts of Speech

Is it a Noun a Verb or an Adjective ?

Speaking: Research ethics

Vocabulary: General dentistry

Talking about Ethics

Dentistry Ethics

Unit 1

In order to solve an ethical Dilemma:

1. Identify the ethical dilemma or problem2. Collect information3. State the options4. Apply the ethical principle to the options5. Make the decision6. Implement the decision

2

② Guess and match the meaning of the following words with their meanings and specify whether they are

nouns, verbs or adjectives by writing V for verb, N for noun and A for adjectives in the brackets ( ).

a. ( ) Ethics

b. ( ) Diagnosis

c. ( ) Treatment

d. ( ) Prescription

e. ( ) Appropriate

f. ( ) Decency

g. ( ) Discriminating

h. ( ) Alleviating

i. ( ) Conscience

j. ( ) Consultation

k. ( ) Prejudice

l. ( ) Confidential

m. ( ) Dilemma

n. ( ) Equitable

o. ( ) Obligation

p. ( ) Responsibility

q. ( ) Autonomy

r. ( ) Disparaging

1. freedom from external control or influence; independence.

2. The state of being forced to do something because it is your duty, or

because of the law.

3. make (suffering, deficiency, or a problem) less severe.

4. preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual

experience.

5. Meant to be kept secret and not told to, or shared with people.

6. Something that is done to cure an illness or injury, or to make

somebody look and feel good

7. Suitable, acceptable or correct for the particular circumstances.

8. fair and impartial.

9. The part of your mind that tells you whether your actions are right or

wrong.

10. An official piece of paper on which a doctor writes the type of

medicine you should have, and which enables you to get it from a

chemist’s shop or a drugstore.

11. expressing the opinion that something is of little worth; derogatory.

12. Being able to judge the good quality of something

13. The act of discussing something with somebody or a group of people

before making a decision about it.

14. behavior that conforms to accepted standards of morality or

respectability.

15. A situation which makes problems, often one in which you have to

make a very difficult choice between things of equal importance.

16. the identification of the nature of an illness or other problem by

examination of the symptoms.

17. Moral principles that control or influence a person’s behavior.

vocabulary

3

③ Read the following text :

The Code of Ethics is comprised of 5 Core Values followed by 13 Principles ‎that build on these Core Value

Autonomy

Understand and respect patients’ rights to ‎make informed

decisions based on their ‎personal values and beliefs

‎ Beneficence

Maximize benefits and minimize harm for the ‎welfare of

the patient.‎

Compassion

Act with respect, sympathy and kindness to ‎all patients

while addressing their concerns and ‎alleviating their pain.‎

Fairness

Treat all individuals, patients, colleagues and ‎third parties

without prejudice or discrimination ‎in a just and equitable

manner.‎

‎ Integrity

Be truthful; behave with honor and decency ‎while

upholding professional ‎

The Principles provided below are based on the Core Values of autonomy, ‎beneficence, compassion, fairness and integrity and

outline the expectations for ‎ethical dental practice.‎

1 The paramount responsibility of a ‎dentist, dental

therapist is to ‎the health and well-being of the ‎patient.

2 Provide care with respect, dignity and ‎without

discrimination.‎

3 Be truthful and obey all applicable laws.‎

4 Commit to the highest level of ‎professionalism by

maintaining current ‎knowledge and competency.‎

5 Respect the right of patients to be ‎cared for by the

dentist of their choice.‎

6 Provide appropriate and timely care that is ‎consistent

with the standards of the ‎profession.‎

7 Obtain informed consent and provide ‎unbiased

explanation of options with ‎associated benefits, risks

and costs before ‎proceeding with diagnostic or

therapeutic ‎modalities.‎

8 Recognize limitations and refer patients ‎to others more

qualified when ‎appropriate for the well-being of the ‎patient.‎

9 Never overstate or embellish abilities and ‎qualifications, or

engage in any activity, ‎including advertising or speech that

could ‎mislead a reasonable person.‎

10 Maintain a safe and healthy office ‎environment.

11 Patients should be informed of their oral ‎health status

without disparaging remarks ‎about prior services or

circumstances.‎

12 Maintain appropriate and dignified ‎boundaries in

relationships with ‎patients.‎

13 Protect the confidentiality of the ‎personal and health

information of ‎patients.

* Adopted by the California Dental Association House of Delegates November 2012

Reading

4

④ Answer the following questions then discuss in pairs:

1- How can you Maintain a safe and healthy ‎environment in your dentistry clinic.

2- What can happen if principle 8 was ignored?

3- Give an example of a dentist behavior that goes against principle 11.

4- How can dentists maintain their professional competency?

⑤ Choose the appropriate word for each group of sentences from the box and specify whether

it's used as a verb or noun by writing V for verb and N for noun. (there is one additional word)

Clean, Need, Cause, Cost, Check, Right,

Group 1:

- Patients have the . . . . . . . . . . . to determine what should be done with their own bodies. ( )

- There are four of these teeth: two top teeth, and two bottom teeth at the extreme left and . . . . . .

. . . . of the mouth.( )

Group 2:

- they can become painful and . . . . . . . . to be removed. ( )

- The . . . . . . . . for competent dentists is great in our hospital.( )

Group 3:

- . . . . . . . . . before you go, or ask friends how much their dentist charges. ( )

- That's why it's important to come in twice a year for . . . . . . . . -ups.( )

Group 4:

- you can also make an appointment with a dentist who will . . . . . . . . and polish your teeth for you.

( )

- This is one of the easiest steps to do to help your teeth keep . . . . . . . ( )

Group 5:

- brush the surfaces of your tongue and the roof of your mouth to remove bacteria, which might . . .

. . . bad breath. ( )

- Treatment for a toothache depends on the . . . . . . . . . ( )

Grammar

5

⑥Choose the suitable answer. (adjective or adverb)

1. You should (polite/politely) ask the father if he is a married father.

2. Provide patients with the highest level of science-based (effective/effectively) and safe care.

3. Understand and respect patients rights to make informed decisions based on their

(personal/personally) values and beliefs.

4. The patient relies on the dentist to be (truthful/truthfully)

5. Ms. Anna made a (fast/fast) recovery and became well enough to return to school.

6. Could you suggest any treatment that could remove them (permanent/permanently)?

7. Visit the dentist once every 6 months to maintain your (oral/orally) hygiene.

8. Veneers can last up to 7 years if taken care of (proper/properly).

9. I've been taking (good/well) care of my teeth.

10. Having poor oral hygiene can lead to a variety of dental and (medical/medically) problems

11. (unfortunate/Unfortunately), you will still be able to hear the sound of the dentist's drill.

12. You may have more serious problems with your teeth and (occasional/occasionally) the

dentist will need to take an X-ray to see the damage.

13. She reports drinking coffee (daily/daily).

14. Patients are (moral/morally) entities they are capable of autonomous decision-making.

15. The human body is constantly exposed to potentially (harmful/harmfully) microbes.

Adjectives:

Are words that describe a state of a noun. They usually proceed nouns or adverbs. They can’t be plural. They can take the comparative or superlative markers.

Nouns:

are words that describe something tangible or abstract. They can be plural. They are usually proceeded by articles or adjectives. They can work as adjectives for other nouns sometimes.

Verbs:

Are words that describe an action or an event. They come after nouns and pronouns. They have tense (past, present, future), Aspect (simple, progressive, perfective) and mode( modal verb or not)

6

⑦ On the line to the left, write the part of speech of the underlined word. To the right,

substitute a different word for the underlined word.

noun adverb conjunction

pronoun

verb

preposition

adjective

interjection

1. They attended the concert last weekend.

2. Several cats ran into Rob’s garage.

3. The truck driver delivered the package quickly.

4. Fast runners won all the awards at the track meet.

5. My friend and I walked home after school.

6. I wanted a peanut butter and jelly sandwich for lunch.

7. She was counting the ballots during civics class.

8. Hey! That was my seat.

9. Will they finish the test on time?

10. The diagram was fairly complicated.

11. He will practice his musical piece soon.

12. Ronnie saw the awesome sight from the air.

13. Her sister is the oldest member of the group.

14. Check the score, Tom.

15. Will the students find the answers themselves?

16. The child asked for the bike and the scooter.

17. They slowly carried the couch down the stairs.

18. Sherry talked on the phone until midnight.

19. Hurray! Our team has finally scored a goal.

20. The troops scattered throughout the woods.

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⑧Choose the suitable answer. (Possessive Adjective or Possessive Pronoun)

1. Part of this is keeping (her/hers) knowledge and skills current.

2. Is that your notebook or (my/mine)?

3. The bicycle over there is (him/his), but this one right here is (my/mine).

4. Act with respect, sympathy and kindness to all patients while addressing (their/theirs)

concerns.

5. Is he a friend of (your/yours)?

6. Proper identification and treatment of dental infections is important to prevent (its/ its)

spread.

7. The oral health is so important for (our/ours) total health picture.

8. Act in the best interest of (your/yours) patient.

9. That's not my problem. It's (yours/your)

10. John doesn't have to keep (his/his) jaw open.

11. Your car is green, while (my/mine) is black.

12. I have these gaps in between (my/mine) front teeth.

Interjections:

Are words that show the emotion or feeling of the author. These words or phrases can stand alone or be placed before or after a sentence. Many times an interjection is followed by a punctuation mark, often an exclamation point.

Conjunctions:

are words that connect words or phrases that have the same grammatical function in a sentence. One kind of conjunctions are the Coordinating conjunctions that are summarized in the word FANBOYS

For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So

Pronouns:

A pronoun is used in the place of a noun. The noun it refers to is called "antecedent". We have Subject pronouns, Object pronouns, possessive pronouns, possessive adjectives and Reflexive pronouns.

8

⑨Match the two parts of the sentence and write a – h next to the number 1 – 8.

1. . . . . .We wanted to go to the show a. so we don’t get there late.

2. . . . . .I often make omelettes b. or at the football match?

3. . . . . .Shall we go to the cinema c. because he laughs in his sleep.

4. . . . . .Burgers are very tasty d. and watch that film you were talking about?

5. . . . . .My neighbors are friendly e. because they’re quick and easy.

6. . . . . .Do you know if he’s at home f. although they are not very healthy.

7. . . . . .Pick me up early, please, g. but they’re noisy.

8. . . . . We know he has great dreams h. but there weren’t any seats left.

⑩Put the word in brackets in the correct part of speech form.

1. Because Mary was in last month for a routine (examine) . . . . . . . . and cleaning, we will not

perform those today.

2. Maintaining competence requires (continue) . . . . . . . . . . self-development.

3. Appropriate toothbrush care is also important (consider) . . . . . . . . . . for good oral hygiene.

4. The dentist will apply a (protect) . . . . . . . . . gel to your teeth.

5. Mouthwash is not particularly necessary and not all mouthwashes are (use) . . . . . . . . .

6. Vitamin B complex is also essential for the (protect) . . . . . . . . of teeth from cracking and

bleeding.

7. be sure to follow (direct) . . . . . . . . . and talk to your dentist.

8. These differences may affect patient choices and (treat). . . . . . . . . . . .

9. Other studies have examined (vary) . . . . . . . . . . . methods to reduce the level of these

bacteria

10. Teeth can also be (value) . . . . . . . . . . to adults and the elderly, too.

9

⑪How are you at dealing with ethical dilemmas? Answer the questions in the quiz below then turn

to page 12 to find out.

1. You are working in your dental clinic and one of

your patients brings you a gift. Would you …

a. Accept it.

b. Not accept it.

c. Accept it, then return the favor with a gift.

d. Not accept it and ask him to never come into my

pharmacy because it’s an insult to my

professionalism.

2. A nearby dentist keeps criticizing the work of

other dentists and tells people that a surgeon is

a butcher. What would you do?

a. Report him.

b. Mind my own business because he didn’t talk

about me.

c. Go fight with him.

d. Talk to him privately and threaten him that I’ll

report him.

3. A minor patient comes to visit with her parents.

You notice suspicious bruises or other injuries

around the face, head, or neck. The parents offer

reasons for the injuries that raise suspicions of

abuse. Would you…

a. threaten the parents that you will report their

actions.

b. Take the child to the police station.

c. file a report with the appropriate government

agency.

d. Not do anything (they are her parents and they

can do whatever they want)

4. A toothpaste company asks you to make an

advertisement for their product. But you noticed

that the percentage of one of the component is

above the allowed limit.

a. you decline their offer and report the violation of

health standards.

b. Why not! It's a great opportunity to make extra

money.

c. accept their offer with the condition of following

the health standards in their product

d. accept the offer with the condition of providing

you with toothpaste forever.

5. You are a newly qualified dentist in practice. A 14

year old boy attends with his father. The father

does not want the son to have any teeth taken

out; however the son is in pain and is trying to

tell you that he would like to have the tooth

removed. Would you..

a. Remove the tooth and ignore the father.

b. Not remove the tooth and do as the father want.

c. Ask for any reasons for the father's opinion,

convince the father of the necessity of removing

the tooth and remove it.

d. Ask both of them to get out.

6. Mary a 16 year old patient comes to her

appointment at your dental clinic. While waiting

for her turn in the radiology area she asks about

a sign instructing females to tell their doctor if

they were pregnant. She told you that she is

pregnant and asked you not to tell her parents.

Would you…

a. delay her treatment till she gives birth.

b. Convince Mary to tell her parents and that if she

doesn't you will.

c. Convince Mary to tell her parents

d. Contact Mary's mother and tell her.

10

7. A patient comes to you complaining from a very

sharp pain caused by his broken tooth. you

examine the tooth but you find that it's in a

practically good form. Your patient asks you to

prescribe "percodan" as a pain killer for now and

then treat him on Monday. Would you...

a. Appoint him for Monday and Prescribe Percodan

for his pain.

b. Appoint him for Monday and Prescribe a softer

drug, if he refuses you dismiss him from your

practice.

c. Appoint him for Monday and prescribe nothing

for his pain since you can't find any evidence.

d. You dismiss him from your practice telling him

that he is a drug addict.

8. You are a newly qualified dentist in practice. A

patient asks you about his dental condition but

you aren’t sure about your judgment.

a. You tell the patient what you think is true so you

won’t look stupid and do whatever that can save

the situation.

b. You refer the patient to a more experienced

dentist.

c. You tell the patient what that you are not sure

about your judgment.

d. You tell the patient that you're closing now to

dismiss him.

Now give the following numbers to your answers.

1- a=0b=3c=2d=1

2- a=2b=1c=0d=3

3- a=1b=2c=3d=0

4- a=3b=1c=2d=0

5- a-1b=2c=3d=0

6- a=1b=3c=2d=0

7- a=0b=3c=2d=1

8- a=0b=3c=2d=0

Your mark:____________

From 0 to 8 Your ethics are poor. You don’t respect patients and you don’t work in a professional way. You must take a course in ethics.

From 9 to 17 Your ethics are moderate. You should pay more attention to ethical situation and revise the code of ethics.

From 18 to 24 Your ethics are excellent. You respect all your patients and pay close attention to ethical situations. You work professionally.

Oh the gold chain! Just

some old fillings I

repossessed from slow

paying patients

11

⑫Practice this conversation with your partner, then switch roles

A: Have you heard the news today?

B: no, I haven't. Did you hear about anything interesting?

A: No, it's actually sad. Australian scientific laboratories are experimenting on thousands of dogs and

killing many afterwards.

B: What! poor dogs, I feel sorry for them. What is this research for?

A: It's for a new kind of dental implants

B: But why are they killing them afterwards?

A: They say that they need to examine the jaws of these dogs.

B: But isn't the dog's mouth quite different from that of a human!

A: Well, they think that both are similar when it comes to the structure of the bone.

B: I think this kind of research shouldn't be allowed.

A: I don't agree, because the results could improve patient care and simplify treatment for patients

undergoing such procedures.

B: But, aren't there any laws to protect animal research from this cruelty?

A: of course, the authorities are doing some investigations on how were these dogs collected and the

way they were treated in.

B: and what did they find?

A: We will hear the news soon. I'll treat you

then

I'll Kill you

12

⑬Your dentist friend sent you this letter asking for your help in solving an ethical dilemma.

Read his letter carefully then write a reply suggesting a proper solution.

Writing

Hi,

How are you? I need your advice in dealing with one of my patients. Yesterday one of the

patients came in eager to improve his appearance by getting whiter teeth. He is a sixty-

year-old male, who believes that the new look will make him feel "young and full of

strength". As I begin tooth and shade selection. He asks me to "just give him the whitest

shade i have". I looked at his skin color and told him that it wouldn't look natural if I give

him the whitest shade. He is insisting on that. I appointed him for the next Monday.

Shouldn't he trust in my opinion? What should I do? I’m waiting for your reply.

Thanks

Your friend Diaa

A� Al Andalus University