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Super Tall Building Design Approach
Presented by: Hi Sun Choi, P.E. Principal, Vice President March 6, 2009
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Thornton Tomasetti Inc. is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for nonAIA members are available on request.
This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
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Copyright Materials
This presentation is protected by US and International Copyright laws. Reproduction,
distribution, display and use of the presentation without written permission of the speaker is
prohibited.
© Thornton Tomasetti Inc. 2009
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Objectives § Provide Guidelines for Super Tall Building Design Criteria § Compare Structural Systems § Compare Structural Shape Efficiencies § Compare Aerodynamic Shape Efficiencies § Wind Design + Bldg Motion § Seismic Design § Foundation Design § Discuss Other Structural Considerations
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History of Structures
§ Stonehenge 2500 BC ? 76 feet (23m) tall
§ Egyptian Pyramids 2500 BC ? 480 feet (146m) tall
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Lessons
§ Truly ‘monolithic’ mono = one lith = stone § All depends on the erector!
§ Limited to stone § Not slender § Slope stability limit? § Organization is key
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History of Structures
§ Tower of Pisa 1350 AD 183 feet (56m) tall
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Lessons § Foundation settlement § Respect the geotech
§ High aspect ratio = sensitive to small base movement § Verticality during and after construction § Correction attempted as they built
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History of Structures § Empire State Building 1931 102 stories 1453 feet (443m) tall
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Lessons § Steel frame § Fullwidth moment frames § Window strips, masonry strips, trim § Fast construction § Superorganized
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History of Structures § Burj Dubai 2008 162 stories (850M ?)
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Tallest 20 in 2020 by TT
KLCC Petronas Taipei 101 Incheon 151 Tower Chicago Spire
Shanghai Center Doha Convention Center Pentominium
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How Tall? Or How Many Floors? § FloortoFloor Height Estimates
Typical Office: 11’ ~ 14’ ( 8’ ~ 9.5’clear) 3.35m ~ 4.25m (2.5m ~2.9m clear)
Typical Residential: 8’ ~ 11’ (7.5’ ~ 9’ clear) 2.45m ~ 3.35m (2.3m ~ 2.75m clear)
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What is “Aspect Ratio”?
§ Building height vs. footprint
§ Aspect ratio (height/structural lateral system footprint width or depth)
Preferably <6 Could be >10 if special features to improve wind comfort are included
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Evolution of Building Design Approach
§ Short Building : Strength Design Gravity Control (~h) – Strength Design ( ~h 2 )
P 2P M 4M
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Evolution of Building Design Approach
§ Intermediate Size Building: Deflection Lateral Load Control – Stiffness Design ( ~h 3 )
∆
16∆ = h 4
§ Drift limit based on h; h 4 / h ~h 3
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Evolution of Building Design Approach
§ Tall Building: Wind Induced Bldg Motion (acceleration) Control – Dynamic Stiffness Design ( ~h 3 )
+ + + + . . .
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Evolution of Building Design Approach
§ Force Based Design
è
§ Displacement Based Design
è
§ Performance Based Design
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Building Drift or Lateral Deflection § Overall Building : no PDelta
US/Dubai (1020 year wind) H / 400 – H / 500 Korea (50100 year wind) H / 500
§ Interstory Wind Drift: no PDelta US/Dubai (1020 year) h / 350 Korea (50100 year) h / 350 China (100 year ) h / 500 – h / 800
depends on H
§ Interstory Seismic Drift : with PDelta Inelastic Drift < 0.01h – 0.02h (h / 100 – h / 50)
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Human Comfort Criteria under Wind Induced Building Motions § US Practice:
Building Acceleration Limit (10 year wind) Residential = 10 – 15 millig Hotel = 15 20 millig Office = 20 25 millig Retail = 25 + millig
§ ISO based on 1 year
§ Japanese Code (AIJ) based on 1 year seasonal
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Lateral Load Resisting Systems
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Ideal Structural Systems for Super Tall Buildings
§ Flared § Bundled § MegaFrame § Linked § Tripod
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Structural System #1 § Flared
Eiffel Tower Burj Dubai
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Structural System #2
Sears Tower Bank of China, HK
§ Bundled
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§ MegaFrame (Outriggers)
Structural System #3
Taipei 101 Jin Mao
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§ Linked Structural System #4
151 Incheon Tower Nakheel Tower
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§ Tripod Solution Structural System #5
Mile High Tower
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Ideal Structural Shape Efficiencies (Based on Building Stiffness for the Same Floor Area)
§ Rectangular § Circular (Polygon) § Triangular
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Rectangular Shape Efficiency
A=1.0 B 2 A=1.0 B 2 A=1.0 B 2 > >
I = 1.0 I = 0.67 I = 0.50
Same total column area
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Polygon/Circular Shape Efficiency
A=1.0 B 2 A=1.0 B 2 A=1.0 B 2 > >
I = 0.71 I = 0.65 I = 0.64
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Triangular Shape Efficiency
A=1.0 B 2 A=1.0 B 2 A=1.0 B 2 > >
I = 1.54 I = 0.77 I = 0.38
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Ideal Structural Shape Efficiencies (Based on Building Stiffness for the Same Floor Area)
§ Triangular > Rectangular > Circular (Polygon) I = 0.771.54 I = 0.671.00 I = 0.64 – 0.71 B = 1.52 B = 1.00 B = 1.1 1.3
§ Lumped Corner Columns > Distributed Columns
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Wind Design: Building Shapes and Aerodynamics
§ Rectangular § Circular § Triangular
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Drag Coefficient – along wind
C d = 2.2
C d = 2.0
C d = 1.2
C d = 1.5
C d = 2.2
C d = 1.4
(smooth, high Re)
~
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Vortex Shedding Effects Crosswind
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Modification to Building Shapes to reduce Wind Effect
§ Stair Step Corner § Through Building Openings § Rotate ad Twist
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Corner plan
‘Stair Step’ Corners
Taipei 101
§ Rough corner can reduce Vortex Shedding effects.
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ThroughBuilding Openings
§ Openings reduce wind forces (Reduced ‘Sail Area’)
Shanghai Financial Center
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ThroughBuilding Openings
§ Slots reduce wind forces and sway from vortex shedding
151 Incheon Tower
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Rotate/Twist
Shanghai Center
§ Rotate to minimize load from prevailing direction § Twist avoids simultaneous vortex shedding along height
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Wind Tunnel Test § HFFB: High Frequency Force Balance Test § Cladding ‘Pressure Tap’ Test § HFPI: High Frequency Pressure Integration using rigid pressure tap model § Aerodynamic Elastic Model Testing
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Damping and Dynamics § Damping directly reduces bldg accelerations § Some damping inherent in construction
(Concrete framing > steel framing) § When inherent damping is not sufficient, provide supplementary damping § Dampers occupy space : Quantity and location based on modes to be treated § Costs include purchase, installation, tuning, maintenance, inspection
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Tuned Mass Damper Tuned Liquid Column/Slush Damper
Supplementary Damping Devices
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Seismic Design Issues § Less critical than wind for tall building with
long natural period Minimum base shear may govern seismic
§ Interstory drift max at upper floors
§ Ductile detailing still important! § Geometric compatibility § Performance Based Design
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Structural Material Selection (1) § Availability of local material § Reliability of material quality control § Reliability of local labor and training § Constructability (ability to erect large, heavy
steel members) § Relative cost § Construction speed § Architectural layout Impact § Cultural attitudes
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§ Building weight § Foundation load § Net uplift § Seismic mass
§ Dynamic behavior § Stiffness
– Concrete E increases with strength – Steel E constant for all strengths
§ Period (~ mass / stiffness) § Damping
Structural Material Selection (2)
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Foundation Design § Intensive soil investigation and analysis § Concentrated building weight affecting
strength and settlement studies § Construction sequences § Model deep basement “anchor” against
overturning vs. baseline at top of mat § Pile depths – verticality § Dewatering for deep basements
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Building Heightrelated Issues (1) § Differential column shortening and column cambering § Steel = elastic § Concrete = creep, shrinkage § Mixed (concrete core, steel perimeter) = severe differential
§ Construction sequence for outriggers § Load redistribution § Delayed connections
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§ Verticality during and after construction
§ Effects on nonstructural components (cladding area, riser lengths, elevators, stairs, etc.)
§ Experience in design and construction
§ Capability to interpret codes § Apply international standards?
Building Heightrelated Issues (2)
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§ Concrete rate of strength gain § Slow loading of columns, foundations § Fast floor cycles
§ Consistent specifications § Structure § Equipment (elevators) § Architecture (shaft sizes and tolerances)
§ Appropriate Value Engineering
Building Heightrelated Issues (3)
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O14, Dubai EDDIT Tower Singapore
Other Consideration Think Green
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Structural Sustainable Design
§ Recycled materials § Local manufacturers § Less travel distance = less pollution
§ No waste of materials § Fly ash or slag in concrete mixes
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Design Team Requirement Highlights § Collaborate with each other § Respect professional opinions § Try to meet all requirements § Use all available resources § Perform proper decisionmaking and value engineering § Think green § Work with experienced professionals!
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Questions?
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This concludes The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems Program
Thank you Hi Sun Choi, P.E. Thornton Tomasetti 51 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10010 T 917.661.7800 F 917.661.7801