Current Status on the Construction of New Reactor in Korea : Security of Supply of

Medical Radioisotopes

Dept. of nuclear Engineering, Hanyang Uni-versity

Jong Kyung KIM

November 15, 2010

Current Status of the World

Current Status of World-wide Reactors

World Nuclear Growth: No. of Research Reactors and Their Thermal Power No. of Research reactors in Industrialized and Developing Countries

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 20150

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Ther

mal

Pow

er [

MW th

]

Number of Reactors

Num

ber o

f Rea

ctor

s

Year

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000 Thermal Power

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400 Total Industrialized Developing

Num

ber o

f Rea

ctor

s

Year

Many research reactors were built in the 1960s and 1970s and the peak number operating was

in 1975, with 373 in 55 countries.

After 1975, no. of research reactors were significantly reduced by some problems

(i.e., lifetime and economic efficiency of research reactors) in industrialized countries.

Whereas, developing countries continuingly built research reactors from 1950s to present.

* Source : IAEA Research Reactor Data Base(RRDB), 02.2010

Germany4%

France5% Japan

6%Rus-sian Fed-era-tion21%US

18%Other Indus-

trial8%

Canada3%

China6%

Other Developing29%

Most research reactors in the world (~40%) are concentrated in US and Russia.

The power of operable research reactors mainly lower than 100 kW (~50%).

- Most of research reactors are constructed for the research & test of power generation reactors.

80% research reactors in north and central America are suspended in operation.

Operational Research Reactors in IAEA Member States

< 1kW27%

1-100 kW 22%

0.2-1 MW16%

1.1-5 MW12%

6-20 MW13%

23-85 MW7%

>100 MW3%

Power Distribution of Operable Research Reactor

Current Status of World-wide Reactors

* Source : IAEA Research Reactor Data Base(RRDB), 02.2010

Age Distribution of Research Reactors - Reactors constructed more than 40 years ago: 54.6%

- Reactors constructed less than 40 years ago: 45.3% Temporary Shutdown Research Reactors

- Countries: 11 (Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Congo, Greece,

Japan,

The Netherlands, Russian Federation, and United Kingdoms)

- No. of Research Reactors: 12 Age Distribution of Research Reactors

Current Status of World-wide Reactors

10-19 Year:8% 20-29

Year:17%

30-39 Year:18%

40-49

Year:

41%

50-

59 Year:13%

434 29

299

78

189

88 75100

3854

14 6 4

Temporary Shutdown Research Reactors

* Source : IAEA Research Reactor Data Base(RRDB), 02.2010

Country Reactor Name Reactor Type Thermal Power(kW)

Thermal Flux(n/cm2/s)

Fast Flux(n/cm2/s) Critical Date

Large-scale Producer

Canada NRU HEAVY WATER 135000 4.0E14 4.5E13 1957-11-03

Netherlands HFR TANK IN POOL 45000 2.7E14 5.1E14 1961-11-09

Belgium BR-2 TANK 100000 1.0E15 7.0E14 1961-06-29

France OSIRIS POOL 700 2.7E12 2.6E12 1966-04-28

South Africa SAFARI-1 TANK IN POOL 20000 2.4E14 2.8E14 1965-03-18

Small-scale Producer

Argentina RA-3 POOL 5000 4.8E13 1.4E14 1968-08-01

Australia OPAL POOL 20000 3.0E14 2.1E14 2006-08-12

Russian Fed. WWR-TS TANK WWR 15000 1.8E14 3.3E14 1964-10-04

Potential Use for Mo-99 Production

US MURR TANK IN POOL 10000 6.0E14 1.0E14 1966-10-13

Indonesia G.A. Siw. MPR POOL 30000 2.5E14 2.3E14 1987-07-29

Egypt ETRR-2 POOL 22000 2.8E14 2.2E14 1997-11-27

Peru RP-10 POOL 10000 1.2E14 1.0E14 1988-11-30

Chile RECH-1 POOL 5000 7.0E13 5.0E13 1974-10-13

Poland MARIA POOL 30000 3.5E14 1.0E14 1974-12-18

Romania TRIGA II Pitesti TRIGA DUAL CORE 500 2.0E13 2.5E13 1979-11-17

Republic of Korea HANARO POOL 30000 4.5E14 3.0E14 1995-02-08

The Specification of Research Reactors Pro-ducing Mo-99

Current Status of Research Reactors Produc-ing Mo-99

54 research reactors in the world are producing the radioisotopes. - RI Suppliers (Large-scale): Canada, The Netherlands, Belgium, France, and South Africa

- RI Market Share of Major Research Reactors: 92%

- Temporary Shutdown Research Reactors: NRU and HFR

Status of Major Research Reactors for the Mo-99 production(*Source: European Commission, SANCO/C/3HW, 2009)

NRU Research Reactor, Canada

HFR Research Reactor, The Netherlands

BR-2 Research Reactor, Belgium SAFARI Research Reactor, South Africa

OSI RIS Research Reactor, France

NRU40%

HFR30%

BR-29%

OSIRIS3%

SA-FARI-1

10%

Other Ones8%

World Share of Mo-99 Radioisotope

53 49 49 46 45

Year

Age Distribution of Major Research Reactor

2008-2010 2010-2015 2015-2025I-131 O O O

Sr-89 O O O

Ir-192 O O O

Sm-153 O + O

Re-186 O O O

I-125 O O O

Y-90 + + +

Lu-177 + + +

Ho-166 O + O

A distinct increase is expected in the use of Lu-177 and Y-90 and this trend will

continue until far into the future. The use of Ho-166 and Sm-153 will be also increased, although not before 2010. The current use of Iodine and Iridium is not expected to increase a great deal. Requirements for reactor radioisotopes such as Sm-153, Y-90, Er-169 and possibly

Re-186, continue to grow, following the general trend towards widespread utilization

for therapy.

Expert Expectations for the Application of Therapy with Radioisotopes

O: Unchanged, +: Increase

Estimated Number of Therapy with Tc-99m/Mo-99 Isotope

Expected Use of the Various RI in the Future

* Source : European Commission, SANCO/C/3HW, 2009

Current Status of KOREA

YearClassification 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Unsealed RI 533 893 1,078 1,093 1,084

Sealed RI 14,470 25,335 10,616 28,721 18,284

Total 15,003 26,228 11,694 29,813 19,368

(Unit: TBq)

Total Demand of Radioisotopes in 2007

: 29,813 TBq (Co-60 included)

Major Radioisotopes Consumed in Korea

: H-3, Mo-99, I-131, Co-60 and Ir-192

RI Supply in Korea

Classification 2008 2009Increase Rate(%)

Unsealed RI 15 32 113

Sealed RI 2,334 1,495 -36

Sum 2,349 1,527 77

RI Export

Classification 2008 2009Increase Rate(%)

Unsealed RI 897 926 3

Sealed RI 8,065 2,622 -67

Sum 8,962 3,548 -64

RI Import

(Unit: TBq)

(Unit: TBq)

Current Status of Domestic RI Market

* Source: Korea Radioisotope Association

Details of Nuclear Imaging Diagnostic Details of Clinical RI Use

Tc-99m among various Radioisotopes has the biggest market share. Tc-99m is mainly used for the MDP (Bone Imaging). The frequency of medical RI use has been continually increased from 2000

to present.

Classification 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008

Cardiovascular System 39,352 77,250 80,987 78,106 78,800

Musculoskeletal System 114,511 259,337 276,891 284,508 298,631

Brain Nervous System 8,806 17,886 18,416 18,656 18,221

Urinary System 18,596 31,962 35,040 37,553 36,041

Thyroid Gland 67,683 98,420 105,112 109,345 106,380

Digestive Sys-tem 27,102 24,239 23,308 23,218 20,986

Others 26,100 6,651 16,237 6,856 3,965

Total 302,150 515,745 555,991 558,242 561,472

(Unit: # of Uses)

Classification 2005 2006 2007 2008

Treatment 13,407 15,794 20,168 25,078

Nuclear Imaging 515,745 555,991 558,242 561,472

PET Therapy 57,031 100,530 184,824 247,933

In-vivo Therapy 1,639 1,763 2,776 2,524

RIA 13,706,183 15,291,104 14,989,436 15,063,997

Total 14,294,005 15,965,182 15,755,446 15,901,004

(Unit: # of Uses)

Trends of Radioisotope-use in Korea

* Source: Korean Society of Nuclear Medicine

High Import Dependence of Tc-99m Supply

Fabrication Only in Domestic Production

Occurrence of Tc-99m Supply Shortage

in 2008

Annual Trend for Tc-99m Supply

20062007

2008

368 TBq373 TBq

428 TBq

About 10% Increase per Year

Classification 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Total 223 298 351 368 373 428

Domestic Produc-tion*

0.74 7 38 39 41 83

Imports 222 291 313 329 332 344

Annual Trend for Tc-99m Supply (Unit: TBq)

Current Status of Domestic Tc-99m Supply

* The domestic products are manufactured with the Mo-99 imported from South Africa** Source: Korea Radioisotope Association

Country SA USA JAPAN Netherlands Australia Total

TBq 122 87 56 55 12 332

Thousands USD 593 364 1,021 530 111 2,620

$ 600 / Ci$ 5 Million Present

$ 2.6 Million Market (2007)

Tc-99m Market Share of Major Countries (2007)

Mo-99 Import Market in Korea

* Source: Korea Radioisotope Association

Korea RI Market

CanadaNRU

Bruce B

NetherlandsHFR

Russian FederationSM

MIR-M1WWR-M

USAMURRHFIR

South AfricaSafari-1

ArgentinaAtucha 1

Embalse 1

CanadaMDS

Nordion

JapanFujifilm

USATyco Healthcare /

MallinekrodtGE Healthcare Limited

BelgiumIRE

South AfricaNECSA/NPT

England/Russian Fed.

REVISS Amersham

BelgiumBR-2

FranceOSIRIS

AustraliaANSTO

AustraliaHIFAROPAL

Mo-99 Supply Chain in Domestic Market

Radioisotope Production Facility (HANARO)

Region IrradiationHole Number Thermal Neutron Flux (n/cm2sec)

In Core CT IR

1 2

~ 4.0 1014

3.0 ~ 4.0 1014

Out Core OR 4 2.0 ~ 3.0 1014

Reflector HTS IP NAA

1 17 3

8.8 1013

2.4 ~ 15.0 1013

3.6 ~ 16.0 1013

Classification Isotope Sales Quantity(GBq) Sales Prices(USD)

Use of Medical and Research

Purpose

I-131 17,279 849,672 Ho-166 66 4,375 Au-198 747 1,744Cr-51 0.074 67Ir-192 1,707 1,000Sc-46 2 -

Sum (A) 19,801 856,858

Use of Commer-cial Purpose

Ir-192 Production 4,465,766 485,792

Ir-192 Production from Import 2,060,866 -

Co-60 103 16,583Sum (B) 6,526,735 502,375

Total Sum (A+B) 6,546,536 1,359,232

Radioisotope Supply and Production by HANARO Reactor (2008)

Ir-192, I-131, and Ho-166 have been produced and supplied on a large scale. Production technologies for 10 kinds of radioisotopes were developed and integrated

into HANARO. This research reactor is limited to install the additional production facilities

Radioisotope Production at HANARO

* Source: Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute

Previous Shortages in RI Supply

The Recent Shutdowns of Major Mo-99 Production Reactors

(HFR [Netherlands], BR-2 [Belgium], and NRU [Canada] Reactor Shutdowns in August 2008)

- Global Medical Isotopes Crisis Highlights Alarming Lack of RI Production Facilities

5 Disruption between 1995-2007 5 Disruptions since January 2007

Mo-99/Tc-99m Supply Shortages

Jun 1997

NRU Shutdown(Strike)

Nov 2005 – Apr 2006

Covidien Tc-99Production Shutdown

(Generator Recall)

Jan 2007 – Oct 2008

HIFAR Shutdown(OPAL Production Delayed)

Nov – Dec 2007 &May 2009 – Present

NRU Shutdowns

Feb – Mar 2002

HFR Shutdown(Weld Defect)

May 2006

FRJ-2 Shutdown(permanent)

Mar – Apr 2007

Convidien Tc-99Production shutdown

(generator recall)

Aug 2008 – Feb 2009

HFR Shutdown(Gas Leak)

Aug – Nov 2008

IRE Bulk Mo-99Processing Shutdown

(Unexpected Emission)

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

1995

Strike of Canadian Air-flight

Global Supply Shortage of Mo-99 - Shutdown of NRU reactor at 2008.12.05 due to the leakage of H-3

- Canada getting out of RI business in 2016

News for Canada getting out of business News for Supply Shortage of RI medicine

Mo-99/Tc-99m Supply Shortages

Analysis of Previous Shortages

The causes for shortages can have various origins.

They are independent from the radioisotope production and supply chain

(e.g., due to geographical, geo-political or economic reasons).

Most situations of shortages are unpredictable.

They seem to become more frequent and more severe; this is not completely

surprising considering the age of concerned nuclear reactors.

Country Name

Argentina RA-3

Australia OPAL

USA MURR

France JHR

Country Name

Belgium MYRRAH*

Netherlands PALLAS*

USA B&W*

Country Name

China CARR&CFER

India Dhruva

Egypt ETRR-2

Indonesia GAS – MPR

Korea HANARO

Germany FRM II

Candidates for SignificantGlobal Capacity Increase

Potential Availability : 2010-2016

Candidates for ReplacementCapacity

Potential Availability : After 2015

Candidates for Potential Small Increased Capacity to Serve Regional Markets

Potential Availability : After 2015

* Currently conceptual

• Additional possible production from non-reactor sources (accelerators) and from small research reactors

: Will Take Time to Develop

: Not Effective for Commercial Production

New Radioisotope Supply Options

World Shortage of Tc-99m Supply

Construction of a New Reactor is an Unique Alternative Solution

Current Issues World-wide

Problems Raised on Security of Radioisotope

Supply in Korea

• News about “NRU Reactor

Lockdown in 2016”

• News of “Frequent Shutdown of

Major RI Production Reactors”

► Arising Global Shortage of

Mo-99 Supply

• High Dependency of

Radioisotope

Production from Foreign

Countries

• No Solution on Managing the

Balance of Supply and Demand

as well as the Raised

Radioisotope

Price

• Shortage of Tc-99m Supply in

Korea

• Frequent Shutdown of Major Mo-

99

Production Reactors

• Occurrence of Diagnostic Failure

Due to the Shortage of Tc-99m

Necessity of New Reactor Construction

Construction Plan

Facilities Research Reactor Isotope Production Facilities Fission Mo Production Facilities Neutron Irradiation Facility Radioactive Waste Disposal Facility

Reactor Outline Construction Purpose

- Medical and Industrial Radioisotope Production - Neutron Irradiation Service

Basic Reactor Characteristics - Land Scale of Research Reactor : 130,000 m2 (Including EAB)

- Reactor Power : 20 MWth (Thermal Flux : Over 3 10ⅹ 14 n/cm2 • s )

- Design Lifetime: > 50 year - Nuclear Fuel : 20% Low Enriched Uranium - Fission Mo Target : Thin Uranium Foil Using LEU

New Research Reactor Overview

Location of Construction Site of New Research Reactor

Gijang, Busan

Specifications of New Research Reactor(Currently Planned)

Considerations Design RequirementsReactor Power ▶ 20 MWth

Max. Neutron Flux ▶ > 3ⅹ1014 n/s ㆍ cm2

Distribution of Neutron Flux ▶ Uniform Distribution (within ± 25% )

Nuclear Fuel ▶ U3Si2 or U-Mo ▶ Discharged Burnup > 60%

Reflector ▶ Beryllium

Operation Cycle ▶ Cycle Length > 28 Days

Designed Lifetime ▶ > 50 Years

Reactor Safety ▶ Negative Reactivity Coefficient

Coolant and Reactor Cooling ▶ H2O (Upward or Downward) ▶ Passive Safety System: Natural Convection Cooling

Reactor Protection System ▶ Falling down by the Gravity ▶ Independent 2nd Protection System

Reactor Tank ▶ Reactor Tank Isolation (at the Accident) ▶ Spent Fuel Storage Cavity(Considering the Reactor Lifetime)

Reactor Building ▶ Confinement (Considering the OBE and SSE)

Irradiation Facility ▶ Vertical Irradiation Hole: NTD, RI Production, Material Analysis… ▶ Flux Trap: in Core (Fast and Thermal Neutron Flux)

KAERI▪ Management

Academic& Research Institute

▪ Design Advise

Government and Regulation Agencies

▪ Budget & Permission

KAERI

Design of Nuclear Fuel Design of Reactor and Primary System Test Operation

Engineering Industries

Design of Sub-system Overall Design of Reactor Building

Construction Industries

Construction Purchase of Sub-machinery

Heavy Industries

Design and Manufacture of Reactor Vessel Manufactures of Sub-machinery

Operating System of New Research Reactor

Liable Operation by Some Special-ists

(Reactor, Irradiation Facility…) RI Production Facilities Operated by Private Enterprises

Operating Method

Composition of Experienced and Beginning Workers Training Course for 1 Year

Operating Manpower

Economic Efficiency of New Reactor

Ouput(Ci/Year)

Added Value (Hundred Million Won/Year) Estimation Basis1)

(Thousand Won/Ci)Raw Material Complete Product

Mo-99 100,000 360 936 -Diluted Solution: 360-Generator: 936

I-1312) 2,000 7.4 36 -Diluted Solution: 37-Capsule: 1,800

I-125 100 3.6 - -Diluted Solution: 3,600

I-125 400,000 14 84 -Raw Material: 3.6-Source: 21

Total 502,100 385 1,056

Estimated Output of Major Radioisotopes

1) Domestic Price at Present, Exchange Rate: 1.2 (Thousand Won/$)2) Considering Domestic Demand

Main Products from New Research Reactor: RI and Neutron Irradiation Service (NTD) Lifetime of Research Reactor: 50 Year 2009 Constant Price

Assumption for Evaluating Economic Efficiency

Expected Effectiveness basis on Total Production

(Hundred Million Won)

Expected Effectiveness basis on Added Value

(Hundred Million Won)

Radioisotope Supply 102,030 33,022

Neutron Irradiation Service (NTD) 6,800 3,707

Total 108,830 36,729

Requirements for the Construction of New Research Reactor

KAERI needs a experience in development of several key technologies.

1. Design and Manufacturing Technology of Planar Type Nuclear Fuel.

2. Analysis Data for Thermal Hydraulic Behavior.

3. New Type of CRDM.

Planar Type Nuclear Fuel

New CRDM Layout

Transparent Project Progress Emphasis on Positive Effect to the Regional

Economy

New Research Reactor RI Production Facilities Utilization of Neutron Irradiation Private Companies for Using New Reactor

Fission Mo-99 Production by using LEU Target Separation & Collection Efficiency of Useful

RIs in Radioactive Wastes Production and Safety Evaluation of Medical RI Utilization of Neutron Irradiation

Requirements for the Construction of New Research Reactor

Resident Acceptance

Site Selection

Tech-nology Devel-

opment

Conclusions

SUMMARY

Local government (Pusan) will provide the construction site of research reactor

without cost (~ 130,000 m2).

New research reactor and additional facilities (RI production and NTD) will be

constructed from 2011 to 2015, through the ~ $220+α million dollars Investment.

The Preliminary Feasibility Analysis for new research reactor will be carried out by

the end of 2010.

Will provide a chance to solve future RI supply shortages in domestic and global

market.