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NASA/TM—2005–214007
July 2005
National Aeronautics andSpace AdministrationIS04George C. Marshall Space Flight CenterMarshall Space Flight Center, Alabama35812
Designing For Human Presence in Space:An Introduction to Environmental Control and Life Support Systems (ECLSS)Appendix I, Update—Historical ECLSS for U.S. and U.S.S.R./Russian Space HabitatsP.O. WielandMarshall Space Flight Center, Marshall Space Flight Center, Alabama
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20060005209 2020-05-25T06:49:12+00:00Z
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�
NASA/TM—2005–214007
July 2005
Nat�onal Aeronaut�cs andSpace Adm�n�strat�on
Marshall Space Fl�ght Center • MSFC, Alabama 35812
Designing For Human Presence in Space:An Introduction to Environmental Control and Life Support Systems (ECLSS)Appendix I, Update—Historical ECLSS for U.S. and U.S.S.R./Russian Space HabitatsP.O. WielandMarshall Space Flight Center, Marshall Space Flight Center, Alabama
��
Ava�lable from:
NASA Center for AeroSpace Informat�on Nat�onal Techn�cal Informat�on Serv�ce7121 Standard Dr�ve 5285 Port Royal RoadHanover, MD 21076–1320 Springfield, VA 22161301–621–0390 703–487–4650
Acknowledgments
Updates to tables 1 and 2 �n append�x I of NASA RP–1324 were prov�ded by several people from NASA’s Marshall Space Fl�ght Center (MSFC) and Johnson Space Center (JSC). The�r w�ll�ngness to rev�ew the tables and make correct�ons and
add�t�ons was cr�t�cal to the updates.
Robyn Carrasquillo (MSFC–EV50)Kather�ne Daues (JSC–EC)
John Lew�s (JSC–EC6)Jay Perry (MSFC–EV51)
K�mberlee Prokhorov (JSC–EC)Monserrate (Monsi) Roman (MSFC–EV51)
Hank Rotter (JSC–EC)Dave W�ll�ams (JSC–EC6)
���
tAbLE oF ContEntS
1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 1
2. UPDATED TAbLES OF HISTORICAL ECLSS ............................................................................. 3
APPENDIx I, UPDATE—HISTORICAL ECLSS FOR U.S. AND U.S.S.R./RUSSIAN SPACE HAbITATS .................................................................................... 4
�v
1
TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
DESIGnInG FoR HUMAn PRESEnCE In SPACE: An IntRoDUCtIon to EnVIRonMEntAL ContRoL AnD LIFE SUPPoRt SYStEMS (ECLSS)
Appendix I, Update—Historical ECLSS For U.S. And U.S.S.R./Russian Space Habitats
1. IntRoDUCtIon
NASA RP–1324 “Des�gn�ng For Human Presence �n Space” was wr�tten �n the early 1990s to descr�be the process of des�gn�ng env�ronmental control and l�fe support systems (ECLSS) for hab�tats �n space. Included �n the document were tables (append�x I) that summar�ze the des�gn features and methods of perform�ng the var�ous l�fe support funct�ons for all manned spacecraft of the Un�ted States (U.S.) and the Un�on of Sov�et Soc�al�st Republ�cs (U.S.S.R.)/Russ�a through the t�me of publ�ca-t�on. Included �n the table of the U.S. spacecraft were descr�pt�ons of proposed des�gn features of Space Stat�on Freedom (later the International Space Station (ISS)) that were not actually �mplemented when the ISS was constructed. Th�s document prov�des updated tables of h�stor�cal ECLSS �nformat�on as descr�bed �n sect�on 2.0.
2
3
2. UPDAtED tAbLES oF HIStoRICAL ECLSS
Tables 1 and 2 �n append�x I of NASA RP–1324, “Des�gn�ng For Human Presence �n Space,” have been updated �n order to
• Correct outdated �nformat�on and errors.• Include add�t�onal �nformat�on on the ECLSS used for spacecraft.• Add �nformat�on on the h�stor�cal methods of thermal control for spacecraft.
Informat�on for these rev�s�ons was prov�ded by eng�neers and sc�ent�sts at Marshall Space Fl�ght Center’s Env�ronmental Control and L�fe Support D�v�s�on and at Johnson Space Center’s Crew and Thermal Systems D�v�s�on.
4
APPEnDIx I, UPDAtE—HIStoRICAL ECLSS FoR U.S. AnD U.S.S.R/RUSSIAn SPACE HAbItAtS
5
Tabl
e 1.
H�s
tor�c
al su
mm
ary
of U
.S. s
pace
craf
t env
�ronm
enta
l con
trol a
nd l�
fe su
ppor
t sys
tem
s.
Subs
yste
mM
ercu
ryG
emin
iA
pollo
CM
Apo
llo L
MSk
ylab
Orb
iter
Spac
elab
Inte
rnat
iona
lSp
ace
Stat
ion
(U.S
. Seg
men
t)
Atm
osph
ere
Rev
italiz
atio
n
CO
2 R
emov
alTw
o lit
hium
hy
drox
ide
(LiO
H)
cani
ster
s op
erat
ing
in p
aral
lel.
Airfl
ow
is th
roug
h on
ly
one
cani
ster
. Afte
r th
e fir
st c
anis
ter
beco
mes
spe
nt,
airfl
ow is
div
erte
d th
roug
h th
e se
cond
pa
ralle
l can
iste
r, an
d th
e sp
ent c
an-
iste
r is
repl
aced
.
Sim
ilar t
o M
ercu
ry
desi
gn, b
ut s
ized
fo
r 2 p
eopl
e.
Sim
ilar t
o M
ercu
ry
desi
gn, b
ut s
ized
fo
r 3 p
eopl
e an
d m
issi
on re
quire
-m
ents
.
Sim
ilar t
o M
ercu
ry
desi
gn, b
ut s
ized
fo
r 3 p
eopl
e an
d m
issi
on re
quire
-m
ents
.
2 ca
nist
er m
olec
ular
si
eve.
Eac
h ca
nist
er
was
rege
nera
ble,
co
ntai
ning
Zeo
lite
5A fo
r CO
2 re
mov
al
and
Zeol
ite 1
3X fo
r hu
mid
ity c
ontro
l. C
O2
and
hum
id-
ity w
as v
acuu
m
deso
rbed
to s
pace
.
Sim
ilar t
o M
ercu
ry
desi
gn, b
ut th
e
quan
tity
of c
an-
iste
rs c
arrie
d de
pend
s on
cre
w
and
mis
sion
re
quire
men
ts.
Airfl
ow th
roug
h 2
cani
ster
s si
mul
-ta
neou
sly.
LiO
H
repl
acem
ent
sche
dule
dep
ends
on
siz
e of
cre
w.
For e
xten
ded
mis
-si
ons,
an
amin
e-ba
sed
rege
nera
ble
CO
2 re
mov
al s
ys-
tem
(RC
RS)
can
be
use
d to
rem
ove
CO
2 an
d so
me
moi
stur
e fo
r ven
t-in
g to
spa
ce.
Sim
ilar t
o M
ercu
ry
desi
gn. E
ight
can
is-
ters
are
incl
uded
on
each
mis
sion
.
Four
-bed
mol
ecul
ar
siev
e. In
clud
es tw
o re
gene
rabl
e de
sic-
cant
bed
s to
rem
ove
hum
idity
and
two
rege
nera
ble
Zeol
ite
5A m
olec
ular
sie
ve
beds
to re
mov
e C
O2.
C
O2
is h
eat a
nd
vacu
um d
esor
bed
to
spac
e cu
rrent
ly, b
ut
can
be s
uppl
ied
to a
Sa
batie
r rea
ctor
.
Gas
Rec
over
yN
one
Non
eN
one
Non
eN
one
Non
eN
one
Saba
tier r
eact
or
for C
O2
redu
ctio
n (p
lann
ed a
s a
test
ar
ticle
). C
onve
rts C
O2
and
H2
to C
H4
and
H2O
; req
uire
s a
CO
2 co
mpr
esso
r.
O2
Gen
erat
ion
Non
eN
one
Non
eN
one
Non
eN
one
Non
eSo
lid p
olym
er e
lect
ro-
lyte
(SPE
) dev
ice
for
oxyg
en g
ener
atio
n.
[Not
e: A
sta
tic fe
ed
wat
er e
lect
roly
sis
(SFW
E) u
sing
a K
OH
el
ectro
lyte
was
als
o co
nsid
ered
.
6
Tabl
e 1.
H�s
tor�c
al su
mm
ary
of U
.S. s
pace
craf
t env
�ronm
enta
l con
trol a
nd l�
fe su
ppor
t sys
tem
s (C
ont�n
ued)
.
Subs
yste
mM
ercu
ryG
emin
iA
pollo
CM
Apo
llo L
MSk
ylab
Orb
iter
Spac
elab
Inte
rnat
iona
l Sp
ace
Stat
ion
(U.S
. Seg
men
t)
Trac
e C
onta
min
ant
Con
trol
Activ
ated
cha
rcoa
l lo
cate
d in
the
LiO
H
cani
ster
s up
stre
am
of th
e Li
OH
. Filt
ers
rem
oved
airb
orne
pa
rticu
late
s.
Sim
ilar t
o M
ercu
ry
desi
gn, b
ut s
ized
fo
r cre
w a
nd m
is-
sion
requ
irem
ents
.
Sim
ilar t
o M
ercu
ry
desi
gn, b
ut s
ized
fo
r cre
w a
nd m
is-
sion
requ
irem
ents
.
Sim
ilar t
o M
ercu
ry
desi
gn, b
ut s
ized
fo
r cre
w a
nd m
is-
sion
requ
irem
ents
.
Activ
ated
cha
rcoa
l ca
nist
er lo
cate
d in
the
mol
ecul
ar
siev
e un
it. F
ilter
s re
mov
ed a
irbor
ne
parti
cula
tes.
Ven
t-in
g of
atm
osph
ere
betw
een
mis
sion
s he
lped
avo
id lo
ng-
term
con
tam
inan
t bu
ildup
.
Trac
e co
ntam
i-na
nt g
ases
are
re
mov
ed b
y ac
tivat
ed c
harc
oal
dow
nstre
am o
f the
te
mpe
rture
and
hu
mid
ity c
ontro
l H
X. C
O is
con
-ve
rted
to C
O2
by
an a
mbi
ent t
em-
pera
ture
cat
alyt
ic
oxid
izer
(ATC
O).
Filte
rs re
mov
e ai
rbor
ne p
artic
u-la
tes.
Am
mon
ia is
ab
sorb
ed b
y th
e co
nden
sate
in th
e co
nden
sing
HX.
Activ
ated
cha
rcoa
l ca
nist
er lo
cate
d in
th
e tra
nsfe
r tun
nel
betw
een
Spac
elab
an
d th
e O
rbite
r. C
O
is c
onve
rted
to C
O2
by a
n am
bien
t tem
-pe
ratu
re c
atal
ytic
ox
idiz
er (A
TCO
). Fi
lters
rem
ove
air-
born
e pa
rticu
late
s.
Activ
ated
cha
rcoa
l w
ith a
hig
h-te
mpe
ra-
ture
cat
alyt
ic o
xidi
zer.
Filte
rs re
mov
e ai
r-bo
rne
parti
cula
tes.
Atm
osph
ere
Con
trol
and
Sup
ply
Atm
osph
ere
Com
posi
tion
100%
O2
at 5
psi
a (3
4.5
kPa)
100%
O2
at 5
psi
a (3
4.5
kPa)
100%
O2
at 5
psi
a (3
4.5
kPa)
. 60%
O
2, 4
0% N
2 at
m.
durin
g la
unch
.
100%
O2
at 5
psi
a (3
4.5
kPa)
Mix
ed O
2/N
2 at
5
psia
(34.
5 kP
a) to
tal
pres
sure
. 72%
O2,
28
% N
2 by
vol
ume.
Mix
ed O
2/N
2 at
14
.7 p
sia
(101
kP
a) to
tal p
res-
sure
. 21.
7% O
2,
78.3
% N
2. M
ain-
tain
ed a
t 10.
2 ps
ia
prio
r to
EVA.
Mix
ed O
2/N
2 at
14
.7 p
sia
(101
kP
a) to
tal p
ress
ure.
21
.7%
O2,
78.
3%
N2.
Mix
ed O
2/N
2 at
14.
7 ps
ia (1
01 k
Pa) t
otal
pr
essu
re. 2
1.5%
O2,
78
.5%
N2
volu
me.
Pr
essu
re c
ontro
l pa
nel.
7
Tabl
e 1.
H�s
tor�c
al su
mm
ary
of U
.S. s
pace
craf
t env
�ronm
enta
l con
trol a
nd l�
fe su
ppor
t sys
tem
s (C
ont�n
ued)
.
Subs
yste
mM
ercu
ryG
emin
iA
pollo
CM
Apo
llo L
MSk
ylab
Orb
iter
Spac
elab
Inte
rnat
iona
l Sp
ace
Stat
ion
(U.S
. Seg
men
t)
Atm
osph
eric
M
onito
ring
Car
bon
mon
oxid
e se
nsor
. [1]
No
on-o
rbit
mon
i-to
ring.
No
on-o
rbit
mon
i-to
ring.
No
on-o
rbit
mon
i-to
ring.
A sy
stem
usi
ng
Dra
eger
tube
s m
on-
itore
d th
e bu
ildup
of
CO
and
oth
er tr
ace
cont
amin
ants
of
maj
or c
once
rn. [
2]
No
on-o
rbit
mon
i-to
ring.
No
on-o
rbit
mon
i-to
ring.
Maj
or c
onst
ituen
t an
alyz
er (M
CA)
in
Lab
Mod
ule
(par
t of
atm
osph
eric
revi
tal-
izat
ion
rack
) mon
itors
N
2, O
2, H
2, C
H4,
H2O
an
d C
O2
thro
ugho
ut
U.S
. seg
men
t. A
seco
nd M
CA
will
be in
N
ode
3.[P
lann
ed b
ut n
ot
impl
emen
ted:
A g
as
chro
mat
ogra
ph/m
ass
spec
trom
eter
(GC
MS)
fo
r det
ectin
g th
e 20
0 co
ntam
inan
ts d
efine
d in
NH
B 80
60.1
B.]
Gra
b sa
mpl
es a
re
colle
cted
for o
fflin
e m
onito
ring.
Gas
Sto
rage
O2
stor
ed a
s a
gas
at 7
500
psi (
51.7
M
Pa) i
n tw
o 1.
8 kg
. ca
paci
ty ta
nks.
The
ta
nks
wer
e m
ade
of 4
340
carb
on
stee
l with
ele
ctro
-le
ss n
icke
l pla
ting.
O
ne ta
nk w
as th
e pr
imar
y su
pply,
the
othe
r was
bac
kup.
[5
]
O2
stor
ed a
s a
supe
rcrit
ical
cry
o-ge
nic
fluid
at 8
50
psi (
5.86
MPa
) in
one
sph
eric
al
tank
. The
re w
as
a se
para
te ta
nk
to s
uppl
y th
e fu
el
cells
. Tw
o se
cond
-ar
y cy
lindr
ical
500
0 ps
i O2
bottl
es. F
or
emer
genc
ies
ther
e w
as a
lso
one
smal
l O
2 bo
ttle
atta
ched
un
der e
ach
ejec
t-ab
le s
eat.
[6]
O2
stor
ed a
s a
supe
rcrit
ical
cry
o-ge
nic
fluid
at 9
00
psi (
6.20
MPa
) an
d 18
0°C
in tw
o 14
5 kg
cap
acity
sp
heric
al In
cone
l D
ewar
tank
s. T
he
tank
s w
ere
com
-m
on fo
r the
EC
LS
and
pow
er s
yste
ms.
Th
e ta
nks
wer
e di
scar
ded
durin
g re
entry
, whe
n O
2 w
as s
uppl
ied
from
a
1.7
kg c
apac
ity
surg
e ta
nk. [
7]
21.8
kg
of O
2 st
ored
as
a ga
s at
270
0 ps
i (18
.6
MPa
) in
the
desc
ent s
tage
. In
the
asce
nt s
tage
O
2 w
as s
tore
d as
a s
uper
criti
cal
cryo
geni
c flu
id a
t 85
0 ps
i (5.
86 M
Pa)
in tw
o In
cone
l bo
ttles
. [7]
O2
and
N2
stor
ed
as g
ases
at 3
000
psi (
20.7
MPa
) in
six
bottl
es e
ach,
for
a to
tal o
f 277
9 kg
of
O2
and
741
kg
of N
2.
N2
and
O2
stor
ed
as g
ases
at 3
000
psi (
20.6
8 M
Pa).
4–8
sphe
rical
N2
tank
s. M
etab
olic
O
2 is
sup
plie
d by
th
e po
wer
reac
tant
st
orag
e an
d di
stri-
butio
n sy
stem
that
us
es s
uper
criti
cal
cryo
geni
c st
orag
e ta
nks.
N2
stor
ed a
s a
gas
at 3
000
psi (
20.6
8 M
Pa) i
n a
sphe
ri-ca
l tan
k. N
2 is
for
leak
age
mak
eup
and
scie
ntifi
c ai
r-lo
ck o
pera
tion.
O2
sour
ce is
a 1
00 p
si
(689
kPa
) lin
e fro
m
the
Orb
iter.
Hig
h-pr
essu
re s
tor-
age
of O
2 (2
400
psia
(1
6.5
MPa
)) an
d N
2 (3
000
psia
(20.
7 M
Pa)).
Not
e: N
umbe
rs in
bra
cket
s re
fer t
o re
fere
nces
at t
he e
nd o
f the
tabl
e.
8
Tabl
e 1.
H�s
tor�c
al su
mm
ary
of U
.S. s
pace
craf
t env
�ronm
enta
l con
trol a
nd l�
fe su
ppor
t sys
tem
s (C
ont�n
ued)
.
Subs
yste
mM
ercu
ryG
emin
iA
pollo
CM
Apo
llo L
MSk
ylab
Orb
iter
Spac
elab
Inte
rnat
iona
l Sp
ace
Stat
ion
(U.S
. Seg
men
t)
Cab
in V
entil
a-tio
nC
abin
fan
Cab
in fa
nC
abin
fans
.
The
fans
wer
e no
isy
so th
e cr
ew o
nly
oper
ated
them
dur
-in
g sh
ort s
peci
fied
awak
e pe
riods
[7]
Cab
in fa
n3
vent
ilatio
n du
cts
with
4 fa
ns e
ach.
Ai
r dis
tribu
ted
from
ci
rcul
ar d
iffus
ers
with
dam
pers
m
ount
ed fl
ush
with
th
e flo
or, a
nd fr
om
rect
angu
lar o
utle
ts
with
dam
pers
and
ad
just
able
flow
va
nes.
3 p
orta
ble
fans
with
adj
usta
ble
diffu
sers
.
Cab
in fa
n w
ith
vent
ilatio
n du
cts.
Cab
in fa
n
Air v
ents
, ove
r/un
der p
ress
ure-
relie
f val
ves.
Cab
in fa
ns, i
nter
mod
-ul
e ve
ntila
tion
fans
, an
d po
rtabl
e lo
cal
area
ven
tilat
ion
fans
.
Air v
ents
, ove
r/und
er
pres
sure
-relie
f val
ves.
Tem
pera
ture
and
Hum
idity
Con
trol
Atm
osph
ere
Tem
pera
ture
an
d H
umid
ity
Con
trol
Sepa
rate
sui
t and
ca
bin
cond
ensi
ng
heat
exc
hang
ers
(CH
X). M
echa
ni-
cally
act
ivat
ed
spon
ge w
ater
sep
a-ra
tor r
emov
ed w
ater
fro
m th
e C
HX.
Pilo
t re
gula
ted
suit
and
cabi
n te
mpe
ratu
re
by m
anua
lly a
djus
t-in
g w
ater
flow
rate
th
roug
h th
e su
it an
d ca
bin
HX’
s w
ith a
ne
edle
val
ve. [
5]
Sepa
rate
sui
t and
ca
bin
CH
X’s.
Wic
ks
rem
oved
wat
er
from
the
CH
X by
ca
pilla
ry a
ctio
n.
Man
ual t
hrot
tling
of
O2/
Coo
lant
flow
ra
te in
sui
t loo
p to
co
ntro
l tem
pera
-tu
re. R
edun
dant
ca
bin
cool
ing
loop
s - c
oola
nt fl
uid
rese
rvio
r, lo
w-le
vel
cool
ant s
ensi
ng
devi
ce, 2
iden
tical
po
sitiv
e di
spla
ce-
men
t pum
ps fo
r ea
ch o
f 2 re
dund
ant
cool
ant l
ines
, and
2
rege
nera
tive
heat
ex
chan
gers
. [6]
Suit
CH
X w
as
prim
ary
met
hod
for
cabi
n te
mpe
ratu
re
and
hum
idity
con
-tro
l. W
icks
rem
oved
w
ater
from
the
CH
X by
cap
illary
act
ion.
Elec
trica
l hea
ters
. [2
0]
Wat
er c
ircul
ated
th
roug
h pr
essu
re
garm
ent a
ssem
bly
to c
ool a
stro
naut
. A
cent
rifug
al
wat
er/a
ir se
para
tor
was
in th
e to
tal
air fl
ow p
ath
just
do
wns
tream
of t
he
cond
ensi
ng h
eat
exch
ange
, and
sp
un th
e co
nden
-sa
te a
gain
st a
pito
t tu
be to
rem
ove
it fro
m th
e ai
r.
ATC
S w
as lo
cate
d in
the
airlo
ck
mod
ule.
A c
ombi
-na
tion
of a
ir du
ct
heat
ers
and
wal
l he
ater
s, lo
cate
d in
oth
er S
kyla
b ar
eas,
for h
eatin
g.
Four
CH
X’s,
two
oper
atin
g at
all
times
. Coo
lano
l 15
cool
ant.
Cen
traliz
ed c
abin
liq
uid/
air C
HX
usin
g w
ater
coo
l-an
t. Ai
r byp
ass
ratio
aro
und
CH
X ad
just
ed to
con
trol
tem
pera
ture
. Con
-de
nsat
e re
mov
ed
by s
lurp
er b
ar a
nd
cent
rifug
al s
epa-
rato
r.
Sim
ilar t
o O
rbite
r de
sign
, but
pac
k-ag
ed fo
r phy
sica
l co
nstra
ints
and
m
issi
on re
quire
-m
ents
.
Inte
rnal
atm
osph
ere
cont
rol s
imila
r to
Orb
iter d
esig
n, b
ut
pack
aged
for p
hysi
cal
cons
train
ts a
nd m
is-
sion
requ
irem
ents
(as
part
of th
e co
mm
on
cabi
n ai
r ass
embl
y (C
CAA
) in
each
maj
or
mod
ule)
. [18
] Air
and
wat
er h
eat e
xcha
ng-
ers
cool
and
deh
u-m
idify
the
inte
rnal
at
mos
pher
e.
Con
dens
ate
is s
tore
d in
tank
s.
9
Tabl
e 1.
H�s
tor�c
al su
mm
ary
of U
.S. s
pace
craf
t env
�ronm
enta
l con
trol a
nd l�
fe su
ppor
t sys
tem
s (C
ont�n
ued)
.
Subs
yste
mM
ercu
ryG
emin
iA
pollo
CM
Apo
llo L
MSk
ylab
Orb
iter
Spac
elab
Inte
rnat
iona
l Sp
ace
Stat
ion
(U.S
. Seg
men
t)
Ther
mal
C
ontro
l an
d H
eat
Rej
ectio
n
Con
dens
ate
reje
cted
to w
ater
bo
iler f
or h
eat r
ejec
-tio
n.
No
spac
e ra
diat
ors.
Hea
t tra
nspo
rt lo
op
with
Mon
sant
o’s
MC
S-19
8 (s
ilicon
es
ter)
cool
ant w
as
prim
ary
met
hod
for
heat
reje
ctio
n. [2
1]
Exte
rnal
radi
ator
s.
Wat
er/g
lyco
l flow
sy
stem
tran
sfer
red
heat
to ra
diat
ors
loca
ted
on th
e se
r-vi
ce m
odul
e su
rface
an
d a
wat
er b
oile
r fo
r the
eva
pora
tion
of w
ater
to s
pace
va
cuum
with
a b
ack
pres
sure
val
ve fo
r te
mpe
ratu
re c
on-
trol.
[20]
Wat
er s
ublim
ator
to
spa
ce v
acuu
m
for w
ater
coo
lant
lo
ops
prov
ide
crew
an
d av
ioni
cs c
ool-
ing.
Mul
tilay
er in
sula
-tio
n bl
anke
ts a
nd
exte
rnal
ther
mal
co
ntro
l coa
tings
w
ere
used
to
isol
ate
stru
ctur
e an
d co
mpo
nent
s fro
m th
e sp
ace
envi
ronm
ent a
nd to
m
inim
ize
the
aver
-ag
e te
mpe
ratu
re
chan
ge. T
anks
ra
diat
ed p
art o
f th
e he
at s
tore
d in
them
to th
e st
ruct
ure
and
part
to th
e co
mpo
nent
s to
com
pens
ate
for
heat
loss
thro
ugh
the
insu
latio
n bl
an-
ket.
[20]
Rad
iato
rs m
ount
ed
on th
e M
ultip
le
Doc
king
Ada
pter
an
d on
the
forw
ard
Airlo
ck M
odul
e.
• Fre
on C
oola
nt
Loop
pro
vide
s fo
r tra
nsfe
r and
tra
nspo
rt of
hea
t lo
ads
to G
SE,
cool
ing
radi
ator
s,
amm
onia
boi
ler,
and
spac
e va
cuum
fla
sh e
vapo
ra-
tive
heat
sin
ks.
Freo
n 21
sys
tem
ta
kes
heat
load
of
Spac
elab
equ
ip,
fuel
cel
ls (3
), an
d m
id-b
ody
and
aft o
rbite
r avi
on-
ics.
Als
o Fr
eon
21 a
dded
hea
t to
Aer
osur
face
co
ntro
l hyd
raul
ics
(on-
orbi
t). S
SME
thru
st v
ecto
r and
ae
rosu
rface
con
-tro
l hyd
raul
ics
is
cool
ed v
ia w
ater
sp
ray
boile
rs d
ur-
ing
laun
ch a
nd
asce
nt.
• Spa
cela
b w
ater
lo
ops
(2-re
dund
ant)
inte
rface
d w
ith
Orb
iter F
reon
21
loop
; the
wat
er
loop
als
o ta
kes
the
cabi
n an
d av
ioni
cs
load
s to
the
Freo
n 21
Orb
iter l
oop
via
air/w
ater
hea
t ex
chan
gers
.
• Spa
cela
b Pa
l-le
t coo
lant
loop
(w
hen
used
) was
a
Freo
n 11
4 lo
op
and
inte
rface
d w
ith
the
Orb
iter F
reon
21
loop
.
Was
te h
eat i
s re
mov
ed in
2 w
ays,
th
roug
h co
ld p
late
s an
d he
at e
xcha
ng-
ers,
bot
h co
oled
by
a ci
rcul
atin
g aq
ueou
s so
lutio
n lo
op. W
aste
he
at is
exc
hang
ed a
se
cond
tim
e to
the
exte
rnal
loop
con
tain
-in
g am
mon
ia. T
he
heat
ed a
mm
onia
ci
rcul
ates
thro
ugh
alum
inum
ext
erna
l ra
diat
ors
rele
asin
g th
e he
at to
spa
ce a
s in
frare
d ra
diat
ion,
co
olin
g as
it c
ircu-
late
s.
10
Tabl
e 1.
H�s
tor�c
al su
mm
ary
of U
.S. s
pace
craf
t env
�ronm
enta
l con
trol a
nd l�
fe su
ppor
t sys
tem
s (C
ont�n
ued)
.
Subs
yste
mM
ercu
ryG
emin
iA
pollo
CM
Apo
llo L
MSk
ylab
Orb
iter
Spac
elab
Inte
rnat
iona
l Sp
ace
Stat
ion
(U.S
. Seg
men
t)
Ther
mal
C
ontro
l an
d H
eat
Rej
ectio
n (C
ontin
ued)
• Fla
sh e
vapo
rato
r sy
stem
pro
vide
s to
tal h
eat r
ejec
tion
for v
ehic
le d
urin
g as
cent
(abo
ve
120,
000
ft) a
nd
reen
try (d
own
to
100,
000
ft), a
nd
supp
lem
enta
ry
heat
reje
ctio
n du
ring
orbi
tal o
ps.
Amm
onia
boi
lers
on
the
Freo
n 21
lo
op a
re u
sed
belo
w 1
00,0
00 ft
du
ring
reen
try fo
r co
olin
g pr
ior t
o G
SE c
onne
ctio
n.
Wat
er s
pray
boi
ler
(WSB
) pro
vide
s he
at s
ink
for h
eat
load
s ge
nera
ted
by o
pera
tion
of th
e O
rbite
r hyd
raul
ic
subs
yste
m a
nd
APU
lubr
icat
ing
oil
syst
em.
• Rad
iato
rs (2
de-
ploy
able
, 2 fi
xed
- 12x
15 ft
) int
er-
face
with
the
Freo
n 21
loop
for o
n-or
bit
cool
ing.
11
Tabl
e 1.
H�s
tor�c
al su
mm
ary
of U
.S. s
pace
craf
t env
�ronm
enta
l con
trol a
nd l�
fe su
ppor
t sys
tem
s (C
ont�n
ued)
.
Subs
yste
mM
ercu
ryG
emin
iA
pollo
CM
Apo
llo L
MSk
ylab
Orb
iter
Spac
elab
Inte
rnat
iona
l Sp
ace
Stat
ion
(U.S
. Seg
men
t)
Equi
pmen
t C
oolin
gC
old
plat
es a
nd a
ir co
olin
g. C
abin
gas
ab
sorb
s he
at g
ener
-at
ed b
y eq
uipm
ent
and
is c
oole
d w
hen
it pa
sses
thro
ugh
the
cabi
n C
HX.
Sim
ilar t
o M
ercu
ry.
24 c
oldp
late
s. [2
1]
Sim
ilar t
o M
ercu
ry.
Sim
ilar t
o M
ercu
ry.
Hig
h-em
mita
nce
coat
ings
wer
e us
ed o
ver l
arge
po
rtion
s of
the
cabi
n in
terio
r to
dist
ribut
e he
at
mor
e un
iform
ly.
[20]
Sim
ilar t
o M
ercu
ry.
Air c
oolin
g, c
old
plat
es, a
ir/liq
-ui
d eq
uipm
ent
dedi
cate
d H
X’s.
Av
ioni
cs a
ir lo
op
sepa
rate
from
ca
bin
loop
, exc
ept
in a
ft fli
ght d
eck.
• Air
cool
ing,
col
d pl
ates
, liq
uid/
liqui
d eq
uipm
ent d
edi-
cate
d H
X’s.
Flo
w
cont
rol v
alve
s se
t m
anua
lly b
efor
e fli
ght.
• Avi
onic
s (e
quip
) ai
r coo
ling
was
av
aila
ble
via
suc-
tion
air i
n ea
ch
Spac
elab
rack
; the
re
turn
suc
tion
was
ba
lanc
ed p
rior t
o ea
ch fl
ight
per
coo
l-in
g an
d fir
e de
tec-
tion
requ
irem
ents
. • A
vion
ics
air l
oop
was
sep
arat
e fro
m
cabi
n lo
op.
• The
rmal
cap
aci-
tors
(pha
se c
hang
e m
ater
ial)
wer
e av
aila
ble
for c
old-
plat
e m
ount
ed
equi
pmen
t.
Air c
oolin
g, c
old
plat
es, a
nd e
quip
-m
ent d
edic
ated
HX’
s.
Air fl
ow is
con
trolle
d au
tom
atic
ally.
Hig
h he
at g
ener
ator
s ar
e at
tach
ed to
cus
tom
-bu
ilt c
old
plat
es.
Aque
ous
cool
ant,
circ
ulat
ed b
y a
17,0
00-rp
m im
pelle
r th
e si
ze o
f a q
uarte
r, flo
ws
thro
ugh
thes
e he
at-e
xcha
nger
s to
co
ol th
e eq
uipm
ent.
12
Tabl
e 1.
H�s
tor�c
al su
mm
ary
of U
.S. s
pace
craf
t env
�ronm
enta
l con
trol a
nd l�
fe su
ppor
t sys
tem
s (C
ont�n
ued)
.
Subs
yste
mM
ercu
ryG
emin
iA
pollo
CM
Apo
llo L
MSk
ylab
Orb
iter
Spac
elab
Inte
rnat
iona
l Sp
ace
Stat
ion
(U.S
. Seg
men
t)
Wat
er R
ecov
ery
and
Man
agem
ent
Wat
er S
uppl
y Q
ualit
yPo
tabl
e on
ly.Po
tabl
e on
ly.Po
tabl
e on
ly.Po
tabl
e on
ly.Po
tabl
e on
ly.Po
tabl
e on
ly.N
ot a
pplic
able
.Po
tabl
e on
ly.
Wat
er P
ro-
cess
ing
Non
e. V
ent w
aste
w
ater
.N
one.
Ven
t was
te
wat
er.
Non
e. S
tore
con
-de
nsat
e w
ater
an
d ve
nt e
xces
s,
or s
end
exce
ss to
ev
apor
ator
for a
ddi-
tiona
l coo
ling.
Non
e. S
tore
was
te
wat
er. N
o ov
er-
boar
d du
mpi
ng o
f w
aste
s on
luna
r su
rface
.
Non
e. S
tore
was
te
wat
er in
tank
s an
d ve
nt w
aste
whe
n ta
nks
are
full.
Non
e. S
tore
was
te
wat
er in
a ta
nk a
nd
vent
was
te w
hen
tank
is fu
ll.
Not
app
licab
le.
Urin
e –
vapo
r com
-pr
essi
on d
istil
latio
n (V
CD
). Po
tabl
e an
d hy
gien
e w
ater
: M
ultifi
ltrat
ion
and
ion
exch
ange
sor
bent
be
ds, a
nd c
atal
ytic
ox
idat
ion.
Wat
er M
oni-
torin
gN
o on
-orb
it m
oni-
torin
g.N
o on
-orb
it m
oni-
torin
g.N
o on
-orb
it m
oni-
torin
g.N
o on
-orb
it m
oni-
torin
g.Io
dine
sam
pler
. W
ater
sam
ples
fix
ed w
ith a
line
ar
star
ch re
agen
t and
co
mpa
red
to p
hoto
-gr
aphi
c st
anda
rds.
No
on-o
rbit
mon
i-to
ring.
Not
app
licab
le.
Onl
ine
cond
uctiv
ity
and
free-
gas
mon
itor
for t
he w
ater
pro
ces-
sor.
Offl
ine
mon
itorin
g of
TO
C a
nd m
icro
bial
co
unt u
sing
the
crew
he
alth
car
e sy
stem
(C
HeC
S). [
19]
Wat
er S
tora
ge
and
Dis
tribu
-tio
n
One
tank
with
a
flexi
ble
blad
der.
Sque
ezin
g an
air
bulb
(sph
ygm
oma-
nom
eter
) pre
ssur
-iz
ed th
e bl
adde
r to
deliv
er w
ater
. Tan
k w
as fi
lled
befo
re
laun
ch. [
3]
One
7.3
lite
r tan
k co
ntai
ning
a b
lad-
der p
ress
uriz
ed w
ith
oxyg
en to
del
iver
w
ater
. Tan
k w
as
fille
d be
fore
laun
ch.
Whe
n ta
nk b
ecam
e em
pty
it w
as re
fille
d fro
m re
serv
es in
th
e se
rvic
e m
odul
e,
whi
ch s
epar
ated
fro
m th
e m
ain
spac
ecra
ft be
fore
re
entry
.
Fuel
cel
l byp
rodu
ct
was
the
prin
cipl
e so
urce
of p
otab
le
wat
er. B
ypro
duct
w
as ro
uted
to th
e po
tabl
e ta
nk o
r se
nt to
the
was
te
tank
if th
e po
tabl
e ta
nk w
as fu
ll. S
ilver
pa
lladi
um s
epar
a-to
r rem
oved
dis
-so
lved
and
free
H2.
Po
tabl
e ta
nk u
sed
a bl
adde
r pre
ssur
ized
by
oxy
gen
to d
eliv
er
wat
er.
Thre
e (4
on
Apol
lo
15, 1
6, 1
7) p
otab
le
tank
s, e
ach
with
a
blad
der p
ress
ur-
ized
by
nitro
gen
to d
eliv
er w
ater
. Ta
nks
wer
e fil
led
befo
re la
unch
. Po
tabl
e w
ater
was
al
so u
sed
to c
ool
spac
ecra
ft an
d ex
trave
hicu
lar
mob
ility
units
.
Ten
cylin
dric
al 6
00
lb. c
apac
ity s
tain
-le
ss s
teel
tank
s fit
ted
with
pre
ssur
-iz
ed s
teel
bel
low
s to
del
iver
the
wat
er.
One
26
lb. c
apac
ity
porta
ble
tank
. Tan
ks
wer
e fil
led
befo
re
laun
ch. [
2]
Four
168
lb.
capa
city
sta
inle
ss
stee
l tan
ks fi
tted
with
met
al b
ello
ws
pres
suriz
ed b
y N
2.
Drin
king
wat
er is
fro
m th
e fu
el c
ell
bypr
oduc
t.
Not
app
licab
le.
Met
al b
ello
ws
tank
de
sign
with
sup
ply
and
deliv
ery
pum
ps.
Wat
er s
uppl
ied
to th
e di
strib
utio
n bu
s. [1
9]
13
Tabl
e 1.
H�s
tor�c
al su
mm
ary
of U
.S. s
pace
craf
t env
�ronm
enta
l con
trol a
nd l�
fe su
ppor
t sys
tem
s (C
ont�n
ued)
.
Subs
yste
mM
ercu
ryG
emin
iA
pollo
CM
Apo
llo L
MSk
ylab
Orb
iter
Spac
elab
Inte
rnat
iona
l Sp
ace
Stat
ion
(U.S
. Seg
men
t)
Wat
er S
yste
m
Mic
robi
al
Con
trol
Wat
er q
ualit
y de
pend
ed o
n th
e qu
ality
of t
he p
ublic
w
ater
sys
tem
in
Coc
oa B
each
, Fl.
Bact
eria
con
trol
depe
nded
on
the
resi
dual
dis
infe
ctan
t (c
hlor
ine)
in th
e pu
blic
sup
ply.
[4]
Chl
orin
e ad
ded
to
the
wat
er b
efor
e la
unch
.
Chl
orin
e at
a c
on-
cent
ratio
n of
0.
5 m
g/lit
er m
ain-
tain
ed b
y ad
ding
(s
yrin
ge in
ject
ion)
22
ml o
f sod
ium
hy
poch
lorit
e so
lu-
tion
ever
y 24
hou
rs.
Iodi
ne a
dded
be
fore
laun
ch. N
o on
-orb
it bi
ocid
e ad
ditio
n. A
pre
-fli
ght a
naly
sis
was
per
form
ed to
pr
edic
t whe
n th
e io
dine
con
cent
ra-
tion
wou
ld fa
ll be
low
0.5
mg/
liter
du
ring
each
mis
-si
on. W
hen
this
pr
edic
ted
time
was
re
ache
d du
ring
the
mis
sion
a b
acte
ria
filte
r was
add
ed
upst
ream
of t
he
wat
er d
ispe
nser
.
Iodi
ne m
aint
aine
d be
twee
n 0.
5 an
d 6.
0 m
g/lit
er b
y pe
riodi
c in
ject
ion
of
a 30
g/l
pota
ssiu
m
iodi
de s
olut
ion.
Iodi
ne fr
om m
icro
-bi
al c
heck
val
ves
(MC
V). M
CV
pass
ivel
y ad
just
s io
dine
con
cent
ra-
tion
betw
een
2 an
d 6
mg/
l.
Not
app
licab
le.
Iodi
ne fr
om m
icro
bial
ch
eck
valv
es.
Hea
t ste
riliz
atio
n
at 1
20°C
for
10 m
inut
es is
pla
nned
as
par
t of t
he w
ater
pr
oces
sing
cyc
le.
14
Tabl
e 1.
H�s
tor�c
al su
mm
ary
of U
.S. s
pace
craf
t env
�ronm
enta
l con
trol a
nd l�
fe su
ppor
t sys
tem
s (C
ont�n
ued)
.
Subs
yste
mM
ercu
ryG
emin
iA
pollo
CM
Apo
llo L
MSk
ylab
Orb
iter
Spac
elab
Inte
rnat
iona
l Sp
ace
Stat
ion
(U.S
. Seg
men
t)
Was
te M
anag
emen
t
Feca
l/Urin
e H
andl
ing
In-s
uit u
rine
col-
lect
ion
bag
stor
ed
urin
e un
til e
nd o
f m
issi
on. N
o pr
ovi-
sion
s fo
r fec
al
hand
ling.
No
prov
isio
ns fo
r ur
ine
hand
ling
on
first
Mer
cury
mis
-si
on.
Fece
s w
ere
col-
lect
ed in
bag
s an
d st
ored
. Bag
s ta
ped
to b
utto
cks.
Urin
e w
as c
olle
cted
usi
ng
the
urin
e tra
nsfe
r sy
stem
, whi
ch c
on-
sist
ed o
f a ru
bber
cu
ff co
nnec
ted
to a
fle
xibl
e ba
g. U
rine
coul
d be
dire
cted
to
the
boile
r tan
k to
as
sist
with
spa
ce-
craf
t hea
t rej
ectio
n.
Fece
s w
ere
col-
lect
ed in
bag
s an
d st
ored
. Bag
s ta
ped
to b
utto
cks.
Ba
g w
as k
nead
ed
to m
ix a
liqu
id
bact
eric
ide
with
th
e fe
ces.
Urin
e w
as v
oide
d di
rect
ly
over
boar
d th
roug
h ur
ine
rece
ptac
le
asse
mbl
y or
col
-le
cted
usi
ng th
e ur
ine
trans
fer
syst
em, w
hich
con
-si
sted
of a
rubb
er
cuff
conn
ecte
d to
a
flexi
ble
bag.
For
Ap
ollo
15
–17,
urin
e w
as c
olle
cted
and
st
ored
, the
n ve
nted
da
ily.
Feca
l con
tain
men
t sy
stem
was
iden
ti-ca
l to
Apol
lo c
om-
man
d m
odul
e (C
M)
syst
em. P
rimar
y di
ffere
nce
from
C
M w
aste
man
-ag
emen
t sys
tem
w
as n
o ov
erbo
ard
dum
ping
of u
rine
on lu
nar s
urfa
ce.
Fece
s w
ere
col-
lect
ed in
gas
pe
rmea
ble
bags
at
tach
ed u
nder
a
form
-fitti
ng s
eat,
then
vac
uum
drie
d an
d st
ored
. Urin
e w
as c
olle
cted
usi
ng
indi
vidu
al re
ceiv
ers,
tu
bing
, and
dis
pos-
able
col
lect
ion
bags
. [2]
Com
mod
e/U
ri-na
l - F
eces
are
co
llect
ed in
the
com
mod
e st
orag
e co
ntai
ner ,
whe
re
they
are
vac
uum
dr
ied,
and
hel
d.
Urin
e is
sen
t to
a w
aste
wat
er ta
nk
whi
ch is
ven
ted
whe
n fu
ll.
Util
izes
Orb
iter
faci
litie
s.C
omm
ode/
urin
al-
fece
s ar
e co
llect
ed
in a
bag
and
com
-pa
cted
in a
cyl
indr
ical
ca
nist
er fo
r sto
rage
an
d di
spos
al (i
n a
Prog
ress
resu
pply
m
odul
e). A
VC
D u
rine
proc
esso
r is
part
of
the
was
te &
hyg
iene
co
mpa
rtmen
t pla
nned
fo
r Nod
e 3,
and
will
be c
apab
le o
f aut
o-m
atic
tran
sfer
or o
f ac
cept
ing
urin
e vi
a a
EDV
porta
ble
wat
er
cont
aine
r to
allo
w
trans
fer f
rom
the
Rus
-si
an s
egm
ent.
Fire
Det
ectio
n an
d Su
ppre
ssio
n
Supp
ress
ant
Wat
er fr
om th
e fo
od
rehy
drat
ion
gun.
[8]
Cap
abilit
y to
de
pres
suriz
e ca
bin
by m
anua
lly o
pen-
ing
cabi
n ou
tflow
va
lve.
Sim
ilar t
o M
ercu
ry
desi
gn. M
axim
um o
f 3
cabi
n de
pres
ses
coul
d be
acc
om-
mod
ated
by
the
on-b
oard
oxy
gen
supp
ly.
Wat
er fr
om th
e fo
od
rehy
drat
ion
gun
and
a po
rtabl
e aq
ueou
s ge
l (hy
drox
ymet
hyl
cellu
lose
) ext
in-
guis
her,
whi
ch
coul
d ex
pel 0
.06
m3
of fo
am in
30
sec.
Cap
abilit
y to
de
pres
suriz
e ca
bin.
Sim
ilar t
o Ap
ollo
C
M d
esig
n.Po
rtabl
e aq
ueou
s ge
l (hy
drox
ymet
hyl
cellu
lose
) ext
in-
guis
hers
, whi
ch
coul
d ex
pel 0
.06
m3
of fo
am in
30
sec.
[9
]
Cap
abilit
y to
de
pres
suriz
e ca
bin.
Hal
on 1
301.
Thre
e re
mot
e H
alon
bot
tles
(one
pe
r avi
onic
s ba
y)
and
thre
e po
rtabl
e H
alon
bot
tles,
two
loca
ted
on th
e m
id-
deck
and
one
on
the
fligh
t dec
k.
Cap
abilit
y to
de
pres
suriz
e ca
bin.
Hal
on 1
301.
A H
alon
bot
tle w
ith
dist
ribut
ion
lines
lo
cate
d in
eac
h eq
uipm
ent r
ack.
Tw
o po
rtabl
e H
alon
ex
tingu
ishe
rs.
Cap
abilit
y to
de
pres
suriz
e ca
bin.
CO
2.
Porta
ble
CO
2 ex
tin-
guis
hers
.
Cap
abilit
y to
dep
res-
suriz
e ca
bin.
15
Tabl
e 1.
H�s
tor�c
al su
mm
ary
of U
.S. s
pace
craf
t env
�ronm
enta
l con
trol a
nd l�
fe su
ppor
t sys
tem
s (C
ont�n
ued)
.
Subs
yste
mM
ercu
ryG
emin
iA
pollo
CM
Apo
llo L
MSk
ylab
Orb
iter
Spac
elab
Inte
rnat
iona
l Sp
ace
Stat
ion
(U.S
. Seg
men
t)
Det
ectio
nC
rew
sen
ses
[8]
Cre
w s
ense
sC
rew
sen
ses
Cre
w s
ense
sU
ltrav
iole
t det
ecto
rsIo
niza
tion
smok
e se
nsor
sIo
niza
tion
smok
e se
nsor
sPh
otoe
lect
ric s
mok
e de
tect
ors
mou
nted
in
vent
ilatio
n du
ctin
g,
payl
oad
rack
s, a
nd
in th
e ca
bin.
Als
o,
for p
aylo
ads
and
situ
atio
ns w
here
a
smok
e de
tect
or c
an-
not b
e us
ed, d
ata
para
met
er m
onito
ring
is u
sed
that
relie
s on
te
mpe
ratu
re (o
r oth
er)
sens
ors
with
sof
twar
e m
onito
ring
for o
ut-o
f-lim
its in
dica
tion
of a
fir
e ev
ent.
16
Tabl
e 1.
H�s
tor�c
al su
mm
ary
of U
.S. s
pace
craf
t env
�ronm
enta
l con
trol a
nd l�
fe su
ppor
t sys
tem
s (C
ont�n
ued)
.
Subs
yste
mM
ercu
ryG
emin
iA
pollo
CM
Apo
llo L
MSk
ylab
Orb
iter
Spac
elab
Inte
rnat
iona
l Sp
ace
Stat
ion
(U.S
. Seg
men
t)
Ref
eren
ces:
Gen
eral
refe
renc
e—M
artin
, Cha
rles,
and
A.K
. McC
orm
ick
III, “
Envi
ronm
enta
l Con
trol a
nd L
ife S
uppo
rt Sy
stem
(EC
LSS)
His
toric
al D
ata
Sum
mar
y: A
pollo
Thr
ough
Spa
ce S
tatio
n Fr
eedo
m,”
MD
C 9
2W50
38, M
cDon
nell
Dou
glas
Spa
ce S
yste
ms
Com
pany
, Dec
embe
r 199
2.G
ener
al re
fere
nce—
Dia
man
t, Br
yce
L., a
nd W
. R. H
umph
ries,
“Pas
t and
Pre
sent
Env
ironm
enta
l Con
trol a
nd L
ife S
uppo
rt Sy
stem
s on
Man
ned
Spac
ecra
ft,” S
AE P
aper
No.
901
210,
20t
h In
tern
atio
nal C
onfe
renc
e on
Env
i-ro
nmen
tal S
yste
ms,
Willi
amsb
urg,
VA,
Jul
y 9-
12, 1
990.
1) S
ilves
tri, G
offre
do, e
t al.:
Que
st fo
r Spa
ce. N
ew Y
ork,
NY,
Cre
scen
t Boo
ks, 1
986.
2) H
opso
n, G
.D.,
Littl
es, J
.W.,
and
Patte
rson
, W.C
.: “S
kyla
b En
viro
nmen
tal C
ontro
l and
Life
Sup
port
Syst
ems.
” ASM
E Pa
per 7
1-AV
-14,
Life
Sup
port
and
Envi
ronm
enta
l Con
trol C
onfe
renc
e, S
an F
ranc
isco
, CA,
Jul
y 12
-14,
19
71.
3) C
alvi
n, M
elvi
n, a
nd G
azen
ko, O
leg
G.,
eds.
: Fou
ndat
ions
of S
pace
Bio
logy
and
Med
icin
e. V
olum
e 3,
NAS
A N
76-2
6831
, 32,
34,
36
and
37, W
ashi
ngto
n D
C, 1
975.
4) W
illis,
Cha
rles
E., a
nd S
chul
tz, J
ohn
R.:
“Spa
cecr
aft W
ater
Sys
tem
s D
isin
fect
ion
Tech
nolo
gy: P
ast,
Pres
ent a
nd F
utur
e N
eeds
.” SA
E Pa
per N
o. 8
7148
7, 1
7th
Inte
rsoc
iety
Con
fere
nce
on E
nviro
nmen
tal S
yste
ms,
Sea
ttle,
W
A, J
uly
13–1
5, 1
987.
5) S
amon
ski,
Fran
k H
., Jr
.: “T
echn
ical
His
tory
of t
he E
nviro
nmen
tal C
ontro
l Sys
tem
for P
roje
ct M
ercu
ry.”
NAS
A TN
D-4
126,
Was
hing
ton,
DC
, 196
7.6)
Wat
kins
, Har
old
D.:
“Bas
ic G
emin
i EC
S Ke
yed
to 1
4-D
ay F
light
” Avi
atio
n W
eek
& Sp
ace
Tech
nolo
gy, A
ugus
t 19,
196
3, p
.52–
69.
7) “B
iom
edic
al R
esul
ts o
f Apo
llo”,
NAS
A Ly
ndon
B. J
ohns
on S
pace
Cen
ter,
N76
-126
90, 9
1, 9
3, 9
4, H
oust
on, T
X 19
75.
8) M
acko
wsk
i, M
aura
J.:
“Saf
ety
on th
e Sp
ace
Stat
ion.
” Spa
ce W
orld
, Mar
ch 1
987,
p. 2
2–24
.9)
“Sky
lab
Ope
ratio
nal D
ata
Book
, “ M
SFC
-015
49, D
ecem
ber 1
970.
10) H
amilt
on S
tand
ard,
“Fin
al R
epor
t—So
viet
Spa
ce L
ife S
uppo
rt Sy
stem
s.” U
.S. G
over
nmen
t Con
tract
85-
N98
7400
-000
, Win
dsor
Loc
ks, C
T, N
ovem
ber 1
985.
11) B
luth
, B.J
., an
d H
elpp
ie, M
arth
a: S
ovie
t Spa
ce S
tatio
ns A
s An
alog
s, S
econ
d ed
ition
, Rep
ort u
nder
NAS
A G
rant
NAG
W-6
59, W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C, 1
987.
12) V
olyn
kin,
Yu.
M.,
and
Yazd
ovsk
iy, V
.I.: “
The
Firs
t Man
ned
Spac
e Fl
ight
s.” N
63-1
5658
, Tra
nsla
ted
by th
e Ai
r For
ce S
yste
ms
Com
man
d Fo
reig
n Te
chno
logy
Div
isio
n, W
right
-Pat
ters
on A
FB, O
H, 1
962.
13) P
ochk
ayev
, I.,
Sere
brov
, A.,
and
Ul’y
anov
, V.:
“Spe
cial
Fea
ture
: The
Mir
Spac
e St
atio
n.” U
.S.S
.R. S
pace
Life
Sci
ence
s D
iges
t, Is
sue
10, 1
987.
14) G
il’ber
g, L
.A.:
“Liv
ing
and
Wor
king
in S
pace
.” N
ASA
Tech
nica
l Tra
nsla
tion.
NAS
A TT
F-1
7075
, Was
hing
ton,
DC
, Jul
y 19
67.
15) V
oron
in, G
.I., G
ueni
n, A
.M.,
and
Fom
in, A
.G.:
“Phy
siol
ogic
al a
nd H
ygie
nica
l Eva
luat
ion
of L
ife S
uppo
rt Sy
stem
s of
the
Vost
ok a
nd V
oskh
od S
pace
carft
.” Bj
urst
edt,
Hild
ing,
ed.
Pro
ceed
ings
of t
he S
econ
d In
tern
atio
nal
Sym
posi
um o
f Bas
ic E
nviro
nmen
tal P
robl
ems
of M
an in
Spa
ce, N
ew Y
ork,
Spr
inge
r-Ver
lag,
196
7.16
) Log
inov
, Ser
gei N
., As
soci
ate
Prof
esso
r of t
he D
epar
tmen
t of L
ife S
uppo
rt Sy
stem
s, C
olle
ge o
f Cos
mon
autic
s, M
osco
w A
viat
ion
Inst
itute
, Lec
ture
at t
he U
nive
rsity
of A
laba
ma
in H
unts
ville
, Jun
e 25
–27,
199
0.17
) Wie
land
, P.O
., “L
ivin
g To
geth
er in
Spa
ce: T
he D
esig
n an
d O
pera
tion
of th
e Li
fe S
uppo
rt Sy
stem
s on
the
Inte
rnat
iona
l Spa
ce S
tatio
n,” N
ASA/
TM-1
998-
2069
56/V
olum
e II,
Jan
uary
199
8.
18) W
illiam
s, D
., J.
Lew
is, R
. Car
rasq
uillo
, R. R
eysa
, and
G. G
entry
, SAE
200
2-01
-249
4, “I
nter
natio
nal S
pace
Sta
tion
Envi
ronm
enta
l Con
trol a
nd L
ife S
uppo
rt Sy
stem
Sta
tus:
200
1-20
02”,
32nd
Inte
rnat
iona
l Con
fere
nce
on
Envi
ronm
enta
l Sys
tem
s, J
uly
2002
, San
Ant
onio
, TX.
19) C
arra
squi
llo, R
.L.,
“Sta
tus
of th
e N
ode
3 R
egen
erat
ive
ECLS
S W
ater
Rec
over
y an
d O
xyge
n G
ener
atio
n Sy
stem
s”, S
AE 2
003-
01-2
590,
33r
d In
tern
atio
nal C
onfe
renc
e on
Env
ironm
enta
l Sys
tem
s, J
uly
2003
, Van
couv
er,
BC.
20) J
SC-0
9423
, Apo
llo P
rogr
am S
umm
ary
Rep
ort,
April
197
5.21
) Gem
ini P
ress
Ref
eren
ce B
ook,
http
://w
ww.
apol
losa
turn
.com
/gem
iniN
R/s
ec4.
htm
.
17
Tabl
e 2.
H�s
tor�c
al su
mm
ary
of R
uss�
an sp
acec
raft
env�
ronm
enta
l con
trol a
nd l�
fe su
ppor
t sys
tem
s.
Subs
yste
mVo
stok
Vosk
hod
Soyu
zSa
lyut
Mir
Inte
rnat
iona
lSp
ace
Stat
ion
(Rus
sian
Seg
men
t)
Atm
osph
ere
Rev
italiz
atio
n
CO
2 R
emov
alC
O2
is re
mov
ed th
roug
h re
actio
n w
ith K
OH
in
the
oxyg
en re
gene
rato
r (fo
rmin
g po
tass
ium
car
-bo
nate
and
wat
er).
[3]
Sim
ilar t
o Vo
stok
des
ign.
Sim
ilar t
o Vo
stok
des
ign.
In
add
ition
, LiO
H b
eds
are
used
to a
bsor
b ab
out
20%
of t
he C
O2.
[10]
Sim
ilar t
o So
yuz
desi
gn.
Vozd
ukh
5-be
d re
gene
r-ab
le d
evic
e w
ith 2
des
ic-
cant
bed
s an
d 3
CO
2 re
mov
al b
eds.
Cyc
lic
oper
atio
n to
rem
ove
exce
ss m
oist
ure
from
the
air b
efor
e re
mov
ing
CO
2.
LiC
l (or
LiO
H) c
anis
ters
us
ed a
s ba
ckup
. [11
, 18]
Sim
ilar t
o M
ir. C
ontro
ller
upgr
aded
from
Mir
to
auto
mat
ical
ly a
djus
t the
C
O2
rem
oval
rate
. [17
]
Gas
Rec
over
yN
onre
gene
rativ
e ch
emi-
cal c
artri
dges
of p
otas
-si
um s
uper
oxi
de (K
O2)
. KO
2 is
reac
ted
with
wat
er
to p
rodu
ce O
2 an
d KO
H.
[3]
Sim
ilar t
o Vo
stok
des
ign.
Sim
ilar t
o Vo
stok
des
ign.
Sim
ilar t
o Vo
stok
des
ign.
Som
e C
O2
redu
ctio
n fo
r ex
perim
enta
l pur
pose
s,
but m
ost o
f the
col
lect
ed
CO
2 is
vac
uum
des
orbe
d ov
erbo
ard.
CO
2 ve
nted
ove
rboa
rd.
O2
Gen
erat
ion
Non
rege
nera
tive
chem
i-ca
l car
tridg
es o
f pot
as-
sium
sup
er o
xide
(KO
2).
KO2
is re
acte
d w
ith w
ater
to
pro
duce
O2
and
KOH
. [3
]
Sim
ilar t
o Vo
stok
des
ign.
Sim
ilar t
o Vo
stok
des
ign.
Sim
ilar t
o Vo
stok
des
ign.
Wat
er e
lect
roly
sis
(12
cells
in e
xplo
sion
pro
of
cont
aine
rs) u
sing
a
KOH
ele
ctro
lyte
for O
2 ge
nera
tion.
Ele
ctro
lysi
s w
ater
is fr
om re
cove
red
urin
e su
pple
men
ted
by
onbo
ard
stor
es. [
11, 1
8]
Back
up is
sol
id fu
el o
xy-
gen
gene
rato
r (SF
OG
) th
at u
sed
Lith
ium
per
-ch
lora
te c
artri
dges
igni
ted
by h
igh-
tem
pera
ture
ch
arge
. [18
]
Sim
ilar t
o M
ir, b
ut w
ater
is
from
sto
res
only
(no
urin
e pr
oces
sor).
Not
e: N
umbe
rs in
bra
cket
s re
fer t
o re
fere
nces
at t
he e
nd o
f the
tabl
e.
18
Tabl
e 2.
H�s
tor�c
al su
mm
ary
of R
uss�
an sp
acec
raft
env�
ronm
enta
l con
trol a
nd l�
fe su
ppor
t sys
tem
s (C
ont�n
ued)
.
Subs
yste
mVo
stok
Vosk
hod
Soyu
zSa
lyut
Mir
Inte
rnat
iona
lSp
ace
Stat
ion
(Rus
sian
Seg
men
t)
Trac
e C
onta
min
ant
Con
trol
Activ
ated
cha
rcoa
l and
fil
ters
. Con
tam
inan
ts a
lso
rem
oved
thro
ugh
reac
tion
with
con
stitu
ents
in th
e ox
ygen
rege
nera
tor.
[3]
Sim
ilar t
o Vo
stok
des
ign.
Sim
ilar t
o Vo
stok
des
ign.
Activ
ated
cha
rcoa
l, hi
gh
effic
ienc
y fib
ergl
ass
filte
r, an
d ca
taly
tic c
hem
ical
ab
sorb
ents
. Oxy
gen
rege
nera
tor a
lso
rem
oves
co
ntam
inan
ts. [
12]
Filte
rs a
nd re
gene
rabl
e ch
arco
al b
eds
and
cata
-ly
tic o
xidi
zers
rem
oved
C
O, a
mm
onia
and
m
etha
ne. C
harc
oal b
eds
rege
nera
ted
by v
acuu
m
for 6
hou
rs o
nce
ever
y 10
da
ys. I
mpu
ritie
s ve
nted
. [1
1, 1
8]
Sim
ilar t
o M
ir. A
mbi
ent
tem
pera
ture
cat
alyt
ic fi
lter
for m
etha
ne a
nd h
ydro
-ca
rbon
rem
oval
. Nom
inal
re
gene
ratio
n cy
cle
ever
y 20
day
s (th
ough
can
be
ever
y 10
day
s). T
wo
units
op
erat
ing
with
one
bei
ng
rege
nera
ted
ever
y 10
da
ys. R
egen
erat
ion
time
is 4
–5 h
ours
hea
ting
and
7–8
hour
s co
olin
g.
Atm
osph
ere
Con
trol
and
Sup
ply
Atm
osph
ere
Com
posi
tion
Sea-
leve
l atm
osph
ere
- O2/
N2
mix
ture
at 1
4.7
psi (
101
kPa)
.
Sea-
leve
l atm
osph
ere
- O2/
N2
mix
ture
at 1
4.7
psi (
101
kPa)
.
Sea-
leve
l atm
osph
ere.
O
2/N
2 m
ixtu
re a
t a to
tal
pres
sure
bet
wee
n 13
.7
and
16.4
psi
(94.
4 an
d 11
3 kP
a), w
ith p
pO2
betw
een
2.7
and
3.9
psi
(10.
5 an
d 15
.2 k
Pa).
Sea-
leve
l atm
osph
ere.
O
2/N
2 m
ixtu
re a
t a to
tal
pres
sure
bet
wee
n 13
.5
and
16 p
si (9
3.1
and
110
kPa)
, with
ppO
2 be
twee
n 3.
0 an
d 3.
8 ps
i (20
.5 a
nd
25.9
kPa
).
Sea-
leve
l atm
osph
ere.
U
p to
78%
N2,
21-
40%
O
2. M
axim
um p
pO2
is
6.8
psi (
46.9
kPa
). [1
8]
Sim
ilar t
o M
ir (a
nd
USO
S). A
lso
dP/d
t sen
-so
rs. p
pO2
2.82
psi
a
(146
mm
Hg)
to 3
.35
psia
(173
mm
Hg)
with
a
conc
entra
tion
of n
o m
ore
than
24.
8%. T
otal
pre
s-su
re 1
4.2
to 1
4.9
psia
(7
34 to
770
mm
Hg)
Atm
osph
eric
Mon
itorin
gG
as a
naly
zer d
eter
min
ed
perc
ent c
ompo
sitio
n of
ox
ygen
and
car
bon
diox
-id
e in
cab
in a
tmos
pher
e.
No
othe
r on-
orbi
t atm
o-sp
here
mon
itorin
g. [3
]
Sim
ilar t
o Vo
stok
des
ign.
Sim
ilar t
o Vo
stok
des
ign.
Sim
ilar t
o Vo
stok
des
ign.
Se
vera
l gas
ana
lyze
rs
dist
ribut
ed a
roun
d th
e st
atio
n. [1
2]
Sim
ilar t
o Sa
lyut
des
ign.
U
sed
a ga
s an
alyz
er th
at
dete
rmin
ed th
e pe
rcen
t-ag
e of
O2
and
CO
2 in
th
e at
mos
pher
e. S
enso
rs
also
mon
itore
d H
2, O
2 an
d C
O. S
enso
rs h
ad a
1-
year
life
. [18
]
Rus
sian
ser
vice
mod
ule
gas
anal
yzer
(SM
GA)
to
mon
itor m
ajor
con
stitu
-en
ts (O
2, C
O2,
and
H2O
) in
the
FGB
and
SM m
od-
ules
. H2
is a
lso
mon
itore
d in
the
life
supp
ort m
odul
e (L
SM).
19
Tabl
e 2.
H�s
tor�c
al su
mm
ary
of R
uss�
an sp
acec
raft
env�
ronm
enta
l con
trol a
nd l�
fe su
ppor
t sys
tem
s (C
ont�n
ued)
.
Subs
yste
mVo
stok
Vosk
hod
Soyu
zSa
lyut
Mir
Inte
rnat
iona
lSp
ace
Stat
ion
(Rus
sian
Seg
men
t)
Gas
Sto
rage
Oxy
gen
supp
ly s
tore
d ch
emic
ally.
Em
erge
ncy
tank
s of
hig
h-pr
es-
sure
oxy
gen
and
air
for s
uit v
entil
atio
n an
d co
smon
aut b
reat
hing
. C
osm
onau
t’s s
uit c
ould
be
pre
ssur
ized
if th
e ca
bin
depr
essu
rized
.N
o ni
troge
n st
orag
e.
Cab
in h
erm
etic
sea
l was
de
sign
ed fo
r zer
o le
ak-
age.
[14]
Sim
ilar t
o Vo
stok
des
ign.
Asid
e fro
m th
e ch
emic
al
oxyg
en re
gene
rato
rs,
ther
e w
as n
o ad
ditio
nal
gas
stor
age.
Com
plet
e re
lianc
e on
the
cabi
n he
rmet
ic s
eal t
o pr
even
t le
akag
e an
d de
pres
sur-
izat
ion.
[16]
Oxy
gen
supp
ly s
tore
d ch
emic
ally.
Cyl
inde
rs
of c
ompr
esse
d ai
r for
le
akag
e m
akeu
p. N
o se
para
te N
2 or
O2
stor
-ag
e. [1
2]
Back
up o
xyge
n st
ored
ch
emic
ally
as
lithi
um p
er-
chlo
rate
com
poun
d. N
2 st
ored
as
a hi
gh-p
ress
ure
gas.
Tw
enty
-two
liter
s of
air
stor
ed in
pre
ssur
e ve
ssel
s fo
r atm
osph
eric
m
akeu
p. [1
1, 1
8]
No
N2
stor
age
on th
e R
ussi
an s
egm
ent.
Gas
es
stor
ed o
n th
e Pr
ogre
ss
resu
pply
mod
ules
: 180
L O
2 on
Pro
gres
s, 1
44L
O2
on P
rogr
ess
M–1
.
Cab
in V
entil
atio
nC
abin
fan
Cab
in fa
nC
abin
fan
Cab
in fa
ns. C
osm
onau
ts
coul
d co
ntro
l air
flow
ra
te b
etw
een
0.1
and
0.8
m/s
ec. [
12]
Fans
pul
l air
thro
ugh
duct
s to
exc
hang
e ai
r be
twee
n m
odul
es. [
15]
Sam
e as
Mir.
20
Tabl
e 2.
H�s
tor�c
al su
mm
ary
of R
uss�
an sp
acec
raft
env�
ronm
enta
l con
trol a
nd l�
fe su
ppor
t sys
tem
s (C
ont�n
ued)
.
Subs
yste
mVo
stok
Vosk
hod
Soyu
zSa
lyut
Mir
Inte
rnat
iona
lSp
ace
Stat
ion
(Rus
sian
Seg
men
t)
Tem
pera
ture
and
Hum
idity
Con
trol
Atm
osph
ere
Tem
pera
-tu
re, H
umid
ity C
ontro
l an
d H
eat R
ejec
tion
Liqu
id-a
ir co
nden
sing
he
at e
xcha
nger
. Con
den-
sate
trap
ped
by p
orou
s w
icks
bet
wee
n th
e he
at
exch
ange
r tub
es. T
em-
pera
ture
adj
uste
d by
au
tom
atic
regu
latio
n of
ai
r flow
rate
thro
ugh
heat
ex
chan
ger.
Cos
mon
aut
coul
d se
t tem
pera
ture
an
d hu
mid
ity o
f cra
ft.
Tem
pera
ture
rang
e w
as
betw
een
12 a
nd 2
5°C
, an
d re
lativ
e hu
mid
ity w
as
betw
een
30 a
nd 7
0%.
Hum
idity
was
con
trolle
d pr
imar
ily b
y a
dehu
mid
i-fie
r con
tain
ing
a si
lica
gel
dryi
ng a
gent
impr
egna
ted
with
lith
ium
chl
orid
e an
d ac
tivat
ed c
arbo
n.
Deh
umid
ifier
ope
rate
d cy
clic
ally.
Air
inle
t to
dehu
mid
ifier
ope
ned
afte
r hum
idity
rose
abo
ve
70%
. Air
inle
t aut
omat
i-ca
lly c
lose
d w
hen
hum
id-
ity re
ache
d 35
± 5
%. [
13]
Sim
ilar t
o Vo
stok
des
ign.
Liqu
id-a
ir co
nden
sing
he
at e
xcha
nger
. Tem
-pe
ratu
re a
djus
ted
by
auto
mat
ic re
gula
tion
of
air fl
ow ra
te th
roug
h he
at
exch
ange
r. Li
quid
coo
lant
w
as a
wat
er/g
lyco
l mix
-tu
re. C
osm
onau
t cou
ld
set t
empe
ratu
re a
nd
hum
idity
of c
raft.
Tem
per-
atur
e ra
nge
was
bet
wee
n 12
and
25°
C, a
nd re
lativ
e hu
mid
ity w
as b
etw
een
30 a
nd 7
0%. H
umid
ity
was
con
trolle
d pr
imar
ily
by th
e co
nden
sing
hea
t ex
chan
ger.
Con
dens
ate
was
trap
ped
by p
orou
s w
icks
bet
wee
n th
e he
at
exch
ange
r tub
es. T
he
prim
ary
role
of t
he c
hem
i-ca
l wat
er a
bsor
bent
s be
cam
e co
ntro
l of t
he
oxyg
en p
rodu
ctio
n ra
te o
f th
e O
2 re
gene
rato
r. [3
]
Liqu
id-a
ir co
nden
sing
he
at e
xcha
nger
. Tem
-pe
ratu
re c
ould
be
set
by c
osm
onau
t bet
wee
n 15
and
25°
C. C
oola
nt
was
an
antif
reez
e-ty
pe
firep
roof
liqu
id. P
orou
s w
icks
trap
ped
moi
stur
e be
twee
n tu
bes
of th
e he
at e
xcha
nger
. Con
-de
nsat
e w
as c
olle
cted
in
a m
oist
ure
trap
and
perio
dica
lly p
umpe
d ou
t m
anua
lly b
y th
e co
smo-
naut
s. [1
4]
The
activ
e th
erm
al
cont
rol (
ATC
) sys
tem
in
the
Kvan
t Mod
ule
had
only
one
loop
. The
Kva
nt
Mod
ule’
s th
erm
al lo
op
was
des
igne
d to
be
con-
nect
ed to
eith
er o
f the
M
ir C
ore’
s 2
ATC
loop
s if
need
be.
Exte
rnal
radi
ator
s.
Liqu
id-a
ir co
nden
sing
he
at e
xcha
nger
. Tw
o in
tern
al th
erm
al c
ontro
l lo
ops
char
ged
with
Tem
p (a
lcoh
ol [e
thyl
ene
glyc
ol
[17]
] and
wat
er m
ixtu
re)
cool
ant -
a c
oolin
g lo
op
and
a he
atin
g lo
op. A
re
dund
ant p
ipin
g sy
stem
is
incl
uded
with
eac
h lo
op. L
oop
tem
pera
ture
is
cont
rolle
d au
tom
atic
ally.
N
o la
rge-
surfa
ce a
reas
th
erm
al ra
diat
ors
with
a
fluid
inte
rface
. [11
, 18]
Two
redu
ndan
t int
erna
l th
erm
al lo
ops
are
fille
d w
ith T
riol,
wat
er w
ith a
30
per
cent
sol
utio
n of
gl
ycer
in, w
hich
low
ers
the
freez
ing
poin
t to
–7°C
. Tr
iol a
lso
cont
ains
an
tifre
eze,
bio
cide
, and
ul
travi
olet
-ligh
t-sen
sitiv
e ad
ditiv
es to
aid
in le
ak
dete
ctio
n. In
tern
al lo
ops
are
cons
ider
ed c
oolin
g lo
ops.
Tw
o re
dund
ant
exte
rnal
ther
mal
loop
s ar
e fil
led
with
pol
ymet
hyl
silo
xane
. Ext
erna
l the
r-m
al lo
ops
inte
rface
with
in
tern
al lo
ops.
Ext
erna
l th
erm
al lo
ops
are
calle
d he
atin
g lo
ops.
The
se
loop
s in
terfa
ce w
ith th
e bo
dy-m
ount
ed ra
diat
ors
whi
ch c
onta
in a
mm
onia
he
at p
ipes
.
21
Tabl
e 2.
H�s
tor�c
al su
mm
ary
of R
uss�
an sp
acec
raft
env�
ronm
enta
l con
trol a
nd l�
fe su
ppor
t sys
tem
s (C
ont�n
ued)
.
Subs
yste
mVo
stok
Vosk
hod
Soyu
zSa
lyut
Mir
Inte
rnat
iona
lSp
ace
Stat
ion
(Rus
sian
Seg
men
t)
Equi
pmen
t Coo
ling
****
****
Avio
nics
is c
oole
d by
he
at e
xcha
nger
s an
d by
ai
r pul
led
from
the
cabi
n.
Each
met
hod
prov
ides
ab
out 5
0% o
f the
coo
l-in
g. A
con
dens
ator
, with
fre
on a
s th
e w
orki
ng fl
uid,
re
mov
es m
oist
ure
that
co
nden
ses
on th
e eq
uip-
men
t. [1
1, 1
8]
Ther
mal
loop
s fro
m th
e va
rious
Rus
sian
mod
ules
ar
e co
nnec
ted
to th
e sc
ienc
e po
wer
pla
tform
(S
PP) c
entra
l hea
t re
ject
ion
syst
em. T
his
incr
ease
s th
e he
at re
jec-
tion
capa
bilit
y du
e to
the
inte
grat
ed la
rge
radi
ator
s.
Batte
ries
are
air c
oole
d on
ly.
Wat
er R
ecov
ery
and
Man
agem
ent
Wat
er S
uppl
y Q
ualit
yPo
tabl
e on
ly.Po
tabl
e on
ly.Po
tabl
e on
ly.Po
tabl
e on
ly.Po
tabl
e, h
ygie
ne, a
nd
elec
troly
sis
grad
e. [1
1]Si
mila
r to
Mir.
Wat
er P
roce
ssin
gN
one
Non
eN
one
Saly
ut 6
,7 -
Pota
ble
wat
er is
reco
vere
d fro
m
cond
ensa
te. W
aste
wat
er
is p
umpe
d in
to s
tora
ge
colu
mns
con
tain
ing
ion
exch
ange
resi
ns a
nd a
cti-
vate
d ch
arco
al, t
hen
sent
th
roug
h fil
ters
con
tain
ing
fragm
ente
d do
lom
ite,
artifi
cial
silic
ates
, and
sa
lt. M
iner
als
are
then
ad
ded,
incl
udin
g ca
lciu
m,
mag
nesi
um, b
icar
bona
te,
chlo
ride,
and
sul
fate
. [12
]
1. C
onde
nsat
e re
cove
red
by th
e sa
me
proc
ess
used
on
Saly
ut 6
, 7 a
nd
deliv
ered
to th
e w
ater
pr
oces
sor.
2. W
ater
pro
cess
or re
cov-
ered
hyg
iene
/kitc
hen
wat
er, f
or h
ygie
ne u
se
only,
by
a sy
stem
of
filte
rs (c
onta
inin
g fra
g-m
ente
d do
lom
ite, a
rtific
ial
silic
ates
and
sal
ts),
acti-
vate
d ch
arco
al a
nd io
n ex
chan
ge re
sins
. Min
er-
als
(cal
cium
, mag
nesi
um,
bica
rbon
ate,
chl
orid
e an
d su
lfate
) wer
e th
en a
dded
. C
ould
reco
ver 2
1 lit
ers
of
wat
er a
t one
tim
e.3.
Ele
ctro
lysi
s w
ater
re
cove
red
from
urin
e by
va
por d
iffus
ion
dist
illatio
n.
Cou
ld g
ener
ate
5.4
liter
s/da
y. [1
1, 1
8]
Sim
ilar t
o M
ir, b
ut w
ithou
t re
cove
ry o
f wat
er fr
om
urin
e. A
lso,
con
dens
ate
colle
cted
in th
e U
SOS
can
be p
roce
ssed
th
roug
h th
e R
ussi
an
wat
er p
roce
ssor
(SR
VK)
with
the
aid
of th
e co
n-de
nsat
e fe
ed u
nit (
CFU
).
22
Tabl
e 2.
H�s
tor�c
al su
mm
ary
of R
uss�
an sp
acec
raft
env�
ronm
enta
l con
trol a
nd l�
fe su
ppor
t sys
tem
s (C
ont�n
ued)
.
Subs
yste
mVo
stok
Vosk
hod
Soyu
zSa
lyut
Mir
Inte
rnat
iona
lSp
ace
Stat
ion
(Rus
sian
Seg
men
t)
Wat
er M
onito
ring
****
****
Mea
sure
men
ts ta
ken
by
wat
er a
naly
zers
incl
ude
pH a
nd s
alin
ity. [
11]
Con
duct
ivity
mon
itor.
Sam
ples
col
lect
ed fo
r ch
emic
al a
nd m
icro
bial
an
alys
es.
Wat
er S
tora
ge a
nd D
is-
tribu
tion
Wat
er h
eld
in a
con
tain
er
mad
e of
two
laye
rs o
f el
astic
pol
yeth
ylen
e fil
m. C
onta
iner
was
her
-m
etic
ally
sea
led
insi
de
a m
etal
cyl
inde
r. Lo
w
pres
sure
cre
ated
by
the
crew
man
’s m
outh
was
en
ough
to in
duce
wat
er
flow
from
the
poly
eth-
ylen
e co
ntai
ner.
Each
cr
ewm
an w
as a
llotte
d 2.
2 l/d
ay o
f wat
er. [
3]
Sim
ilar t
o Vo
stok
des
ign.
Sim
ilar t
o Vo
stok
des
ign.
Rod
nik
(“spr
ing”
) sys
tem
fil
ters
wat
er s
uppl
ied
from
ta
nks
with
a to
tal v
olum
e of
ove
r 400
lite
rs. [
12]
Sim
ilar t
o Sa
lyut
des
ign.
Ta
nks
use
pres
suriz
ed
blad
ders
to d
eliv
er w
ater
. [1
1] S
oft s
tora
ge c
onta
in-
ers
(ED
V’s)
that
hol
d 22
L
also
use
d.
Sim
ilar t
o M
ir.
Wat
er S
uppl
y M
icro
bial
C
ontro
lSi
lver
pre
para
tion
adde
d to
wat
er, w
hich
was
bo
iled
befo
re la
unch
. [3]
Sim
ilar t
o Vo
stok
des
ign.
Sim
ilar t
o Vo
stok
des
ign.
Wat
er h
eate
d an
d io
nic
silv
er in
trodu
ced
elec
-tro
lytic
ally
to a
chie
ve a
co
ncen
tratio
n of
0.2
mg/
l. [1
2]
Sim
ilar t
o Sa
lyut
des
ign.
Sam
e as
Mir.
Was
te M
anag
emen
t
Feca
l/Urin
e H
andl
ing
Urin
e an
d fe
ces
entra
ined
in
an
air s
tream
and
co
llect
ed. D
esig
n of
the
urin
e/fe
ces
rece
ivin
g un
it pe
rmitt
ed s
imul
tane
ous
colle
ctio
n of
urin
e an
d fe
ces
even
whe
n cl
othe
d in
a s
pace
sui
t.
Sim
ilar t
o Vo
stok
des
ign.
Sim
ilar t
o Vo
stok
des
ign.
Fece
s ar
e co
llect
ed in
he
rmet
ical
ly s
eale
d m
etal
or
pla
stic
con
tain
ers,
and
ej
ecte
d to
spa
ce a
bout
on
ce a
wee
k. T
he u
rine
colle
ctor
, sep
arat
e fro
m
the
mai
n co
mm
ode,
is a
cu
p-an
d-tu
be d
evic
e w
ith
a di
spos
able
pla
stic
inse
rt an
d fil
ter.
Com
mod
e fo
r urin
e an
d ex
crem
ent c
olle
c-tio
n. U
rine
is p
retre
ated
af
ter p
assi
ng th
roug
h an
air/
liqui
d se
para
tor.
Pret
reat
ed u
rine
stor
ed
in a
bla
dder
con
tain
ing
poly
viny
l for
mal
dehy
de (a
st
abiliz
er) u
ntil
elec
troly
-si
s or
dis
posa
l. [1
8] S
olid
w
aste
s di
spos
ed b
y Pr
og-
ress
veh
icle
reen
try.
Was
te fr
om fo
od a
lso
stor
ed u
ntil
disp
osal
. [18
]
Sim
ilar t
o M
ir, b
ut u
rine
is c
olle
cted
in E
DVs
for
disp
osal
in a
Pro
gres
s m
odul
e. N
o re
cove
ry o
f w
ater
from
urin
e.
23
Tabl
e 2.
H�s
tor�c
al su
mm
ary
of R
uss�
an sp
acec
raft
env�
ronm
enta
l con
trol a
nd l�
fe su
ppor
t sys
tem
s (C
ont�n
ued)
.
Subs
yste
mVo
stok
Vosk
hod
Soyu
zSa
lyut
Mir
Inte
rnat
iona
lSp
ace
Stat
ion
(Rus
sian
Seg
men
t)
Fire
Det
ectio
n an
d Su
ppre
ssio
n
Supp
ress
ant
****
****
Porta
ble
extin
guis
hers
. C
an e
xtin
guis
h fir
es in
in
acce
ssib
le a
reas
. [11
, 18
]
Two
diffe
rent
por
tabl
e ex
tingu
ishe
rs: B
ackp
ack
styl
e sa
me
as u
sed
on
MIR
, and
new
han
dhel
d st
yle.
Wat
er-b
ased
with
fo
amin
g ag
ent.
Two
mod
es s
pray
or f
oam
. Fo
am fo
r beh
ind
pane
ls,
spra
y fo
r ope
n ca
bin
area
.
Det
ectio
n**
****
CO
2 de
tect
ors
doub
led
as s
mok
e de
tect
ors.
[12]
Opt
ical
sen
sors
. [11
]Im
prov
ed o
ptic
al s
enso
r in
the
serv
ice
mod
ule.
FG
B an
d D
C–1
mod
ules
ha
ve io
niza
tion
dete
ctor
s.
** In
form
atio
n lim
ited
or u
nava
ilabl
e.
Ref
eren
ces:
1)
Silv
estri
, Gof
fredo
, et a
l.: Q
uest
for S
pace
. New
Yor
k, N
Y, C
resc
ent B
ooks
, 198
6.2)
Hop
son,
G. D
., Li
ttles
, J.W
., an
d Pa
tters
on, W
.C.:
“Sky
lab
Envi
ronm
enta
l Con
trol a
nd L
ife S
uppo
rt Sy
stem
s.” A
SME
Pape
r 71-
AV-1
4, L
ife S
uppo
rt an
d En
viro
nmen
tal C
ontro
l Con
fere
nce,
San
Fra
ncis
co, C
A, J
uly
12-1
4,
1971
.3)
Cal
vin,
Mel
vin,
and
Gaz
enko
, Ole
g G
., ed
s.: F
ound
atio
ns o
f Spa
ce B
iolo
gy a
nd M
edic
ine.
Vol
ume
3, N
ASA
N76
-268
31, 3
2, 3
4, 3
6 an
d 37
, Was
hing
ton
DC
, 197
5.4)
Willi
s, C
harle
s E.
, and
Sch
ultz
, Joh
n R
.: “S
pace
craf
t Wat
er S
yste
ms
Dis
infe
ctio
n Te
chno
logy
: Pas
t, Pr
esen
t and
Fut
ure
Nee
ds.”
SAE
Pape
r No.
871
487,
17t
h In
ters
ocie
ty C
onfe
renc
e on
Env
ironm
enta
l Sys
tem
s, S
eattl
e,
WA,
Jul
y 13
–15,
198
7.5)
Sam
onsk
i, Fr
ank
H.,
Jr.:
“Tec
hnic
al H
isto
ry o
f the
Env
ironm
enta
l Con
trol S
yste
m fo
r Pro
ject
Mer
cury
.” N
ASA
TN D
-412
6, W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C, 1
967.
6) W
atki
ns, H
arol
d D
.: “B
asic
Gem
ini E
CS
Keye
d to
14-
Day
Flig
ht” A
viat
ion
Wee
k &
Spac
e Te
chno
logy
, Aug
ust 1
9, 1
963,
p. 5
2–69
.7)
“Bio
med
ical
Res
ults
of A
pollo
”, N
ASA
Lynd
on B
. Joh
nson
Spa
ce C
ente
r, N
76-1
2690
, 91,
93,
94,
Hou
ston
, TX
1975
.8)
Mac
kow
ski,
Mau
ra J
.: “S
afet
y on
the
Spac
e St
atio
n.” S
pace
Wor
ld, M
arch
198
7, p
. 22–
24.
9) “S
kyla
b O
pera
tiona
l Dat
a Bo
ok, “
MSF
C-0
1549
, Dec
embe
r 197
0.10
) Ham
ilton
Sta
ndar
d, “F
inal
Rep
ort-S
ovie
t Spa
ce L
ife S
uppo
rt Sy
stem
s.” U
.S. G
over
nmen
t Con
tract
85-
N98
7400
-000
, Win
dsor
Loc
ks, C
T, N
ovem
ber 1
985.
11) B
luth
, B.J
., an
d H
elpp
ie, M
arth
a: S
ovie
t Spa
ce S
tatio
ns A
s An
alog
s, S
econ
d ed
ition
, Rep
ort u
nder
NAS
A G
rant
NAG
W-6
59, W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C, 1
987.
12) V
olyn
kin,
Yu.
M.,
and
Yazd
ovsk
iy, V
.I.: “
The
Firs
t Man
ned
Spac
e Fl
ight
s.” N
63-1
5658
, Tra
nsla
ted
by th
e Ai
r For
ce S
yste
ms
Com
man
d Fo
reig
n Te
chno
logy
Div
isio
n, W
right
-Pat
ters
on A
FB, O
H, 1
962.
13) P
ochk
ayev
, I.,
Sere
brov
, A.,
and
Ul’y
anov
, V.:
“Spe
cial
Fea
ture
: The
Mir
Spac
e St
atio
n.” U
.S.S
.R. S
pace
Life
Sci
ence
s D
iges
t, Is
sue
10, 1
987.
14) G
il’ber
g, L
.A.:
“Liv
ing
and
Wor
king
in S
pace
.” N
ASA
Tech
nica
l Tra
nsla
tion.
NAS
A TT
F-1
7075
, Was
hing
ton,
DC
, Jul
y 19
67.
15) V
oron
in, G
.I., G
ueni
n, A
.M.,
and
Fom
in, A
.G.:
“Phy
siol
ogic
al a
nd H
ygie
nica
l Eva
luat
ion
of L
ife S
uppo
rt Sy
stem
s of
the
Vost
ok a
nd V
oskh
od S
pace
carft
.” Bj
urst
edt,
Hild
ing,
ed.
Pro
ceed
ings
of t
he S
econ
d In
tern
atio
nal
Sym
posi
um o
f Bas
ic E
nviro
nmen
tal P
robl
ems
of M
an in
Spa
ce, N
ew Y
ork,
Spr
inge
r-Ver
lag,
196
7.16
) Log
inov
, Ser
gei N
., As
soci
ate
Prof
esso
r of t
he D
epar
tmen
t of L
ife S
uppo
rt Sy
stem
s, C
olle
ge o
f Cos
mon
autic
s, M
osco
w A
viat
ion
Inst
itute
, Lec
ture
at t
he U
nive
rsity
of A
laba
ma
in H
unts
ville
, Jun
e 25
–27,
199
0.17
) Wie
land
, P. O
., “L
ivin
g To
geth
er in
Spa
ce: T
he D
esig
n an
d O
pera
tion
of th
e Li
fe S
uppo
rt Sy
stem
s on
the
Inte
rnat
iona
l Spa
ce S
tatio
n,” N
ASA/
TM-1
998-
2069
56/V
olum
e II,
Jan
uary
199
8.18
) NAS
A, L
yndo
n B.
Joh
nson
Spa
ce C
ente
r, M
issi
on O
pera
tions
Dire
ctor
ate,
Spa
ce F
light
Tra
inin
g D
ivis
ion,
Sys
tem
s Tr
aini
ng B
ranc
h, T
D50
1, “A
Rus
sian
Spa
ce S
tatio
n: T
he M
ir C
ompl
ex”,
Febr
uary
10,
199
4.
24
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form ApprovedOMB No. 0704-0188
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NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89)Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18298-102
Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified Unl�m�ted
Des�gn�ng for Human Presence �n Space: An Introduct�on to Env�ronmental Control and L�fe Support Systems (ECLSS) Append�x I, Update—H�stor�cal ECLSS for U.S. and U.S.S.R./Russ�an Space Hab�tats
P. O. W�eland
George C. Marshall Space Fl�ght CenterMarshall Space Fl�ght Center, AL 35812
Nat�onal Aeronaut�cs and Space Adm�n�strat�onWash�ngton, DC 20546–0001
Unclassified-UnlimitedSubject Category 54Ava�lab�l�ty: NASA CASI 301–621–0390http://trs.n�s.nasa.gov/https://www2.st�.nasa.gov/log�n/wt/
Human explorat�on and ut�l�zat�on of space requ�res hab�tats to prov�de appropr�ate cond�t�ons for work-�ng and l�v�ng. These cond�t�ons are prov�ded by env�ronmental control and l�fe support systems (ECLSS) that ensure appropr�ate atmosphere compos�t�on, pressure, and temperature; manage and d�str�bute water, process waste matter, provide fire detection and suppression; and other functions as necessary.
The tables �n append�x I of NASA RP–1324 “Des�gn�ng for Human Presence �n Space” summar�ze the l�fe support funct�ons and processes used onboard U.S. and U.S.S.R/Russ�an space hab�tats. These tables have been updated to �nclude �nformat�on on thermal control methods and to prov�de add�t�onal �nformat�on on the ECLS systems.
28
M–1142
Techn�cal MemorandumJuly 2005
NASA/TM—2005–214007
l�fe support, ECLSS, space hab�tats, ISS, International Space Station, thermal control, spacecraft
Prepared by the Spacecraft and Vehicle Systems Department, Engineering Directorate
The NASA STI Program Office…in Profile
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scientific and technical material pertinent to NASA’s mission.
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For more information about the NASA STI Program Office, see the following:
• Access the NASA STI Program Home Page at http://www.sti.nasa.gov
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NASA/TM—2005–214007
July 2005
National Aeronautics andSpace AdministrationIS04George C. Marshall Space Flight CenterMarshall Space Flight Center, Alabama35812
Designing For Human Presence in Space:An Introduction to Environmental Control and Life Support Systems (ECLSS)Appendix I, Update—Historical ECLSS for U.S. and U.S.S.R./Russian Space HabitatsP.O. WielandMarshall Space Flight Center, Marshall Space Flight Center, Alabama