desalination using looped ion exchange by karla montemayor mentor: dr. wendell ela university of...
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Desalination Using Looped Ion Exchange
By Karla MontemayorMentor: Dr. Wendell Ela
University of Arizona Department of Chemical and Environmental
Engineering17 April 2010
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Research Objective •Prove that Ion Exchange works as a pre-treatment to Reverse Osmosis
•Show that the Ion Exchange column can be regenerated
•Show that the Regenerant can be recycled
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Tucson Water Sources and Demand Projections
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019 2024Year
Su
pp
ly (
1000
s o
f A
F)
Incidental Reuse
CAP Delivery
Renewable Groundwater
Water Reuse
Total Demand
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CAP water contains a high concentration of ions
The Problem At Hand
Water Quality Constituent
Mean Well Water
CAP Water
Total Dissolved Solids (mg/L) 179 806 Hardness (mg/L CaCO 3) 96 322
Sodium (mg/L) 24 102 Calcium (mg/L) 31 75
Magnesium (mg/L) 5 31 Barium (mg/L) < 0.01 0.15
Strontium (mg/L) < 0.1 1 Chloride (mg/L) 13 94 Sulfate (mg/L) 26 256
Alkalinity (mg/L HCO 3̄ ) 103 119 Total Organic Carbon (mg/L C) < 1 3.1
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What is Reverse Osmosis?In Reverse Osmosis, high pressure forces water to pass through porous membranes that filter out particles and ions.
ConcentratedSalts
FEEDFLOW
H2OH2O
H2O
H2O Mg
Cl
Fe++
HCO3 Ca
SO4
++
++
H2O H2OH2O
H2O H2OH2O
Permeate
Na+ ConcentratedSalts
FEEDFLOW
H2OH2O
H2O
H2O Mg
Cl
Fe++
HCO3 Ca
SO4
++
++
H2O H2OH2O
H2O H2OH2O
H2O H2OH2O
H2O H2OH2O
Permeate
Na+
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RO Membrane Fouling• Scaling due to Barium(Ba) and Calcium(Ca) ions• Build-up of clay and other organics
Only 85% Water Recovery• 163 Billion Gallons Water Loss/Year• $165 Million/Year
Drawbacks to Reverse Osmosis
How Does Ion Exchange Help?As a pre-treatment to RO, Ion Exchange(IX) can remove most of the ions thereby prolonging the life of the RO membrane and reducing costs and water loss.
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How Ion Exchange Works
Polymer resin beads trap ions in their pores and release them when exchanged for other ions
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Implemented Model
1. CaCl2 solution loads IX
column with Ca+ ions in
exchange for Na+ ions 2. Regenerant(brine
solution) loads column with Na+
ions in exchange for Ca+
ions
Experiment only modeled removal of calcium ions
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Implemented ModelBefore titration with EDTA
After titration with EDTATitrate Samples of:
1. CaCl2 solution before IX2. CaCl2 solution after IX3. Regenerant after IX
Equation to Calculate Mass of Calcium in CaCl2
solution and Regenerant:
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Implemented ModelSoftening of Regenerant when IX column falls below 85% capacityAddition of NaOH and Na2CO3 to Regenerant
causes precipitation of CaCO3
Vacuum Filtration of Regenerant removes CaCO3 precipitate from solution
CaCO3 Precipitate
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 170.600000000000001
0.700000000000001
0.800000000000001
0.900000000000001
1
1.1 Purolite Resin Capacity vs. Cycle
Cycle #
Res
in C
apac
ity
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 170.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35Ca Accumulation in Regenerant
Cycle #
Ca
A
ccu
mu
lati
on
(E
q)
Load Solution: 11g CaCl2/L, Regenerant: 100g NaCl/L Baseline =
maximum calcium column canholdResin Capacity
=
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 140.45
0.55
0.65
0.75
0.85
0.95
1.05USA Resin Capacity vs. Cycle
Cycle #
US
A R
esi
n C
ap
aci
ty
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 140.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4 Ca Accumulation in Regenerant
Cycle #
Ca
Acc
um
ula
tio
n
(Eq
)
Load Solution: 11g CaCl2/L, Regenerant: 100g NaCl/L
Resin Capacity =
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0 1 2 3 4 50.05
0.15
0.25
0.35
0.45
0.55
Cycle #
Ca
Acc
um
ula
tio
n
(Eq
)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 120.750000000000001
0.800000000000001
0.850000000000001
0.900000000000001
0.950000000000001
1
1.05(11g)-Resin Capacity vs. Cycle
Cycle #
Re
sin
Ca
pa
city
Load Solution: 11g CaCl2/L, Regenerant: 400g NaCl/4L
Resin Capacity =
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 120.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16Ca Accumulation in Regenerant
Cycle #
Ca
Acc
um
ula
tio
n
(Eq
)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 120.965000000000001
0.975000000000001
0.985000000000001
0.995000000000001
1.005(2g)-Resin Capacity vs. Cycle
Cycle #
Re
sin
Ca
pa
city
Load Solution: 2g CaCl2/L, Regenerant: 400g NaCl/4L
Resin Capacity =
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Future Goals
•Remove other ions such as Barium and Magnesium
•Design and apply model of removing other ions from Regenerant
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• Special Thanks to Dr. Wendell Ela, Dr. Barron Orr,
Ornella Nkurunziza, and Justin Nixon (U of A)
Questions?Acknowledgements: