developing a livestock agri-food systems research program for the cgiar: background and guiding...
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Developing a Livestock Agri-Food Systems Research Program for
the CGIAR: Background and guiding questions for face to face
consultations
Shirley Tarawali and Peter Ballantyne
January 2016
Overview
• Why livestock?• The global context for livestock research for development
• Challenges?• How can we organise a research for development program to
address the complexity and diversity of the livestock sector, without being unfocused?
• Research that delivers development outcomes and impacts
• Integration of solutions • Multiple balances and trade-offs • Imperatives for delivery
The Livestock Agri-food Systems CGIAR Research Program
Seizes the opportunity:
– Rapid increase in demand for animal-source foods in developing countries
– Current suppliers of these being many millions of smallholder farmers
Through:
– Providing research based solutions to drive the transition to sustainable, resilient livelihoods and diets for future generations
Why livestock?
Animal source foods: 5 of 6 highest value global commodities (total value of these 5=US Int $715 billion)
FAOSTAT 2015
(values for 2013)
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net production value (Int $) billion production (MT)
Cow milk has
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Gains in meat consumption in developingcountries are outpacing those of developed
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1980 1990 2002 2015 2030 2050
Mill
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developing at sameper cap. asdeveloped(hypothetical)
Key drivers: population, income, urbanization
% growth in demand for livestock products2000–2030
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FAO, 2011Based on anticipated change in absolute tonnes of product comparing 2000 and 2030
Huge increases over 2005/7 amountsof cereals, dairy and meat will be needed by 2050
From 2bn−3bntonnes cereals each year
From 664m−1bntonnes dairy each year
From 258m−460m tonnes meat each year
Demand for livestock commodities in developing economies will be met—the question is how
Scenario #1Meeting livestock demand byimporting livestock products
Scenario #2Meeting livestock demand by
importing livestock industrial production know-how
Scenario #3Meeting livestock demand by
transforming smallholder livestock systems
Replacing the 90% of locally produced animal commodities with imports is not feasible
Economically
Africa’s food import bill (2013): US $ 44 billion
About one fifth is livestock (highest after cereals):Meat: US $ 5 billion; Milk: US $ 4 billion
Business as usual: the import bill doubles
Various sources:BMGF, FAO and ILRI
Smallholders still dominatelivestock production in many countries
Region(definition of ‘smallholder’)
% production by smallholder livestock farms
Beef Chickenmeat
Sheep/goat meat
Milk Pork Eggs
East Africa(≤ 6 milking animals)
60-90
Bangladesh(< 3ha land)
65 77 78 65 77
India(< 2ha land)
75 92 92 69 71
Vietnam (small scale)
80
Philippines(backyard)
50 35
Smallholders: part of the development
• Not sentimentality or a belief in “small is beautiful”
• Based on the evidence and the dual objectives of
– increasing animal source food supply to consumers
– supporting rural development and livelihoods
• The evidence:
– They produce the bulk of the livestock (and half of crop) products in
developing countries so need to be part of increase supply strategy
– They continue to be competitive so wont go away on their own
– Does not detract from investing in larger commercial systems
Livestock and livelihoods
70% of the world’s rural poor rely on livestock for important parts of their livelihoods.
Of the more than 600 million poor livestock keepers in the world, around two-thirds are rural women.
For the vulnerable, up to 40% of benefits from livestock keeping come from non-market, intangible benefits, mostly insurance and financing.
In the poorest countries, livestock manure comprises over 70% of soil fertility amendments.
Many employed in local informal livestock product markets
• 90% of animal products are produced and consumed in the same country or region
• Over 70% of livestock products are sold ‘informally’
Why livestock?New, unprecedented opportunities to: • Address smallholder food and nutritional security
• Transform livelihoods and rural economies• Ensure rapidly developing animal agriculture is
sustainable
Why livestock?
1. a) Have we made the case for a focus on smallholder-based systems?b)Is anything crucial missing?
2. Are there other aspects from ILRI’s global perspective that should be considered?
Challenges?
Complexity(cannot do everything)
Global diversity(cannot be everywhere)
Distilling complexity - Distinguishing opportunities
Distilling complexity - Distinguishing opportunitiesTrajectory Sector Opportunities for research to address development
challenges
‘Strong growth’ Intensifying and increasingly market oriented often transforming smallholder systems
Ruminant meat and milk, esp. in SSA, India− Pork in some regions.Priority value chains (livestock and fish CRP); some rangeland systems (systems CRPs)
Sustainable food systems that deliver key animal-source nutrients Facilitating a structural transition to fewer households raising more productive animals in more efficient, intensive and market-linked systems Market access and food safety; (Zoonotic outbreaks)
‘High growth with externalities’Intensified livestock systems with challenges including the environment and public health
Mostly monogastric− China for all commodities.A4NH, CCAFS, WLE especially per-urban locations
Incentives, technologies, strategies and product and organizational innovations that mitigate the environmental and public health risks and facilitate participation of the poor in livestock markets and other business opportunities.
‘Fragile growth’ Where
remoteness, marginal land resources or agro climatic vulnerability restrict intensification
Some smallholder andpastoral systems; little part in the production response.Selected systems CRP locations
Enhance the essential roles of livestock in the resilience of people and communities to variability in weather, markets or resource demandsProtection of assets (eg insurance) and conservation of natural resources. Opportunities such as payment for ecosystem services could become increasingly important
Distilling complexity - Distinguishing opportunitiesTrajectory Sector Opportunities for research to address development
challenges
‘Strong growth’ Intensifying and increasingly market oriented often transforming smallholder systems
Ruminant meat and milk, esp. in SSA, India− Pork in some regions.Priority value chains (livestock and fish CRP); some rangeland systems (systems CRPs)
Sustainable food systems that deliver key animal-source nutrients Facilitating a structural transition to fewer households raising more productive animals in more efficient, intensive and market-linked systems Market access and food safety; (Zoonotic outbreaks)
‘High growth with externalities’Intensified livestock systems with challenges including the environment and public health
Mostly monogastric− China for all commodities.A4NH, CCAFS, WLE especially per-urban locations
Incentives, technologies, strategies and product and organizational innovations that mitigate the environmental and public health risks and facilitate participation of the poor in livestock markets and other business opportunities.
‘Fragile growth’ Where
remoteness, marginal land resources or agro climatic vulnerability restrict intensification
Some smallholder andpastoral systems; little part in the production response.Selected systems CRP locations
Enhance the essential roles of livestock in the resilience of people and communities to variability in weather, markets or resource demandsProtection of assets (eg insurance) and conservation of natural resources. Opportunities such as payment for ecosystem services could become increasingly important
Global diversity: selected priority locations
Inclusive sustainable intensification (value chains): Nicaragua, Uganda, Ethiopia, Tanzania
and VietnamResilience: building on the systems work in Nicaragua, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Kenya and
Vietnam
Sites pending resources and further assessment: Burkina Faso, Morocco, India and sites in Central
Asia, southern Africa.
Challenges?
Complexity3. Does the organization of research for development priorities around trajectories of change miss anything?
4. What are the top issues driving research on sustainable intensification of livestock-based systems?
5. What are the top issues driving research on enhanced resilience for livestock-based livelihoods?
Global diversity6. Which criteria should drive decisions on which
countries, value chains or animal species to work on?
Research that delivers development outcomes and
impacts
Integration of solutions
Multiple balances and trade-offs:
technology, institutional, livelihood, environmental,
economic, nutritional
Imperatives for delivery
Animal genetics
Animal health
Animal feeds
Livestock livelihoods and
agri-food systems
Livestock and the
environment
• Gender informed prioritisation and targeting;
• New technological solutions;• Delivery mechanisms• Capacity to undertake research
• Gender; organizational; systems; policy; consumer demand
• Integrative research, piloting and scaling:• Animal source food
systems• Livestock based livelihoods
• Practice: Bundles of technological innovations and tools, business models, proof of concept for wider implementation at scale
• Influence: Improved institutional approaches and arrangements, communications
• Capacity: Of individuals and institutions to undertake, and to use, research
Animal genetics
Animal health
Animal feeds
Livestock livelihoods and agri-
food systems
Livestock and the
environment
• Practice: Bundles of technological innovations and tools, business models, proof of concept for wider implementation at scale
• Influence: Improved institutional approaches and arrangements, communications
• Capacity: Of individuals and institutions to undertake, and to use, research
International public goods – new
technological and methodological breakthroughs
International public goods – new
knowledge and evidence relevant to livestock trajectories
Local public goodsTransformed value
chains;Resilient
communitiesN
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sCapacity to use research results
Gender and youth
transformationCommunication
Animal genetics
Animal genetics
Animal health
Animal feeds
Livestock livelihoods and agri-
food systems
Livestock and the
environment
Choices of improved breeds readily available, affordable and used widely and sustainably
- Understanding, characterisation, utilization and conservation of livestock phenotypes and genotypes in relation to future production systems
- New and appropriate breeds: application of new opportunities in genomic and reproductive technologies
- Effective delivery systems: breeding schemes, institutional arrangements
- Policy and institutional support - New opportunities for business: especially
involving youth and women- Increased capacity to undertake research in
livestock genetics and genomics
Animal health
Animal genetics
Animal health
Animal feeds
Livestock livelihoods and agri-
food systems
Livestock and the
environment
Builds on decades of research and combines advances in vaccinology and diagnostics with refined herd health management to improve productivity and mitigate disease risks
- Evaluate animal health constraints and threats: methods and tools to identify the extent and impact of animal health constraints and how these are changing
- Refine and adapt holistic herd health management approaches: impact of biosecurity, animal welfare and rational use of drugs
- Develop diagnostics and vaccines: new products for monitoring and control of livestock diseases in the targeted livestock production systems
- Develop delivery models to improve access to animal health services and products: demand-driven and gender-responsive delivery models
Animal feeds and forages
Animal genetics
Animal health
Animal feeds
Livestock livelihoods and agri-
food systems
Livestock and the
environment
Increase livestock productivity by identifying, testing and delivering superior feed and forage strategies responding to evolving demands for animal-source foods- Builds on CG forage genebanks and feeds work;
applies new science- More and better feeds: new feeds and forages;
new strategies to use existing feeds and forages better
- Cross CRP platforms: ‘full purpose crops’; biological nitrogen fixation
- Options for delivery at scale of feed and forage technologies (eg seed systems etc); opportunities for women, youth, new private enterprises
Livestock and the environment
Animal genetics
Animal health
Animal feeds
Livestock livelihoods and agri-
food systems
Livestock and the
environment
A reduced environmental footprint and enhanced positive ecosystem services from livestock systems that are adapted to environmental change- Assess the environmental sustainability,
efficiency and adaptability of livestock production technologies
- Optimize natural resource use and enhance the provision of ecosystem services - exploring, testing and disseminating innovative livestock management solutions with end users
- Develop and support improved institutions and other governance mechanisms for environmental solutions
Unique role: to contribute evidence to the global debate on livestock and the environment that is particular to the developing world; and using field research to provide context-specific solutions
Livestock livelihoods and agri-food systems
Animal genetics
Animal health
Animal feeds
Livestock livelihoods and agri-
food systems
Livestock and the
environment
Integrative research to improve animal source food systems and livestock based livelihoods- Systems analysis for priority setting and scaling
and on livestock sector development- Gender-based analysis to inform research
priority setting and equitable outcomes- Enhanced nutrition through livestock: nutrition-
sensitive and cost-effective livestock interventions, market and investment assessment and opportunities to improve nutrition
- Improving livelihoods of smallholder livestock keepers and their capacity to cope with shocks
- Enabling policies, markets and institutions- Systematic learning to facilitate scaling of
innovations related to the unique opportunities of livestock systems
Partnerships
Partners contribute to discovery and delivery objectives of the Program: global to regional to national to local; from research to development; and from public to civil to private sector –specific to each flagship and site
Strategic partners have a long-term multi-faceted engagement to deliver the CRP portfolio
Collaborators implement joint activities with the Program because they share interest in achieving specific activity objectives for a restricted set of deliverables – specific to each flagship and site
Strategic partners
German Development Agency (GIZ)
International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA)
International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT)
International Livestock Research Institute
International Water Management Institute (IWMI)
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU)
Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR)
World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)
Capacity to use research results
Gender and youth
transformationCommunication
A strategic enabler in the complex process of achieving development outcomes through research
Multiple levels—individual, organizational and institutional—and covers a wider scope than the mere transfer of knowledge and skills through training.
A key to engage with stakeholders in multiple ways and at different levels to ensure research outputs are taken to scale.
Particular emphasis on the ‘design and delivery of innovative learning materials and approaches’ and ‘developing future research leaders through fellowships’
Capacity to use research results
Gender and youth
transformationCommunication
Gender-integrated research—the coordination and consolidation of gender research across the portfolio
How gender (in-)equality affects the technological and institutional solutions that are designed, delivered and studied
How technological and institutional solutions impact on gender relations
Strategic gender research—specific research activities to inform the whole portfolio and beyond
How gender norms and structures shape the social/institutional context
Transformative approaches to addressing gender-based constraints
Opportunities for equitable livestock-related livelihoods and for equitable access, control and intake of animal-source foods
Capacity to use research results
Gender and youth
transformationCommunication
Robust communication, engagement, data and knowledge management processes help in uptake and achieving outcomes. They also contribute to program effectiveness, learning and accountability.
Across the program, advocacy, awareness, engagement, collaboration, publishing and curation activities will:
Support partnerships and policy processes so results are scaled.
Communicate about the program, the science, results and progress towards achieving results.
Promote learning and sharing to improve program effectiveness and collaboration.
Make CRP information, data and intellectual assets open and accessible.
Together, deliver CGIAR policies on intellectual assets, open access and research data management.
Guided by ‘open’ science and collaboration principles.
Research that delivers development outcomes and impacts
Integration of solutions 7. Do we have the right ingredients for stepwise,
transformative changes leading to sustainable, resilient livestock systems?
8. How best can we integrate capacity development, gender, communications?
Imperatives for delivery
9. Are there any categories of partners missing?
10. What are key roles for the private sector for livestock?
And public sector?
Overview
• Why livestock?• The global context for livestock research for development
• Challenges?• How can we organise a research for development program to
address the complexity and diversity of the livestock sector, without being unfocused?
• Research that delivers development outcomes and impacts
• Integration of solutions • Multiple balances and trade-offs • Imperatives for delivery
Recap of questions
Why livestock?
1. a) Have we made the case for a focus on smallholder-based systems?b)Is anything crucial missing?
2. Are there other aspects from ILRI’s global perspective that should be considered?
Challenges?
Complexity3. Does the organization of research for development priorities around trajectories of change miss anything?
4. What are the top issues driving research on sustainable intensification of livestock-based systems?
5. What are the top issues driving research on enhanced resilience for livestock-based livelihoods?
Global diversity6. Which criteria should drive decisions on which
countries, value chains or animal species to work on?
Research that delivers development outcomes and impacts
Integration of solutions 7. Do we have the right ingredients for stepwise,
transformative changes leading to sustainable, resilient livestock systems?
8. How best can we integrate capacity development, gender, communications?
Imperatives for delivery
9. Are there any categories of partners missing?
10. What are key roles for the private sector for livestock?
And public sector?