design of surface seismic programs fcosfor co2 storage
TRANSCRIPT
Design of Surface Seismic Programs f CO Sfor CO2 Storage Monitoring
Mark S. EganMark S. EganWesternGeco North America Geophysics Manager
Houston
Objectives
Baseline seismic programStructure & stratigraphy of the storage tank & overburdenVolume of the storage tankIs the storage tank is sealed?Barriers within the tankBarriers within the tank
Repeat seismic programsRepeat seismic programsWhere is the CO2 going? Is it escaping?
Objectives of the survey designSurvey design required to meet the above objectivesy g jPermitting restrictions
Agenda
DeliverablesImage of the subsurface
Survey design parameters2D vs. 3D
Image of the subsurface
Rock properties (porosity, etc.)Shooting direction
Narrow azimuth vs. wide azimuth
A t
Geophysical issues
Aperture
Source-receiver distances
SamplingIllumination
Resolution
R t bilit
Sampling
Repeatability
Signal-to-Noise ratio
ImagingImaging
UltrasoundUltrasound3,500,000 Hz3,500,000 Hz
SeismicSeismic35 Hz35 Hz
The Seismic Method Arrival times
Amplitudes
seismic source geophone groups
ρ , Ip , Is
ρ , Ip , Is
ρ I Iρ , Ip , Is
The Seismic Method
2 km – 7 km
0 4 km 6 km0.4 km – 6 km
The Seismic Method
The Seismic Method
The Seismic Method
The Seismic Method
The Seismic Method
“2D survey”2D survey
The Seismic Method
The Seismic Method
The Seismic Method
The Seismic Method
The Seismic Method
The Seismic Method
The Seismic Method
“3D survey”3D survey
Illumination
Illumination
Imaging analogy
Illumination problems from complex overburdens
Imaging analogy
Imaging analogy Shooting directionll h d dAll azimuths needed?
Illumination problems from complex overburdens
“Narrow azimuth” 3D survey
Illumination problems from complex overburdens
“Wide azimuth” 3D survey
Illumination problems from complex overburdens
“Wide azimuth” 3D survey
Survey Design
Ray tracing(Requires an earth model)
Survey Design
Ray tracing(Requires an earth model)
Survey Design
Ray tracing(Requires an earth model)
Hit CountHighLow
Hit Count
Illumination maps from a survey design study
Dip Shooting Strike Shooting 45° Shooting
Hit CountHighLow
(A top-salt boundary)
In some surveys, a single shooting direction is not sufficient.
Illumination maps from another study
1-azimuth All azimuthsHit Count
HighLow(A base-salt boundary)
Illumination
Data courtesy of BHP Billiton, Hess Corporation and Repsol YPF
Narrow-azimuth 3D Wide-azimuth 3D
Illuminationseismic survey?seismic survey?
So we see that illumination requirements impact the width of the geophone spread and/or the the geophone spread and/or the number of source points …
what about the size of the … what about the size of the survey?
Aperture
Illuminationseismic surveyseismic survey
Aperture
Aperture
15,000-ft aperture 34,000-ft aperture
So we see that aperture decisions So we see that aperture decisions impact the size of the seismic survey …
what about the influence of aperture … what about the influence of aperture on resolution?
Lateral resolution
Lateral resolution
Lateral resolution
300 m
400 m
20 m20 m
Lateral resolution
300 m
400 m
20 m20 m
Lateral Resolution in Imaged Section
Imaging aperture 300 m
20 m gap
Imaging aperture
20 m gap
Imaging aperture 1000 m
Faults and Fracture Networks
Acoustic Impedance Poisson’s Ratio
Faults and Fracture Networks
Acoustic impedanceAcoustic impedance Poisson’s Ratio
An example of monitoring from the North Sea
Started production in 1997Started production in 1997
Gas and water injection
Seismic surveys in 1992, 2001, 2003, …
The 1992 survey used conventional technology
Subsequent surveys used better repeatable technologySubsequent surveys used better repeatable technology
Comparison of the 2001 & 2003 seismic programs
20012003
Comparison of the 2001 & 2003 seismic programs
OWC Waterinjection movementinjection
2003 2003 velocity
“pull-down”
Difference2003
Comparison of monitoring differences
1992-2001 full DP difference 2001-2003 final DP difference
4 years production 2 years production
An additional way to improve resolution
- denser sampling
The Seismic Method
seismic source geophone groups
ρ , Ip , Is
ρ , Ip , Is
ρ I Iρ , Ip , Is
The Seismic Method … with denser sampling
seismic source geophone groups
ρ , Ip , Is
ρ , Ip , Is
ρ I Iρ , Ip , Is
Example from Texas0 Q-Land
single-sensor data
0
(Decimated)Feet
~3000
Horizontal slice
~1300 ft depth
Example from Kuwait
ProducerProducer
InjectorConventional data – interpretation shows the fluids should flow freely
ProducerProducer
Injector
Q-Land single-sensor data – interpretation shows baffles impeding flow
The Seismic Method Arrival times
Amplitudes
seismic source geophone groups
ρ , Ip , Is
ρ , Ip , Is
ρ I Iρ , Ip , Is
The Seismic Method Arrival times
Amplitudes
seismic source geophone groups
ρ , Ip , Is
ρ , Ip , Is
ρ I Iρ , Ip , Is
The Seismic Method Arrival times
Amplitudes
seismic source geophone groups
ρ , Ip , Is
ρ , Ip , IsReservoir Properties
Li h l
ρ I I
LithologyPorosity
Fluids ρ , Ip , IsFluidsSaturation
Reflection Amp
Log Data
Ip1
I 2 Φ
ΔI
Ip2
Poro
sity
ΔIp
2 IpAvgR =
dIIP ( )PP
P IIdI ln=∫
Reflection AmpSingle-sensor survey
Log Data
ΦPo
rosit
y
porosityIP
0% 32%
porosity
Summary
Survey design parameters2D vs 3D2D vs. 3D
Shooting direction
Narrow azimuth vs. wide azimuthNarrow azimuth vs. wide azimuth
Aperture
Source-receiver distances
Sampling
Summary
Survey design parameters2D vs 3D2D vs. 3D
Shooting direction
Narrow azimuth vs. wide azimuthNarrow azimuth vs. wide azimuth
Aperture
Source-receiver distances
Sampling
Summary
Survey design parameters2D vs 3D2D vs. 3D
Shooting direction
Narrow azimuth vs. wide azimuthNarrow azimuth vs. wide azimuth
Aperture
Source-receiver distances
Sampling
Summary
Survey design parameters2D vs 3D2D vs. 3D
Shooting direction
Narrow azimuth vs. wide azimuthNarrow azimuth vs. wide azimuth
Aperture
Source-receiver distances
Sampling
Summary
Survey design parameters2D vs 3D2D vs. 3D
Shooting direction
Narrow azimuth vs. wide azimuthNarrow azimuth vs. wide azimuth
Aperture
Source-receiver distances
Sampling
Summary
Survey design parameters2D vs 3D2D vs. 3D
Shooting direction
Narrow azimuth vs. wide azimuthNarrow azimuth vs. wide azimuth
Aperture
Source-receiver distances
Sampling
Summary
Survey design parameters2D vs 3D2D vs. 3D
Shooting direction
Narrow azimuth vs. wide azimuthNarrow azimuth vs. wide azimuth
Aperture
Source-receiver distances
Sampling
Summary
Survey design parameters2D vs 3D2D vs. 3D
Shooting direction
Narrow azimuth vs. wide azimuthNarrow azimuth vs. wide azimuth
Aperture
Source-receiver distances
Sampling
SummaryN i !!!Noise !!!
Survey design parameters2D vs 3D2D vs. 3D
Shooting direction
Narrow azimuth vs. wide azimuthNarrow azimuth vs. wide azimuth
Aperture
Source-receiver distances
Sampling
Modeled shot record