Life may be water-based but the components of life science research are not always water-soluble. Sigma detergents can solve your solubility challenges.

FOR LIFE SCIENCE RESEARCH Volume 3 Number 3

Detergents and Solubilization Reagents

Proteomics Kits and Reagents

Detergent Properties and Applications

BioUltra Detergents

Cyclodextrins

Antifoams

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2008Volume 3Number 3

FOR LIFE SCIENCE RESEARCH

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Table of Contents

Introduction ..................................................... 3

Proteomics Kits and Reagents ........................ 4 �ProteoPrep®

Protein Extraction Kits ................................. 5 CelLytics .......................................................... 7

Detergent Properties and Applications .................................... 14

BioUltra Detergents ...................................... 18

Detergents ..................................................... 20 Non-ionic Detergents .................................... 20 Anionic Detergents ........................................ 25 Cationic Detergents ....................................... 29 Zwitterionic Detergents ................................. 30 Non-detergent Sulfobetaines ......................... 31

Cyclodextrins ................................................. 32

Antifoams ...................................................... 33

Detergent Removal ....................................... 35

Our Innovation, Your Research — Shaping the Future of Life Science �

IntroductionVicki CaligurProduct Manager, Specialty Biochemistryvicki.caligur@sial.com

Detergents have been staples in the research laboratory for over 60 years. A paper from 1946 regarding the isolation of Eschericia coli phage using cationic detergents cites earlier work on the lysis of bacteria and viruses with detergents.1 The ongoing challenge continues for analysis and preparation of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and small biomolecules in aqueous media. Life may be water-based but its components are not always water-soluble.

Given the vast number of past publications, older reviews of detergent properties and applications are still informative. Recent articles on analysis, isolation, and crystallization of membrane proteins demonstrate detergents

are not obsolete, but continue as important reagents in life science research.2–4

For proteomics applications, the use of detergents focuses on the balance of attributes a detergent provides:

1. The detergent should solubilize the protein.

2. The detergent should stabilize the folded protein to maintain functionality.

3. The detergent must not interfere with downstream techniques. This may be accomplished by either selection of a non-interfering detergent or by removal of the detergent after isolation of the detergent-protein complex.

Since detergents are common, well-established reagents, it is useful to review their suitability for biomolecular solubilization and understand how to use physical parameters for detergent selection in a specific application. Even then, experimentation and evaluation are often required. As stated by Privé, “Despite the large number of detergents that are commercially available, no single “universal detergent” is ideally suited to all biochemical applications.”2

In this issue of BioFiles, you will find

� ProteoPrep® extraction kits, designed for native protein extraction from a variety of sources, including Escherichia coli, cell paste, and plant or animal tissue.

� CelLytic™, Sigma’s suite of reagents used for bacterial cell lysis and extraction of solubilized recombinant proteins, as well as mammalian and plant cell lysis.

� An extensive table of the physical properties and recommended biological applications for key detergents.

� BioUltra detergents for demanding applications, where minimizing impurities is a critical factor.

� Cyclodextrins for an alternative method to solubilize biochemicals

� Porozorb™ and Rezorian™ cartridges and MiniTips™ columns for detergent removal/depletion

References

1. Kalter, S.S., et al., The isolation of Escherichia coli phage by means of cationic deter-gents. J. Bacteriol., 52, 237-240 (1946).

2. Privé, G.G., Detergents for the stabilization and crystallization of membrane proteins. Methods, 41, 388-397 (2007).

3. Arnold, T., and Linke, D., Phase separation in the isolation and purification of mem-brane proteins. BioTechniques, 43, 427-440 (2007).

4. Maslennikov, I., et al., NMR spectroscopic and analytical ultracentrifuge analysis of membrane protein detergent complexes. BMC Struct. Biol., 7, 74 (2007).

Intro

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ProteinStabilization

ProteinSolubilization

Avoid Downstream Interference

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ProteoPrep® Membrane Extraction Kit

ProteoPrep Universal Extraction Kit

ProteoPrep Total Extraction Sample Kit

ProteoPrep Detergent Sample Pack

Catalog Number PROTMEM PROTTWO PROTTOT PROTDT

Recommended Sample Sizes

10 mL per 20 mg E. coli; use 2 mL per 50-100 mg wet cell paste or 250 mg tissue samples

10 mL per 20 mg E. coli; use 2 mL per 50-100 mg wet cell paste or 250 mg tissue samples

2 mL per 10 mg E. coli, 50-100 mg wet cell paste, or 250 mg tissue samples

Type and amount depends on sample and protein of interest

Sample Scale Minimum 6 2-mL samples Minimum 10 2-mL samples Minimum 10 2-mL samples Varies with application

Applications n For preparing a highly enriched membrane protein solution from many types of cells

n Yields protein solution that is ideal for expression profiling by 2D gel electrophoresis and subsequent MS following detergent removal

n For the sequential isolation of separate soluble cytoplasmic and membrane proteins

n Final protein solutions are uniquely ready for expression profiling by 2D gel electrophoresis and subsequent MS following detergent removal

n For testing or optimizing extraction conditions to produce total protein extracts and provides four fractions

n Provides four proteins extracts for profiling by 2D electrophoresis and subsequent MS following detergent removal

n Innovative detergents for customizing and optimizing protein extraction protocols, which may vary with the protein of interest and cell type

n Protein extracts are suitable for profiling by 2D electrophoresis and subsequent MS following detergent removal

Product Descriptions This kit utilizes a powerful detergent for higher loading and high resolution of proteins in 2D gel electrophoresis, providing excellent visualization of low abundance/low copy proteins. This kit also includes reagents for reduction and alkylation of disulfide bonds.

This kit features innovative detergents, and uses specially formulated reagents to generate two subcellular protein fractions. The special reducing and alkylating reagents produce samples that exhibit improved focusing and decreased streaking in 2D gels.

This kit provides four extraction reagents of increasing solubilizing power. Along with conventional reagents, the kit also includes the newer generation of detergents. This allows comparison of the protein extractions obtained with each of the four reagents.

This sample pack contains 10 non-ionic and zwitterionic detergents for protein solubilization. Zwitterionic detergents uniquely offer some intermediate class properties that are superior to other detergent types. Each detergent is supplied in a convenient package.

Kit Components n Soluble Cytoplasmic and Loosely-bound Membrane Protein Extraction Reagent, 3 × 125 mL (S2813)

n Protein Extraction Reagent Type 4, 23 mL (C0356)

n Tributylphosphine Stock Solution, 5 × 0.5 mL (T7567)

n Alkylating Reagent, Iodoacetamide, 5 × 56 mg (A3221)

n Soluble Cytoplasmic Extrac-tion Reagent, 2 × 125 mL (S2688)

n Soluble Protein Resuspension Reagent, 23 mL (S3688)

n Protein Extraction Reagent Type 4, 23 mL (C0356)

n Tributylphosphine Stock Solution, 5 × 0.5 mL (T7567)

n Alkylating Reagent, Iodoacetamide, 5 × 56 mg (A3221)

n Protein Extraction Reagent Type 1 (C0481)

n Protein Extraction Reagent Type 2 (C0606)

n Protein Extraction Reagent Type 3 (C0731)

n Protein Extraction Reagent Type 4 (C0356)

n Tributylphosphine Stock Solution, 5 × 0.5 mL (T7567)

n Alkylating Reagent, Iodoacetamide, 5 × 56 mg (A3221)

n C7BzO, 1 g (C0856) n CHAPS, 1 g (C9426)n ASB-14, 1 g (A1346)n SB3-10, 1 g (D4266)n n-Dodecyl b-d-maltoside,

1 g (D4641)n Octyl b-d-glucopyranoside,

1 g (O8001)n Octyl b-d-1-thioglucopy-

ranoside, 1 g (O6004)n Polyoxyethylene 10 tridecyl

ether (C13E10), 1 g (P2393)n BRIJ® 56, 1 g (P5759)n TRITON® X-100, 1 mL

(T8532)

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Proteomics Kits and Reagents

Our Innovation, Your Research — Shaping the Future of Life Science �

ProteoPrep® Protein Extraction Kits

ProteoPrep Universal Extraction KitFor the sequential isolation of separate soluble cytoplasmic & membrane protein fractions

This kit features new and innovative detergents, and uses specially formulated reagents and an optimized protocol designed to generate two prepared subcellular fractions that are uniquely ready for two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis.

� Fraction 1: Soluble/Cytoplasmic Proteins

� Fraction 2: Membrane Proteins

The special reducing and alkylating reagents produce samples that exhibit improved focusing and decreased streaking in 2D gels. This kit provides reagents sufficient to process a minimum of ten samples, yielding two fractions each. This kit is appropriate for use with various model organism sample sources used in proteomics research. Improved solubility allows for higher protein loading capacities, resulting in improved visualization of low abundance proteins in 2D gels.

� Innovative detergent preparations - Highly improved solubility allows for higher protein loads and greater visibility of low abundance proteins on 2D gels.

� Two pre-mixed solubilization solutions - Generates two distinct populations for easy 2D analysis.

� Pre-measured reducing and alkylating reagents - Easy-to-use reagents provide improved IEF resolution.

� Pre-weighed dry blends - Stable and easy to reconstitute.

� Conveniently packaged - No waste; use only the amount needed.

ProteoPrep® Universal Extraction Kit

Components

Soluble cytoplasmic extraction reagent 2×125 mLProtein Extraction Reagent Type 4 (Sigma C0356) 23 mLTributylphosphine solution (Sigma T7567) 5×0.5 mLIodoacetamide (Sigma A3221) 5×56 mgSoluble protein resuspension reagent 23 mL store at: 2-8°C

PROTTWO-1KT 1 kit

ProteoPrep Membrane Extraction KitFor total extraction of membrane proteins

This kit features new and innovative detergents, and uses specially formulated reagents and an optimized protocol to generate one fraction containing membrane proteins that is uniquely ready for two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis. The special reducing and alkylating reagents produce samples that exhibit improved focusing and decreased streaking in 2D gels. This kit is appropriate for use with various model organism sample sources used in proteomics research. Higher protein loading capacities and improved solubility, especially for difficult membrane bound proteins, provide excellent visualization of low abundance/low copy proteins.

� Innovative detergent preparations - Improved solubility allows for higher protein loads and greater visibility of low abundance proteins in 2D gels.

� Two pre-mixed solubilization solutions - Removes interfering non-membrane proteins prior to extraction, resulting in uncluttered 2D arrays.

� Pre-measured reducing and alkylating reagents - Easy-to-use reagents provide improved IEF resolution.

ProteoPrep® Membrane Extraction Kit

Components

Soluble cytoplasmic and loosely-bound membrane protein extraction reagent 3 × 125 mLTributylphosphine solution (Sigma T7567) 5 × 0.5 mLProtein Extraction Reagent Type 4 (Sigma C0356) 23 mLIodoacetamide (Sigma A3221) 5 × 56 mg store at: 2-8°C

PROTMEM-1KT 1 kit

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ProteoPrep Total Extraction Sample KitFor testing or optimizing extraction conditions to produce total protein extracts

This kit provides four extraction reagents of increasing solubilizing power, each of which can generate total protein extracts from cellular samples. Along with conventional reagents, the kit also includes the newest generation of detergent reagents. This allows comparison of the protein extractions obtained with each of the four reagents and optimization to meet your individual needs. The reducing and alkylating reagents produce protein samples that exhibit improved focusing and decreased streaking in 2D gels. Enough of each component is provided to process a minimum of ten samples by each extraction reagent. For researchers who have optimized an extraction protocol using one chaotropic extraction reagent, each reagent is available as an individual product as well.

� Four pre-mixed solubilization reagents - Enables rapid solublization.

� Pre-measured reducing and alkylating reagents - Easy-to-use reagents provide improved IEF resolution.

� Innovative detergent preparations - Highly improved solubility allows higher protein loads and greater visibility of low abundance proteins in 2D gels.

ProteoPrep® Total Extraction Sample Kit

Components

Protein Extraction Reagent Type 1 (Sigma C0481) Protein Extraction Reagent Type 2 (Sigma C0606) Protein Extraction Reagent Type 3 (Sigma C0731) Protein Extraction Reagent Type 4 (Sigma C0356) Iodoacetamide (Sigma A3221) 5 × 56 mgTributylphosphine solution (Sigma T7567) 5 × 0.5 mL store at: 2-8°C

PROTTOT-1KT 1 kit

ProteoPrep Detergent Sample KitCustomize & optimize your protein extraction using the most innovative detergents available.

Protein extraction is considered by many to be the most critical step of proteomic analysis; proteins to be studied must first be solublized. The ProteoPrep Detergent Sample pack contains 10 detergents, non-ionic and zwitterionic, for solubilization of membrane proteins. The variety of detergents enables testing and optimizing of extraction formulas, which vary with the protein of interest and cell type.

ProteoPrep® Detergent Sample Kit

Components

ASB-14 (Sigma A1346) 1 gBrij® 56 (Sigma P5759) 1 gC7BzO (Sigma C0856) 1 gPolyoxyethylene 10 tridecyl ether (Sigma P2393) 1 gCHAPS (Sigma C9426) 1 gn-Dodecyl β-D-maltoside (Sigma D4641) 1 gOctyl β-D-glucopyranoside (Sial O8001) 1 gOctyl β-D-1-thioglucopyranoside (Sigma O6004) 1 g3-(Decyldimethylammonio)propanesulfonate inner salt (Sigma D4266) 1 gTriton® X-100 (Sigma T8532) 1 ml

PROTDT-1KT 1 kit

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Our Innovation, Your Research — Shaping the Future of Life Science �

CelLyticsCelLytic reagents have been specifically developed for the lysis of cells from natural sources and bacterial expression systems and to extract cellular proteins, including inclusion bodies, using a non-denaturing environment. Overall protein extraction efficiencies using CelLytic reagents are consistently higher than for other common protocols, such as freeze-thawing or sonication. These proprietary formulations do not interfere with downstream applications such as Western blotting, gel-shift assays, affinity purification, and reporter detection techniques. The CelLytic products are compatible with a wide variety of protease inhibitors, chelating agents, and chaotropes and are available as ready-to-use solutions, concentrated reagents for large-scale processes, and convenient powders and tablets for the lysis of bacterial cultures.

Bacterial Lysis

CelLytic™ B, CelLytic B 2×, and CelLytic B 10×CelLytic B is a highly efficient, yet gentle reagent for the extraction of proteins from bacteria (E. coli). This reagent is a proprietary formulation of two zwitterionic detergents in 40 mM Trizma®-HCl (pH 8.0). Treatment of bacterial cells with CelLytic B results in the rapid extraction of proteins that are suitable for affinity purification and analysis. CelLytic B is the method of choice for recombinant protein extraction and purification from E. coli.

CelLytic B 2× has double the strength of CelLytic B for small volume extractions. Only 5 ml of the CelLytic B 2× reagent is required to lyse and extract protein from 1 gram of wet cell paste. This allows CelLytic B 2× to be used when a higher protein concentration or lower volume is required. The original formula, CelLytic B, requires 10-20 ml of the reagent for 1 gram of wet cell paste.

CelLytic 10× is provided as a concentrated mixture of the proprietary detergents found in CelLytic B, without the presence of a buffering component. This allows the user to customize the extraction reagent by choosing the detergent concentration and buffering components ideal for the extraction and purification of their protein(s) of interest. CelLytic 10× is also suitable for the lysis of yeast and mammalian cells.

Features and Benefits

� Gentle, non-denaturing bacterial cell lysis

� Highly efficient protein extraction

� Compatible with affinity purification

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CelLytic B(B7435)

Competitor N Competitor P Lysozyme Sonication

One gram of E. coli cell paste was extracted using CelLytic B, lysozyme, sonication, or a commercially available bacterial extraction reagent. CelLytic B, Competitor N, and Competitor P were all used at a ratio of 10 mL per gram of cell paste. The lysozyme treatment was performed using 1 mg/mL lysozyme (Cat. No. L6876) and 10 mM EDTA on ice for 15 minutes. Sonication time was 2 minutes on ice. Total protein extracted was determined by BCA assay.

CelLytic™ B Cell Lysis Reagent

Covered by US Patent No 7,282,475 B2 and are sold for research use only. Commercial use requires addtional licenses.

standard strength

B7435-50ML 50 mLB7435-500ML 500 mL

2× concentrate

B7310-50ML 50 mLB7310-250ML 250 mL

10× concentrate

C8740-10ML 10 mLC8740-50ML 50 mLC8740-100ML 100 mL

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CelLytic™ B PlusFor efficient protein extraction of Gram-positive and Gram-negative Bacteria

The CelLytic B Plus Kit is designed to efficiently lyse cells and extract proteins from both Gram-negative, and difficult to lyse Gram-positive bacteria. This is accomplished using the standard CelLytic B, a proprietary non-ionic detergent in concert with lysozyme, Benzonase®, and protease inhibitors. This complete kit takes the guesswork out of protein extraction from a variety of bacterial species.

Features and Benefits

� Lyse Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria

� More efficient than sonication

� Compatible with affinity purification

� Isolate inclusion bodies for subsequent solubilization

� Non-denaturing cell lysis preserves protein function

Lysis with CelLytic B Plus preserves protein function and is compatible with affinity chromatography. The gentle non-denaturing conditions preserve protein function so that assays can often be performed without removal of lysis reagents. Lysates containing CelLytic B Plus can be applied directly to ANTI-FLAG® M2 and HIS-Select® Nickel Affinity Gels for direct isolation of tagged recombinant proteins. In addition, insoluble inclusion bodies can be isolated for subsequent solubilization using CelLytic IB and refolding using your method of choice.

Type of Lysis Method

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CelLytic B Plus Kit vs. leading competitors. 0.5 gram of Bacillus subtilis were lysed using standard procedures. The lysates were then spun to remove cellular debris and the su-pernatant was analyzed using Bradford Reagent (Cat. No. B6916) and 5 μl of lysate was loaded onto a 4-20% Tris-Glycine Polyacylamide Gel to visualize the proteins. The gel was then stained with EZBlue™ Gel Staining Reagent (Cat. No. G1041).

CelLytic™ B Plus Kit

1 kit sufficient for 5 g fresh or frozen cell paste

Components

CelLytic™ B Cell Lysis Reagent (Sigma B7435) Benzonase® Nuclease (Sigma E1014) Protease Inhibitor Cocktail (Sigma P8849) Lysozyme chicken egg white (Sigma L3790) store at: −20°C

CB0050-1KT 1 kit

1 kit sufficient for 50 g fresh or frozen cell paste

Components

CelLytic™ B Cell Lysis Reagent (Sigma B7435) Benzonase® Nuclease (Sigma E1014) Protease Inhibitor Cocktail (Sigma P8849) Lysozyme chicken egg white (Sigma L3790) store at: −20°C

CB0500-1KT 1 kit

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Visit Life Science Innovations Online at sigma.com/innovations.

A Perfect Fit!

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CelLytic IBCelLytic IB was designed to solubilize protein aggregates called inclusion bodies. In bacteria, inclusion bodies are sometimes formed when recombinant proteins are overexpressed. CelLytic IB was formulated to solubilize the protein of interest for immediate analysis of protein content or refolding procedures.

Solubilization Reagent

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Solubilization of Streptavidin Inclusion Bodies. Samples of solubilized inclusion body protein were assayed using BCA Reagent (Cat. No. BCA-1). 50 μl of each sample were incubated with BCA reagent at 60 °C for 15 min. The samples were then cooled to room temperature and assayed at 562 nm. The data above has been standardized to the protein recovery of CelLytic IB.

CelLytic™ IB Inclusion Body Solubilization Reagent store at: Room temp

C5236-25ML 25 mLC5236-100ML 100 mL

CelLytic™ ExpressSigma-Aldrich introduces CelLytic™ Express, a non-denaturing and highly efficient protein extraction formulation for in-culture bacterial cell lysis. This proprietary, powder formulation extracts 2-3 times more protein than conventional methods such as sonication. CelLytic Express saves time by eliminating centrifugation steps required for cell harvest and clarification of lysate. In addition, the method is fast and requires less sample manipulations, reducing proteolytic degradation and preserving recombinant protein activity.

Unlike other in-culture lysis products, CelLytic Express is a complete formulation including lysozyme and DNase I. The resulting lysate is completely clear of cellular debris, is immediately ready for affinity purification, and is compatible with products such as the HIS-Select® Affinity Gels and FLAG® Affinity Gel. It also makes possible “one-tube” purifications with magnetic bead formats, such as glutathione magnetic beads. CelLytic Express is unique in that this powder formulation adds minimal volume to the final lysate. It also makes large-scale extraction faster, more convenient and it provides a method that is easier to validate for production protocols.

Convenient package sizes that are pre-weighed powder are suitable for indicated culture volumes.

All the advantages of CelLytic™ Express now in a tablet format. Efficient and non-denaturing in-culture protein extraction.

� Save time by eliminating centrifugation steps

� Preserve biological activity with less sample manipulations

� Includes enzymes for complete lysate clarification

� Compatible with affinity resins and magnetic beads

� Ideal for Production Scale Extraction protocols

For lysis of bacterial cultures and direct affinity purification- Eliminating the need for centrifugation!

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Sonication Detergent Enzymatic

Target protein recovered from 5 ml of bacterial culture determined by Bradford assay. Four samples of culture expressing p27-MAT, a metal affinity tagged protein, were lysed using various methods. Each lysate was affinity purified on 0.5 ml of HIS-Select® Nickel Affinity Gel.

CelLytic™ Express store at: −20°C

C1990-25ML 25 mLC1990-10X25ML 10 × 25 mLC1990-6X500ML 6 × 500 mL

Cellytic™ Express, 1 mL Tablets

1 tablet sufficient for 1 mL cell suspension store at: −20°C

C5491-25EA 25 eaC5491-100EA 100 ea

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Mammalian Lysis

CelLytic™ MCelLytic M is a proprietary detergent solution designed for efficient whole-cell protein extraction from cultured mammalian cells. It enables efficient and rapid cell lysis and solubilization of proteins for both suspension and adherent cells. Treatment of adherent cells does not require scraping from culture disk. Lysates can be used in many downstream applications without removing the CelLytic M such as reporter gene assays, Western blots/immunoprecipitation, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, phosphatase assays, and kinase assays. Use 125 μl of CelLytic M for 106-107 of suspended cells. For adherent cells, use 500-1,000 μl for a 100 mm plate; 200-400 μl for a 35 mm plate.

� Efficient - Up to 50% more efficient than freeze thaw, sonication and other products

� Non-denaturing - Does not interfere in downstream applications such immunoprecipitation, kinase and phosphatase assays, reporter gene assays and gel shift assays

� Convenient - Ready-to-use reagent requires no scraping from culture plates

� Fast - Rapid cell lysis at room temperature.

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Comparison of Extraction Efficiency. 2 x 107 COS cells were washed and divided into equal aliquots, then lysed by one of the methods indicated. Protein amounts were determined by a BCA assay.

CelLytic™ M store at: Room temp

C2978-50ML 50 mLC2978-250ML 250 mL

CelLytic™ MTFor mammalian tissues, CelLytic MT is an efficient reagent for the extraction of proteins. The lysis buffer consists of a dialyzable mild detergent, bicine, and 150 mM NaCl, resulting in minimal interference with protein interactions and biological activity. CelLytic MT is also used for extraction of cell-line proteins. A volume of 20 ml of CelLytic MT is sufficient for 1 gram of tissue. It has been tested on the following tissues: rat brain, kidney, muscle, heart, liver, and spleen; mouse brain, kidney, and muscle.

� Gentle - Non-denaturing and does not interfere with downstream applications

� Convenient - Provided ready to use

Oct-1

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Application forProtein DNA Interaction

Gel Shift Assay of Oct-1. Double Stranded 32P-labeled Oct-1 binding motif oligonucleotide was incubated with CelLytic MT extracts (4 μg total protein). Arrows indicate the Oct-1-DNA complex and free probe.

CelLytic™ MT Cell Lysis Reagent

C3228-50ML 50 mLC3228-500ML 500 mL

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Our Innovation, Your Research — Shaping the Future of Life Science 11

CelLytic™ NuCLEAR Extraction KitWithin this kit is a complete system for preparing nuclear and cytoplasmic protein extracts from mammalian tissue or cultured cells. A number of different procedures in the detailed technical bulletin enable the selection that best fits a particular application. For example, choose between detergent and nondetergent extraction of nuclear protein or between the standard hypotonic lysis buffer for most cell types and isotonic lysis buffer for fragile cells. In addition, the kit provides a procedure for salt reduction from the nuclear extract with dilution buffer. CelLytic NuCLEAR offers the flexibility you need for optimal protein extraction. Extracts can be prepared in less than 2 hours and are highly pure since there is little or no cross-contamination between nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts.

Free Probe

Oct-1

CellFraction

HeLA CHO COS PC-1�C NC N C NC N

Highly Purified Nuclear Fractions

Purity of Cytoplasmic and Nuclear Proteins. The double stranded 32P-labeled Octamer motif oligonucleotide was incubated with either cytoplasmic fraction (C) or nuclear extract (N) prepared from HeLa, CHO, COS and PC-12 cells using the CelLytic-NuCLEAR extraction kit.

Probe: Octamer Motif

CelLytic™ NuCLEAR Extraction Kit

1 kit sufficient for 10 extractions (1 ml packed cell volume)

1 kit sufficient for 100 extractions (100 μl packed cell volume)

Components

10× Lysis Buffer, Hypotonic 7 mL3× Dilution and Equilibration Buffer 90 mL1 M DTT 0.4 mLExtraction Buffer 10 mLIGEPAL® CA-630 10% Solution 4 mL5× Lysis Buffer, Isotonic 14 mLProtease Inhibitor Cocktail 1 mL store at: −20°C

NXTRACT-1KT 1 kit

CelLytic™ MEM Protein Extraction KitThe kit offers a fast and convenient method to isolate hydrophobic and raft microdomain associated proteins from cells. The method is based on phase separation and does not require cell membrane isolation. The separated proteins can be used for further experiments such as SDS-PAGE, Western blotting, dot blotting, and immunoprecipitation. The kit has been tested on HeLa, HEK-293, NIH 3T3, COS, and CHO cell lines.

CelLytic™ MEM Protein Extraction Kit

Sufficient reagents supplied for 80 tests.

Components

Lysis and Separation Buffer 50 mlWash Buffer for CelLytic MEM 50 mlProtease Inhibitor Cocktail (Sigma P8340) 1 mlSodium Chloride, 4M Solution 1.5 ml store at: −20°C

CE0050-1KT 1 kit

RIPA BufferRIPA (Radio-Immunoprecipitation Assay) Buffer enables efficient cell lysis and protein solubilization while avoiding protein degradation and interference with protein immunoreactivity and biological activity. RIPA Buffer also results in low background in immunoprecipitation and molecular pull-down assays. Sigma’s RIPA Buffer is a ready-to-use 1× solution and is formulated as follows: 150 mM NaCl, 1.0% IGEPAL® CA-630, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, 0.1% SDS, and 50 mM Tris, pH 8.0. It is also compatible with EZview™ Red Affinity Gels.

RIPA Buffer

protease contamination ............................................................... tested store at: 2-8°C

R0278-50ML 50 mLR0278-500ML 500 mL

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Plant Lysis

CelLytic™ PCelLytic P is a non-ionic detergent-based reagent that offers a convenient method for efficient plant cell lysis and protein solubilization. It is a non-denaturing reagent and maintains protein immunoreactivity and biological activity. CelLytic P is efficient, rapid, and ready to use. It contains bicine buffer, which is preferable for many biological activities. Use of CelLytic P enables extraction of proteins from less than one gram to hundreds of grams of fresh or frozen leaves, employing the same short procedure. It has been tested on leaves from four plant models: tobacco, tomato, spinach, and arabidopsis.

Free Probe

CREB

1 � � � �

x100 x�00 x100— — SP SP NS

Competition

Detection of DNA/Protein Interactions

Compatibility with Gel Shift Assay. Protein extracts were prepared with the CelLytic P reagent from spinach leaves. A double stranded 32P-labeled CREB oligonucleotide probe was incubated with 28 μg of the whole cell extract (lanes 2-5) or without whole cell extract (lane 1, free probe). Binding reactions with the extracts were performed in the absence [–] of competitor oligonucleotide (lanes 1-2) or in the presence of 100- or 500-fold excess of unlabeled CREB binding motif oligo-nucleotide (specific competitor [SP], lane 3 and lane 4, respectively) or in the presence of 100-fold excess of unlabeled oligonucleotide (non specific competitor, [NS] lane 5). Bind-ing reactions were run on a non-denaturing 6% polyacrylamide gel, dried and imaged on X-ray film. The arrows indicate the CREB-DNA complex and the free probe.

CelLytic™ P Cell Lysis Reagent store at: Room temp

C2360-50ML 50 mLC2360-250ML 250 mL

CelLytic™ PN Isolation and Extraction KitThis kit is for the rapid isolation of nuclei and extraction of functional nuclear proteins from plant leaves. Nuclei or nuclear proteins can be extracted from a few grams to hundreds of grams of fresh or frozen leaves. The nuclear protein extract is suitable for the detection of DNA-protein interactions using gel-shift assay, DNase-I footprinting analysis, as well as Western blot assay and similar techniques. The isolated nuclei can also be used as a source for chromatin, genomic DNA, RNA, etc. The kit provides a detailed protocol for nuclei isolation and protein extraction from four plant models: tobacco, tomato, spinach, and arabidopsis.

RNA Polymerase II

–�0�

-11�

- ��

- ��

Cyto Nuc

Detection of RNA polymerase II in Tomato Nuclear versus Cytoplasmic extracts, prepared with CelLytic-PN Kit. The Extracts were run on SDS-PAGE and blot-hybridized to anti-RNA Polymerase II antibody.

CelLytic™ PN Isolation/Extraction Kit

1 kit sufficient for 30 extractions (20 g of fresh or frozen leaves)

Components

Nuclei Isolation Buffer 4× (NIB) Percoll® Sucrose 2.3 M TRITON® X-100 10% solution Extraction Buffer Nuclei PURE Storage Buffer Filter Mesh 100 store at: 2-8°C

CELLYTPN1-1KT 1 kit

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Detergent Properties and Applications

The key to detergent function is an amphipathic structure. All detergents are characterized as containing a hydrophilic “head” region and a hydrophobic “tail” region (see Figure 1).

H3C O S

O

O

O Na

Hydrophobic Region Hydrophilic Region

Figure 1. Structure of the anionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), showing the hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.

These structural characteristics allow detergents to aggregate in aqueous media. At a sufficiently high concentration, the polar hydrophilic region of each molecule is oriented toward the polar solute (water) while the hydrophobic regions are grouped together to form thermodynamically stable micelles with hydrophobic cores. The hydrophobic core region of the detergent micelle associates with the hydrophobic surfaces of proteins and results in soluble protein-detergent complexes. Figure 2 is a simple illustration of a micelle to demonstrate the orientation concept. Actual micelle structures are more complex and dynamic, and can change due to detergent concentration and solution composition.1

H3C O S

O

O

O

H3C

OSO O

O

H3 C

OS OO

O

H3 C

OS

O

O

O

H3C

OS

O

OO

H 3C

O

SO

OO

H 3C

OS

O

OO

H3COS

O

O

O

H3C

O

S

O

OO

H3C

OS

O

OO

H3C

OS

O

O

O

H3C

OS

O

OO

Figure 2. Simple illustration of a sodium dodecyl sulfate micelle.

Biological detergents are commonly used to disrupt the bipolar lipid membrane of cells in order to release and solubilize membrane-bound proteins. Some detergents can be used to solubilize recombinant proteins, while others are recommended for the stabilization, crystallization, or denaturation of proteins. Detergents can align at aqueous/non-aqueous interfaces, resulting in reduced surface tension, increased miscibility, and stabilization of emulsions. Additional detergent applications include:

� Extraction of DNA and RNA

� Solubilization of specimens for diagnostic applications

� Cell lysis

� Liposome preparation

� Prevention of reagent and analyte precipitation from solution

� Prevention of non-specific binding in immunoassays

Detergent Physical CharacteristicsThe concentration at which micelles begin to form is the critical micelle concentration (CMC). The CMC is the maximum monomer concentration and constitutes a measure of the free energy of micelle formation. The lower the CMC, the more stable the micelle and the more slowly molecules are incorporated into or removed from the micelle. The structure of the hydrophobic region of the detergent can affect the micelle structure. An increase in the length of the hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain of ionic detergents results in an increased micelle size and a lower CMC, as fewer molecules are needed to construct a micelle.

The average number of monomers in a micelle is the aggregation number. The CMC and aggregation number values are highly dependent on factors such as temperature, pH, ionic strength, and detergent homogeneity and purity. Slight discrepancies in reported values for CMC and aggregation number may be the result of variations in the analytical methods used to determine the values. Aggregation number values are also shifted by concentration, since the number of detergent molecules per micelle may increase if the concentration is above the CMC.

Ease of removal or exchange is an important factor in the selection of a detergent. Some of the more common detergent removal methods include:

� Dialysis

� Gel filtration chromatography

� Hydrophobic adsorption chromatography

� Protein precipitation

The CMC value associated with the detergent is a useful guide to hydrophobic binding strength. Detergents with higher CMC values have weaker binding and are subsequently easier to remove by dialysis or displacement methods. Detergents with low CMC values require less detergent in order to form micelles and solubilize proteins or lipids.

Another useful parameter when evaluating detergents for downstream removal is the micelle molecular weight, which indicates relative micelle size. Smaller micelles are more easily removed and are usually desirable when protein-detergent complexes are to be separated based on the molecular size of the protein. The micelle molecular weight may be calculated by multiplying the aggregation number by the monomer molecular weight.

The cloud point is the temperature at which the detergent solution near or above its CMC separates into two phases. The micelles aggregate, typically forming a cloudy phase with high detergent concentration, while the balance of the solution becomes detergent-depleted. The resulting two-phase solution can be separated, with the extracted protein being located in the detergent-rich phase. Detergents with low cloud point temperatures, such as TRITON® X-114 (cloud point ~23 °C) are recommended for use with proteins since high cloud point temperatures may denature solubilized proteins. The cloud point can be affected by changes in detergent concentration, temperature, and the addition of salt or polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol. Note that the detergent-rich phase is also contingent on the specific detergent(s) and salt concentration; under some conditions the phase may be clear rather than cloudy and be located as either the upper or lower phase of the solution. In non-ionic detergents, this behavior has been applied in the phase separation and purification of membrane proteins.2

Det

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Pro

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Detergent Types and SelectionWhen selecting a detergent, the first consideration is usually the form of the hydrophilic group:

� Anionic

� Cationic

� Non-ionic

� Zwitterionic (ampholytic)

Anionic and cationic detergents are considered biologically “harsh” detergents because they typically modify protein structure to a greater extent than neutrally charged detergents. The degree of denaturation varies with the individual protein and the particular detergent and concentration. Ionic detergents are more sensitive to pH, ionic strength, and the nature of the counter ion, and can interfere with downstream charge-based analytical methods.

Non-ionic detergents are considered to be “mild” detergents because they are less likely than ionic detergents to denature proteins. By not separating protein-protein bonds, non-ionic detergents allow the protein to retain its native structure and functionality, although detergents with shorter hydrophobic chain lengths are more likely to cause protein deactivation. Many non-ionic detergents can be classified into three structure types:

� Poly(oxyethylene) ethers and related polymers

� Bile salts

� Glycosidic detergents

Poly(oxyethylene) ethers and related detergents have a neutral, polar head and hydrophobic tails that are oxyethylene polymers (e.g. Brij® and TWEEN®) or ethyleneglycoether polymers (e.g. TRITON®). The tert-octylphenol poly(ethyleneglycoether) series of detergents, which includes TRITON X-100 and IGEPAL® CA-630, have an aromatic head that interferes with downstream UV analysis techniques.

Bile salts have a steroid core structure with a polar and apolar orientation, rather than the more obvious nonpolar tail structure of other detergents. Bile salts may be less denaturing than linear chain detergents with the same polar head group.

Glycosidic detergents have a carbohydrate, typically glucose or maltose, as the polar head and an alkyl chain length of 7-14 carbons as the polar tail.

Zwitterionic detergents have characteristics of both ionic and non-ionic detergent types. Zwitterionic detergents are less denaturing than ionic detergents and have a net neutral charge, similar to non-ionic detergents. They are more efficient than non-ionic detergents at disrupting protein-protein bonds and reducing aggregation. These properties have been used for chromatography, mass spectrometry, and electrophoresis methods, and solubilization of organelles and inclusion bodies.

Non-detergent sulfobetaines (NDSB), although not detergents, possess hydrophilic groups similar to those of zwitterionic detergents but with shorter hydrophobic chains. Sulfobetaines do not form micelles. They have been reported to improve the yield of membrane proteins when used with detergents and prevent aggregation of denatured proteins.

Additional References

The following references are recommended for further review of the properties and applications of detergents.

� Helenius, A., et al., Properties of Detergents. Methods Enzymol., 56, 734-749 (1979).

� Neugebauer, J.M., Detergents: an overview. Methods Enzymol., 182, 239-253 (1990).

� Hjelmeland, L.M., Solubilization of native membrane proteins. Methods Enzymol., 182, 253-264 (1990).

� Marston, F.A.O., and Hartley, D.L., Solubilization of protein aggregates. Methods Enzy-mol.,182, 264-276 (1990).

� Hjelmeland, L.M., Removal of detergents from membrane proteins. Methods Enzymol., 182, 277-282 (1990).

� Seddon, A.M., et al., Membrane proteins, lipids and detergents: not just a soap opera. Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 1666, 105-117 (2004).

� Privé, G.G., Detergents for the stabilization and crystallization of membrane proteins. Methods, 41, 388-397 (2007).

Cited References

1. Garavito, R.M. and Ferguson-Miller, S., Detergents as tools in membrane biochemistry. J. Biol. Chem., 276, 32403-32406 (2001).

2. Arnold, T., and Linke, D., Phase separation in the isolation and purification of mem-brane proteins. BioTechniques, 43, 427-440 (2007).

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Detergent Selection TableDetergent Categories

Detergents are grouped into four categories, based on the nature of the hydrophilic head group:

Non-ionic Gentle detergents used for solubilizing proteins while maintaining native subunit structure, enzymatic activity, or other structural functions.

Anionic Strong detergents that often completely disrupt cell membranes and fully denature proteins. They are sensitive to pH, ionic strength, and the nature of the counter-ion. Ionic detergents can interfere with charge-based analytical methods.

Cationic Strong detergents with properties similar to those for anionic detergents. These are used in DNA purification, as surfactants in drug/vaccine delivery systems, and in cleaning and disinfecting applications.

Zwitterionic Electrically neutral detergents that protect the native state of proteins and prevent non-specific aggregation. They are often useful alternatives to non-ionic detergents in ion-exchange chromatography, electrophoresis, and isoelectric focusing.

CationicH

exad

ecyl

trim

ethy

l-am

mon

ium

bro

mid

e(C

TAB)

Myr

isty

ltrim

ethy

l- am

mon

ium

bro

mid

e(T

TAB)

Prop

ertie

s

CAS No. 57-09-0 1119-97-7

Mol. Wt. 364.45 336.39

CMC (mM)* 1 4–5

Aggregation Number

170 80

HLB - -

Cloud Point (°C) - -

Average Micellar Wt.

62,000 27,000

App

licat

ions

Diagnostic Applications

• •

Molecular Biology

Cell Culture

Electrophoresis/Chromatography

Membrane Protein Solubilization

Enzymology •

Antigen/Vaccine Preparation

•

Drug Delivery/ Liposomes

•

Non-ionic

N,N

-Bis

[3-(

D-g

luco

nam

ido)

-pr

opyl

]deo

xych

olam

ide

Dig

itoni

n

Sapo

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Thes

it®

Dod

ecyl

dim

ethy

lpho

sphi

ne

oxid

e (A

PO-1

2)

Dim

ethy

ldec

ylph

osph

ine

oxid

e (A

PO-1

0)

Oct

yl b

-D-g

luco

pyra

nosi

de

Dec

yl b

-D-m

alto

pyra

nosi

de

Dec

yl-b

-D-1

-thi

oglu

copy

-ra

nosi

de

Dec

yl-b

-D-1

-thi

omal

to-

pyra

nosi

de

Oct

yl b

-D-1

-thi

oglu

co-

pyra

nosi

de

Und

ecyl

-b-D

-mal

tosi

de

n-D

odec

yl b

-D-m

alto

side

6-C

yclo

hexy

lhex

yl b

-D-

mal

tosi

de (C

ymal

-6)

5-C

yclo

hexy

lpen

tyl b

-D-

mal

tosi

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ymal

-5)

2-C

yclo

hexy

leth

yl b

-D-

mal

tosi

de (C

ymal

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N-O

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hylg

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(MEG

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N-N

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hylg

lu-

cam

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(MEG

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N-D

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hylg

lu-

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MEG

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Brij®

35

Brij®

58

IGEP

AL®

CA

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Plur

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® F

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Non

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™ P

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Subs

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Trito

n® X

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Trito

n® X

-100

TWEE

N® 2

0

TWEE

N® 4

0

TWEE

N® 8

0

Prop

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s

CAS No. 86303-23-3 11024-24-1 8047-15-2 9002-92-0 871-95-4 2190-95-6 29836-26-8 82494-09-5 98854-16-1 148565-56-4 85618-21-9 170552-39-3 69227-93-6 228579-27-9 250692-65-0 260804-65-7 85316-98-9 85261-19-4 85261-20-7 9002-92-0 9004-95-9 9036-19-5 9003-11-6 9016-45-9 9036-19-5 9002-93-1 9005-64-5 9005-66-7 9005-65-6

Mol. Wt. 862.06 1229.31 - ~583 246.37 218.32 292.37 482.56 336.49 498.63 308.43 496.59 510.62 508.60 494.57 452.49 321.41 335.44 349.46 ~1198 ~1124 ~603 ~8350 ~680 ~537 ~625 ~1228 ~1277 ~1310

CMC (mM)* 1.1–1.4 < 0.5 - 0.1 0.568 4.6 20–25 1.6 0.9 0.9 9 0.59 0.15 0.56 2.4-5 120 58 19-25 6-7 91 μM** 0.08 0.08 0.04 0.059 0.2 0.2-0.9 0.06 0.027 0.012

Aggregation Number

8-16 60 - - 2232 131 84 - - - - - 98 63 66 - - - - 20-40 70 - - - - 100-155 - - 60

HLB - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 16.9 16 13 29 - 12.4 13.5 16.7 15.6 15

Cloud Point (°C) - - - - - >100 - - - - - - - - - - - - >100 >100 - - 45–50 23 65 76 - 65

Average Micellar Wt.

10,500 70,000 - - 549,965 28,597 25,000 - - - - - 50,000 32,000 32,600 - - - - 48,000 79,000 - - - - 80,000 - - 79,000

App

licat

ions

Diagnostic Applications

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Molecular Biology • • • •

Cell Culture • • • • • • •

Electrophoresis/Chromatography

• • • • • • • • • •

Membrane Protein Solubilization

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Enzymology • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Antigen/Vaccine Preparation

• • • • • •

Drug Delivery/ Liposomes

• • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Anionic

Sodi

um c

hola

te

Sodi

um

deox

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late

Sodi

um g

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chol

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Sodi

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taur

odeo

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e

Taur

ocho

lic a

cid

sodi

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alt

N-L

auro

ylsa

rcos

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Lith

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dod

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su

lfate

Sodi

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SDS)

Prop

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s

CAS No. 206986-87-0 302-95-4 863-57-0 207737-97-1 345909-26-4 137-16-6 2044-56-6 151-21-3

Mol. Wt. 430.55 414.55 487.60 521.69 537.68 293.38 272.33 288.38

CMC (mM)* 9–15 2–6 7 1–4 3–11 14.6 7–10 7–10

Aggregation Number

2–3 3–12 2 6 4 2 - 62

HLB 18 16 - - - - - 40

Cloud Point (°C) - - - - - - - >100

Average Micellar Wt.

900–1300 1200–5000 1000 3100 2100 600 - 18,000

App

licat

ions

Diagnostic Applications

• • • • •

Molecular Biology • • • •

Cell Culture

Electrophoresis/Chromatography

• • • •

Membrane Protein Solubilization

• • • • • • •

Enzymology • •

Antigen/Vaccine Preparation

• • • • •

Drug Delivery/ Liposomes

• • •

* CMC in water at 20–25 °C unless otherwise specified** unspecified temperature

Det

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Our Innovation, Your Research — Shaping the Future of Life Science 1�

Physical properties:

CMC (Critical Micelle Concentration) is the concentration at which micelles begin to form (i.e. the maximum monomer concentration). It should be noted that micelles cannot form, even above this concentration, if the solution temperature is too low.

Aggregation Number is the average number of monomers in a micelle. A low aggregation number and high CMC value favor removal by dialysis.

HLB (Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance) is a calculated value that is an indicator of the hydrophilic character of the detergent. Detergents with high HLB values are more hydrophilic than detergents with low HLB values (more lipophilic). A low HLB favors removal of the detergent by reverse-phase chromatography.

Cloud Point is the temperature at which the micelles in a detergent solution begin to aggregate into larger structures that scatter light and the solution separates into detergent-rich and detergent-deficient phases. A cloudiness typically develops in the detergent-rich phase, however the phase may remain clear. The cloud point phenomenon interferes with applications that require optical clarity, but can be used to remove detergent molecules from aqueous solutions. This characteristic has been applied in phase separation for the isolation of membrane proteins.

Non-ionic

N,N

-Bis

[3-(

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Dig

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Dim

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Oct

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Dec

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-D-m

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Dec

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-D-1

-thi

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Dec

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-D-1

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Oct

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Und

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5-C

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2-C

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leth

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-D-

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N-O

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N-N

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N-D

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Brij®

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Brij®

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IGEP

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Plur

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Non

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Trito

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TWEE

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TWEE

N® 4

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Prop

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CAS No. 86303-23-3 11024-24-1 8047-15-2 9002-92-0 871-95-4 2190-95-6 29836-26-8 82494-09-5 98854-16-1 148565-56-4 85618-21-9 170552-39-3 69227-93-6 228579-27-9 250692-65-0 260804-65-7 85316-98-9 85261-19-4 85261-20-7 9002-92-0 9004-95-9 9036-19-5 9003-11-6 9016-45-9 9036-19-5 9002-93-1 9005-64-5 9005-66-7 9005-65-6

Mol. Wt. 862.06 1229.31 - ~583 246.37 218.32 292.37 482.56 336.49 498.63 308.43 496.59 510.62 508.60 494.57 452.49 321.41 335.44 349.46 ~1198 ~1124 ~603 ~8350 ~680 ~537 ~625 ~1228 ~1277 ~1310

CMC (mM)* 1.1–1.4 < 0.5 - 0.1 0.568 4.6 20–25 1.6 0.9 0.9 9 0.59 0.15 0.56 2.4-5 120 58 19-25 6-7 91 μM** 0.08 0.08 0.04 0.059 0.2 0.2-0.9 0.06 0.027 0.012

Aggregation Number

8-16 60 - - 2232 131 84 - - - - - 98 63 66 - - - - 20-40 70 - - - - 100-155 - - 60

HLB - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 16.9 16 13 29 - 12.4 13.5 16.7 15.6 15

Cloud Point (°C) - - - - - >100 - - - - - - - - - - - - >100 >100 - - 45–50 23 65 76 - 65

Average Micellar Wt.

10,500 70,000 - - 549,965 28,597 25,000 - - - - - 50,000 32,000 32,600 - - - - 48,000 79,000 - - - - 80,000 - - 79,000

App

licat

ions

Diagnostic Applications

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Molecular Biology • • • •

Cell Culture • • • • • • •

Electrophoresis/Chromatography

• • • • • • • • • •

Membrane Protein Solubilization

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Enzymology • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Antigen/Vaccine Preparation

• • • • • •

Drug Delivery/ Liposomes

• • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Anionic

Sodi

um c

hola

te

Sodi

um

deox

ycho

late

Sodi

um g

lyco

chol

ate

Sodi

um

taur

odeo

xych

olat

e

Taur

ocho

lic a

cid

sodi

um s

alt

N-L

auro

ylsa

rcos

ine

Lith

ium

dod

ecyl

su

lfate

Sodi

um d

odec

yl

sulfa

te (

SDS)

Prop

ertie

s

CAS No. 206986-87-0 302-95-4 863-57-0 207737-97-1 345909-26-4 137-16-6 2044-56-6 151-21-3

Mol. Wt. 430.55 414.55 487.60 521.69 537.68 293.38 272.33 288.38

CMC (mM)* 9–15 2–6 7 1–4 3–11 14.6 7–10 7–10

Aggregation Number

2–3 3–12 2 6 4 2 - 62

HLB 18 16 - - - - - 40

Cloud Point (°C) - - - - - - - >100

Average Micellar Wt.

900–1300 1200–5000 1000 3100 2100 600 - 18,000

App

licat

ions

Diagnostic Applications

• • • • •

Molecular Biology • • • •

Cell Culture

Electrophoresis/Chromatography

• • • •

Membrane Protein Solubilization

• • • • • • •

Enzymology • •

Antigen/Vaccine Preparation

• • • • •

Drug Delivery/ Liposomes

• • •

* CMC in water at 20–25 °C unless otherwise specified** unspecified temperature

Zwitterionic

ASB

-14

3-[N

,N-D

imet

hyl(3

-pa

lmito

ylam

inpr

o-py

l)am

mon

io]-p

ro-

pane

sulfo

nate

(ASB

-16)

C7B

zO

CH

APS

CH

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CAS No. 216667-08-2 52562-29-5 - 75621-03-3 82473-24-3 66455-29-6 15178-76-4 15163-36-7 14933-08-5 14933-09-6 2281-11-0 13177-41-8

Mol. Wt. 434.68 462.73 ~400 614.88 630.88 ~279 279.44 307.49 335.55 363.60 391.65 419.71

CMC (mM)* - - - 6 8 1.6–2.1 330 25–40 2–4 0.1–0.4 0.01–0.06 -

Aggregation Number

- - - 10 11 - - 41 55 83 155 -

HLB - - - - - - - - - - - -

Cloud Point (°C) - - - >100 90 - - - - - - -

Average Micellar Wt.

- - - 6150 7000 - - 12,600 18,500 30,200 60,700 -

App

licat

ions

Diagnostic Applications

• • •

Molecular Biology

Cell Culture

Electrophoresis/Chromatography

• • • •

Membrane Protein Solubilization

• • • • • • • • • • • •

Enzymology • • • • •

Antigen/Vaccine Preparation

• • •

Drug Delivery/ Lipsomes

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1� Order: sigma.com/order Technical service: sigma.com/techinfosigma.com/lifescience

BioUltra DetergentsThe BioUltra label has been assigned to a group of basic reagents with a well-defined high purity. BioUltra reagents are designed for use in biochemical, biological, and life science applications where large amounts of reagent are required in comparison to the amount of analyte under investigation. The BioUltra reagents have been analyzed for low levels of contaminating impurities and are provided with documentation that reports consistent quality control testing. For demanding applications that require the highest quality products,

we offer a range of BioUltra detergents.

The BioUltra Reagent Certification guarantees:

� Homogeneous appearance (form, color)

� Homogeneous and clear appearance in solution (solubility test)

� Zero residue in the filter test

� Limited UV absorbance at key biochemical wavelengths

� pH value of an aqueous solution within a defined range

BioUltra reagents are carefully handled to ensure a very high quality product at the time of packaging. Cross-contamination is avoided by packing BioUltra products in a controlled environment, void of both dust and moisture. BioUltra Reagents are subject to strict analysis in our laboratories to meet the indicated guarantee requirements.

For a comprehensive list of our BioUltra reagents, please visit sigma.com/highpurity.

N,N-Dimethyldodecylamine N-oxide solutionDDAO; LDAO; Lauryldimethylamine N-oxide[1643-20-5] C14H31NO FW 229.40

BioUltra, ~0.1 M in H2Operoxides (as H2O2) .........................................................................≤0.005%insoluble matter ....................................................................passes filter testpH .....................7.0-9.0, 0.1 M H2O at 25 °Cchloride (Cl-) ................................ ≤50 mg/kgsulfate (SO4

2-) ............................... ≤50 mg/kgAl ................................................... ≤1 mg/kgAs ................................................ ≤0.1 mg/kgBa ................................................... ≤1 mg/kgBi .................................................... ≤1 mg/kgCa .................................................. ≤5 mg/kgCd .................................................. ≤1 mg/kgCo .................................................. ≤1 mg/kgCr ................................................... ≤1 mg/kgCu .................................................. ≤1 mg/kgFe ................................................... ≤1 mg/kg

K .................................................. ≤20 mg/kgLi .................................................... ≤1 mg/kgMg ................................................. ≤1 mg/kgMn ................................................. ≤1 mg/kgMo ................................................. ≤1 mg/kgNa ................................................ ≤20 mg/kgNi ................................................... ≤1 mg/kgPb ................................................... ≤1 mg/kgSr.................................................... ≤1 mg/kgZn ................................................... ≤1 mg/kgλ................................................0.1 M in H2O 260 nm .............................................. ≤0.07 280 nm .............................................. ≤0.06

40231-50ML 50 mL40231-250ML 250 mL

Docusate sodium saltSulfobutanedioic acid bis(2-ethylhexyl ester) sodium salt; Sulfo-succinic acid bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester sodium salt; Bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate sodium salt; AOT; ‘Dioctyl’ sulfosuccinate sodium salt; Sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate[577-11-7] C20H37NaO7S FW 444.56

BioUltra, ≥99.0% (TLC)solubility methanol ..................................................... 0.1 M at 20 °C, clear, colorlessinsoluble matter ....................................................................passes filter testchloride (Cl-) ...............................≤100 mg/kgAl ................................................... ≤5 mg/kgAs ................................................ ≤0.1 mg/kgBa ................................................... ≤5 mg/kgBi .................................................... ≤5 mg/kgCa ................................................ ≤10 mg/kgCd .................................................. ≤5 mg/kgCo .................................................. ≤5 mg/kgCr ................................................... ≤5 mg/kgCu .................................................. ≤5 mg/kgFe ................................................... ≤5 mg/kgK .................................................. ≤50 mg/kg

Li .................................................... ≤5 mg/kgMg ................................................. ≤5 mg/kgMn ................................................. ≤5 mg/kgMo ................................................. ≤5 mg/kg Ni ................................................... ≤5 mg/kgPb ................................................... ≤5 mg/kg Sr.................................................... ≤5 mg/kgZn ................................................... ≤5 mg/kg λ......................................... .1 M in methanol 260 nm .................................................. 0.1 280 nm ................................................ 0.05

86139-10G 10 g86139-50G 50 g86139-250G 250 g

Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromideCetrimonium bromide; Palmityltrimethylammonium bromide; CTAB; Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide[57-09-0] CH3(CH2)15N(Br)(CH3)3 FW 364.45

BioUltra, for molecular biology, ≥99.0% (AT)micellar avg wt. 62,000

solubility H2O ............................................................. 0.1 M at 40 °C, clear, colorlessaggregation number ............................................................................... 170proteases ................................................................................none detectedphosphatases ..........................................................................none detectedinsoluble matter ....................................................................passes filter testRNases ....................................................................................none detectedDNases ...................................................................................none detectedpH .....................5.0-7.0, 0.1 M H2O at 25 °CCMC ....................................1 mM (20-25°C) sulfate (SO4

2-) ............................... ≤50 mg/kgAl ................................................... ≤5 mg/kg Ba ................................................... ≤5 mg/kgBi .................................................... ≤5 mg/kg Ca ................................................ ≤10 mg/kgCd .................................................. ≤5 mg/kg Co. ................................................. ≤5 mg/kgCr ................................................... ≤5 mg/kg Cu .................................................. ≤5 mg/kgFe ................................................... ≤5 mg/kg K .................................................. ≤50 mg/kg

Li .................................................... ≤5 mg/kg Mg ................................................. ≤5 mg/kgMn ................................................. ≤5 mg/kg Mo ................................................. ≤5 mg/kgNa ................................................ ≤50 mg/kg Ni ................................................... ≤5 mg/kgPb ................................................... ≤5 mg/kg Sr.................................................... ≤5 mg/kgZn ................................................... ≤5 mg/kg λ................................................0.1 M in H2O 260 nm ................................................ 0.06 280 nm ................................................ 0.05

52365-50G 50 g52365-250G 250 g

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Hyamine® 1622Phemerol chloride; (Diisobutylphenoxyethoxyethyl)dimethylbenzylammo-nium chloride solution; Benzethonium chloride[121-54-0] C27H42ClNO2 FW 448.08

BioUltra, ≥99.0% (AT)solubility H2O ............................................................. 0.1 M at 20 °C, clear, colorlessabsorption 0.1M

300 nm, H2O ..........................................................................cut-offwater .....................................................................................................≤1%insoluble matter ....................................................................passes filter testpH .....................5.5-7.5, 0.1 M H2O at 25 °Csulfate (SO4

2-) ............................... ≤50 mg/kg Al ................................................... ≤5 mg/kgBa ................................................... ≤5 mg/kg Bi .................................................... ≤5 mg/kgCa ................................................ ≤10 mg/kg Cd .................................................. ≤5 mg/kgCo .................................................. ≤5 mg/kg Cr ................................................... ≤5 mg/kgCu .................................................. ≤5 mg/kg Fe ................................................... ≤5 mg/kg

K .................................................. ≤50 mg/kg Li .................................................... ≤5 mg/kgMg ................................................. ≤5 mg/kg Mn ................................................. ≤5 mg/kgMo ................................................. ≤5 mg/kg Na ................................................ ≤50 mg/kgNi ................................................... ≤5 mg/kg Pb ................................................... ≤5 mg/kgSr.................................................... ≤5 mg/kg Zn ................................................... ≤5 mg/kg

53751-50G 50 g53751-250G 250 g

N-Lauroylsarcosine sodium saltN-Dodecanoyl-N-methylglycine sodium salt; Sarkosyl NL[137-16-6] CH3(CH2)10CON(CH3)CH2COONa FW 293.38micellar avg wt. 600

aggregation number ................................................................................... 2CMC ...............................................................................14.6 mM (20-25°C)

BioUltra, for molecular biology, ≥99.0% (HPLC)solubility H2O ................................................................ 1 M at 20 °C, clear, colorlessinsoluble matter ....................................................................passes filter testDNases ...................................................................................none detectedproteases ................................................................................none detectedphosphatases ..........................................................................none detectedRNases ....................................................................................none detected

pH ........................ 7.0-9.0, 1 M H2O at 25 °Cchloride (Cl-) ................................. ≤50 mg/kg sulfate (SO4

2-) ............................... ≤50 mg/kgAl ................................................... ≤5 mg/kg As ................................................ ≤0.1 mg/kgBa ................................................... ≤5 mg/kg Bi .................................................... ≤5 mg/kgCa ................................................ ≤10 mg/kg Cd .................................................. ≤5 mg/kgCo .................................................. ≤5 mg/kg Cr ................................................... ≤5 mg/kgCu .................................................. ≤5 mg/kg Fe ................................................... ≤5 mg/kg

K .................................................. ≤50 mg/kg Li .................................................... ≤5 mg/kgMg ................................................. ≤5 mg/kg Mn ................................................. ≤5 mg/kgMo ................................................. ≤5 mg/kg Ni ................................................... ≤5 mg/kgPb ................................................... ≤5 mg/kg Sr.................................................... ≤5 mg/kgZn ................................................... ≤5 mg/kg λ...................................................1 M in H2O 260 nm .................................................. 0.2 280 nm ................................................ 0.06

61743-25G 25 g

Sodium deoxycholate monohydrate7-Deoxycholic acid sodium salt; Desoxycholic acid sodium salt; 3α,12α-Dihydroxy-5β-cholanic acid sodium salt[145224-92-6] C24H39NaO4 · H2O FW 432.57

BioUltra, ≥99.0% (NT)[α]6 +44±2°, c = 2 in H2O

solubility H2O ............................................................. 0.1 M at 20 °C, clear, colorlessinsoluble matter ....................................................................passes filter testcholic acid .................................................................................≤0.5% (TLC)water ..................................................................................................≤6.1%pH .....................7.5-9.5, 0.1 M H2O at 25 °Cchloride (Cl-) ................................. ≤50 mg/kg sulfate (SO4

2-) .............................≤200 mg/kgAl ................................................. ≤20 mg/kg Ba ................................................... ≤5 mg/kgBi .................................................... ≤5 mg/kg Cd .................................................. ≤5 mg/kgCo .................................................. ≤5 mg/kg Cr ................................................... ≤5 mg/kgCu .................................................. ≤5 mg/kg Fe ................................................... ≤5 mg/kg

Li .................................................... ≤5 mg/kg Mg ............................................... ≤20 mg/kgMn ................................................. ≤5 mg/kg Mo ................................................. ≤5 mg/kgNi ................................................... ≤5 mg/kg Pb ................................................... ≤5 mg/kgSr.................................................. ≤20 mg/kg Zn ................................................... ≤5 mg/kgλ................................................0.1 M in H2O 260 nm ................................................ 0.10 280 nm ................................................ 0.08

30968-5G 5 g30968-25G 25 g

q Sodium dodecyl sulfateLauryl sulfate sodium salt; SDS[151-21-3]

Sodium dodecyl sulfateSodium lauryl sulfate; Dodecyl sodium sulfate; Dodecyl sulfate sodium saltCH3(CH2)11OSO3Na FW 288.38

BioUltra, for molecular biology, ≥99.0% (GC)micellar avg wt. 18,000

solubility H2O ............................................................. 0.1 M at 20 °C, clear, colorlesscloud point ...................................................................................... >100 °Caggregation number ................................................................................. 62insoluble matter ....................................................................passes filter testDNases ...................................................................................none detectedproteases ................................................................................none detectedRNases ....................................................................................none detectedphosphatases ..........................................................................none detectedCMC .............................. 7-10 mM (20-25°C)HLB ........................................................... 40 chloride (Cl-) ...............................≤200 mg/kgphosphate (PO4

-) ............................ ≤1 mg/kg Al ................................................... ≤5 mg/kgBa ................................................... ≤5 mg/kg Bi .................................................... ≤5 mg/kgCa ................................................ ≤10 mg/kg Cd .................................................. ≤5 mg/kgCo .................................................. ≤5 mg/kg Cr ................................................... ≤5 mg/kgCu .................................................. ≤5 mg/kg Fe ................................................... ≤5 mg/kg

K ................................................ ≤200 mg/kg Li .................................................... ≤5 mg/kgMg ................................................. ≤5 mg/kg Mn ................................................. ≤5 mg/kgMo ................................................. ≤5 mg/kg Ni ................................................... ≤5 mg/kgPb ................................................... ≤5 mg/kg Sr.................................................... ≤5 mg/kgZn ................................................... ≤5 mg/kg λ................................................0.1 M in H2O 260 nm ................................................ 0.04 280 nm ................................................ 0.02

71725-100G 100 g71725-500G 500 g

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Ultra D

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Sodium dodecyl sulfate solutionSodium lauryl sulfate solutionCH3(CH2)11OSO3Na FW 288.38insoluble matter ....................................................................passes filter testproteases ................................................................................none detectedphosphatases ..........................................................................none detectedDNases ...................................................................................none detectedRNases ....................................................................................none detectedλ..............................................................neatchloride (Cl-) ................................. ≤50 mg/kg phosphate (PO4

-) ............................ ≤1 mg/kgAl ................................................... ≤1 mg/kg As ................................................ ≤0.1 mg/kgBa ................................................... ≤1 mg/kg Bi .................................................... ≤1 mg/kgCa .................................................. ≤5 mg/kg Cd .................................................. ≤1 mg/kgCo .................................................. ≤1 mg/kg Cr ................................................... ≤1 mg/kg

Cu .................................................. ≤1 mg/kg Fe ................................................... ≤1 mg/kgK .................................................. ≤20 mg/kg Li .................................................... ≤1 mg/kgMg ................................................. ≤1 mg/kg Mn ................................................. ≤1 mg/kgMo ................................................. ≤1 mg/kg Ni ................................................... ≤1 mg/kgPb ................................................... ≤1 mg/kg Sr.................................................... ≤1 mg/kgZn ................................................... ≤1 mg/kg

BioUltra, for molecular biology, 10% in H2OpH ............................................5.0-6.5 280 nm .......................................0.2 260 nm ........................................ 0.3

71736-100ML 100 mL71736-500ML 500 mL

BioUltra, for molecular biology, 20% in H2O 260 nm ................................................................................................. 0.5 280 nm .................................................................................................. 0.3

05030-500ML-F 500 mL05030-1L-F 1 L05030-2.5L-F 2.5 L

Sodium dodecyl sulfate p

Triton® X-100 solution4-(1,1,3,3-Tetramethylbutyl)phenyl-polyethylene glycol solution[9002-93-1]

BioUltra, for molecular biology, ~10% in H2Ophosphatases ..........................................................................none detectedDNases ...................................................................................none detectedRNases ....................................................................................none detectedproteases ................................................................................none detectedinsoluble matter ....................................................................passes filter testpH ........................................6.5-8.5 at 25 °CAl ................................................... ≤1 mg/kg Ba ................................................... ≤1 mg/kgBi .................................................... ≤1 mg/kg Ca .................................................. ≤5 mg/kgCd .................................................. ≤1 mg/kg Co .................................................. ≤1 mg/kgCr ................................................... ≤1 mg/kg Cu .................................................. ≤1 mg/kgFe ................................................... ≤1 mg/kg

K ................................................≤100 mg/kgLi .................................................... ≤1 mg/kg Mg ................................................. ≤1 mg/kgMn ................................................. ≤1 mg/kg Mo ................................................. ≤1 mg/kgNa .............................................. ≤100 mg/kg Ni ................................................... ≤1 mg/kgPb ................................................... ≤1 mg/kg Sr.................................................... ≤1 mg/kgZn ................................................... ≤1 mg/kg

93443-100ML 100 mL93443-500ML 500 mL

Detergents

Non-ionic DetergentsBile Acids and Sapogenins

N,N-Bis[3-(D-gluconamido)propyl]deoxycholamidedeoxy-BigCHAP; Deoxy-BigCHAP[86303-23-3] C42H75N3O15 FW 862.06micellar average mol wt 10,500

aggregation number .............................................................................. 8-16CMC ...........................................................................1.1-1.4 mM (20-25°C)

≥90% (HPLC)Non-ionic detergent for membrane solubilization. More soluble than CHAPS1

water .....................................................................................................≤4%

Lit. Cited: 1. Hjelmeland, L.M., et al., Anal. Biochem. 130, 485 (1983) store at: 2-8°C

14840-100MG 100 mg14840-500MG 500 mg

DigitoninDigitin[11024-24-1] C56H92O29 FW 1229.31micellar avg wt. 70,000

aggregation number ................................................................................. 60CMC ...............................................................................<0.5 mM (20-25°C)

Preparation is free of water-insoluble constituents.

Mild nonionic detergent used to solubilize receptors and permeabilize cellular and nuclear membranes.solubility H2O ... ~5 % (w/v), solubilized by heating to 95 °C - 98 °C and then cooling to

room temp.

D141-100MG 100 mgD141-500MG 500 mg

~50% (TLC)

D5628-1G 1 gD5628-5G 5 g

q Saponin[8047-15-2]

Saponin from quillaja bark

Potent hemolytic when injected i.v.; surfactant that enhances penetration of proteins and other macromolecules through cell membranes; it also has been used as an adjuvant for vaccines.

Purified to remove low molecular weight contaminants

S4521-10G 10 gS4521-25G 25 g

Saponin

Detergent used for the direct determination of metals in milk by flame atomic-absorption spectrophotometry.1 Glycoside widely distributed in plants.2 Forms oil-in-water emulsions and acts as protective colloid.

sapogenin ...................................................................................8-25%Lit. Cited: 1. Arpadjan, S. and Stojanova, D., Z. Anal. Chem. Fresenius 320, 206 (1980) 2. Birk, Y. and Peri, I., Liener, I.E., ed., Toxic Const. Plant Foodst. New York 161 (1980)

84510-100G 100 g84510-500G 500 g

Saponin p

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Our Innovation, Your Research — Shaping the Future of Life Science �1

Glycosidic Detergents

2-Cyclohexylethyl β-D-maltosideCymal-2[260804-65-7] C20H36O11 FW 452.49CMC ................................................................................120 mM (20-25°C)

≥99.0% (TLC)Detergent for the purification and crystallization of membrane-bound proteins in native structure. It has a higher CMC (critical micelle concentration) and is more hydrophobic than the corresponding linear chain analog (C20).1

Lit. Cited: 1. Ju, M., and Rassi, Z.E., J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol 23, 35 (2000)

29395-1G 1 g

6-Cyclohexylhexyl β-D-maltosideCymal-6[228579-27-9] C24H44O11 FW 508.60micellar average mol wt 32,000

aggregation number ................................................................................. 63CMC ............................................................................................... 0.56 mM

≥99.0% (TLC)Detergent for the purification and crystallization of membrane-bound proteins in native structure. It has a higher CMC (critical micelle concentration) and is more hydrophobic than the corresponding linear chain analog (C24).1

Lit. Cited: 1. Ostermeier, C. and Michel, H., Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 7, 697 (1997)

29396-1G 1 g

5-Cyclohexylpentyl β-D-maltosideCymal-5[250692-65-0] C23H42O11 FW 494.57micellar average mol wt 32,600

aggregation number ................................................................................. 66CMC ..............................................................................2.4-5 mM (20-25°C)

≥98.0% (TLC)Detergent for the purification and crystallization of membrane-bound proteins in native structure. It has a higher CMC (critical micelle concentration) and is more hydrophobic than the corresponding linear chain analog (C23).1

Lit. Cited: 1. Ostermeier, C. and Michel, H., Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 7, 697 (1997)

96193-1G-F 1 g

Decyl β-D-maltopyranosideDecyl-β-D-maltoside[82494-09-5] C22H42O11 FW 482.56CMC .................................................................................1.6 mM (20-25°C)

≥98% (GC) store at: −20°C

D7658-500MG 500 mgD7658-1G 1 gD7658-5G 5 g

Decyl-β-D-1-thioglucopyranoside[98854-16-1] C16H32O5S FW 336.49CMC .................................................................................0.9 mM (20-25°C)

≥99.0% (TLC)Detergent for the purification, extraction and solubilization of membrane-bound proteins in the native structure. It increases solubilization by dissociating aggregates and is easily removed by dialysis. store at: −20°C

30726-250MG-F 250 mg

Decyl-β-D-1-thiomaltopyranoside[148565-56-4] C22H42O10S FW 498.63CMC .................................................................................0.9 mM (20-25°C)

≥99.0% (TLC)Detergent for the purification, extraction and solubilization of membrane-bound proteins in the native structure. It increases solubilization by dissociating aggregates and is easily removed by dialysis.1

Lit. Cited: 1. Mechref, Y. and Rassi, Z.E., J. Chromatogr. 757, 263 (1997) store at: −20°C

30727-250MG-F 250 mg

n-Dodecyl β-D-maltosideDDM; Lauryl-β-D-maltoside[69227-93-6] C24H46O11 FW 510.62Non-ionic detergent for the stabilization and activation of enzymes and for membrane research.1,2,3,4

micellar avg wt. 50,000

aggregation number ................................................................................. 98CMC ...............................................................................0.15 mM (20-25°C)

Lit. Cited: 1. Knudsen, P. and Hubbell, W.L., Membr. Biochem. 1, 297 (1978) 2. De Grip, W.J., and Bovee-Geurts, P.H.M., Chem. Phys. Lipids 23, 321 (1979) 3. Rosevear, P., et al., Biochemistry 19, 4108 (1980) 4. VanAken, T., et al., Methods Enzymol. 125, 27 (1986)

≥98% (GC) store at: −20°C

D4641-500MG 500 mgD4641-1G 1 gD4641-5G 5 gD4641-25G 25 g

SigmaUltra, ≥98% (GC)Insoluble matter ..................................................................................≤0.1%Phosphorus (P) ..............................................................................≤0.0005%chloride (Cl-) ..................................... ≤0.05%sulfate (SO4

2-) ....................................≤0.05% Al ................................................. ≤0.0005%Ca .................................................. ≤0.001% Cu ................................................ ≤0.0005%Fe ................................................. ≤0.0005%

K .................................................... ≤0.005%Mg ............................................... ≤0.0005% Na .................................................... ≤0.05%NH4

+ ..................................................≤0.05% Pb ................................................... ≤0.001%Zn ................................................. ≤0.0005%

store at: −20°C

D5172-250MG 250 mgD5172-1G 1 g

Octyl β-D-glucopyranosideOGP; n-Octyl glucoside[29836-26-8] C14H28O6 FW 292.37Non-ionic, dialyzable detergent for the solubilization and isolation of membrane proteins. Has been shown to increase the resolution of proteins in 2D gels.

micellar avg wt. 25,000

cloud point ...................................................................................... >100 °Caggregation number ................................................................................. 84CMC .............................................................................20-25 mM (20-25°C)

≥98% (GC) store at: −20°C

O8001-100MG 100 mgO8001-250MG 250 mgO8001-500MG 500 mgO8001-1G 1 gO8001-5G 5 gO8001-10G 10 gO8001-25G 25 gO8001-100G 100 g D

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SigmaUltra, >98% (GC)Insoluble matter ................................................................................. <0.1%Phosphorus (P) ............................................................................... <0.005%chloride (Cl-) ..................................... <0.05%sulfate (SO4

2-) ................................... <0.05% Al ................................................. <0.0005%Ca .................................................. <0.003% Cu ................................................ <0.0005%Fe ................................................. <0.0005%

K .................................................... <0.005%Mg ............................................... <0.0005% Na ...................................................... <0.1%NH4

+ .................................................. <0.1% Pb ................................................... <0.001%Zn ................................................. <0.0005%

store at: −20°C

O9882-100MG 100 mgO9882-250MG 250 mgO9882-500MG 500 mgO9882-1G 1 gO9882-5G 5 g

Octyl β-D-1-thioglucopyranosideOctyl thioglucoside[85618-21-9] C14H28O5S FW 308.43CMC ....................................................................................9 mM (20-25°C)

≥98% (GC)A non-ionic detergent for solubilization and reconstitution of membrane proteins. store at: −20°C

O6004-500MG 500 mgO6004-1G 1 gO6004-5G 5 gO6004-10G 10 g

Undecyl-β-D-maltoside[170552-39-3] C23H44O11 FW 496.59CMC ...............................................................................0.59 mM (20-25°C)

≥99.0% (TLC)Detergent for the purification, extraction and solubilization of membrane-bound proteins in the native structure. It increases solubilization by dissociating aggregates and is easily removed by dialysis.1

Lit. Cited: 1. Ostermeier, C., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 105476 (1997) store at: −20°C

94206-250MG 250 mg94206-1G 1 g

Poly(oxyethylene) Detergents

q Brij® 35C12E23; Polyoxyethylene 23 lauryl ether[9002-92-0]

Brij® 35

suitable for Stein-Moore chromatographyNon-ionic detergent. Useful for the extraction of membrane proteins. Typically used in the range of 0.1-1%.

micellar avg wt. 48,000

estimated mol wt 1198

cloud point ...................................................................................... >100 °Caggregation number ............................................................................ 20-40CMC ...................................................................................................91 μMHLB ........................................................................................................ 16.9

P1254-500G 500 gP1254-5KG 5 kg

Brij® 35 solution

30 % (w/v)

B4184-10ML 10 mLB4184-100ML 100 mLB4184-1L 1 LB4184-1GAL 1 gal

Brij® 35 p

Brij® 58Polyoxyethylene 20 cetyl ether; Polyethylene glycol hexadecyl ether[9004-95-9] HO(CH2CH2O)20C16H33

average Mn ~1124Non-ionic detergent for protein extraction, permeabilization of cells; may be used in the preparation of yeast spheroplasts.

micellar avg wt. 79,000

cloud point ...................................................................................... >100 °Caggregation number ................................................................................. 70CMC ...............................................................................0.08 mM (20-25°C)HLB ........................................................................................................... 16

P5884-100G 100 gP5884-500G 500 gP5884-1KG 1 kg

Decaethylene glycol monododecyl etherPolyoxyethylene 10 lauryl ether; C12E10

[6540-99-4] C32H66O11 FW 626.86

P9769-500G 500 gP9769-1KG 1 kg

IGEPAL® CA-630(Octylphenoxy)polyethoxyethanol; Octylphenyl-polyethylene glycol[9036-19-5] (C2H4O)nC14H22ONonionic, non-denaturing detergent

Chemically indistinguishable from Nonidet P-40, which is no longer commercially available.

CMC ...............................................................................0.08 mM (20-25°C)HLB ........................................................................................................... 13

viscous liquidmol wt ~603

I3021-50ML 50 mLI3021-100ML 100 mLI3021-500ML 500 mL

Nonidet™ P-40

Nonidet™ P-40 is no longer commercially available. IGEPAL®-CA630 (Cat. No. I3021) which is chemically indistinguishable, is offered as a replacement for Nonidet P-40.

Nonidet™ P 40 SubstituteNonylphenyl-polyethylene glycol[9016-45-9]average mol wt 680

cloud point ...................................................................................45 - 50 °CCMC .............................................................................0.059 mM (20-25°C) NP 40; Imbentin-N/52

mixture of 15 homologues

pH .............................................5-8, 5% H2Ochloride (Cl-) ............................... ≤500 mg/kg sulfate (SO4

2-) .............................≤100 mg/kgCa ................................................ ≤10 mg/kg Cd .................................................. ≤5 mg/kgCo .................................................. ≤5 mg/kg Cr ................................................... ≤5 mg/kgCu .................................................. ≤5 mg/kg Fe ................................................... ≤5 mg/kg

K ..............................................≤1000 mg/kg Li .................................................... ≤5 mg/kgMg ................................................. ≤5 mg/kg Mn ................................................. ≤5 mg/kgMo ................................................. ≤5 mg/kg Na ................................................ ≤50 mg/kgNi ................................................... ≤5 mg/kg Pb ................................................... ≤5 mg/kgZn ................................................... ≤5 mg/kg

74385-1L 1 L74385-5L 5 L

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Pluronic® F-68Polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer[9003-11-6] (C3H6O.C2H4O)xContains 100 ppm BHT

average mol wt 8350

CMC ...............................................................................0.04 mM (20-25°C)HLB ........................................................................................................... 29

cell culture tested insect cell culture tested

Non-ionic detergent, protects cells from hydrodynamic damage.

P1300-500G 500 g

Tergitol® solution

Polyglycol ether (nonionic) surfactant.

Type NP-40, 70% in H2ODo not confuse with Nonidet P-40. Nonidet P-40 is no longer commercially available: Igepal CA-630 (CAS No. 9036-19-5) is offered as a replacement for the Nonidet P-40.

cloud point (1% (w/w) active detergent in aqueous solution)............. >100 °CCMC ....................................................................................232 mg/L (25°C)HLB ........................................................................................................ 17.8

NP40S-100ML 100 mLNP40S-500ML 500 mL

Thesit®

Polyethylene glycol dodecyl ether[9002-92-0] HO(CH2CH2O)n(CH2)11CH3

average mol wt 583

CMC .................................................................................0.1 mM (20-25°C) Polyethylene glycol 400 dodecyl ether

for membrane researchperoxides (as H2O2) ........................................................................... ≤1 ppm

88315-25G 25 g88315-100G 100 g

Triton® X-100t-Octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol; 4-(1,1,3,3-Tetramethylbutyl)phenyl-polyethylene glycol; Polyethylene glycol tert-octylphenyl ether[9002-93-1] t-Oct-C6H4-(OCH2CH2)xOH, x= 9-10Widely used non-ionic surfactant for recovery of membrane components under mild non-denaturing conditions.

average mol wt 625

micellar avg wt. 80,000

cloud point .......................................................................................... 65 °Caggregation number ........................................................................ 100-155CMC ...........................................................................0.2-0.9 mM (20-25°C)HLB ........................................................................................................ 13.5

laboratory grade

X100-5ML 5 mLX100-100ML 100 mLX100-500ML 500 mLX100-6X500ML 6 × 500 mLX100-1L 1 LX100-1GA 1 galX100-5GA 5 gal

Peroxide- and carbonyl freePackaged in ampules under Argon.

X100PC-5ML 5 mLX100PC-5X5ML 5 × 5 mLX100PC-10X5ML 10 × 5 mL

Triton® X-100 reducedPolyoxyethylene(10) isooctylcyclohexyl ether[92046-34-9] 4-(C8H17)C6H10(OCH2CH2)nOH, n~10Hydrogenated to reduce UV absorbance.

A 0.5%277 , H2O ........................................................................................ ≤0.250

X100RS-5G 5 gX100RS-25G 25 g

> Triton® X-100 solution, BioUltra, for molecular biology, see Page 20

Triton® X-114(1,1,3,3-Tetramethylbutyl)phenyl-polyethylene glycol; Polyethylene glycol tert-octylphenyl ether[9036-19-5] t-Oct-C6H4-(OCH2CH2)xOH, x= 7-8 FW 426.59average mol wt 537

cloud point .......................................................................................... 23 °CCMC .................................................................................0.2 mM (20-25°C)HLB ........................................................................................................ 12.4

laboratory gradeA non-ionic detergent with a low cloud point (23 °C) enabling protein solubilization with phase-partitioning of hydrophilic from amphiphilic proteins

X114-100ML 100 mLX114-500ML 500 mLX114-1L 1 LX114-1GA 1 galX114-5GA 5 gal

TWEEN® 20Polyoxyethylenesorbitan monolaurate; Polyethylene glycol sorbitan monolaurate[9005-64-5]mol wt ~1228

cloud point .......................................................................................... 76 °CCMC ...............................................................................0.06 mM (20-25°C)HLB ........................................................................................................ 16.7

P1379-25ML 25 mLP1379-100ML 100 mLP1379-500ML 500 mLP1379-6X500ML 6 × 500 mLP1379-1L 1 LP1379-1GA 1 gal

SigmaUltraUseful for removal of peripheral membrane proteins.

Phosphorus (P) ................................................................................. <0.05%chloride (Cl-) ..................................... <0.05%sulfate (SO4

2-) ................................... <0.05% Al ................................................. <0.0005%Ca ................................................ <0.0005% Cu ................................................ <0.0005%Fe ................................................. <0.0005%

K .................................................... <0.005%Mg ............................................... <0.0005% Na .................................................... <0.05%NH4

+ ................................................. <0.05% Pb ................................................... <0.001%Zn ................................................. <0.0005%

P7949-100ML 100 mLP7949-500ML 500 mL

TWEEN® 40Polyoxyethylenesorbitan monopalmitate[9005-66-7]estimated mol wt 1277

CMC .................................................................................... 0.027 (20-25°C)HLB ........................................................................................................ 15.6

Non-ionic detergent used for cell lysis, nuclei isolation and cell fractionation.

P1504-100ML 100 mLP1504-500ML 500 mLP1504-1GA 1 gal

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TWEEN® 60Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate; Polyethylene glycol sorbitan monostearate[9005-67-8]estimated mol wt 1309

CMC .................................................................................................27 mg/LHLB ........................................................................................................ 14.9

P1629-100ML 100 mLP1629-500ML 500 mLP1629-1GA 1 gal

TWEEN® 80Polyethylene glycol sorbitan monooleate; Polyoxyethylenesorbitan monooleate; Polysorbate 80[9005-65-6]Non-ionic detergent used for selective protein extraction and isolation of nuclei from mammalian cell lines.

micellar avg wt. 79,000

average mol wt 1310

cloud point .......................................................................................... 65 °Caggregation number ................................................................................. 60CMC .............................................................................0.012 mM (20-25°C)HLB ........................................................................................................... 15

viscous liquid

P1754-25ML 25 mLP1754-500ML 500 mLP1754-1GA 1 gal

SigmaUltraPhosphorus (P) ............................................................................... <0.005%chloride (Cl-) .................................... <0.05%sulfate (SO4

2-) ................................... <0.05% Al ................................................. <0.0005%Ca ................................................ <0.0005% Cu ................................................ <0.0005%Fe ................................................. <0.0005%

K .................................................... <0.005%Mg ............................................... <0.0005% Na .................................................... <0.05%NH4

+ ................................................. <0.05% Pb ................................................... <0.001%Zn ................................................. <0.0005%

P8074-100ML 100 mLP8074-500ML 500 mL

Additional Non-ionic Detergents

N-Decanoyl-N-methylglucamineN-Decanoyl-N-methyl-D-glucamine; N-(D-Glucityl)-N-methyldecanamide; MEGA-10[85261-20-7] C17H35NO6 FW 349.46CMC .................................................................................6-7 mM (20-25°C)

≥98% (GC)Non-ionic, dialyzable detergent used for the solubilization of membrane proteins store at: 2-8°C

D6277-500MG 500 mgD6277-1G 1 gD6277-5G 5 g

Dimethyldecylphosphine oxideAPO-10; Decyldimethylphosphine oxide[2190-95-6] CH3(CH2)9P(O)(CH3)2 FW 218.32micellar avg wt. 28,597

aggregation number ....................................................................... 131CMC ......................................................................... 4.6 mM (20-25°C)

≥98.0% (GC)Non-ionic detergent useful for plasmid DNA isolation1

λ ....................................... 1 % in H2O 280 nm .....................................0.05 260 nm ...................................... 0.05

Lit. Cited: 1. Altschuler, M., et al., Biotechniques 17, 434 (1994)

40108-1G 1 g

Dodecyldimethylphosphine oxideAPO-12; Dimethyldodecylphosphine oxide[871-95-4] CH3(CH2)11P(O)(CH3)2 FW 246.37micellar avg wt. 549,965

aggregation number ............................................................................. 2232CMC .............................................................................0.568 mM (20-25°C)

≥96% (GC)Non-ionic detergent for the purification, extraction and solubilization of membrane-bound proteins in the native structure. It is stable in water and easily removable by dialysis. Useful for plasmid DNA isolation.1

λ ....................................... 1 % in H2O 280 nm .......................................0.2 260 nm ........................................ 0.2

Lit. Cited: 1. Fainerman, V.B., et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 103, 330 (1999)

40223-1G 1 g

N-Nonanoyl-N-methylglucamineN-Methyl-N-nonanoyl-D-glucamine; MEGA-9; N-(D-Glucityl)-N-methyl-nonanamide[85261-19-4] C16H33NO6 FW 335.44Non-ionic, dialyzable detergent

CMC .....................................................................19-25 mM (20-25°C)

~98%

N1138-500MG 500 mgN1138-1G 1 gN1138-5G 5 gN1138-25G 25 g

N-Octanoyl-N-methylglucamineN-Methyl-N-octanoyl-D-glucamine; OMEGA; MEGA-8; N-(D-Glucityl)-N-methyloctanamide[85316-98-9] C15H31NO6 FW 321.41CMC ..................................................................................58 mM (20-25°C)

~98%Non-ionic detergent used for the solubilization of proteins

O3129-5G 5 gO3129-25G 25 g

Span® 80Sorbitane monooleate[1338-43-8]Fatty acid composition: Oleic acid (C18:1) minimum 60%; balance primarily linoleic (C18:2), linolenic (C18:3) and palmitic (C16:0) acids.

S6760-250ML 250 mLS6760-1L 1 L

Span® 85Sorbitane trioleate[26266-58-0]Fatty acid composition: Oleic acid (C18:1) approx. 74%; linoleic acid (C18:2) approx. 7%; linolenic acid (C18:2) approx. 2%; palmitoleic acid (C16:1) approx. 7%; balance primarily palmitic acid (C16:0).

S7135-250ML 250 mLS7135-1L 1 L

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Tyloxapol4-(1,1,3,3-Tetramethylbutyl)phenol polymer with formaldehyde and oxirane[25301-02-4]A nonionic liquid polymer of the alkyl aryl polyether alcohol type. Used as a surfactant.

cloud point ...................................................................................... 94.3 °CCMC ............................................................................................. 0.018 mM

Reagent Grade

T8761-50G 50 gT8761-250G 250 g

SigmaUltraPhosphorus (P) ............................................................................. <0.0005%chloride (Cl-) ..................................... <0.05%sulfate (SO4

2-) ..................................... <0.6% Al ................................................. <0.0005%Ca ................................................ <0.0005% Cu ................................................ <0.0005%Fe ................................................... <0.001%

K .................................................... <0.005%Mg ............................................... <0.0005% Na ...................................................... <0.5%NH4

+ ................................................. <0.05% Pb ................................................... <0.001%Zn ................................................. <0.0005%

T0307-5G 5 gT0307-10G 10 gT0307-50G 50 g

Anionic DetergentsAlkyl Sulfates

Lithium dodecyl sulfateDodecyl lithium sulfate; Dodecyl sulfate lithium salt; Lauryl sulfate lithium salt; Lithium lauryl sulfate[2044-56-6] CH3(CH2)11OSO3Li FW 272.33Anionic detergent that may be used in place of SDS for electrophoresis in cold conditions.

CMC ...............................................................................7-10 mM (20-25°C)

≥98.5% (GC)

L4632-5G 5 gL4632-25G 25 gL4632-50G 50 g

Sodium dodecyl sulfateLauryl sulfate sodium salt; Sodium lauryl sulfate; Dodecyl sodium sulfate; Dodecyl sulfate sodium salt; SDS[151-21-3] CH3(CH2)11OSO3Na FW 288.38cloud point ..................................................................................... >100 °Caggregation number ................................................................................. 62CMC ...............................................................................7-10 mM (20-25°C)HLB ........................................................................................................... 40

ReagentPlus®, ≥98.5% (GC)micellar avg wt. 18,000

L4509-10G 10 gL4509-25G 25 gL4509-100G 100 gL4509-250G 250 gL4509-500G 500 gL4509-1KG 1 kg

SigmaUltra, ≥99.0% (GC)micellar avg wt. 18,000

solubility H2O ............................................................. 0.1 M at 20 °C, clear, colorlessA 0.1M

260 , H2O .......................................................................................... <0.08A 0.1M

280 , H2O .......................................................................................... <0.05Insoluble matter ....................................................................passes filter testchloride (Cl-) ..................................... ≤0.05%phosphate (PO4

-) .......................... ≤0.0001% Al ................................................. ≤0.0005%Ba ................................................. ≤0.0005% Bi .................................................. ≤0.0005%Ca .................................................. ≤0.001% Cd ................................................ ≤0.0005%Co ................................................ ≤0.0005% Cr ................................................. ≤0.0005%Cu ................................................ ≤0.0005%

Fe ................................................. ≤0.0005%K .......................................................≤0.02% Li .................................................. ≤0.0005%Mg ............................................... ≤0.0005% Mn ............................................... ≤0.0005%Mo ............................................... ≤0.0005% Ni ................................................. ≤0.0005%Pb ................................................. ≤0.0005% Sr.................................................. ≤0.0005%Zn ................................................. ≤0.0005%

L6026-50G 50 gL6026-250G 250 gL6026-1KG 1 kg

for electrophoresis, ≥98.5% (GC)micellar mol wt 18,000

Tested for use in denatured polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

A 3%260 ..................................................................................................... ≤0.1

A 3%280 ..................................................................................................... ≤0.1

chloride (Cl-) ........................<500 ppm heavy metals (as Pb) ............ <10 ppmphosphate (PO4

-) ...................<10 ppm

L3771-25G 25 gL3771-100G 100 gL3771-500G 500 gL3771-1KG 1 kg

> Sodium dodecyl sulfate, BioUltra, for molecular biology, see Page 19 Sodium dodecyl sulfate solution, BioUltra, for molecular biology, see Page 20

Sodium octyl sulfateOctyl sulfate sodium salt[142-31-4] CH3(CH2)7OSO3Na FW 232.27

~95%

O4003-1G 1 gO4003-5G 5 gO4003-25G 25 g

Alkyl Sulfonates

1-Octanesulfonic acid sodium salt[5324-84-5] C8H17O3SNa FW 216.27Ion-pairing reagent for HPLC analysis of peptides and proteins.

~98%

O8380-5G 5 gO8380-25G 25 gO8380-100G 100 g

SigmaUltrasolubility H2O ................................................................ 1 M at 20 °C, clear, colorlessInsoluble matter ..................................................................................≤0.1%Phosphorus (P) ................................................................................≤0.005%chloride (Cl-) ..................................... ≤0.05%Al ................................................. ≤0.0005% Ca .................................................. ≤0.001%Cu ................................................ ≤0.0005% Fe ................................................. ≤0.0005%

K .................................................... ≤0.005% Mg ............................................... ≤0.0005%NH4

+ ..................................................≤0.05% Pb ................................................... ≤0.001%Zn ................................................. ≤0.0005%

O0133-5G 5 gO0133-25G 25 gO0133-100G 100 g

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Sodium 1-decanesulfonate1-Decanesulfonic acid sodium salt[13419-61-9] CH3(CH2)8CH2SO3Na FW 244.33Ion-associating reagent for HPLC, including analyses of peptides and proteins.

~98%

D3412-5G 5 gD3412-25G 25 gD3412-100G 100 g

Sodium 1-heptanesulfonate1-Heptanesulfonic acid sodium salt[22767-50-6] C7H15O3SNa FW 202.25Ion-pairing reagent for HPLC, including analyses of peptides and proteins.

H2766-5G 5 gH2766-25G 25 gH2766-100G 100 g

SigmaUltrasolubility H2O ............................................................. 0.5 M at 20 °C, clear, colorlessInsoluble matter ................................................................................. <0.1%Phosphorus (P) ............................................................................... <0.001%chloride (Cl-) ..................................... <0.05%Al ................................................. <0.0005% Ca ................................................ <0.0005%Cu ................................................ <0.0005% Fe ................................................. <0.0005%

K .................................................... <0.005% Mg ............................................... <0.0005%NH4

+ ................................................. <0.05% Pb ................................................... <0.001%Zn ................................................. <0.0005%

H8901-5G 5 gH8901-25G 25 g

Sodium hexanesulfonate1-Hexanesulfonic acid sodium salt[2832-45-3] C6H13O3SNa FW 188.22

~98%

H5269-5G 5 gH5269-25G 25 g

SigmaUltrasolubility H2O ............................................................. 0.1 M at 20 °C, clear, colorlessInsoluble matter ................................................................................. <0.1%Phosphorus (P) ............................................................................... <0.001%Al ................................................. <0.0005%Ca ................................................ <0.0005% Cu ................................................ <0.0005%Fe ................................................. <0.0005% K .................................................... <0.005%

Mg ............................................... <0.0005% NH4

+ ................................................. <0.05%Pb ................................................... <0.001% Zn ................................................. <0.0005%

H9026-5G 5 gH9026-25G 25 g

Sodium pentanesulfonate1-Pentanesulfonic acid sodium salt[22767-49-3] C5H11O3SNa FW 174.19Ion-associating reagent for HPLC, including analyses of peptides and proteins.

≥95% (elemental analysis)

P0299-5G 5 gP0299-25G 25 gP0299-100G 100 g

SigmaUltrasolubility H2O ............................................................. 0.5 M at 20 °C, clear, colorlessInsoluble matter ..................................................................................≤0.1%Phosphorus (P) ................................................................................≤0.001%chloride (Cl-) ..................................... ≤0.05%Al ................................................. ≤0.0005% Ca .................................................. ≤0.001%Cu ................................................ ≤0.0005% Fe ................................................. ≤0.0005%

K .................................................... ≤0.005% Mg ............................................... ≤0.0005%NH4

+ ..................................................≤0.05% Pb ................................................... ≤0.001%Zn ................................................. ≤0.0005%

P8199-5G 5 gP8199-25G 25 g

Bile Salts

Chenodeoxycholic acidChenodiol; 3α,7α-Dihydroxy-5β-cholanic acid; 5β-Cholanic acid-3α,7α-diol[474-25-9] C24H40O4 FW 392.57

≥98%

C9377-100MG 100 mgC9377-5G 5 gC9377-25G 25 g

Cholic acid3α,7α,12α-Trihydroxy-5β-cholanic acid; Cholanic acid[81-25-4] C24H40O5 FW 408.57Non-denaturing ionic detergent used for extraction of membrane proteins.

from ox or sheep bile, ≥98%

C1129-25G 25 gC1129-100G 100 gC1129-500G 500 gC1129-1KG 1 kg

Deoxycholic acid3α,12α-Dihydroxy-5β-cholanic acid; 7-Deoxycholic acid; Desoxycholic acid[83-44-3] C24H40O4 FW 392.57

≥99% (TLC and titration)

D2510-10G 10 gD2510-100G 100 gD2510-500G 500 g

SigmaUltra, ≥99% (TLC and titration)Insoluble matter ................................................................................. <0.1%Phosphorus (P) ............................................................................... <0.005%Al ................................................. <0.0005%Ca .................................................... <0.01% Cu ................................................ <0.0005%Fe ................................................... <0.005% K .................................................... <0.005%

Mg ................................................. <0.005% Na .................................................... <0.02%NH4

+ ................................................. <0.05% Pb ................................................... <0.001%Zn ................................................. <0.0005%

D4297-5G 5 gD4297-25G 25 g

Glycocholic acid hydrate3α,7α,12α-Trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid N-(carboxymethyl)amide; Cholylglycine; N-(3α,7α,12α-Trihydroxy-24-oxocholan-24-yl)-glycine[475-31-0] C26H43NO6 · xH2O FW 465.62 (Anh)

synthetic, ≥97% (TLC)

G2878-100MG 100 mgG2878-500MG 500 mgG2878-1G 1 gG2878-5G 5 gG2878-25G 25 g

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Lithocholic acid3α-Hydroxy-5β-cholanic acid; 3α-Hydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid; 5β-Cholan-24-oic acid-3α-ol[434-13-9] C24H40O3 FW 376.57

≥97% (titration)

L6250-10G 10 gL6250-25G 25 g

Sodium cholate hydrateCholalic acid sodium salt; 3α,7α,12α-Trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid sodium salt[206986-87-0] C24H39NaO5 · xH2O FW 430.55 (Anh)Non-denaturing detergent used for extraction of membrane proteins.

micellar avg wt. 900-1300

aggregation number ................................................................................ 2-3CMC ...............................................................................9-15 mM (20-25°C)HLB ........................................................................................................... 18

from ox or sheep bile, ≥99%

C1254-25G 25 gC1254-100G 100 gC1254-500G 500 gC1254-1KG 1 kgC1254-5KG 5 kg

SigmaUltra, ≥99%solubility H2O ................................................................... 1 M at 20 °C, clear, yellowInsoluble matter ................................................................................. <0.1%Phosphorus (P) ................................................................................. <0.05%sulfate (SO4

2-) ................................... <0.05%Al ................................................... <0.005% Ca .................................................. <0.005%Cu ................................................ <0.0005% Fe ................................................. <0.0005%

K .................................................... <0.005% Mg ............................................... <0.0005%NH4

+ ................................................. <0.05% Pb ................................................... <0.001%Zn ................................................. <0.0005%

C6445-10G 10 gC6445-25G 25 gC6445-100G 100 gC6445-500G 500 g

q Sodium deoxycholateDesoxycholic acid sodium salt; 3α,12α-Dihydroxy-5β-cholanic acid sodium salt; 7-Deoxycholic acid sodium salt

Sodium deoxycholate[302-95-4] C24H39NaO4 FW 414.55micellar avg wt. 1200-5000

aggregation number .............................................................................. 3-12CMC .................................................................................2-6 mM (20-25°C)HLB ........................................................................................................... 16

≥97% (titration)Anionic detergent; useful for extraction of membrane receptors and other plasma membrane proteins and for nuclei isolation.

D6750-10G 10 gD6750-25G 25 gD6750-100G 100 gD6750-500G 500 g

Sodium deoxycholate monohydrate[145224-92-6] C24H39NaO4 · H2O FW 432.57

SigmaUltra, ≥99% (titration)solubility H2O ............................................................. 0.1 M at 20 °C, clear, colorlessA 0.1M

260 , H2O.......................................................................................... ≤0.10A 0.1M

280 , H2O .......................................................................................... ≤0.08Insoluble matter ....................................................................passes filter testCholic acid ..........................................................................................≤0.5%pH .....................7.5-9.5, 0.1 M H2O at 20 °Csulfate (SO4

2-) ....................................≤0.02% Al ................................................... ≤0.002%Ba ................................................. ≤0.0005% Bi .................................................. ≤0.0005%Ca .....................................................≤0.05% Cd ................................................ ≤0.0005%Co ................................................ ≤0.0005% Cr ................................................. ≤0.0005%Cu ................................................ ≤0.0005%

Fe ................................................... ≤0.001%K .................................................... ≤0.005% Li .................................................. ≤0.0005%Mg ................................................. ≤0.002% Mn ............................................... ≤0.0005%Mo ............................................... ≤0.0005% Ni ................................................. ≤0.0005%Pb ................................................. ≤0.0005% Sr.................................................... ≤0.002%Zn ................................................. ≤0.0005%

D5670-5G 5 gD5670-25G 25 g

> Sodium deoxycholate monohydrate, BioUltra, see Page 19

Sodium deoxycholate p

Sodium glycocholate hydrateN-(3α,7α,12α-Trihydroxy-24-oxocholan-24-yl)glycine sodium salt; Glycocholic acid sodium salt hydrate; N-Cholylglycine sodium salt; 3α,7α,12α-Trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid N-(carboxy-methyl)amide sodium salt[863-57-0] C26H42NO6Na · xH2O FW 487.60 (Anh)micellar avg wt. 1000

aggregation number ................................................................................... 2CMC ....................................................................................7 mM (20-25°C)

≥97% (TLC)

G7132-100MG 100 mgG7132-500MG 500 mgG7132-1G 1 gG7132-5G 5 gG7132-25G 25 gG7132-50G 50 g

Sodium glycodeoxycholate3α,12α-Dihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid N-(carboxymethyl)amide; Glycodeoxycholic acid sodium salt; N-(3α,12α-Dihydroxy-24-oxocholan-24-yl)glycine; Glycodesoxycholic acid[16409-34-0] C26H42NNaO5 FW 471.61

SigmaUltra, ≥97% (TLC)solubility H2O ............................................................. 0.1 M at 20 °C, clear, colorlessInsoluble matter ..................................................................................≤0.1%Phosphorus (P) ................................................................................≤0.001%chloride (Cl-) ...........................................≤1%sulfate (SO4

2-) ....................................≤0.05% Al ................................................. ≤0.0005%Ca .................................................. ≤0.005% Cu ................................................ ≤0.0005%Fe ................................................... ≤0.001%

K .................................................... ≤0.005%Mg ................................................. ≤0.001% NH4

+ ................................................. ≤0.05%Pb ................................................... ≤0.001% Zn ................................................. ≤0.0005%

G9910-250MG 250 mgG9910-1G 1 gG9910-5G 5 g

Deterg

ents

�� Order: sigma.com/order Technical service: sigma.com/techinfosigma.com/lifescience

Sodium taurodeoxycholate hydrate2-([3α,12α-Dihydroxy-24-oxo-5β-cholan-24-yl]amino)ethanesulfonic acid; Taurodeoxycholic acid sodium salt hydrate[207737-97-1] C26H44NO6SNa FW 521.69 (Anh)Bile salt-related, anionic detergent used for isolation of membrane proteins including inner mitochondrial membrane proteins.

micellar avg wt. 3100

aggregation number ................................................................................... 6CMC .................................................................................1-4 mM (20-25°C)

≥95% (TLC)

T0875-1G 1 gT0875-5G 5 gT0875-25G 25 gT0875-50G 50 gT0875-100G 100 g

SigmaUltra, ≥97% (TLC)solubility H2O ................................... 0.5 M at 20 °C, clear, colorless to faintly yellowInsoluble matter ..................................................................................≤0.1%Phosphorus (P) ................................................................................≤0.002%chloride (Cl-) ..................................... ≤0.05%sulfate (SO4

2-) ....................................≤0.05% Al ................................................. ≤0.0005%Ca .................................................. ≤0.005% Cu ................................................ ≤0.0005%Fe ................................................. ≤0.0005%

K ...................................................... ≤0.01%Mg ................................................. ≤0.005% NH4

+ ................................................. ≤0.05%Pb ................................................... ≤0.001% Zn ................................................. ≤0.0005%

T0557-500MG 500 mgT0557-1G 1 gT0557-5G 5 g

Sodium tauroursodeoxycholate3α,7β-Dihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid N-(2-sulfoethyl)amide; Tauro-ursodeoxycholic acid sodium salt[14605-22-2] C26H44NO6SNa FW 521.69

~90%

T0266-500MG 500 mgT0266-1G 1 g

Taurocholic acid sodium salt hydrateSodium taurocholate hydrate; 2-[(3α,7α,12α-Trihydroxy-24-oxo-5β-cholan-24-yl)amino]ethanesulfonic acid; 3α,7α,12α-Trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid N-(2-sulfoethyl)amide[345909-26-4] C26H44NNaO7S · xH2O FW 537.68 (Anh)Anionic detergent used for protein solubilization.

micellar avg wt. 2100

aggregation number ................................................................................... 4CMC ...............................................................................3-11 mM (20-25°C)

≥95% (TLC)Synthesized from cholic acid

T4009-250MG 250 mgT4009-1G 1 gT4009-5G 5 gT4009-25G 25 gT4009-100G 100 g

SigmaUltra, ≥95% (TLC)solubility H2O ................................... 0.5 M at 20 °C, clear, colorless to faintly yellowInsoluble matter ..................................................................................≤0.1%Phosphorus (P) ..............................................................................≤0.0005%chloride (Cl-) ..................................... ≤0.05%sulfate (SO4

2-) ....................................≤0.05% Al ................................................. ≤0.0005%Ca .................................................. ≤0.005% Cu ............................................... ≤0.0005%Fe ................................................ ≤0.0005%

K ..................................................... ≤0.01%Mg ................................................. ≤0.005% NH4

+ ....................................................≤0.1%Pb ................................................... ≤0.001% Zn ................................................. ≤0.0005%

T9034-1G 1 gT9034-5G 5 gT9034-25G 25 g

Additional Anionic Detergents

Docusate sodium saltSulfobutanedioic acid bis(2-ethylhexyl ester) sodium salt; Sulfo-succinic acid bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester sodium salt; Bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate sodium salt; AOT; ‘Dioctyl’ sulfosuccinate sodium salt; Sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate[577-11-7] C20H37NaO7S FW 444.56

≥96.0% (TLC)water .....................................................................................................≤2%

86140-100G 100 g86140-500G 500 g

SigmaUltra, ≥99%Insoluble matter ..................................................................................≤0.1%Phosphorus (P) ..............................................................................≤0.0005%Al ................................................... ≤0.001%Ca .................................................. ≤0.001% Cu ................................................ ≤0.0005%Fe ................................................. ≤0.0005%

K .................................................... ≤0.005%Mg ............................................... ≤0.0005% Pb ................................................... ≤0.001%Zn ................................................ ≤0.0005%

D4422-50G 50 gD4422-100G 100 gD4422-500G 500 g

> Docusate sodium salt, BioUltra, see Page 18

N-Lauroylsarcosine sodium saltN-Dodecanoyl-N-methylglycine sodium salt; Sarkosyl NL[137-16-6] CH3(CH2)10CON(CH3)CH2COONa FW 293.38micellar avg wt. 600

aggregation number ................................................................................... 2CMC ...............................................................................14.6 mM (20-25°C)

≥94%

L5125-50G 50 gL5125-100G 100 gL5125-500G 500 gL5125-1KG 1 kg

SigmaUltra, ≥97% (TLC)solubility H2O ................................... 0.1 M at 20 °C, clear, colorless to faintly yellowInsoluble matter ..................................................................................≤0.1%Phosphorus (P) ....................................................................................≤0.1%Al ................................................. ≤0.0005%Ca .....................................................≤0.01% Cu ................................................ ≤0.0005%Fe ................................................... ≤0.005% K ...................................................... ≤0.01%

Mg ................................................. ≤0.005% NH4

+ ................................................. ≤0.05%Pb ......................................................≤0.01% Zn ................................................. ≤0.0005%

L5777-50G 50 gL5777-100G 100 gL5777-500G 500 g

> N-Lauroylsarcosine sodium salt, BioUltra, for molecular biology, see Page 19

Det

erg

ents

Our Innovation, Your Research — Shaping the Future of Life Science ��

Cationic DetergentsAlkyltrimethylammonium bromideCetrimide (per BP)

≥95% (TLC)Predominantly C14H29N(CH3)3Br but also contains C12 and C16 homologs.

M7635-100G 100 gM7635-250G 250 gM7635-500G 500 gM7635-1KG 1 kg

Benzalkonium chlorideAlkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride; Alkylbenzyldimethylammo-nium chloride[63449-41-2] C6H5CH2N(CH3)2RCl (R=C8H17 to C18H37)Predominantly C12H25N(CH3)2C7H7Cl.

Also contains C14 and C16 homologs.

234427-5G 5 g234427-100G 100 g234427-1KG 1 kg

SigmaUltraInsoluble matter ..................................................................................≤0.1%Phosphate .......................................................................................≤0.001%sulfate (SO4

2-) ................................... ≤0.05%Al ................................................. ≤0.0005% Ca ................................................ ≤0.0005%Cu ................................................ ≤0.0005% Fe ................................................. ≤0.0005%

K .................................................... ≤0.005% Mg ............................................... ≤0.0005%Na .................................................. ≤0.005% Pb ................................................... ≤0.001%Zn ................................................. ≤0.0005%

B6295-100G 100 gB6295-500G 500 g

> Benzethonium chloride, BioUltra, see Hyamine® 1622, Page 19

Benzethonium chloridePhemerol chloride; (Diisobutylphenoxyethoxyethyl)dimethylbenzylammo-nium chloride solution[121-54-0] C27H42ClNO2 FW 448.08

≥97% (titration), ≥99% (TLC)

B8879-100G 100 gB8879-250G 250 gB8879-500G 500 g

Benzethonium hydroxide solution[498-77-1] C27H43NO3 FW 429.64

~1.0 M in methanol (by HCl titration) store at: 2-8°C

B2156-25ML 25 mLB2156-100ML 100 mLB2156-500ML 500 mLB2156-1L 1 L

Dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromideDistearyldimethylammonium bromide[3700-67-2] [CH3(CH2)17]2N(Br)(CH3)2 FW 630.95

≥98% (TLC)

D2779-10G 10 gD2779-50G 50 g

Dodecyltrimethylammonium bromideLauryltrimethylammonium bromide[1119-94-4] CH3(CH2)11N(CH3)3Br FW 308.34

~99%

D8638-25G 25 gD8638-100G 100 g

Hexadecylpyridinium chloride monohydrateCetylpyridinium chloride monohydrate[6004-24-6] C21H38ClN · H2O FW 358.00

99.0-102.0%

C9002-25G 25 gC9002-100G 100 gC9002-500G 500 gC9002-1KG 1 kg

> Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, BioUltra, for molecular biology, see Page 18

Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromideCetrimonium bromide; Palmityltrimethylammonium bromide; CTAB; Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide[57-09-0] CH3(CH2)15N(Br)(CH3)3 FW 364.45micellar avg wt. 62,000

aggregation number ............................................................................... 170CMC ....................................................................................1 mM (20-25°C)

≥98%

H5882-100G 100 gH5882-500G 500 gH5882-1KG 1 kg

SigmaUltra, ~99%solubility H2O ............................................................. 0.1 M at 20 °C, clear, colorlessInsoluble matter ..................................................................................≤0.1%Phosphorus (P) ..............................................................................≤0.0010%sulfate (SO4

2-) ................................... ≤0.05%Al ................................................. ≤0.0005% Ca ................................................ ≤0.0005%Cu ................................................ ≤0.0005% Fe ................................................. ≤0.0005%

K .................................................... ≤0.005% Mg ............................................... ≤0.0005%Na .................................................. ≤0.005% Pb ................................................... ≤0.001%Zn ................................................. ≤0.0005%

H9151-25G 25 gH9151-100G 100 gH9151-250G 250 g

> Hyamine® 1622, BioUltra, see Page 19

Methylbenzethonium chlorideN,N-Dimethyl-N-(2-[2-(methyl-4-[1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl]phen-oxy)ethoxy]ethyl)benzylammonium chloride[25155-18-4] C28H44NO2Cl FW 462.11

M7379-10G 10 g

Myristyltrimethylammonium bromideTetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide; Trimethyl(tetradecyl)ammo-nium bromide[1119-97-7] CH3(CH2)13N(Br)(CH3)3 FW 336.39micellar avg wt. 27,000

aggregation number ................................................................................. 80CMC .................................................................................4-5 mM (20-25°C)

~99%

T4762-5G 5 gT4762-100G 100 gT4762-250G 250 gT4762-500G 500 gT4762-1KG 1 kg

Deterg

ents

�0 Order: sigma.com/order Technical service: sigma.com/techinfosigma.com/lifescience

Zwitterionic DetergentsASB-14Amidosulfobetaine-14; 3-[N,N-Dimethyl(3-myristoylaminopro-pyl)ammonio]propanesulfonate[216667-08-2] C22H46N2O4S FW 434.68Zwitterionic detergent. Useful for solubilization of proteins, including membrane proteins, for 2D electrophoresis. store at: 2-8°C

A1346-1G 1 g

C7BzO3-(4-Heptyl)phenyl-3-hydroxypropyl)dimethylammoniopropanesulfonateZwitterionic detergent; especially well-suited to protein extraction for proteomics applications.

estimated mol wt 400 Da (anhydrous)

C0856-1G 1 g

CHAPS3-[(3-Cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate[75621-03-3] C32H58N2O7S FW 614.88CHAPS is a nondenaturing zwitterionic detergent for membrane biochemistry.

Useful for solubilizing membrane proteins and breaking protein-protein interactions. CHAPS’ small micellar molecular weight (6,150) and high critical micelle concentration (6-10 mM) allow it to be removed from samples by dialysis. It is also suitable for protein solubilization for isoelectric focusing and two-dimensional electrophoresis. CHAPS is commonly used for non-denaturing (without urea) IEF and has been shown to give excellent resolution of some subcellular preparations and plant proteins. Concentrations between 2-4% (w/v) are typically used in an IEF gel.

micellar avg wt. 6150

cloud point ...................................................................................... >100 °Caggregation number ................................................................................. 10CMC ....................................................................................6 mM (20-25°C)

≥98% (TLC)

C3023-1G 1 gC3023-5G 5 gC3023-25G 25 gC3023-100G 100 g

SigmaUltra, ≥98% (TLC)solubility H2O ............................................................. 0.1 M at 20 °C, clear, colorlessInsoluble matter ..................................................................................≤0.1%Phosphorus (P) ................................................................................≤0.001%chloride (Cl-) ..................................... ≤0.05%Al ................................................. ≤0.0005% Ca ................................................ ≤0.0005%Cu ................................................ ≤0.0005% Fe ................................................. ≤0.0005%K .................................................... ≤0.005%

Mg ............................................... ≤0.0005%NH4

+ ..................................................≤0.05% Na .................................................. ≤0.005%Pb ................................................... ≤0.001% Zn ................................................. ≤0.0005%

C5070-1G 1 gC5070-5G 5 g

CHAPSO3-([3-Cholamidopropyl]dimethylammonio)-2-hydroxy-1-propanesulfonate[82473-24-3] C32H58N2O8S FW 630.88A nondenaturing zwitterionic detergent with characteristics similar to CHAPS, although it is more soluble due to a more polar head group. Useful for the solubilization of integral membrane proteins.

micellar avg wt. 7000

cloud point .......................................................................................... 90 °Caggregation number ................................................................................. 11CMC ....................................................................................8 mM (20-25°C)

≥98%

C3649-500MG 500 mgC3649-1G 1 gC3649-5G 5 gC3649-25G 25 g

SigmaUltrasolubility H2O ............................................................. 0.1 M at 20 °C, clear, colorlessInsoluble matter ..................................................................................≤0.1%Phosphorus (P) ..............................................................................≤0.0005%CMC ..............8 mM (micellar weight =9960)chloride (Cl-) ......................................≤0.05% sulfate (SO4

2-) ................................... ≤0.05%Al ................................................. ≤0.0005% Ca ................................................ ≤0.0005%Cu ................................................ ≤0.0005% Fe ................................................. ≤0.0005%

K .................................................... ≤0.005% Mg ............................................... ≤0.0005%NH4

+ ..................................................≤0.05% Na .................................................... ≤0.01%Pb ................................................... ≤0.001% Zn ................................................. ≤0.0005%

C4695-500MG 500 mgC4695-1G 1 gC4695-5G 5 g

3-(Decyldimethylammonio)propanesulfonate inner saltCaprylyl sulfobetaine; SB3-10[15163-36-7] CH3(CH2)9N+(CH3)2CH2CH2CH2SO3

- FW 307.49micellar avg wt. 12,600

aggregation number ................................................................................. 41CMC .............................................................................25-40 mM (20-25°C)

Zwitterionic detergent used for protein solubilization.

D4266-5G 5 gD4266-25G 25 g

N,N-Dimethyldodecylamine N-oxideDDAO; LDAO; Lauryldimethylamine N-oxide[1643-20-5] CH3(CH2)11N(O)(CH3)2 FW 229.40DDAO is a non-denaturing zwitterionic surfactant with a critical micelle concentration (CMC) of approximately 1 mM. It is used to solubilize proteins and to study the conformation and molecular interactions of macromolecules.

≥99% (titration) store at: 2-8°C

D9775-5G 5 g

≥99.0% (NT)peroxides (as H2O2) ...........................................................................≤0.03%chloride (Cl-) ...............................≤100 mg/kgsulfate (SO4

2-) ............................... ≤50 mg/kg Ca ................................................ ≤10 mg/kgCd .................................................. ≤5 mg/kg Co .................................................. ≤5 mg/kgCr ................................................... ≤5 mg/kg Cu .................................................. ≤5 mg/kgFe ................................................... ≤5 mg/kg

K .................................................. ≤50 mg/kgMg ................................................. ≤5 mg/kg Mn ................................................. ≤5 mg/kgNa ................................................ ≤50 mg/kg Ni ................................................... ≤5 mg/kgPb ................................................... ≤5 mg/kg Zn ................................................... ≤5 mg/kg

store at: 2-8°C

40234-5G 5 g40234-25G 25 g

> N,N-Dimethyldodecylamine N-oxide solution, BioUltra, see Page 18

3-(N,N-Dimethylmyristylammonio)propanesulfonateMyristyl sulfobetaine; SB3-14; 3-(N,N-Dimethyltetradecyl-ammonio)propanesulfonate; N-Tetradecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate; 3-(Myristyldimethylammonio)propanesulfonate[14933-09-6] CH3(CH2)13N+(CH3)2CH2CH2CH2SO3

- FW 363.60micellar avg wt. 30,200

aggregation number ................................................................................. 83CMC ...........................................................................0.1-0.4 mM (20-25°C)

≥99% (TLC)

T7763-5G 5 gT7763-25G 25 gD

eter

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ts

Our Innovation, Your Research — Shaping the Future of Life Science �1

3-(N,N-Dimethyloctadecylammonio)propanesulfonateStearyl sulfobetaine; SB3-18; 3-(Stearyl-dimethylammonio)propanesulfo-nate; 3-(N,N-Dimethylstearylammonio)propanesulfonate; N-Octadecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate[13177-41-8] CH3(CH2)17N+(CH3)2CH2CH2CH2SO3

- FW 419.71

≥99.0% (TLC)Zwitterionic surfactant useful in membrane solubilization studies. Does not absorb UV light and hence does not interfere with spectrophotometric analysis of proteins.1

Lit. Cited: 1. Gonenne, A. and Ernst, R., Anal. Biochem. 87, 28 (1978)

41570-250G 250 g

3-(N,N-Dimethyloctylammonio)propanesulfonate inner saltSB3-8; Octyl sulfobetaine[15178-76-4] CH3(CH2)7N+(CH3)2CH2CH2CH2SO3

- FW 279.44CMC ................................................................................330 mM (20-25°C)

Zwitterionic detergent; mild solubilizer of plasma membranes.

O6626-5G 5 g

3-[N,N-Dimethyl(3-palmitoylaminopropyl)ammonio]-propanesulfonateAmidosulfobetain-16; 3-[N,N-Dimethyl-N-(3-palmitamidopro-pyl)ammonio]propane-1-sulfonate[52562-29-5] C24H50N2O4S FW 462.73Zwitterionic amidosufobetaine detergent which increases the solubilization of proteins, resulting in improved detection of proteins by 2D-electrophoresis.1

water ..................................................................................................≤5.0%

Lit. Cited: 1. Herbert, B., Electrophoresis 20, 660 (1999) store at: 2-8°C

94508-1G-F 1 g94508-5G-F 5 g

3-(N,N-Dimethylpalmitylammonio)propanesulfonateSB3-16; Palmityl sulfobetaine; 3-(Hexadecyldimethylammonio)propane-sulfonate; 3-(N,N-Dimethylhexadecylammonio)propanesulfonate; 3-(Pal-mityldimethylammonio)propanesulfonate[2281-11-0] CH3(CH2)15N+(CH3)2CH2CH2CH2SO3

- FW 391.65micellar avg wt. 60,700

aggregation number ............................................................................... 155CMC .......................................................................0.01-0.06 mM (20-25°C)

Zwitterionic detergent used for extraction of proteins for analysis by chromatography, mass spectroscopy, and electrophoretic methods.

H6883-5G 5 gH6883-25G 25 g

N-Dodecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonateLauryl sulfobetaine; SB3-12; 3-(Dodecyldimethylammonio)propane-sulfonate; 3-(Lauryldimethylammonio)propanesulfonate; 3-(N,N-Dimethyldodecylammonio)propanesulfonate; 3-(N,N-Dimethyllauryl-ammonio)propanesulfonate[14933-08-5] CH3(CH2)11N+(CH3)2CH2CH2CH2SO3

- FW 335.55Zwitterionic detergent used for protein solubilization

micellar avg wt. 18,500

aggregation number ................................................................................. 55CMC .................................................................................2-4 mM (20-25°C)

≥98% (TLC)

D4516-5G 5 gD4516-25G 25 g

≥97.0% (CHN, dried material)Ca ................................................ ≤20 mg/kgCd .................................................. ≤5 mg/kg Co .................................................. ≤5 mg/kgCr ................................................... ≤5 mg/kg Cu .................................................. ≤5 mg/kgFe ................................................... ≤5 mg/kg K .................................................. ≤50 mg/kg

Mg ................................................. ≤5 mg/kg Mn ................................................. ≤5 mg/kgNa .............................................. ≤150 mg/kg Ni ................................................... ≤5 mg/kgPb ................................................... ≤5 mg/kg Zn ................................................... ≤5 mg/kg

40232-50G 50 g40232-250G 250 g

EMPIGEN® BB detergentN,N-Dimethyl-N-dodecylglycine betaine; N-(Alkyl C10-C16)-N,N-dimethyl-glycine betaine[66455-29-6] CH3(CH2)8-14CH2N+(CH3)2CH2COO-

CMC ...........................................................................1.6-2.1 mM (20-25°C)

~35% active substance in H2OZwitterionic detergent (an amine betaine), useful for solubilization of membrane proteins. Used for preparing viral antigens by removing kinases1.

Mr ~279λ .................................................. neat 441 nm ...................................0.037 417 nm .................................... 0.055 Lit. Cited: 1. Thorson, J.A., et al., Microbiology (1998), 18, 5229

45165-50ML 50 mL45165-250ML 250 mL

Non-detergent SulfobetainesNon-detergent sulfobetaines (NDSB) are reagents similar to zwitterionic detergents but with shorter hydrophobic chains. They have been reported to improve the yield of membrane proteins when used with detergents and prevent aggregation of denatured proteins. Sulfobetaines do not form micelles.

3-(Benzyldimethylammonio)propanesulfonate3-(N-Phenylmethyl-N,N-dimethylammonio)propanesulfonate; PDA; NDSB 256[81239-45-4] C6H5CH2N+(CH3)2CH2CH2CH2SO3

− FW 257.35

≥99.0% (HPCE)Ampholytic detergent used to enhance solubility of proteins in electrophoresis.1

solubility H2O .....................................................................10 mg/mL, clear, colorlesschloride (Cl-) ................................. ≤50 mg/kgsulfate (SO4

2-) ............................... ≤50 mg/kg Ca ................................................ ≤10 mg/kgCd .................................................. ≤5 mg/kg Cr ................................................... ≤5 mg/kgCu .................................................. ≤5 mg/kg Fe ................................................... ≤5 mg/kg

K .................................................. ≤50 mg/kg Mg ................................................. ≤5 mg/kgMn ................................................. ≤5 mg/kg Na ................................................ ≤50 mg/kgNi ................................................... ≤5 mg/kg Pb ................................................... ≤5 mg/kgZn ................................................... ≤5 mg/kg

Lit. Cited: 1. T. Rabilloud et al., Electrophoresis 18, 307 (1997)

17236-5G 5 g17236-25G 25 g

3-(1-Pyridinio)-1-propanesulfonatePPS; 1-(3-Sulfopropyl)pyridinium betain; NDSB 201[15471-17-7] C8H11NO3S FW 201.24

≥97.0% (N)

82804-50G 50 g82804-250G 250 g

Deterg

ents

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CyclodextrinsMany metabolically important compounds, such as lipid-soluble vitamins and hormones, have very low solubilities in aqueous solutions. Various techniques have been used to solubilize these compounds in tissue culture, cell culture, or other water-based applications. A frequently used approach is to use cyclodextrin as a “carrier” molecule to facilitate the dissolution of these compounds.

Structural representations of β-cyclodextrin, α-cyclodextrin, and γ-cyclodextrin. The cyclodextrins are cyclic oligosaccharides consisting of 7, 6, or 8 (respectively) glucopyranose units.

The solubility of natural cyclodextrins is very poor and initially this prevented cyclodextrins from becoming effective complexing agents. In the late 1960’s, it was discovered that chemical substitutions at the 2-, 3-, and 6-hydroxyl sites would greatly increase solubility. The degree of chemical substitution and the nature of the groups used for substitution determine the final maximum concentration of cyclodextrin in an aqueous medium. Most chemically modified cyclodextrins are able to achieve a 50% (w/v) concentration in water.

Cavity size is the major determinant as to which cyclodextrin is used in complexation. “Fit” is critical to achieving good incorporation of cyclodextrins. α-Cyclodextrins have small cavities that are not capable of accepting many molecules. γ-Cyclodextrins have much larger cavities than many molecules to be incorporated, and cyclodextrin hydrophobic charges cannot effectively interact to

facilitate complexation. The cavity diameter of β-cyclodextrins has been found to be the most appropriate size for hormones, vitamins, and other compounds frequently used in tissue and cell culture applications. For this reason, β-cyclodextrin is most commonly used as a complexing agent.

Hydrophobic molecules are incorporated into the cavity of cyclodextrins by displacing water. This reaction is favored by the repulsion of the molecule by water. This effectively encapsulates the molecule of interest within the cyclodextrin, rendering the molecule water-soluble. When the water-soluble complex is diluted in a much larger volume of aqueous solvent, the process is reversed, thereby releasing the molecule of interest into the solution.

Sigma’s product line of water-soluble complexes includes cyclodextrins and soluble cyclodextrin-complexes of biochemicals commonly used in tissue and cell culture applications.

CyclodextrinsProduct Name Formula Mol Wt. Assay (%) Application Solubility Cat. No.

α-Cyclodextrin C36H60O30 972.84 ≥98 - H2O 50 mg/mL C����-1G

C����-�G

C����-��G

α-Cyclodextrin C36H60O30 972.84 ≥98 cell culture tested H2O 50 mg/mL C���0-1G

C���0-�G

b-Cyclodextrin C42H70O35 1134.98 ≥98 - 1 M NH4OH 50 mg/mL C����-��G

C����-100G

b-Cyclodextrin C42H70O35 1134.98 ≥98 cell culture tested 1 M NaOH 50 mg/mL C��0�-�G

C��0�-��G

C��0�-100G

γ-Cyclodextrin C48H80O40 1297.12 ≥99 - 1 M NH4OH 50 mg/mL C����-1G

C����-�G

γ-Cyclodextrin C48H80O40 1297.12 ≥98 cell culture tested 1 M NaOH 25 mg/mL, may be clear to slightly hazy

C���0-100MG

C���0-1G

(2-Hydroxypropyl)-b-cyclodextrin - - - - H2O 45 % (w/v) H10�-�G

H10�-100G

(2-Hydroxypropyl)-b-cyclodextrin - - - cell culture tested H2O 100 mg/mL C0���-�G

C0���-10G

extent of labeling 4 - 10 (determined by NMR)

(2-Hydroxypropyl)-b-cyclodextrin (C6H9O5)7 · (C3H7O)4.5 1393.82 - - - H����-10ML

45 % (w/v) in H2O

(2-Hydroxypropyl)-γ-cyclodextrin - - - - H2O 450 mg/mL H1��-�G-I

H1��-100G-I

Methyl-b-cyclodextrin - - - cell culture tested H2O 50 mg/mL C����-1G

C����-�G

C����-10G

extent of labeling 1.5 - 2.1 methyl per 1 mol

Cycl

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Our Innovation, Your Research — Shaping the Future of Life Science ��

Solubilized ComplexesProduct Name Application Solubility Cat. No.

Chloramphenicol-Water Soluble cell culture tested H2O 50-500 mg/mL, stock solution

PBS 50-500 mg/mL, stock solution

other salt solutions, not recommended

C�1��-100MG

Cholesterol-Water Soluble cell culture tested H2O 200 mg/mL C���1-�0MG

Dexamethasone-Water Soluble cell culture tested H2O 25 mg/mL, may be clear to slightly hazy D��1�-100MG

b-Estradiol-Water Soluble cell culture tested H2O 25 mg/mL, may be clear to slightly hazy E����-100MG

Hydrocortisone-Water Soluble cell culture tested H2O 100 mg/mL H0���-100MG

Linoleic Acid-Water Soluble cell culture tested H2O 50 mg/mL L��00-10MG

Oleic Acid-Water Soluble cell culture tested H2O 50 mg/mL, may be clear to slightly hazy O1���-10MG

Progesterone-Water Soluble cell culture tested H2O 25 mg/mL, may be clear to slightly hazy P����-100MG

Retinyl Acetate-Water Soluble cell culture tested H2O 400 mg/mL R0���-�MG

AntifoamsAntifoaming reagents have high surface activities at the interface between the air and liquid phases. Antifoams modify the surface tension in the air-liquid interface of a fermentation solution and interfere with stabilizing substances such as protein-based foam.

Antifoams are supplied as two basic types of composition or mixtures of the two. Organic antifoams are of synthetic origin. Silicone-based antifoams are generally considered to be siloxane polymers and are also synthetic.

Since one cannot predict the effectiveness of an antifoam for a particular application, antifoams should be tested to ensure adequate defoaming effectiveness under representative culture conditions for each microorganism. The variables of medium composition, temperature, pH, mixing, and aeration anticipated for the final experimental or fermentation conditions should be used. If the antifoam is not effective under these test conditions either a higher amount of antifoam can be added or a different type of antifoam can be tested.

Note that silicon-based antifoams are known to cause membrane fouling (contamination) due to gel layer formation and/or adherence to membrane surfaces. In addition, the presence of antifoam in a culture medium may inhibit organism growth.

Antifoam emulsions B, C, and Y-30 contain preservatives to guard against microbial growth. Long-term storage of diluted material may diminish this antimicrobial effect and additional preservative may be required.

Antifoam emulsions are typically effective within a 1-100 ppm concentration range.

Antifoam A Concentrate

An extremely effective foam suppresser for use in aqueous and non-aqueous systems.

contains no emulsifier

A5633-25G 25 gA5633-100G 100 g

Antifoam B Emulsion

A 10% aqueous emulsion of Antifoam A concentrate.

contains emulsifier (different from those present in Antifoam A emulsion)

A5757-250ML 250 mLA5757-500ML 500 mL

Antifoam C Emulsion

A 30% aqueous emulsion of Antifoam A concentrate.

contains emulsifier

A8011-250ML 250 mLA8011-500ML 500 mL

Antifoam Y-30 Emulsion

A 30% aqueous emulsion of Antifoam A concentrate.

contains emulsifier

A5758-100ML 100 mLA5758-250ML 250 mLA5758-500ML 500 mL

Organic AntifoamsA recommended starting concentration for use in microbiological media is between 0.005% and 0.01%. The optimal amount of antifoam required for various applications will need to be determined.

Antifoam 204

Contains 100% active components and is a mixture of non-silicone organic defoamers in a polyol dispersion. Can be sterilized repeatedly.

A6426-100G 100 gA6426-500G 500 gA6426-1KG 1 kg

autoclaved

A8311-50ML 50 mL

Antifoam O-30

A long-lasting fatty acid ester antifoam, 100% active.

A8082-100G 100 gA8082-500G 500 g

Silicone AntifoamsThe active ingredient of these antifoams is a silicone-based polymer that has a molecular weight range of 3,200 to 16,500 Da. These products consist of particles ranging in size from 10 to 40 microns, and can be removed by filtration.

The silicone-type antifoams are suspensions and must be agitated before a sample is taken from the container to ensure representative sampling. In order to remove traces of these types of antifoam from glassware, wash the glassware in hot soapy water followed by an alcohol (isopropanol) wash or bleach. Autoclaving may result in phase separation and may require remixing the emulsion. A different emulsifier is present in each of the Antifoam emulsions.

An

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�� Order: sigma.com/order Technical service: sigma.com/techinfosigma.com/lifescience

Antifoam Selection KitsThe Antifoam Test Kits are sets of 20 different antifoams, detergents, and surfactants, designed to help biotechnologists and microbiologists identify the optimum antifoam for use in specific fermentation processes.

Antifoam Test Kit 2

for biotechnological purposes

Components

Polyethylene glycol 1500 solution (Fluka 73034) 10 mLPolyethylene glycol 200 (Fluka 88440) 10 mLPolyethylene glycol 20,000 solution (Fluka 87006) 10 mLPolyethylene glycol 3,350 solution (Fluka 83272) 10 mLPolyethylene glycol 500 dimethyl ether (Fluka 81313) 10 mLPolyethylene glycol 600 (Fluka 87333) 10 mLPolyethylene glycol 6,000 solution (Fluka 81304) 10 mLPolyethylene glycol 8,000 solution (Fluka 83271) 10 mLPolyethylene glycol 2,000 monomethyl ether solution (Fluka 83918) 10 mLPolyethylene glycol 5,000 monomethyl ether solution (Fluka 90364) 10 mLPolyethylene glycol 550 monomethyl ether solution (Fluka 71578) 10 mLPolypropylene glycol P 1,200 (Fluka 81370) 10 mLPolypropylene glycol P 2,000 (Fluka 81380) 10 mLPolypropylene glycol P 400 (Fluka 81350) 10 mLSilicone antifoam, emulsion, 30% in water (Fluka 85390) 10 mLSilicone oil DC 200 (Fluka 85412) 10 mLSilicone oil DC 710 (Fluka 85427) 10 mLTriethylene glycol monobutyl ether (Fluka 90440) 10 mLTriethylene glycol dimethyl ether (Fluka 90420) 10 mLBrij® 96 V (Fluka 16011) 10 mL

28401-1KT-F 1 kit

Antifoam Test Kit 1

for biotechnological purposes

Components

1-Methoxy-2-propanol (Fluka 65280) 10 mL2-Decanol (Fluka 30620) 10 mLImbentin-AGS/35 (Fluka 56742) 10 mL1-Oleoyl-rac-glycerol (Fluka 49960) 10 mLTWEEN® 20 (Fluka 93773) 10 mLTWEEN® 80 (Fluka 93780) 10 mLUcon® HTF 14 (Fluka 93970) 10 mLAntifoam A (Fluka 10794) 10 mLMineral oil type A (Fluka 91975) 10 mLMineral oil type B (Fluka 78473) 10 mLMineral oil (Fluka 69794) 10 mLParaffin oil (Fluka 76235) 10 mLParaffin wax (Fluka 95369) 10 mLRapeseed oil Brassica rapa (Fluka 83450) 10 mLBrij® 30 (Fluka 16001) 10 mLNonylphenyl-polyethylene glycol (Fluka 03853) 10 mLNonylphenyl-polyethyleneglycol acetate (Fluka 74432) 10 mLO-(2-Aminopropyl)-O’-(2-methoxyethyl)polypropylene glycol 500 (Fluka 09303) 10 mLPolyethylene glycol solution 1,000, ~50% in H2O (Fluka 76293) 10 mLPolyethylene glycol solution 10,000, ~50% in H2O (Fluka 84184) 10 mL

04686-1KT-F 1 kit

An

tifo

ams

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TrademarksThe following trademarks and registered trademarks are accurate to the best of our knowledge at the time of printing. Please consult individual manufacturers and othersources for specific information.

Albright & Wilson UK Ltd. — EMPIGEN®

BASF AG — Pluronic®

Croda International PLC — Brij®, Span®, TWEEN®

Desitin Arzneimittel GmbH — Thesit®

Dow Chemical Co. — DOWEX®

Eppendorf-Netheler-Hinz GmbH — Eppendorf®

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Lonza Inc. — Hyamine®

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FLAG®, FLAG®, HIS-Select®, iLAP®, MiniTips™, Porozorb™, ProteoPrep®, ProteoSilver™,ReagentPlus®, Rezorian™, Trizma®

Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corp. — Tergitol®, Ucon®

Union Carbide Corp. — Triton®

Trademark Index

1s i g m a - a l d r i c h . c o m / b i o f i l e s

Tradem

ark

Our Innovation, Your Research — Shaping the Future of Life Science ��

Detergent RemovalMiniTips™ C18

Expertly designed by chromatographers and mass spectrometrists, the MiniTip C18 pipette tip provides superior sample recovery, increased bed integrity, and enhanced binding capacity for purifying and concentrating mass spectrometry samples. MiniTips’ unique, proprietary adhesive chemistry greatly increases available silica particle surface area, leading to exceptional binding capacity and unsurpassed analyte recovery. The unique solid phase support binds peptides, proteins, and other analytes retained by reversed phase techniques while withstanding the rigors of repeated draw and dispense cycles without structural degradation. For optimal purification and concentration of important samples, trust MiniTips!

Features and Benefits

Discover the Advantages for Yourself!

� Superior recovery of peptides and proteins

� Exceptional binding capacity and enhanced affinity

� Greater sorbent bed stability for cleaner samples

TPSC18-96EA 96 eaTPSC18-960EA 960 ea

Solvent–Detergent Removal ResinSDR HyperD® Resin

saline suspension with ethanolHyperD media are highly porous, rigid ceramic beads filled with a derivatized hydrogel.

Useful for the removal of detergents from protein samples.

Features and Benefits

Characteristics are tolerant of very high flow rates without bed compression, and high exchange capacity. The bead has an exclusion limit of 10,000 Da MW, and is highly efficient at removing biological detergents from samples. Stable to most common solvents, and pH’s from 2-12.

Suspension in 1 M NaCl with 20% ethanol.

Binding capacity: 4-10 column volumes of sample can be treated, with up to 99.9% removal store at: 2-8°C

S5054-25ML 25 mLS5054-100ML 100 mLS5054-500ML 500 mL

Rezorian™ A161 Cartridge

Disposable Rezorian™ A161 Luer lock syringe-tip cartridges offer convenience and expedience for isolating, purifying, and concentrating biomolecules from aqueous samples. Packed with a high performance, macroreticular, hydrophobic adsorbent resin, Rezorian A161 cartridges are specially tailored for biomolecular pharmaceutical separations.

Empty Rezorian tubes are available, and we may custom prepare Rezorian cartridges for your application - please inquire through Supelco Technical Service, techservice@sial.com.

1 mL

57610-U 6 ea

5 mL

57611 6 ea

Porozorb™ Cartridge

Analysts processing protein or other biological preparations, sterile pharmaceuticals, foods, or beverages must separate wanted products from unwanted process components.

Porozorb™ cartridges are produced using validated processes, providing sterile, endotoxin-free, ready-to-use adsorbent cartridges that effectively remove detergents (Triton® X-100, sodium dodecyl sulfate, TWEEN®, etc.) or other nonpolar, hydrophobic materials from such preparations. They are appropriate for analytical scale to process scale purification schemes.

A certificate of analysis accompanies each Porozorb cartridge. Cartridges are tested for sterility and endotoxin by an accredited test lab following modified USP guidelines. The cartridges can be rinsed with cleaning agents (e.g., most weak acids and bases) or autoclaved at 121 °C. The polycarbonate cartridge can accept 50% organic solutions during analysis, but must be stored in aqueous solutions.

Characteristics of Porozorb CartridgesPacking: Amberlite XAD4, specially cleanedMean Particle Size: 500 μmCartridge dimensions: 250 mL - 6.55 × 8 cm 1000 mL - 26.2 × 8 cmNipple Connection: 3/16 in. I.D., 1/4 in. O.D.Shell: clear polycarbonateScreens: stainless steel, 50×250 meshGaskets: medical gradeMax. Pressure: 30 psi (2.1 kg/cm2)Shipped sterile and endotoxin free.

Porozorb cartridges are not for clinical or diagnostic use.

Due to shelf life limitations, Porozorb cartridges are made on receipt of an order. Expect 2-4 week delay in shipping times.

Porozorb 254, 250 mL

57500 1 ea

Porozorb 1004, 1000 mL

57502 1 ea

DOWEX® Retardion 11A8[109766-79-2]Chromatographic resin for ion separation. Useful for removal of ionic detergents (e.g., SDS) from protein samples. It is used for the removal of electrolytes from water solutions, and separation of cations from anions. Desalting occurs by SEC-type mechanism, so column use is recommended for best success.

The Retardion 11A8 is not a true mixed bed resin, but a resin with mixed functionality. It contains paired anion and cation exchange sites (each exists as the other’s counter-ion) that adsorb mobile ions from a bulk stream.

amphoteric form

moisture ...................................................................................43-48%This ion-exchange resin has not been specially processed nor cleaned. We suggest that it be treated to a suitable preliminary elution and wash.

428698-100G 100 g428698-500G 500 g

Deterg

ent R

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val

KKU70297-5062740048

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