deriba thesis defence. pdf
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
1/54
AMBO UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIESINSTITUTE OF COOPERATIVES AND DEVELOPMENT
STUDIES
DEPARTMENT OF COOPERATIVES
29/06/2011
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
2/54
By: Deriba Mekonnen
Advisor: Dr. J. Subramani
East Shoa Zone,
Oromia Reginal State
June, 2011
Ambo, Ethiopia
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
3/54
Background
To enhance the productivity of agriculture, farmers have to
have access to improved seeds of the right type, at the right
time, at the right place, at a reasonable price and with right-
size seed packages.
For the supply of such seeds, the informal seed sector and theformal seed system have per amount role to play in
developing countries like Ethiopia. (Alemu, 2010)
29/06/2011
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
4/54
Statement of the problem Agriculture remains an important economic sector inmany developing countries. It is a source of growth and a
potential source of investment opportunities for the
private sector. (World Bank 2005)
As the main producer of certified seed, Ethiopian Seed
Enterprise (ESE) currently provides less than 5% of
national seed requirement. The bulk of seed used
nationwide is farm saved from harvests of previouscrops, a practice that has existed for centuries. (ESE, 2005)
29/06/2011
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
5/54
cont ---
Seed of improved varieties is a costly input and veryscarce in the case of cereal seeds in Africa.
There remains a large gap between the cereal seeddemand and seed supply resulting in low area coverage
by the improved varieties in these crops. The problem is further emphasized by the low seed
multiplication ratio in cereal crops.
Therefore, unless enterprising and progressive farmers,
agro dealers, cooperatives and NGOs come forward totake up formal/informal seed production, this situationis likely to remain unchanged. (Mugai, 2010)
29/06/2011
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
6/54
Objectives
General Objective
The general objective of the study is to analyze the role of actors involved
in local seed multiplication activities facilitated by Lume Adama Farmers
Cooperative Union (LAFCU).
Specific Objectives
1. To examine the supportive activities extended by LAFCU to its memberaffiliates for local seed multiplication.
2. To analyze factors affecting farmers participation in local seed
multiplication facilitated by LAFCU.
3. To assess the state of pre and post local seed multiplication activities
performed by cooperatives and farmers.
4. To study the challenges and prospects of local seed multiplication
activity in the study area.
29/06/2011
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
7/54
Research Questions
1. What are the supportive activities extended by LAFCU to its
member affiliates for local seed multiplication?
2. What factors affecting farmers participation in local seed
multiplication facilitated by LAFCU?
3. What are the state of pre and post local seed multiplication
activities performed by cooperatives and farmers?
4. What are the challenges and prospects of local seed
multiplication activity in the study area?
29/06/2011
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
8/54
Significance of the Study
Since no such work has been undertaken in this area, the
study result might initiate other researchers to conduct
different research works from different perspectives, which
may contribute for the enhancement of agricultural
production and marketing.
It also helps institutions interested in the establishment,
development and well performing agricultural cooperatives in
Ethiopia.
It would also be a useful reference for researchers and other
personnel interested in the area of study.
29/06/2011
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
9/54
This research work was carried out on LAFCU and its affiliatedprimary cooperatives as well their individual members that are found
in one Woreda of the three Woredas of the Unions working area.
The study covered five years data on seed multiplication activities
starting from 2006 to 2010.
Other institutions that were incorporated in this particular study
were Cooperative Promotion Offices, Agriculture Offices, Agricultural
Research Institutes and NGOs were the major ones.
Due to time and financial constraints, it was out of the reach of the
researcher to include all cooperative unions in the region.
Therefore, the study was limited to this pioneer union that has an
ample experience in agricultural technology dissemination and large
potential in the future.
Scope and limitation of the study
29/06/2011
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
10/54
Related Literature Reviewed
The concepts of cooperatives Definition of Cooperatives
Definition of seed
The Ethiopian seed system
History and evolution of the Ethiopian seed sector Recent efforts to build a vibrant seed sector
Seed production and management
Seed Marketing
Nature of seed marketing The role of quality control and certification with
respect to farmers multiplied seed
The potentials and limitations of farmers based seed
multiplication 29/06/2011
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
11/54
Conceptual framework
Role of actors
in local seed
multiplication
Other supportive
wings/actors Agriculturaloffices, Research institutes,
cooperative promotion offices
and NGOs
Provide technical services
Dissemination of new varieties
Training on behavior of specific
crop seeds
Demographic and socio-
economic factors
Age, sex, marital status
Education levelFarming land owned
Capacity to purchase
input on cash
Farming experience
Individual farmers
Land preparationSowing
Crop production
practices
Marketing
Sharing experience
Primary Cooperative
Select model farmers
Provide other inputs
Procure grains from
member farmers
Cooperative Union
Training
Provision of seeds
and other agri-inputs
Collection
Processing
Dissemination
29/06/2011
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
12/54
Research MethodologyDescription of the study area
The study was conducted in Lume Adama FarmersCooperative Union that was established as the firstcooperative union in the country by four primarycooperatives societies holding 3,975 individual farmers inLume Woreda of Eastern Showa Zone in 1997, with theinitial total capital of Birr 150,000.
At present the Union has 33 primary coop > 23,000individual farmers, 3w
Currently the total capital of the union reached more
than 20 million. It is located in the central part of the country at 70 km
South East of Addis Ababa.
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
13/54
Map of the study area
3. Study area
1. Ethiopia
2. Oromia
29/06/2011
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
14/54
Sampling design
1st
one cooperative union which was selectedpurposely due to it is pioneer cooperative union in
the country and in implementing local seed
multiplication activities respectively.
2nd one woreda was selected purposively again for
the research being major production area in the
operational area.
3
rd
three primary cooperatives were selected from 14primary cooperative societies in selected woreda
based on their year of membership and participation
in seed multiplication activities facilitated by the
union. 29/06/2011
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
15/54
n = Z2. p. q. N
e2 (N-1) +p.q.N Where
n = Sample sizeZ = 95% Confidence interval under normal curve (1.96)
e = acceptable error term (0.05) /standard error
p = Sample proportionN= population size
q =1-p
n = 139
29/06/2011
Random sampling techniques was used to select the individual participants from each
of three cooperative societies after n is calculated by using the following formula
(Kothari, 2004)
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
16/54
Distribution of individual respondents, FGD and KI
Name of
coop
Members Respondents
Male Female Total Male Female Total
Dibandiba 1488 108 1596 56 5 61
Ejere 1064 127 1191 41 5 46
Dhekabora 738 98 836 28 4 32
Total 3290 333 3623 125 14 139
Distribution of individual respondents by sample cooperatives
29/06/2011
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
17/54
Key informant and focus group discussion
Tool Type of groups Person
Key informants
(KIs)
Woreda Agri-Office 3
Woreda coop PO 2
DAs 3
Coop employees 3
Researchers 2
Sub total 13
FGDs Current MCs 12Former MCs 9
Sub total 21
29/06/2011
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
18/54
Types and sources of data
Both primary and secondary types of data were
used.
Primary data were collected from sampled
respondents, FGDs & KIs The secondary data were also collected from
cooperative union, primary cooperatives,
cooperative promotion office, agricultural
development office, agricultural research institutes,
and other recorded documents.
29/06/2011
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
19/54
Method of data collection
A combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches
was employed to collect data.
Primary data were collected from sample respondents by
using questionnaire assisted personal interview, which
were designed to generate data on some social,institutional and economic variables.
FGDs and KIs from different groups was also used.
29/06/2011
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
20/54
Method of data analysis
The study used both qualitative and quantitativemethods of data analysis.
In addition analytical methods such as correlation and
regression were employed to analyze the data and make
the inferences.
SPSS Version 19 was employed for correlation and
regression analysis.
29/06/2011
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
21/54
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1. The supportive activities extended by Lume Adama FarmersCooperative Union to its member affiliates for local seed multiplication.
4.1.1. Local Seed Multiplication Activity of the Union
LAFCU began the supply of agricultural inputs both fertilizers andimproved seeds since1997 when the union was established.
The objective of the establishment of the union was to solve the problemsof these major agricultural inputs which could not be solved by theexisting primary cooperatives and to increase the bargaining power ofthose cooperatives in other aspects.
As per the discussion made with senior cooperative experts, there werestrong debates among officials and cooperative experts on theestablishment of LAFCU.
According to this information from those senior experts the contributionof Haile Gebre, the former General Director of Federal Cooperative Agencywas remarkable not only in the establishment of LAFCU but also inbringing change to cooperative movement in Ethiopia.
29/06/2011
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
22/54
The founders of LAFCU, the 1st cooperative union in
Ethiopia led by Ato Haile Gabre
29/06/2011
Source: Photo Album of the Union
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
23/54
Seed multiplication steps and flows
As it is indicated in the following diagram, the main source of basic seed is research centers.
The basic seeds developed in research centers are distributed to cooperative union and otheractors like SE, NGOs and Private PLC for re-multiplication and commercialization of those
seeds.
The basic seeds once submitted to the said actors and multiplied become certified seeds
(C1,C2) based on the existing conditions like favorable climate, seed types and varieties.
The union distributes basic seeds received from research centers to few selected farmers for
multiplication.
It again purchases the multiplied seeds, processes and redistributes to larger farmers . It also
purchases certified seeds from Seed Enterprises, NGOs, PLCs and other cooperative unions.
The union may also sells certified seeds to other actors when it collected in excess from its
members.
Finally, it purchases seeds which are converted to grains from farmers and sells to other
actors like processors, exporters, World Food Program (WFP) and Ethiopia CommodityExchange (ECX).
29/06/2011
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
24/54
Sources of basic seeds
Sources of certified seeds
Seed enterprises
NGOs,
PLCs and other cooperative unions
Few Farmers
Union
Large Farmers
Processors
Exporters
WFP
ECX
Research Centers
Source: Researchers own design
29/06/2011
Seed course from source up to destination
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
25/54
Demographic and socio-economic xlcs of respondents
54.7% were in adult age group 90% were male
> 90% were married
25.9% read and write and again similar percent have
attended secondary education HH size was 6.63 person in average
38% have 5-10 years of membership in coop
Owned 4.19 oxen in average
Owned 2.46 donkeys in average Owned 2.35 ha of land in average
43% have 3-6 yrs of experience on local seed muln.
29/06/2011
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
26/54
Other Factors affecting the seed production practices in the area
Types of input Frequency Percent
Fertilizer 29 20.9
Chemicals 5 3.6
Both fertilizer and chemicals 90 64.7
Others too 15 10.8
Total 139 100.0
Source of fertilizer
Cooperative 81 58.3
Traders 12 8.6
1 and 2 34 24.5
Others 12 8.6
Total 139 100.0
Source of chemical
Cooperatives 36 25.9
Traders 65 46.8
1 and 2 above 30 21.6
Others 8 5.8
Total 139 100.0Source: Own survey result, 201129/06/2011
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
27/54
Reasons for purchasing inputs from cooperative and
preconditions to get credit from cooperatives
Reasons Frequency PercentCredit provision 19 13.7No other source provide sufficient amount 33 23.7Lower price 65 46.8To get patronage funds 3 2.2All of the above 19 13.6Total 139 100.0
Precondition to get credit from cooperativesMembership 73 52.5Personal guarantee 2 1.4Agricultural land 19 13.7Group guarantee 1 0.7All of the above 10 7.21 and 3 above 34 24.5
Total 139 100.0Capacity to purchase input in cash
Yes 123 88.5No 16 11.5Total 139 100.0
Source: Own survey result, 201129/06/2011
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
28/54
4.1.5. Factors affecting farmers participation in local seed
multiplication facilitated by LAFCU
In this study, members participation in local seed multiplicationwas assumed, as it has no difference among members.
It was tried to identify the relation and the significance ofmembersparticipation in local seed multiplication and members personaland household data using statistical methods such as regression
and correlation. Based on this, number of family size, amount of cultivated land,
Capacity to purchase input on cash, and number of oxen ownedfound statistically significant at P = 0.05 significance level and alsopositively correlated with members participation in local seedmultiplication.
Other variables like age of the member, sex of the member,educational level, marital status and years of cooperativemembership found to have no significant relation to participation inlocal seed multiplication.
29/06/2011
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
29/54
Correlations
Selected variablesAge of
respondents
Sex of
respondents
Marital status
of respondent
Education
level of
respondents
Years of
Cooperative
Membership
Total birr gained
from seed
Age of respondents Pearson
Correlation
1 .077 -.235(**) -.455(**) .594(**) .005
Sex of respondentsPearsonCorrelation
.077 1 .176 -.294(**) .68 .92
Marital status of
respondents
Pearson
Correlation
-.235(**) .176 1 .135 -.142 -.127
Education level of
respondents
Pearson
Correlation
-.455(**) -.294(**) .135 1 -.489 -.068
Years of Cooperative
Membership
Pearson
Correlation
.594(**) .068 -.142 -.489(**) 1 .084
Total birr gained from
seeds
Pearson
Correlation
.005 -.092 -.127 -.068 .084 1
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Table 23. Correlation result for insignificant variables
for members participation in local seed multiplication
Source: Own survey result, 2011
29/06/2011
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
30/54
Correlations
Selected variables
Family size Land owned
Capacity to
purchase input
on cash
Number of
oxen owned
Total birr gained
from seed
Family size Pearson
Correlation
1 .288(**) .090 .398(**) .331(**)
Land owned Pearson
Correlation
.288(**) 1 .065 .769(**) .608(**)
Capacity to purchase input
on cash
Pearson
Correlation
.090 .065 1 .127 .192(*)
Number of oxen owned Pearson
Correlation
.398(**) .769(**) .127 1 .471(**)
Total birr gained from seed Pearson
Correlation
.331(**) .608(**) .192(*) .471(**) 1
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
Table 24. Correlation result for significant variables for
members participation in local seed multiplication
Source: Own survey result, 2011
29/06/2011
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
31/54
Table 25. Regression result of selected variables for
members participation in local seed multiplication
Mode
1 R R Square
Adjusted
R Square
STD. ErrorOf the
Estimate
1
.687 .471 .428 1249.9292
a Predictors: (Constant), Number of Oxen for cultivation,
Age of the Member, Capacity to purchase input on cash,Sex of the Member, Marital Status of the Member, Family
Size of the Member, Educational Level of the Member,
Years of Cooperative Membership, Total cultivable land.
29/06/2011
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
32/54
Correlations
Selected variablesUnstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t
Sig.
B Std.Error Beta
Constant -144.684 1190.781 -.122 .904
1 Age of respondents -5.387 15.138 -.033 -.356 .723
2 Sex of respondents -19.872 378.359 -.004 -.053 .958
3 Marital status of
respondents
-68.283 186.437 -.028 -.366 .715
4 Education level of
respondents
99.618 127.401 .071 .782 .436
5 Years of Cooperative
Membership
-29.527 17.099 -.166 -1.727 .087
6 Family size 168.106 52.988 .266 3.173 .002**
7 Land owned 385.637 62.702 .681 6.150 .000**
8 Capacity to purchase input
on cash
541.831 273.782 .141 1.979 .050**
9 Number of oxen owned -69.992 87.847 -.095 -.095 .427
A Dependent Variable: Total Birr from participating in local seed multiplicationThe regression result of Table 25. Shows that participation of sampled members in
local seed multiplication is significant at significance level of 0.05 and explained
by variables such as family size, total farm land owned and capacity to purchase
input on cash.
Coefficients (a)
29/06/2011
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
33/54
4.2. The state of pre and post local seed multiplication activities
performed by cooperatives and member farmers
Actors in local seed multiplication are expected to play
respective role in local seed multiplications facilitated by
LAFCU
The role of different actors are discussed as follows based on
data from MoU and Discussion made with FGDs and KI
29/06/2011
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
34/54
4.2.1 Role of actors in local seed multiplication
facilitated by cooperative union
Actors such as farmers, primary cooperatives, the union,Agriculture Office, Cooperative Promotion Office,Research Centers, Seed Enterprises and NGOs.
In addition to the above actors insurance companies are
providing crop insurance product coverage for seedmultiplying farmers which was facilitated by the union.
They all are working together to assist the productionand productivity of the agricultural sector, which is theengine for all other sectors in the country.
According to the MoU developed by these actors anddiscussion made with FGDs and KI, have their own rolesto play.
29/06/2011
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
35/54
Farmers
Primary coops
Coop Union
Agricultural offices at different levels Research centers
29/06/2011
Role of Actors
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
36/54
4.2.2 Post-seed multiplication activities performed by the union
4.2.2.1. Collection of multiplied seeds
29/06/2011
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
37/54
4.2.2.2. Processing of collected seeds
Source: photo from union, 2011
29/06/2011
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
38/54
The seeds once cleaned will be packed with
different sizes in kg (mostly 30kg and 50kg) with
small labeling and stored for next crop season.29/06/2011
Storing
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
39/54
4.3. Challenges and opportunities of local seed
multiplication by LAFCU
4.3.1. Benefits of participating in local seed multiplication by
farmers
38.8% raised high yield is the benefits the other benefits were
priority to other inputs and high price
29/06/2011
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
40/54
According to FGDS and KI,
Cooperatives lack skilled man power and materials to process, grade, pack andtransport seeds collected from producer farmers that has limited the role of
cooperative in seed multiplication.
Reluctance of the union in taking action when farmers faced seed problem
The union has not served its members to its full capacity
Weather problem has dual influence on seed multiplying farmers
Delay in distribution of seed on time and setting the price
Inadequacy of seed distributed and other allied inputs
Absence of agronomists at union level to assist the seed multiplication work
technically Lack of appropriate storage place and modern cleaning machines
Shortage of credit extended for seed multiplication project by the government
In addition > 40% respondents raised quantity problem
Problems/challenges of local seed multn
29/06/2011
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
41/54
Solutions recommended by FGDs, KI Looking for sources of seeds before the coming of the sowing time.
Seeing seed quality in terms of purity, germination percentage andvariety.
Allocating resources ( as agronomists, storage place and processing
materials).
Special storage should be arranged along with packing materials both
before and after processing of seed.
Farmers needs the guidance of DA and other technical bodies.
Agricultural office should recruit, capacitate and control very carefully the
seed multiplying farmers.
Research institutes should introduce productive seed varieties on time
and in required quantity.
> 44% respondents said union should solve the problem.
29/06/2011
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
42/54
The operational area of the union is in the central part ofthe country where multiple options are there as sources ofdifferent seeds required by the member farmers.
Availability of two national research institutions.
The ample experience gained in being the pioneercooperative union in distributing agricultural technologies.
Extension of crop insurance policy schemes developed byNISCO and OIC to overcome uncertainties.
Allocation of some budget by the government for seed
multiplication activity. GTP
4.3.4. Opportunities for LAFCU to facilitate local seed
multiplications
29/06/2011
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
43/54
5.1. Conclusions
GTP laid down by the country, increasingagricultural productivity using modern
agricultural input plays a vital role. Among the important agricultural inputs, seed
took the major place.
To improve the use of improved seed, ensuring
the supply of standard quality at the requiredquantity, at the right time and at fair price isdecisive.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
29/06/2011
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
44/54
Cont---
Different literatures reviews made in developing
countries including Ethiopia emphasized on farmersbased seed multiplications by cooperatives as the mainalternative seed source.
Seed multiplication by cooperatives can be considered asa means to generate additional income or even analternative to specialize on as an income generatingactivity.
The large amount of seeds multiplied by the farmers inthe area during past five years was wheat followed bychick pea. Teff and lentil were found to be the least seedmultiplied in the area.
29/06/2011
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
45/54
Cont--- The main reason for the establishment of LAFCU was for
distribution of agricultural inputs mainly Fertilizers andimproved Seeds.
Wheat, Chick pea and Teff were found to be the majorseeds multiplied by the farmers in the study arearespectively.
Majority of the farmers purchase input from cooperativesbecause of their low price and again most of the farmershave the capacity to purchase input on cash.
From all demographic and socio-economic factors familysize, land owned, capacity to purchase input on cash and
number of oxen owned were found to positively correlatewith farmers use of improved seed from factors affectingfarmers participation in local seed multiplication.
29/06/2011
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
46/54
Cont---
Farmers, primary cooperatives, and Union were the major actors playing
different role in local seed multiplication activities in the studyarea. Agricultural Offices, Cooperative Promotion Offices, ResearchInstitutes, Seed Enterprises and NGOs are the other supporting wings.
Processors, ECX, WFP and Exporters were the final actors for which seedconverted to grains will be targeted by farmers and their cooperatives.
Agricultural insurance is the other best technology option to transfer
natural risk of seed multiplication activity in the study area. Collection, storing, processing and dissemination of seed were the post
seed multiplication activities performed by LAFCU.
Inadequacy of seed quantity, poor quality, problem of weather condition,weak linkage between primary cooperatives and union, absence ofagronomists and special service storage at union level, delay in setting
price of seed multiplied and unfair selection of farmers were the majorchallenges of local seed multiplication found in the study area.
29/06/2011
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
47/54
5.2. Recommendations
Based on the research findings of this study, the following points arerecommended to improve farmers participation in multiplicationof seed and overall supply of seed in the area.
Farmers based seed multiplication by cooperative has to bestrengthened since it has vital role in minimizing shortage of seedand increasing agricultural productivity.
The involvement of cooperative has positive impact inincreasing the bargaining power of farmers and to get marketinformation and materials as well as technical support whichare difficult to own individually like seed cleaning machine andstandard storage for seed.
But due to lack of skilled man power and other importantresource, it is difficult to conclude that they were givingeffective and efficient service to seed producing memberfarmers.
29/06/2011
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
48/54
Cont ---
The union should serve its farmer members with its full capacity
and fairly in both provision of basic seeds and collection ofmultiplied seeds at the right time and reasonable price.
Primary cooperatives should be strengthened to create bothupward and downward linkage as major intermediary betweenfarmers and the union.
Clear and transparent MoU should be developed and dully signedamong actors in local seed multiplication to insure activeparticipation of all concerned.
Crop insurance technology began in the area needs to be extendedto member farmers with the initiative of the union to protectmember farmers in general and seed multiplying farmers in
particular from natural disasters. Cooperatives are important actors in facilitating local seed
multiplication and can contribute a lot in minimizing the seedshortage of the country and boost agricultural production andproductivity, if responsible organizations pay attention tostrengthen and make use of them.
29/06/2011
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
49/54
29/06/2011
Farmers
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
50/54
Preparing farm land which is managed very well in advance and cangive good production of expected seed.
Purchasing basic seeds from the union or cooperatives according to
the price set by the concerned body. Sowing seeds according to the recommendations of the respective
development agents with other recommended inputs.
Taking necessary crop production practices such as weeding orusing herbicides and pesticides recommended for specific crop.
Protecting seeds from mixing with other crop both on field and ontrashing field by using separation means at field and preparingtrashing place very carefully.
Selling harvested seeds directly to the union according to the priceagreed and determined by the concerned body (which will bementioned on the agreement made between farmers and the union
in collaboration with Woreda agricultural office). Seeds multiplying farmers are expected to share their experience to
other farmers who are supposed to buy seeds multiplied by them.
Primary Coops
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
51/54
Primary cooperatives have little contribution inseed multiplication but they indirectly contribute
in providing other inputs like fertilizer and inrecruiting model farmers for seed multiplicationactivity.
They purchase seeds which are converted into
grain from the farmers by using the creditarranged by the union.
They serve as channels for upward and
downward linkage between farmers and union indistributing inputs to and procuring outputs frommember farmers.
Coop Union
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
52/54
Identifying the seed demand of member farmers and seeds that suit bothclimate of the area and have high market demand.
Cooperative union will search for sources of basic seed in collaborationwith agricultural office.
The union provides the available seeds to farmers on time through theirprimary cooperatives.
Providing other inputs that assist the success of seed multiplicationactivity.
Preparation of storage place and packing materials for seeds multipliedthat need to be redistributed to other farmers after processing.
Purchasing/procuring multiplied seeds from farmers on time and atreasonable/agreed price.
Performing processing activities such as cleaning, packaging, storing andredistributing quality seeds to other farmers in order to increase theproduction of the area.
Supply of other agricultural inputs like quality herbicides, pesticides,
animal drugs and other small agricultural equipments. Consumer goods/industrial products such as sugar, soap, food oil and fuel
oil if possible.
Agricultural offices
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
53/54
The agriculture office through its structure at different levels isexpected to contribute much effort in assisting local seedmultiplication facilitated by the cooperative union.
Development agents at kebele level follow, assist and give specialattention to the day to day activities of the farmers involved in localseed multiplication. They are aware of the capacity and demand ofeach farmer under their jurisdiction.
Agricultural offices existing at zonal and beyond provide capacitybuilding activities such as training, allocation of budget for seed
multiplication activity in addition to searching for sources of basicseeds and other allied technologies assisting such activity.
Arranging research centers and Farmers Training Centers (FTC) fornew agricultural technology demonstration.
Allocation of necessary technicians assisting this activity whenneeded.
Arranging field days whereby the experience of well performingfarmers will be demonstrated on field.
Research Institutes
-
7/30/2019 Deriba Thesis Defence. PDF
54/54
Both the national and regional research
centers are working on producing basic andpre-basic seeds which can be commercialized
by seed enterprises and other actors like
cooperatives etc.
They also produce agricultural tools and
equipments that assist modern farming.
Training farmers on the use and application of
new agricultural technologies.