Developing Master Plans for Constructing Tribal Correctional

Facilities and Multi-Service Centers

Tribal Justice and Safety ConferenceJuly 30, 2007Phoenix, AZ

• Why Plan?

• Planning Based on Populations, Missions and Programs

• Case Study: Rosebud Sioux Youth Wellness and Renewal Center

• DOJ, OJP/BJA Tribal Planning Grants

Shelley Zavlek, JPI

Mark Goldman, JPI

Patricia Broken Leg, BIA

Shelley Zavlek

Justice System and Facility Planning:Dollar$ and $ense

Tribal Justice and Safety ConferenceJuly 30, 2007Phoenix, AZ

Shelley ZavlekShelley ZavlekJustice Planners InternationalJustice Planners International

Why Assess What We Are Doing?

The main and most compelling reason for System Planning and Reform:

We needlessly and inappropriately lock upWe needlessly and inappropriately lock up

too many kids and adults in this country too many kids and adults in this country

at at staggering social and economic costs!staggering social and economic costs!

WAAAYWAAAYWAAAYWAAAY

Economic Impact

In 2000, as a nation we spent $10-15 billion on juvenile justice, with the lion’s share spent on secure confinement.

Economic Impact

States spent $29.5 billion for prisons in 2001, about a $5½ billion increase from 1996, after adjusting for inflation.

Economic Impact

State correctional expenditures increased 145% in 2001 constant dollars from $15.6 billion in FY 1986 to $38.2 billion in FY 2001.

Threshold Question:

Is our level of reliance on incarceration of adults and

youth necessary?

Juvenile Violent Crime Is Declining

The juvenile Violent Crime Index arrest rate in 2003 was The juvenile Violent Crime Index arrest rate in 2003 was lower than in any year since at least 1980 and 48% below lower than in any year since at least 1980 and 48% below the peak year of 1994the peak year of 1994

Juvenile Property Crime Is Declining

The juvenile arrest rate for Property Crime Index offenses The juvenile arrest rate for Property Crime Index offenses in 2003 was 46% below its levels in 1980in 2003 was 46% below its levels in 1980

How has that affected the Rate of Juvenile Confinement?

19791990

19972001

2003

97,000

104,000106,000

65,000

51,000

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

Juvenile Offenders held in Residential Placement Facilities

How has that affected the Rate of Juvenile Confinement?

Juvenile Confinement Has Increased by

almost 100%

In every state except Vermont, the custody rate for In every state except Vermont, the custody rate for minority offenders exceeded the rate for whitesminority offenders exceeded the rate for whites

Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 2006 National Report – NCJJ/ OJJDP

Ratio of minority custody rate to white rate

2 6 8 12 16 22

258

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Spain France Bulgaria Austria Czech Rep England USA

Youth In Confinement

Rates per 100,000 population

Note: Precise comparisons are difficult to make due to differences in methods and basis of data collection.

U.S. Compared with Other Nations:

Source: New York Times, 1/15/07, The Mentally Ill, Behind Bars

Federal and State prison populations:Federal and State prison populations:

1970 – 200,000 adults1970 – 200,000 adults2002 – 1,300,000 adults2002 – 1,300,000 adults

Over 600 inmates per 100,000 adultsOver 600 inmates per 100,000 adults+ 700,000 inmates in jail+ 700,000 inmates in jail

U.S. Compared with Other Nations:Adults In Confinement

Highest adult incarceration number and rateHighest adult incarceration number and rate in the WORLD!in the WORLD!

Rates per 100,000 population

Note: Includes pre-trial detainees.

Source: World Prison Population List (6th ed.), Int’l Centre for Prison Studies, Kings College

U.S. Compared with Other Nations:

31 58

142182

487532

714

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Nigeria Japan England Mexico Cuba Belarus USA

Prison Populations

Is our level of reliance on confinement effective?

The Question We Need to Ask:

Impacts of youth detention/incarceration: Increased recidivism Increased re-offendingAggravated condition of mentally ill youth Youth at greater risk of self-harmNegative impact on re-enrollment in schoolReduced success in labor market

Programmatic Impact:Recent Research

Source: The Dangers of Detention: The Impact of Incarcerating Youth in Detention and Other Secure Facilities, JPI, November 2006

Economic Impact

Secure facilities are:

Expensive to buildExpensive to build

Expensive to operateExpensive to operate

Not effective for many offendersNot effective for many offenders

You will pay the cost of construction about every 38

months for the life of your building.

Lifetime Cost of Secure Beds

10 x Cost of Construction

Impact On Service Delivery

Unnecessary reliance on detention and incarceration drains available funds away from interventions that:

Work as well and often betterWork as well and often better

Cost far lessCost far less

Reach more offendersReach more offenders

Danger:

If confinement is a hammer and the only tool in your toolbox, then every problem begins to look like a nail.

Danger:

Case Study: Juvenile Tribal Center Dollars & $ense of Secure Confinement

40 Beds – overcrowded, to be replaced

Proposed 80-bed facility at cost of:

$389,767 monthly cost of operations and debt financing over 10 years

$ 10,900,000 Building, land & bond fees

$ 266,000 Monthly cost of operations

Juvenile Tribal Center: System Assessment

Careful evaluation of needs achieved through a comprehensive system assessment reveals that with improved operational efficiency and availability of alternative programs and services the tribe may need only 60 beds, which it can design to expand to 80+ beds in the future.

Juvenile Center System Assessment:

Projected Bedspace Needs

60 Bed Alternative: $ 8,600,000 building, land & bond fees

$297,651 Monthly cost of operations ($200,000) and debt financing ($97,651) over 10 years

$92,116 monthly savings vs. 80-bed option

Source: McMillen, M. 1998. Planning juvenile detention facilities: The real costs. Journal for Juvenile Justice and Detention Services 13(Spring):49 57.

Building a Continuum of Care

What types of services can you purchase for $92,000 per month?

• 10 Shelter care beds @ $120/day = $ 36,000

• 20 Daily units electronic monitoring @ $18/person/day = $ 10,800• 10 slots of day-reporting (tutoring, counseling,

skill building) @ $15,000/month = $ 15,000

$ 61,800

$31,000/month left over for family intervention, substance abuse counseling, community-based services, etc.

Immediate Economic Benefit to Kids County

For the cost of holding 80 juveniles in secure confinement the tribe is able to serve 100+ juveniles and their families and provide support services in the community.

Long-term Economic Benefits

1.983.36

6.81

10.82

13.36

$0$2

$4$6$8$10

$12$14

County Detention Diversion andMentoring

Functional FamilyTherapy

AgressionReplacement

Training

Mult- SystemicTherapy

Benefits achieved in terms of reduced crime and costs of crime to taxpayers

for each dollar spent

How do we go about changing our level of

reliance on secure confinement of adults and

youth?

Comprehensive System Assessment

Conduct a comprehensive system assessment that examines all factors that define how your adult and juvenile justice system is working.

GOAL: Maximize system efficiency and effectiveness

Keys to System Change:

Establish a comprehensive range of sanctions and services that are responsive to the particular needs of your tribe

Organize policies, practices and services to provide a coordinated response

Maintain sufficient capacity in programs and services to ensure a timely response

Adopt explicit policies and guidelines that govern how the system will operate and services will be utilized

Justice System andFacility Planning:Dollar$ and $ense

Conference NameJuly 30, 2007Phoenix, AZ

Shelley ZavlekShelley ZavlekJustice Planners InternationalJustice Planners International

201-768-6839201-768-6839 szavlek@justicesolutionsgroup.comszavlek@justicesolutionsgroup.com