detd report final 2010 modified

8/3/2019 DETD Report Final 2010 Modified

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SOLAR POWERED GPS GUIDED AUTONOMOUS

VEHICLE

DE/TD Project Reportsubmitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for

the award of the Degree of

B.Sc. (Engineering)

of

Dayalbagh Educational Institute

by

Gautam Kumar

Abhay K Bhatt

Nishant Goyal

Abhishek Modi

Avinash Kumar

Sandeep Kumar Mahaur

Raj Moyal

Sanjay Kumar Yadav

Ravi Kumar

Shobhit Satsangi

Under the supervision of

Dr. D. Bhagwan Das

2010-2011

Faculty of Engineering


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Dayalbagh Educational Institute

Dayalbagh, Agra 282110

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Design Engineering /Theme Development Project

work reported in the dissertation entitled SOLAR POWERED GPSGUIDED AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE submitted by Gautam Kumar,

Abhay Kumar Bhatt, Nishant Goyal, Abhishek Modi, Avinash singh,

Sandeep Kumar Mahaur, Raj Moyal, Sanjay Kumar Yadav, Ravi

Kumar, Shobhit Satsangi, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for theaward of the Degree ofBachelor of Science in Engineering, is a record of

the bonafide work carried out under my supervision. Further, that the matter

in this report has not been submitted to any other University / Institute for the

award of any degree or Diploma.

(Dr. D. Bhagwan Das)Dayalbagh READER, Faculty of Engineering

19-4-2011 Dayalbagh Educational Institute

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to our project guide Dr. D.Bhagwan Das, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty ofEngineering, D.E.I for his painstaking and wholehearted efforts and the

invaluable guidance at each stage of the development of our project. All the

ideas were paid heed to patiently and students were continually encouraged

to bring forth simple and innovative ideas.

Last but not the least we thank our friends and batch mates co-

operation extended.

Gautam Kumar

Abhay K Bhatt

Nishant Goyal

Abhishek Modi

Avinash kumar

Sandeep Kumar MahaurRaj Moyal

Sanjay Kumar Yadav

Ravi Kumar

Shobhit Satsangi

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CONTENTS

CERTIFICATE.....................................................................................................................3ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..................................................................................................4

CONTENTS .............................................................................................. 5

DESIGN ENGINEERING / THEME DEVELOPMENT (DE/TD) ..................................... 6INTRODUCTION: .............................................................................................. 6

ADVANTAGES OF DE/TD: .............................................................................. 6

METHODOLOGY OF DESIGN .......................................................................................... 7REALIZATION OF NEED:- .............................................................................. 7

PROBLEM FORMULATION:- .......................................................................... 7

NEED ANALYSIS:- ........................................................................................... 7

GENERATION OF LARGE NUMBER OF SOLUTIONS:- ............................. 8SCREEN FOR FEASIBILITY:- .......................................................................... 8

PRELIMINARY DESIGN:- ................................................................................ 9

DETAILED DESIGN:- ....................................................................................... 9

FABRICATION AND TESTING:- .....................................................................9IDENTIFICATION OF NEED ...........................................................................................10

............................................................................................................................................ 15INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION FOR THE PROJECT: ................... 17

NEED ANALYSIS: .......................................................................................... 17

Need for a survey .............................................................................................17

How a survey needs to be conducted .................................................................18DESIGN ALTERNATIVES ............................................................................................... 20

BASIC DESIGN ..................................................................................................................22

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DESIGN ENGINEERING / THEMEDEVELOPMENT (DE/TD)

INTRODUCTION:

DETD basically stands for Design Engineering / Theme Development.

This course basically deals with the development and implementation of a

particular theme. This gives an opportunity to integrate the theoretical aspects

of engineering into our daily lives which is more or less practical in nature.

The various steps involved in the design process are:-

Need identification

Problem formulation

Need analysis

Generation of large number of design ideas

Feasibility study

Preliminary design

Detailed design Manufacture

Evaluate and check if it satisfies its purpose for which it was designed

ADVANTAGES OF DE/TD:

This course has helped us in the development of the following

qualities:-

Objectivity

Questioning attitude

Open mindedness

Constructive discontent

Sensitivity

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In this course, we try to suggest innovative ideas or provide better

solutions to the immediate problems concerning our daily lives by

considering the feasibility, reliability studies, economic viability and

consideration for safety.

After the identification of need the most prominent among them isselected through public surveys and similarly the preliminary design is again

in accordance with the public interest.

Usually there is lot of difference between theoretical design and its

practical implementation. Thus this course introduces us to the basics of

design process and provides a platform to use our creativity and

innovativeness to put the project into practical implementation.

METHODOLOGY OF DESIGN

It is a step by step procedure for solving open-ended design problems. In ourdesign engineering/theme development (DE/TD) project, we have gone throughsame steps as mentioned in methodology of design. The brief descriptions ofthe steps involved in it are given below:-

REALIZATION OF NEED:-Following factors are considered in the step of realization of need:-

Preliminary need statement of the sponsors. Identification of the need. The requirement of the society need to be jotted down at one place, sothat particular need of society, which could be fulfilled, can easily b foundout.

PROBLEM FORMULATION:-Problem Formulation is a step in which the designers problem statement isgiven. State what is to be achieved (without thinking about the solution) inmost general terms. Statement shouldnt suggest solution to the problem.

NEED ANALYSIS:-

A. Analyze in details what is to be done:Understand, what is to be accomplished? What are the existing methodsto do it? Will the proposed device save labor, be cheaper, efficient andfulfill the need of user? Will there be demand of the device & will there

be economical justification for the product?

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B. Identify Objectives:Before accomplishing anything, we should be clear in our objectives.Objectives include what the user wants, knowing which; we can achieveease of operations, ease of maintenance and enhance durability and levelof comfort.PREPARE THE WEIGHTED RELATIVE ATTRIBUTE MATRIX (IFREQUIRED).

C. Activity Analysis:Identify inputs, outputs, desirable and undesirable restrictions on inputsand outputs of the system, interaction between sub systems, andcomponent of the system, with the desirable and undesirable environment.

D. Set Targets Objectives and Design Specifications:-Identify desirable performance, cost and time objectives (wants andgenuine restrictions on input, output and systems.)

E. Philosophy Of Design:-General philosophy needs to be framed.

GENERATION OF LARGE NUMBER OF SOLUTIONS:-In this, design concepts are to be brought out to achieve the need. Analyze indetail, what is to be achieved? What are the various steps? How to gothrough them? What will be the difficulties? How to overcome them? Forthese, use design methods to create ideas, brain storming groups, individualcheck lists analogies, morphological analysis etc.

SCREEN FOR FEASIBILITY:-A. Check all the ideas for feasibility: Physical Reliability

It is to be seen, will the solution work under given circumstances? Canwe develop successful design out of this? Can we perform all thefunctions?

Technical FeasibilityAre any laws being violated? Will the expected performance levels beadequate? Can it be made with the talent, skill and facilities available?Is the raw material available easily and continuously? Are the mustconditions satisfied? Is it fooling proof??

Social AcceptabilityIs it easy to use? Will it be suitable, acceptable to the people? Does itcause any harmful effects or hazards of any kind? Is it safe for the userand public in general?

Economic Viability: How much will it cost? Will it have anyeconomic advantages for users? Will there be its demand at the cost ithas been priced? Will a manufacturing concern be benefited?

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Financial FeasibilityWhat resources are needed for its design, development andmanufacture on the commercial basis? How can they be procured?Eliminate the concepts which are impossible, improvable and thosehaving low physical reliability, social unacceptability, too high a costor poor economic viability. Find the utility of the remaining designconcepts. Quantitative decision matrix may be used.

PRELIMINARY DESIGN:-System conceptualization, functional diagram to accomplish differentfunctions as per the finally selected design concepts, system synthesis,interaction between sub systems, desirable and undesirable, compatibility,simplifications, minimum parts. Perform overall design calculations of fixingsizes, capacities, desired outputs, overall layout.

DETAILED DESIGN:-A. Sketch mechanism for different functions:-

Synthesize the subsystem, design for coordinated working as a whole.Determine the size and the shape of the parts on the basis of strength andfunctional and production requirements. Design for economical

production of parts, ease of assembly, operation and use, maintenance,repair and replacement.

B. Prepare drawings i. Assembly drawings to show all the parts, constructional details,

methods of assembly and working of subsystem. Give as many views aspossible and sectional views of parts where assemblies are needed to show

details clearly.ii. Detailed drawing of each part to define the part completely in shape

and size. Give material specifications, manufacturing, instructions, tolerancesetc.

FABRICATION AND TESTING:-Prepare operation, sequence for the fabricate parts, assemble prototype andtest whether it satisfies the identified need.

COST ESTIMATE:-Prepare a rough estimate of cost.

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IDENTIFICATION OF NEEDThere has to a need or some area of dissatisfaction which can initiate the design

process. Thus identification of need is very important and is the first step in the

design process.

The group was asked to come up with problems concerning our daily lives.The students identified various areas in our daily lives where there was scope for

improvement. The prominent ones which caught our attention have been listed

below:-

TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM

1. IDEA/INNOVATION The product being proposed is a module that

will be used to control traffic in the urban cities. It will comprise of a

sensor that can be fixed in the upper layer of the roads and it will be

able to sense the volume of the traffic that will be moving over it. This

data will be sent to a central control system in the city. This central

system will process data received from all the sensors around the city

and then will send signals to the traffic lights all over the city such that

the traffic lights will be green, yellow or red according to the volumeof traffic in that lane.

2. NEED When we move in cities we see that we need to wait for the

traffic lights to go green for long durations like 60 or 120 seconds even

when there is no traffic on the other lane in which signal is green. This

causes wastage of time as well as a large volume of traffic gets

accumulated unnecessarily.

3. EXISTENCE - After a detailed search on the internet and in local

markets, it was found that a number of different traffic control systems

are proposed but either due to their high cost or problems in their

implementation. We propose to use simple and cheap sensors like

photodiodes or simple infrared sensors.

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4. COST Where ever we have a traffic signal arrangement, a

communication network is already there. So we need not remake or

change all of our system but the just the sensors need to be placed in

the roads and their interconnection with the network is required. Thismakes our plan very cost effective.

5. FEASIBILITY - The product can be manufactured with sufficient ease

in the labs and workshop of faculty of engineering. Any industry

already into manufacturing electronic component or sensors can easily

expand their product range by including the proposed design.

SMART PARKING SYSTEM FOR VEHICLEs:

1. IDEA/INNOVATION The idea is to design system in a car whichconsists of group of cameras mounted along all over periphery of the

car which takes respective views in all the directions in horizontal

plane and then through a computer simulation programming technique

we assemble these views into a single top view of the car; this view

will aid the driver to park the car more efficiently.

2. NEED With the increase in traffic on the limited roads and parking

places their exist an utter need of parking car in a well oriented manner

close to other standing car for utilizing the parking space more

efficiently.

3. EXISTENCE Such system has not been introduced earlier on

application but has been remained in theory due to lack of

development of such a well-timed and sophisticated software.

4. COST- The system would include minimum cost of Rs.50, 000 for

cameras and relative sensors and cost of software interface is not

decided.

5. FEASIBILTY: The project is feasible only through the development of

more sophisticated video assembling software interface.

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SOLAR POWERED GPS GUIDED AUTONOMOUS

VEHICLE

1. IDEA/INNOVATION: The proposed vehicle has semi autonomous

control which can be transferred to manual control. There are sensors

employed for avoiding the obstacles by turning the vehicle. In

autonomous mode path planning is employed to guide the vehicle

using GPS. The vehicle is provided with solar cells.

2. NEED- The worsening of todays energy scene with each passing day,

and increasing global problems of pollution, global warming, fossil

fuel depletion, etc, itself tell the need of a new energy source which is

clean, versatile, easily accessible, and solar energy is better in thesethan its competitors.

Also the concept of autonomous vehicles is of prime importance in

todays world with the aim of creating a better transportation system

for the society. An autonomous system is well coordinated, controlled

and planned. In present system the increasing number of accidents tell

the importance of this concept.

3. EXISTENCE: This idea is present only in research fields. There is no

commercialization of this project in todays world.

4. COST: Include the cost of chassis, motors, sensors, solar cells,

batteries, etc. A rough estimate is about 1.6 lac.5. FEASIBILITY: This idea is feasible. Already a lot of research had

been done on solar energy in faculty of engr. The sensors are provided

in the lab. With the kind of workshop and lab facilities we have the

design and development of the vehicle is feasible.

SMART HOME SYSTEM:

1. IDEA/ INNOVATION A wireless communication system within

home which through Bluetooth waves can inter-relate each and every

electronic appliances and sensors for smarter home management.

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2. NEED In modern home the residents are becoming more and busier.

They require smart system that would make their housing experience

more enjoyable as

Through this system the house becomes more secure as the

smoke detectors, theft cameras could respond immediatelythrough message alerts via central server connected to mobile

phone to the owner in case of any discrepancy.

Through this system we could transfer files from one storage

device to another linked with desktop, laptop, TV to the output

peripheral printer or scanner as needed; thus saving cost of extra

auxiliary devices

3. EXISTENCE It is in existence and in application in many western

homes of developed world but it can also be further modified with theaid of central server for receiving and sending information in and out

of the house or office.

4. COST depends entirely on types and number of appliances connected

to central server whose cost could be round in a lakh.

5. FEASIBILITY The system is feasible easily as only problem lies in

the extent of its usage.

PARKING GATE USING IR

1. IDEA/INNOVATION In this project the Infrared is used tocontrol the parking gate. An Infrared transmitter is installed in the owners

car and a receiver is installed on the parking gate. When the owner

reaches home, Infrared transmission and reception will be detected by the

microcontroller and it gives the appropriate command to open the gates

automatically so the Car can enter the building without any involvement

of physical action of human being to open the gates.

2. NEED - As next-generation electronic information systems evolve,it is critical that all people have access to the information available via

these systems. Examples of developing and future information systems

include interactive television, touch screen-based information kiosks, and

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advanced Internet programs. Infrared technology, increasingly present in

mainstream applications, holds great potential for enabling people with a

variety of disabilities to access a growing list of information resources.

Already commonly used in remote control of TVs, VCRs and CD

players, infrared technology is also being used and developed for remote

control of environmental control systems, personal computers.

3. EXISTENCE - After a detailed search on the internet and in local

markets, it was found that similar products exist but they do not cater to

all Car locking systems Augmentative communication devices

Computers

a. Mouse

b. Keyboards

c. Floppy disk drives

d. Printers

4. COST - The entire system is not costly and is also reliable.

5. FEASIBILITY - The product can be manufactured with sufficient

ease in the microprocessor lab of faculty of engineering. Any industryalready into manufacturing such an accessory can easily expand their

product range by including the proposed design.

PROBLEM SELECTION

The objective now was to select the most suitable theme as our project.The chosen theme should be such that it satisfied the immediate need of the

people of all sections of society. Hence, a survey was conducted to get the

opinion of the public and to gauge the demand of the people.

The people were asked to rate the projects on the basis of their

innovation, feasibility, cost, need/usage and existence on the scale of 1 to

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5(1-Best and 5-Worst). Then overall total was calculated. The results were

observed as follows:

PROBLEM SCORE

Solar owered GPS uided autonomous vehicle 11Smart parking system for vehicles 14Smart home system 17Traffic control system 15

Automatic garage opener 13

Auto volume adjustment in audio systems 16

Thus, it is apparent from the table that majority of people opted for project

of solar powered GPS guided autonomous vehicle. We decided that solar

powered GPS guided autonomous vehicle be selected as our theme for

DE/TD.

SURVEY(to be included)

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16

Initiation: Generation of idea

Definin the roblem

Isstudy

feasibl

e?

Collecting the

Is there a

need toeliminate the

selectedproblem?

Abundan

Abundan

Find out the

need analysi

Record theobtained

information

Critical examination

Is

information

sufficient?

Development of new

method

Re examine the record

Selecting main problem on which wehave to work

Report making

End

No

Yes

Yes

YNo

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DESIGN PROCESS

SOLAR POWERED GPS GUIDED AUTONOMOUSCAR

INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION FOR THE PROJECT:

After brainstorming session, one idea appealed entire group. It was the design

and development of solar powered autonomous vehicle. The proposed

vehicle has two controls, namely autonomous and manual, with manual

switching provided. Sensors are employed for avoiding obstacles that hinderthe path of the vehicle. The vehicle turns taking alternate path to avoid the

obstacle and in worse case if it faces an obstacle larger than avoidable it just

stops and waits for the obstacle to remove. Manual control comes handy in

this condition. In autonomous mode the micro controller plans for the best

path when it is provided with the location of the target. The vehicle is

provided with solar power which can provide life to the vehicle for 2-3 hours

continuously in a day charging.

NEED ANALYSIS:

Need for a survey

Before designing any theme or any problem, it is necessary for the designer

to have the specifications in front of him. This will enable him to draw out a

plan to connect the requirements with the resources available. Thus, the need

is to be analyzed for parameters like requirements of different groups of

people, performance parameters and ultimately the cost of manufacture.

Thus, a survey was conducted which enabled us to find out what exactly what

the people expected from the device. The survey sheets are provided to

preserve the authenticity of the need analysis.

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How a survey needs to be conducted

Surveys are important tools which give the response of the people to a

problem. The survey is conducted in a manner such that the sample chosen

reflects the whole of the population or that cross section of people for which

the problem has been poised. Thus, proper sampling is very important in

order to get a complete picture of the problem.

Thus, in our survey, we have tried to identify the users of the tank cleaning

device and have classified them broadly into 3 categories:

Manufacturers

Distributors

Household users

We feel that this classification almost covers the whole of the spectrum for

which the product has been designed.

The table given below summarizes the various features as desired by the users

(rating is done on a scale of 1)

Accuracy Durability Cost Reliability PerformanceEase of

operation

Manufacturers 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.80 0.75 0.80

Distributors 0.55 0.75 0.85 0.65 0.80 0.65

Users 0.68 0.76 0.68 0.68 0.84 0.68

Others 0.70 0.65 0.45 0.80 0.70 0.75

Average 0.695 0.740 0.680 0.730 0.770 0.720

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This survey gave us the information about the various types of users

regarding their needs and thus helped us to formulate our problem

statement as well as also in-

Analyzing in detail what is to be done?

Identifying objectives - It includes "WANTS" of users.

Activity analysis - It is identification of inputs, outputs desirable

and undesirable, restrictions on inputs, outputs and the system.

Setting target objectives and design specifications

NEED STATEMENT

In fast growing transportation faculties, the new world is in constant

pressure of developing new ways to develop green and effective mediums in

order to sustain ecological balance on our planet Earth. The development of

solar powered vehicles initiates this noble cause but they have to be

competitive enough to face stiff competitions with other powering techniques(whether conventional or not) to be able to taken noticed by users.

The public has had an on again/off again love affair with solar

powered cars. The idea of using the suns energy as fuel is inherently

appealing. However many people have also raised valid questions about the

usefulness of the solar powered car as a reliable means of transportation.

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DESIGN ALTERNATIVES

On basis of power transmission to which tire: Here in the design wepreferred using single rear wheel drive because it will aid car in easy turning

without skidding as well as lesser power loss due to friction in the bearings.

Mode of transmission: Here we have incorporated two permanently alignedspur gears with gear ratio of 1:1(for lesser speed) coupled between two shafts, onehaving motor and other having wheel axle. The reason behind the choice is to

make the model as simple as possible which fulfills our basic demand.

Motors

Circuits

Sensors

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RESULTS OF BRAIN STORMING

Usage of four wheeled drive....

For better stability of vehicle on the road and for carrying theweight of the solar panel.

For automatic steering control on the front axle by the usage of

stepper motor.

Usage of semi-automatic control mechanism...

For more reliability of performance of the vehicle so that it could

reach to its desired location by avoiding obstacles as it could switch

between manual and auto mode. For ease of operation and less interference or even unmanned

vehicle is possible at the need of time.

Usage of solar power as chief source of energy...

As it provides for free and sustainable source of energy which is

easily accessible at certain period of time.

Ease of construction of the vehicle with no complex power and

transmission parts being used.

It can pay back it initial cost within few years of its operation and

after than the user can earn profit on it.

Usage of having four seats on the vehicle...

As it can support load of about 300kg around and run at a fair speed

to decent distance with the battery properly charged.

Economical capacity which it could handle.

Usage of stepper motor and dc motor Stepper motor provides for high torque needed for turning.

DC motor needed for transmission of power to driving shaft for

moving the vehicle.

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BASIC DESIGN

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FEATURES

Solar Powered

GPS Guided

Obstacle avoidance

Path follower

Can switch between auto and manual control

Compact and light weight

Microcontroller based control

APPLICATIONS

1. Transportation for public [especially for senior citizens and

physically challenged]: As we know that sometimes senior citizens and

physically challenged people becomes dependent on others for

transportation, so this vehicle will lead to their self-dependency.

2. In industries for carrying goods and raw material from one shop

to other on well-defined paths: As Industries have well defined paths

we can use this vehicle for transportation of goods and raw materials. It

will also make environment pollution free.

3. As a tourist vehicle in heritage areas to combat the problem of

pollution: Pollution today has become one of the most alarming problem

in maintaining our heritage and monuments so our vehicle can be run inareas of historical importance to avoid this problem.

4. As surveillance vehicle: In critical areas i.e. behind enemy lines, we

can use this vehicle as the spy for gaining access to the critical

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information about enemy bunkers and control room for planning up

strategic military operations.

UNIQUE FEATURES OF OUR FINAL

DESIGN

It will be pioneer itself in the field of

driverless vehicles:The humans though how well prepared for the job are subjected to make

certain unforced errors which fortunately a good machine never

commits. Thus we are making an unmanned control vehicle with built in

sensors and rectifiers for achieving our purpose.

Saves drivers cost and driving time of the human.

Competitive edge:

The technology is making life of the human restless as on each andevery day someone is coming up with better ideas of improving vehicle

mobility within complex road traffic, thus we are introducing GPS

tracking technology into this vehicle for autonomous mobilization.

Affective fuel alternate:Petrol and diesel prices are on the rise and with the development of

infrastructure and depletion of oil wells it will definitely be above par

for a normal customer and then need of cheap and sustainable fuel willdefinitely arise; which could be sorted with the application of solar

powered vehicles.

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FUTURE ASPECTS

1.Providing full autonomous functionality in the vehicle: Thecapabilities of the system will be extended for including the real life

situations of traffic in the society.

2.

Path planning: - When provided with the location of the target thevehicle will plan a path to reach the same. The micro controllers using

GPS system will guide the vehicle.

3. Wireless Communication Systems range will be extended to

increase the area of exploration which in todays proposed model is

limited to a radius of 1.6km.

4. Image processingfor exploration of unknown environments to

create a virtual map of the terrain and communicating to the master

control.

5.Sophisticated interconnected road navigation system can be

developed in the metropolitan cities with the incorporation of such

highly advanced satellite communicated vehicles.

COST ESTIMATE(to edit)

Parts Final cost

1. Chassis Rs.50,000

2. Motors(DC and Stepper) Rs.30,000

3. Battery Rs.8,000

4. Solar panel Rs.20,000(per panel)

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5. Supporting beams Rs.3,500 approx.

6. Sensors and other electronic accessories Rs.15,000

7. Accessories Rs.10,000 approx.

TOTAL COST Rs.1, 56,500(approx.)

detd report final 2010 modified

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