developing new drugs & vaccines for neglected diseases of the poor: the product developer landscape

8/2/2019 Developing New Drugs & Vaccines for Neglected Diseases of the Poor: The Product Developer Landscape

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Mjrjo`yfag Ajw M{zg~ " Rdnnfaj~ b`{

Ajgojn}jm Mf~jd~j~ `b }ej Y``{3

]ej Y{`mzn} Mjrjo`yj{ Odam~ndyj


2/48

MJRJO@YFAG AJW M[ZG^ " RDNNFAJ^@[ AJGOJN]JM MF^JD^J^ @B ]EJ Y@@[ej Y{`mzn} Mjrjo`yj{ Odam~ndyj

yv{fge} ;94; KF@ Rja}z{j~ b`{ Go`kdo Ejdo}e

{fge}~ {j~j{rjmKF@ Rja}z{j~ b`{ Go`kdo Ejdo}e

OFLF]D]F@A^

@{gdafsd}fà~ d{j }{dnhjm d~ y{`mzn} mjrjo`yj{~ kd~jm a

yzkofn {jy`{}fag b }ejf{ yd{}fnfyd}fà! Do}e`zge jrj{v j`{}

f~ ldmj }` fmja}fbv doo y{`mzn}~ fa mjrjo`ylja} b`{ ajgojn}jm

mf~jd~j~/ f} f~ mfnzo} }` rdofmd}j }ej ~znnj~~ b }ef~ j`{}! Kv

n`lyd{f~à wf}e d aà,yzkofn md}dkd~j/ wj kjofjrj }ej fab`{ld,

}fà f~ bdf{ov n`lyoj}j! Y{`cjn}~ { y{`mzn}~ b`{ wefne yzkofn

fab`{ld}fà f~ a`} drdfodkoj d{j a`} fanozmjm fa }ej md}d~j}

wefne ldv ndz~j zamj{{jy{j~ja}d}fà b jd{ov ~}dgj y{`cjn}~

`{ y{`cjn}~ nàmzn}jm ja}f{jov fa }ej y{frd}j ~jn}`{/ do}e`zge

wj }efah }ef~ zaofhjov mzj }` }ej n`{y`{d}j ~`nfdo {j~yà~fkfof}v

kjaj}~ b`{ n`lydafj~ }` mf~no`~j ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j {j~jd{ne! D~

YMY~ edrj }ej l`~} n`ly{jeja~frj yzkofn yfyjofaj~/ y{`mzn}~

wf}e YMY mjrjo`yj{~ ldv kj rj{ {jy{j~ja}jm! Bz{}ej{l`{j/

`{gdafsd}fà~ ldv mjaj yd{}fnfyd}fà fa y{`mzn} mjrjo`y,

lja} mfj{ja}ov! B`{ fa~}danj/ ~`lj {gdafsd}fà~ of~} bzamj{~ d~

mjrjo`ylja} yd{}aj{~ wefoj }ej{~ ldv of~} aov }e`~j {gdafsd,

}fà~ dn}frjov n`lyoj}fag yd{}~ b }ej mjrjo`ylja} y{`nj~~! Fa

}ej nd~j b }ej Go`kdo Ejdo}e Y{flj{md}d~j}/ mjrjo`yj{~ wj{j

of~}jm fanoz~frjov d~ {jy`{}jm kv }ej mjrjo`yj{~!

j {gdafsd}fà~ dadovsjm ej{j do~` aov {jy{j~ja} d ~ady~e`}

`b y{`mzn} mjrjo`ylja} ha`wa }` z~ d~ b d gfrja md}j! D~

mf~nz~~jm jd{ofj{/ }{jam md}d w`zom y{`rfmj l`{j mjy}e }` }ej

dadov~f~ dam }ez~ doo`w fly{`rjm mjnf~fà ldhfag kd~jm à

nedagj~ fa mf{jn}fà rj{ }flj!

EFR m{zg mjrjo`ylja} f~ junozmjm b{`l k`}e }ej Go`kdo Ejdo}e

Y{flj{dam }ef~ ~}zmv! D} y{j~ja}/ kfoofà~ b mòod{~ edrj kjja/

dam d{j kjfag/ farj~}jm fa }ej mjrjo`ylja} b EFR m{zg~ dam f~

gjaj{doov a`} nà~fmj{jm }` kj ajgojn}jm kv }ej yed{ldnjz}f,

ndo famz~}{v!

D hjv oflf}d}fà }` }ej md}d f~ }ed} wj edrj a` fab`{ld}fà

d~ }` }ej {òj }ed} }ej rd{f`z~ mjrjo`yj{~ yodv fa jdne y{`cjn}!

z~ d y{`cjn} wej{j d n`lydav ldv aov ofnja~j d y{`mzn} }`da`}ej{ b`{ mjrjo`ylja} f~ n`za}jm }ej ~dlj d~ d y{`cjn} wej{j

d n`lydav f~ n`llf}}fag nà~fmj{dkoj bzam~ }` mjrjo`y d ajw

m{zg { rdnnfaj! z~/ }ej {j~zo}~ ~e`zom a`} kj rj{,fa}j{y{j}jm

d~ }` }ej mjy}e b faròrjlja} b }ej rd{f`z~ mjrjo`yj{~ a`{ }ej

tzdof}v b }ej y{`cjn}~ d~~j~~jm fa }ef~ ~}zmv!


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]ef~ {jy`{} wd~ w{f}}ja kv Jofsdkj}e Yàmj{ dam Ljofamd L`{jj!

Dz}e`{~ a`}j3 Wj dnha`wojmgj }ej Kfoo " Ljofamd Gd}j~B`zamd}fà b`{ f}~ ffladanfdo ~zyy`{}! Wj w`zom do~` ofhj }`

dnha`wojmgj Lòov Yòja/ [`kj{} nejamoj/ Y{fvd Lje}d/ dam

Mà C`~jye b`{ }ejf{ fayz} dam rdozdkoj bjjmkdnh!

]ef~ {jy`{} f~ kd~jm à }ej KF@ Rja}z{j~ b`{ Go`kdo Ejdo}e Go`kdo

Ejdo}e Y{flj{dam d~~`nfd}jm md}dkd~j! ]ej Go`kdo Ejdo}e Y{flj{

f~ drdfodkoj àofaj d} www!go`kdoejdo}ey{flj{!`{g!


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N@A]JA]^

Jujnz}frj ^zlld{v !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!>

Fa}{`mzn}fà !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!:

[j~zo}~ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!7

@rj{rfjw b }ej Ajgojn}jm Mf~jd~j [j~jd{ne dam Mjrjo`ylja} %["M& Yfyjofaj !!!!!!!!!!!!7

Ajgojn}jm Mf~jd~j Yfyjofaj kv Mf~jd~j !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!5

Ajgojn}jm Mf~jd~j Yfyjofaj kv Y{`mzn} ]vyj dam Yed~j b Mjrjo`ylja} !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!5

@rj{rfjw b Ajgojn}jm Mf~jd~j Y{`mzn} Mjrjo`yj{~ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!6

Yd{}aj{fag Dlàg Ajgojn}jm Mf~jd~j Y{`mzn} Mjrjo`yj{~ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!6

Ajgojn}jm Mf~jd~j Y{`mzn} Mjrjo`yj{~ kv N`za}{v !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!49

Mjrjo`yj{ Yd{}fnfyd}fà kv @{gdafsd}fà ]vyj !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!44

Dndmjlfn/[j~jd{ne Fa~}f}z}fà~ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!4;

Y{`mzn} Mjrjo`ylja} Yd{}aj{~efy~ %YMY~& !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!42

Kf`}jneaò`gv N`lydafj~ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!;9

Od{gj Yed{ldnjz}fndo N`lydafj~ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!;=

@}ej{ Mjrjo`yj{~ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!;5

N`lyd{f~à `b M{zg dam Rdnnfaj Yfyjofaj~ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!;5

Ajgojn}jm Mf~jd~j rj{~z~ @rj{doo ["M Dn}frf}v kv N`za}{v !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!>4

Flydn} `b ]{da~od}fàdo [j~jd{ne !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!>4

Y{`mzn} Mjrjo`ylja} @z}~fmj b }ej Y{`mzn} Mjrjo`ylja} Yd{}aj{~efy %YMY& L`mjo !!!>;

N`lyd{f~à b Kf`}jneaò`gv dam Yed{ldnjz}fndo N`lydav Yd{}fnfyd}fà !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!>:

Mf~nz~~fà !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!=9

Lj}e`mò`gv!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!=>

Y{`mzn} dam Mf~jd~j ^n`yj !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!=>

Mjfflaf}fà~ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!==

Oflf}d}fà~ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!=:


5/48

Bfgz{j ;;! Kf`}jneaò`gv N`lydav Nòodk`{d}fà~kv Yed~j `b Y{`mzn} Mjrjo`ylja} !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!;;

Bfgz{j ;>! We` f~ Yd{}aj{fag wf}e Kf`}jneaò`gvN`lydafj~0 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!;>

Bfgz{j ;=! Od{gj Yed{ldnjz}fndo N`lydav Yfyjofajkv Mf~jd~j!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!;=

Bfgz{j ;:! Od{gj Yed{ldnjz}fndo N`lydav Yd{}fnfyd}fàfa M{zg Mjrjo`ylja} kv Yed~j !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!;:

Bfgz{j ;2! Od{gj Yed{ldnjz}fndo N`lydav Yd{}fnfyd}fàfa Rdnnfaj Mjrjo`ylja} kv Yed~j !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!;:

Bfgz{j ;7! Od{gj Yed{ldnjz}fndo N`lydav Nòodk`{d}fà~kv Azlkj{ b Yd{}aj{~ dam Y{`mzn} ]vyj !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!;2

Bfgz{j ;5! Od{gj Yed{ldnjz}fndo N`lydav Nòodk`{d}fà~kv Yed~j `b Y{`mzn} Mjrjo`ylja} !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!;2

Bfgz{j ;6! We` f~ Yd{}aj{fag wf}e Od{gj Yed{ldnjz}fndoN`lydafj~0 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!;7

Bfgz{j >9! N`za}{v Ajgojn}jm Mf~jd~j ["M Dn}frf}v[jod}frj }` @rj{doo ["M Dn}frf}v !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!>9

Bfgz{j >4! Ajgojn}jm Mf~jd~j M{zg Yfyjofaj wf}eA` YMY Faròrjlja} kv Yed~j !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!>>

Bfgz{j >;! Ajgojn}jm Mf~jd~j Rdnnfaj Yfyjofaj wf}eA` YMY Faròrjlja} kv Yed~j !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!>>

Bfgz{j >>! Ojrjo b Yd{}fnfyd}fà b @}ej{ Mjrjo`yj{]vyj~ fa Doo Y{`cjn}~/ Y{`cjn}~ wf}e YMY mjrjo`yj{~/

dam Y{`cjn}~ wf}e a` YMY Mjrjo`yj{! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!>=

Bfgz{j >=! Kf`}jneaò`gv dam Yed{ldnjz}fndo N`lydavYd{}fnfyd}fà fa M{zg Mjrjo`ylja} kv Yed~j !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!>7

Bfgz{j >:! Kf`}jneaò`gv dam Yed{ldnjz}fndo N`lydav

Yd{}fnfyd}fà fa Rdnnfaj Mjrjo`ylja} kv Yed~j !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!>7

]DKOJ OF^]

]dkoj 4! Mf~jd~j~ dam Y{`mzn}~ Fmja}fffljm !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!7

]dkoj ;! Ojrjo b Yd{}fnfyd}fà b Mjrjo`yj{~ kv@{gdafsd}fà ]vyj b`{ Doo Y{`mzn}~/ M{zg~/ dam Rdnnfaj~ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!44

]dkoj >! Azlkj{ b Y{`mzn}~ fa Mjrjo`ylja} yj{ N`lydav !!!!!!!!!!!!!>:

]dkoj =! J~}fld}fà b Yed{ldnjz}fndo rj{~z~Kf`}jneaò`gv Nà}{fkz}fà~ b`{ Y{`mzn} Mjrjo`ylja} !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!>5

]dkoj :! Yed{ldnjz}fndo N`lydav Dnnj~~ }` Ljmfnfaj~Famju["M n`{j~ dam Azlkj{ `b Dn}frj Ajgojn}jmMf~jd~j Y{`cjn}~ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!>6

]dkoj 2! Mf~jd~j~ dam Y{`mzn}~ Fanozmjm !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!=>

BFGZ[J OF^]

Bfgz{j 4! @rj{doo [j~jd{ne dam Mjrjo`ylja} %["M&Yfyjofaj kv Mf~jd~j! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!5

Bfgz{j ;! Mf~}{fkz}fà b M{zg~ dam Rdnnfaj~ kvYed~j `b Mjrjo`ylja} !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!5

Bfgz{j >! Zaftzj Mjrjo`yj{~ kv ]vyj Yd{}fnfyd}fagfa Ajgojn}jm Mf~jd~j Y{`mzn} Mjrjo`ylja}!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!6

Bfgz{j =! Zaftzj Mjrjo`yj{~ kv N`za}{v `{ [jgfà`b Ejdmtzd{}j{~ Yd{}fnfyd}fag fa Ajgojn}jm Mf~jd~jY{`mzn} Mjrjo`ylja} !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!6

Bfgz{j :! Zaftzj Mjrjo`yj{~ fa Jz{`yj kv N`za}{vYd{}fnfyd}fag fa Ajgojn}jm Mf~jd~j Y{`mzn} Mjrjo`ylja} !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!49

Bfgz{j 2! Dndmjlfn[j~jd{ne Fa~}f}z}fà Yfyjofajkv Mf~jd~j !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!4;

Bfgz{j 7! Dndmjlfn[j~jd{ne Fa~}f}z}fà Yd{}fnfyd}fàfa M{zg Mjrjo`ylja} kv Yed~j !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!4>

Bfgz{j 5! Dndmjlfn[j~jd{ne Fa~}f}z}fà Yd{}fnfyd}fàfa Rdnnfaj Mjrjo`ylja} kv Yed~j !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!4>

Bfgz{j 6! Dndmjlfn[j~jd{ne Fa~}f}z}fà Nòodk`{d}fà~kv Azlkj{ b Yd{}aj{~ dam Y{`mzn} ]vyj !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!4=

Bfgz{j 49! Dndmjlfn[j~jd{ne Fa~}f}z}fà Nòodk`{d}fàkv Yed~j `b Y{`mzn} Mjrjo`ylja} !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!4=

Bfgz{j 44! We` f~ Yd{}aj{fag wf}e Dndmjlfn[j~jd{ne Fa~}f}z}fà~0 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!4:

Bfgz{j 4;! Y{`mzn} Mjrjo`ylja} Yd{}aj{~efy %YMY&

Yfyjofaj kv Mf~jd~j !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!42

Bfgz{j 4>! Y{`mzn} Mjrjo`ylja} Yd{}aj{~efy %YMY&Yd{}fnfyd}fà fa M{zg Mjrjo`ylja} kv Yed~j !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!47

Bfgz{j 4=! Y{`mzn} Mjrjo`ylja} Yd{}aj{~efy %YMY&Yd{}fnfyd}fà fa Rdnnfaj Mjrjo`ylja} kv Yed~j !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!47

Bfgz{j 4:! Y{`mzn} Mjrjo`ylja} Yd{}aj{~efy %YMY&Nòodk`{d}fà~ kv Azlkj{ b Yd{}aj{~ dam Y{`mzn} ]vyj !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!45

Bfgz{j 42! Y{`mzn} Mjrjo`ylja} Yd{}aj{~efy %YMY&Nòodk`{d}fà kv Yed~j `b Y{`mzn} Mjrjo`ylja} !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!45

Bfgz{j 47! We` f~ Yd{}aj{fag wf}e Y{`mzn}Mjrjo`ylja} Yd{}aj{~efy~ %YMY~&0!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!46

Bfgz{j 45! Kf`}jneaò`gv N`lydav Yfyjofaj kv Mf~jd~j !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!;9

Bfgz{j 46! Kf`}jneaò`gv N`lydav Yd{}fnfyd}fà faM{zg Mjrjo`ylja} kv Yed~j !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!;4

Bfgz{j ;9! Kf`}jneaò`gv N`lydav Yd{}fnfyd}fà faRdnnfaj Mjrjo`ylja} kv Yed~j !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!;4

Bfgz{j ;4! Kf`}jneaò`gv N`lydav Nòodk`{d}fà~kv Azlkj{ b Yd{}aj{~ dam Y{`mzn} ]vyj !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!;;


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7/48

KF@ Rja}z{j~ b`{ Go`kdo Ejdo}e >

Zamj{~}damfag }ej {j~jd{ne dam mjrjo`ylja} %["M& yfyjofaj

b`{ ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j~ d~ wjoo d~ }ej ~yjn}{zl b {gdafsd}fà~

yd{}fnfyd}fag fa mjrjo`yfag }ej~j ajw m{zg~ dam rdnnfaj~ f~

j~~ja}fdo }` jrdozd}j }ej jnfjanv dam jjn}frjaj~~ b nz{{ja}

["M l`mjo~ dam }` fab`{l }ej mj~fga `b ajw y{`g{dl~ dam

faf}fd}frj~ }` oo gdy~ fa }ej ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j ["M yfyjofaj!

E`wjrj{/ }ef~ }vyj b dadov~f~ ed~ kjja efamj{jm fa yd{} kjndz~j

ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j yfyjofaj~ edrj a`} kjja ~v~}jld}fndoov }{dnhjm!

Lfoofà~ `b ofrj~ n`zom kj ~drjm }e{`zge bd~}j{ dam l`{j j,

nfja} ["M! F} f~ n{f}fndo }` }d{gj} z{ {j~`z{nj~ dam ["M j`{}~

}` y{`rfmj }ej g{jd}j~} kjaj} }` }ej w`{om~ y``{!

Fa ;944/ KF@ Rja}z{j~ b`{ Go`kdo Ejdo}e %KRGE& {jojd~jm }ej

ajw dam juydamjm Go`kdo Ejdo}e Y{flj{/ d {jy`{} dam àofaj

md}dkd~j `b n`lyfojm m{zg dam rdnnfaj mjrjo`ylja} yfyjofaj~

b`{ ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j~! Z~fag }ef~ zaftzj md}d~j}/ wj juyo`{jm

b`{ }ej {~} }flj }ej ju}ja} }` wefne mfj{ja} }vyj~ `b `{gdafsd,

}fà~ d{j yd{}fnfyd}fag fa m{zg dam rdnnfaj mjrjo`ylja} b`{

d k{`dm {dagj `b ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j~! KRGE~ ajw dadov~f~ `b

y{`mzn} mjrjo`yj{~ yd{}fnfyd}fag fa m{zg dam rdnnfaj mjrjo`y,

lja} {jrjdojm3

Dndmjlfn{j~jd{ne fa~}f}z}fà yd{}fnfyd}fà f~ k{`dm

dam mjjy kz} `ja zamj{ {jn`gafsjm! Dndmjlfn

{j~jd{ne fa~}f}z}fà~/ kj}}j{ ha`wa b`{ nà}{fkz}fag }`

`z{ zamj{~}damfag b kd~fn kfò`gv b ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j~/

{jy{j~ja} }ej efgej~} azlkj{ `b zaftzj mjrjo`yj{~/ }ej

g{jd}j~} k{jdm}e `b mf~jd~j b`nz~/ }ej efgej~} azlkj{ `b

y{`mzn}~ wf}e yd{}fnfyd}fà/ dam d{j faròrjm fa jrj{v

yed~j `b mjrjo`ylja}b`{ k`}e m{zg~ dam rdnnfaj~dam

edrj yd{}aj{jm wf}e jrj{v mjrjo`yj{ }vyj y{òjm!

j y{`mzn} mjrjo`ylja} yd{}aj{~efy %YMY& l`mjo

b`{ ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j ["M ~zyy`{}~ =9* `b }ej `rj{doo

ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j yfyjofaj! Farj~}lja} fa ajgojn}jm

mf~jd~j ["M ed~ b`nz~jm }` d od{gj ju}ja} a }ej YMY

l`mjo! E`wjrj{/ `z{ dadov~f~ b`zam }ed} l`{j }eda edob

`b m{zg dam rdnnfaj mjrjo`ylja} b`{ ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j~ f~

`nnz{{fag wf}e`z} d YMY yd{}aj{!

Famz~}{v yd{}fnfyd}fà fa y{`mzn} mjrjo`ylja} f~ ~flf,

od{ b`{ y{`mzn}~ wf}e dam wf}e`z} YMY mjrjo`ylja}

yd{}aj{~! j YMY l`mjo jlyed~fsj~ y{`l`}fag famz~}{v

yd{}aj{~efy }` dnnjoj{d}j y{`mzn} mjrjo`ylja}! E`wjrj{/

y{`mzn}~ wf}e dam wf}e`z} YMY yd{}fnfyd}fà edrj ~flfod{

ojrjo~ `b yd{}aj{~efy wf}e k`}e kf`}jneaò`gv dam od{gj

yed{ldnjz}fndo n`lydafj~!

Kf`}jneaò`gv n`lydav yd{}fnfyd}fà f~ efgej{ }eda

da}fnfyd}jm wf}e {j~yjn} }` }ej azlkj{ `b ajgojn}jm mf~,

jd~j y{`mzn}~ wf}e d} ojd~} àj kf`}jneaò`gv n`lydav

mjrjo`yj{! Od{gj yed{ldnjz}fndo n`lydafj~ farj~} od{gj{

dl`za}~ `b làjv fa ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j ["M }eda ~ldoo

n`lydafj~8 }ej{jb`{j/ }ej efge ojrjo `b kf`}jneaò`gv n`l,

ydav yd{}fnfyd}fà wd~ ~z{y{f~fag!

Kf`}jneaò`gv n`lydafj~ yd{}fnfyd}fag fa ajgojn}jm

mf~jd~j ["M {jy{j~ja} jagdgjlja} `b oj~~ }eda >* `b

}ej }`}do azlkj{ `b kf`}jneaò`gv n`lydafj~ w`{om,

wfmj! Mj~yf}j }ej od{gj y{`y`{}fà b ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j

yfyjofaj y{`mzn}~ wf}e kf`}jneaò`gv n`lydav yd{}fnfyd,

}fà/ }ej 49= dn}frj n`lydafj~ fmja}fjm {jy{j~ja} d ~ldoo

y{`y`{}fà `b }ej l`{j }eda >/599 kf`}jneaò`gv n`lyd,

afj~ w`{omwfmj! j~j md}d ~zggj~} kf`}jne n`lydafj~ d{j

da zamj{z}fofsjm {j~`z{nj b`{ ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j ["M!

Od{gj yed{ldnjz}fndo n`lydafj~ yd{}fnfyd}fag fa

ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j ["M {jy{j~ja} jagdgjlja} `b

dyy{ùfld}jov 2:* `b }ej }`}do azlkj{ `b od{gj/ faa`rd,

}`{ yed{ldnjz}fndo n`lydafj~! Do}e`zge yed{ldnjz}f,

ndo n`lydafj~ d{j àov yd{}fnfyd}fag fa 47* `b ajgojn}jm

JUJNZ]FRJ ^ZLLD[V


8/48

= Mjrjo`yfag Ajw M{zg~ dam Rdnnfaj~ b`{ Ajgojn}jm Mf~jd~j~ `b }ej Y``{

mf~jd~j y{`mzn}~ fa mjrjo`ylja}/ 4> `b }ej ;9 od{gj/

faa`rd}`{ yed{ldnjz}fndo n`lydafj~ d{j jagdgjm!

j ldc`{f}v b yed{ldnjz}fndo n`lydav yd{}fnfyd}fà

f~ d}}{fkz}dkoj }` d lfa`{f}v b n`lydafj~! Do}e`zge}ej 4> od{gj yed{ldnjz}fndo n`lydafj~ yd{}fnfyd}fag fa

ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j ["M yd{}fnfyd}j fa da drj{dgj b :!=

y{`mzn}~ yj{ n`lydav/ 7;* `b y{`mzn}~ fa mjrjo`ylja}

wf}e d yed{ldnjz}fndo n`lydav yd{}aj{ d{j kjfag mjrjo,

`yjm kv cz~} b`z{ n`lydafj~!

Ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j y{`mzn} mjrjo`yj{~ y{fld{fov

{jy{j~ja} mjrjo`yjm n`za}{fj~! Do}e`zge }ej y`}ja}fdo

b`{ jagdgjlja} `b jlj{gfag ld{hj} y{`mzn} mjrjo`yj{~

juf~}~/ z{ dadov~f~ ~zggj~}~ }ef~ y`}ja}fdo ed~ a`} vj}kjja {jdofsjm!

Kd~jm à }ej~j amfag~/ KRGE {jn`lljam~ }ed} j`{}~ }`

oo gdy~ fa ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j yfyjofaj~ kj }dfo`{jm }` {jjn} }ej

ajjm~/ k~}dnoj~/ dam yy`{}zaf}fj~ b jdne b }ej zaftzj }vyj~

`b yzkofn dam y{frd}j `{gdafsd}fà~ }ed} n`ly{f~j }ej go`kdo

ejdo}e y{`mzn} mjrjo`yj{~! @z{ dadov~f~ ~zggj~}~ }ed}3

Ajw famz~}{v jagdgjlja} ~e`zom b`nz~ à jagdgfag }ej

bzoo k{jdm}e `b faa`rd}`{~ fa }ej kf`}jneaò`gv ~jn}`{ dam

fan{jd~fag }ej mjy}e `b yd{}fnfyd}fà `b od{gj yed{ldnjz,

}fndo n`lydafj~!

]{da~od}fàdo {j~jd{ne faf}fd}frj~ }d{gj}fag dndmjlfn

{j~jd{ne fa~}f}z}fà~ ~e`zom jlyed~fsj ajgojn}jm mf~jd~jy{`mzn} faa`rd}fà!

Jagdgjlja} `b faa`rd}`{~ b{`l jlj{gfag ld{hj}

n`za}{fj~ ~}foo djn}jm kv ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j~ ~e`zom kj

fan{jd~jm!

f~ {jy`{} ~j{rj~ d~ da fa mjy}e dadov~f~ b }ej {gdafsd}fà~

mjrjo`yfag y{`mzn}~ b`{ ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j~ dam da `rj{rfjw

`b }ej ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j ["M yfyjofaj %y{j~ja}jm fa l`{j

mjy}e fa }ej àofaj KRGE Go`kdo Ejdo}e Y{flj{&!j md}dkd~j

~zyy`{}fag }ef~ dadov~f~ wfoo doo`w z~ }` làf} { }{jam~ dam

nedagj~ fa k`}e mjrjo`yj{ yd{}fnfyd}fà dam y{`mzn} yfyjofaj~

l`rfag b`{wd{m! Fa nànj{} wf}e md}d à Z!^! B``m " M{zg

Dmlfaf~}{d}fà %BMD& dyy{`rdo~ dam ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j ["M

bzamfag/ wj e`yj `z{ md}d wfoo fab`{l }ej jrdozd}fà `b }ej j,

nfjanv dam jjn}frjaj~~ `b ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j ["M l`mjo~! Wj

kjofjrj }ej amfag~ `b }ef~ {jy`{} d{j n`lyojlja}d{v }` `}ej{

{jy`{}~/ dam wj e`yj }ej {jy`{}jm amfag~ ~}flzod}j mf~nz~~fà

dam dn}fà fa }ej ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j ["M ~ydnj!


9/48

KF@ Rja}z{j~ b`{ Go`kdo Ejdo}e :

Ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j~ djn} l`{j }eda 4 kfoofà yj`yoj w`{omwfmj!4

D~ }ej ldc`{f}v `b }e`~j flydn}jm d{j y``{ dam ofrfag fa mjrjo,

`yfag n`za}{fj~/ n`llj{nfdo ld{hj}~ }ed} }{dmf}fàdoov m{frj

yed{ldnjz}fndo n`lydav farj~}lja} fa ajw y{`mzn} {j~jd{ne

dam mjrjo`ylja} %["M& d{j odnhfag! Farj~}lja} fa ["M b`{

ajw y{`mzn}~ }` y{jrja} `{ }{jd} ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j~ fan{jd~jm

~zk~}da}fdoov rj{ }ej od~} }w` mjndmj~/ y{fld{fov }e{`zge yzkofn

dam yefoda}e{`yfn farj~}lja}! E`wjrj{/ d odnh `b ~v~}jld}fn

}{dnhfag b }ej `{gdafsd}fà~ yd{}fnfyd}fag fa y{`mzn} mjrjo`y,

lja} dam }ej y{`mzn}~ }ejv ~zyy`{} ed~ ldmj f} mfnzo} }`

~yjnfndoov }d{gj} g{`zy~ b y{`mzn} mjrjo`yj{~ }` oo gdy~ fa

}ej ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j ["M yfyjofaj/ jrdozd}j }ej jnfjanv dam

jjn}frjaj~~ b yd~} farj~}lja}~/ { fab`{l }ej mj~fga `b ajw

y{`g{dl~ dam faf}fd}frj~!

@rj{ }ej od~} }w` mjndmj~/ }ej ["M odam~ndyj b`{ ajw m{zg~

dam rdnnfaj~ }ed} }{jd} { y{jrja} ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j~ ed~

jròrjm! @rj{doo mjrjo`ylja} d~~f~}danj fa }ej ejdo}e ~jn}`{

fan{jd~jm ~zk~}da}fdoov mz{fag }ef~ }fljb{dlj/ b{`l -:!: kfo,

ofà fa 4669 }` -;4!5 kfoofà fa ;997!; j n{jd}fà b ja}f}fj~

~zne d~ }ej Go`kdo Doofdanj b`{ Rdnnfaj~ dam Fllzafsd}fà

%GDRF&b`zamjm fa ;999dam }ej Go`kdo Bzam b`{ DFM^/

]zkj{nzo`~f~ dam Ldod{fdb`zamjm fa ;99;k{`zge} kfoofà~

`b mòod{~ b adanfag }` }ej fly{`rjlja} b ejdo}e mjofrj{v

~v~}jl~ dam yz{ned~fag y`wj{ }` y``{ n`za}{fj~ b`{ ofbj~dr,

fag m{zg~/ rdnnfaj~/ dam mfdga`~}fn~! Fa yd{doojo/ farj~}lja} fa

["M b`{ ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j~ fan{jd~jm/ od{gjov b`nz~jm à d ajw

["M bzamfag rjefnoj a`w {jbj{{jm }` d~ y{`mzn} mjrjo`ylja}

yd{}aj{~efy~ %YMY~&!> j YMY~ wj{j n{jd}jm }` k{fag }`gj}ej{

famz~}{v juyj{}f~j dam yd{}aj{~ wf}e n`lyojlja}d{v ajgojn}jm

mf~jd~j juyj{}f~j z~fag yefoda}e{ yfn mòod{~ fa {mj{ }` dmrdanj

y{`mzn} mjrjo`ylja}! ]`}do daazdo ["M bzamfag b`{ ajgojn}jm

mf~jd~j~ fan{jd~jm b{`l -;!2 kfoofà fa ;997 }` ->!4 kfoofà fa

;949!= YMY~ d{j }ej od{gj~} {jnfyfja}~ b ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j ["M

bzamfag! Dj{ }ej Zaf}jm ^}d}j~ Ad}fàdo Fa~}f}z}j~ `b Ejdo}e

%AFE&/ YMY~ d{j }ej od{gj~} ~`z{nj b bzamfag g{da}jm }` }ej{~

b`{ ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j ["M!:

Mj~yf}j farj~}lja} fa ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j ["M/ f} ed~ kjja

mfnzo} }` d~~j~~ }ej flydn} b }ef~ farj~}lja} a ajgojn}jm

mf~jd~j y{`mzn} dyy{`rdo~ dam }ej ~fsj `b ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j

yfyjofaj~! Lzo}fyoj bdn}`{~ nà}{fkz}j }` }ej nedoojagj/ fanozm,

fag rd{fd}fà~ fa mjaf}fà~ b ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j~/ mfj{janj~

fa e`w y{`mzn}~ fa mjrjo`ylja} d{j n`za}jm/ dam }ej odnh b

FA][@MZN]F@A

4 W`{om Ejdo}e @{gdafsd}fà %;94;& Dnnjoj{d}fag W`{h }` @rj{n`lj }ej Go`kdo Flydn} `b Ajgojn}jm ]{ yfndo Mf~jd~j~3 D [`dmldy b`{Flyojlja}d}fà!

; [drf~eda~hd{ A j} do! %;996& Bfadanfag b go`kdo ejdo}e3 }{dnhfag mjrjo`ylja} d~~f~}danj b`{ ejdo}e b{`l 4669 }` ;997! j Odanj} >7>3 ;44>,;=8L`{da L %;99:& D K{jdh}e{`zge fa ["M b`{ Ajgojn}jm Mf~jd~j~3 Ajw Wdv~ }` Gj} }ej M{zg~ Wj Ajjm! YO`^ Ljmfnfaj ;3 j>9;8 L`{da L j} do!

%;996& Ajgojn}jm Mf~jd~j [j~jd{ne dam Mjrjo`ylja}3 E`w Lzne D{j Wj [jdoov ^yjamfag0 YO`^ Ljmfnfaj 23 j49999>98 G{dnj N %;949& Y{`mzn}Mjrjo`ylja} Yd{}aj{~efy~ %YMY^&3 Oj~~à~ b{`l YMYM~ j~}dkof~ejm }` mjrjo`y ajw ejdo}e }jneaò`gfj~ b`{ ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j~/ Mjyd{}lja} b`{Fa}j{ad}fàdo Mjrjo`ylja}/ ZH8 ]{`zfooj{ Y j} do! %;99;& M{zg mjrjo`ylja} b`{ ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j~8 d mjnfja} ld{hj} dam d yzkofn,ejdo}e yòfnvbdfoz{j! j Odanj} >:63 ;455,6=!

> G{dnj N %;949& Y{`mzn} Mjrjo`ylja} Yd{}aj{~efy~ %YMY^&3 Oj~~à~ b{`l YMYM~ j~}dkof~ejm }` mjrjo`y ajw ejdo}e }jneaò`gfj~ b`{ ajgojn}jmmf~jd~j~/ Mjyd{}lja} b`{ Fa}j{ad}fàdo Mjrjo`ylja}/ ZH8 Z^DFM %;996& [jy`{} }` Nàg{j~~3 N``{mfad}j ^}{d}jgv }` Dnnjoj{d}j Mjrjo`ylja} `bRdnnfaj~ b`{ Fabjn}f`z~ Mf~jd~j~/ Z^D!

= L`{da L j} do! %;944& Ajgojn}jm Mf~jd~j [j~jd{ne dam Mjrjo`ylja}3 F~ }ej Go`kdo Bfadanfdo N{f~f~ Nedagfag ["M0/ Y ofnv Nz{j~/ Dz~}{dofd!

: L`{da L j} do! %;944& Ajgojn}jm Mf~jd~j [j~jd{ne dam Mjrjo`ylja}3 F~ }ej Go`kdo Bfadanfdo N{f~f~ Nedagfag ["M0/ Y ofnv Nz{j~/ Dz~}{dofd!


10/48

2 ]ej Y{`mzn} Mjrjo`yj{ Odam~ndyj

~v~}jld}fn }{dnhfag `b }ej ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j ["M yfyjofaj~ `rj{

}ej od~} }w` mjndmj~! Kj}wjja 467: dam 4666/ j~}fld}j~ `b ajw

y{`mzn} dyy{ rdo~ b`{ ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j~ {dagjm b{`l 42 }`

=2!2 N`za}fag lj}e`m~ rd{fjm kj}wjja }ej~j ~}zmfj~ dam edrj

kjja }ej ~zkcjn} `b ag`fag mjkd}j!7 Kj}wjja ;999 dam ;996/

;2 dmmf}fàdo y{`mzn}~ wj{j dyy{`rjm/ kz} mjkd}j `rj{ }ej

ef~}`{fndo kd~jofaj azlkj{ b Z! ! B``m " M{zg Dmlfaf~}{d}fà

%BMD& dyy{`rdo~ ed~ ldmj f} mfnzo} }` czmgj wej}ej{ `{ a`}

}ef~ azlkj{ {jy{j~ja}~ da fan{jd~j!5 Zab`{}zad}jov/ n`ly{j,

eja~frj md}d a }ej ~fsj `b }ej yfyjofaj~ }ed} bjm }ej~j dyy{ r,

do~ d{j a`} drdfodkoj! Fa {mj{ }` bdnfof}d}j ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j

yfyjofaj }{dnhfag `rj{ }flj/ KF@ Rja}z{j~ b`{ Go`kdo Ejdo}e

%KRGE& kzfo} dam odzanejm d ajw àofaj

Go`kdo Ejdo}e Y{flj{md}dkd~j fa ;944!6

Do}e`zge KRGE y{`mznjm ~ady~e`}

{jy`{}~ à ~zk~j}~ `b }ej ajgojn}jm mf~,

jd~j yfyjofaj fa ;997 dam ;996/49 }ej ajw

md}dkd~j bdnfof}d}j~ }{dnhfag b nedagj~ fa

}ej ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j y{`mzn} mjrjo`y,

lja} yfyjofaj rj{ }flj l`rfag b`{wd{m!

Fa }ef~ ~}zmv/ wj z~jm }ej Go`kdo Ejdo}e

Y{flj{md}d~j} }` fmja}fbv >=5 zaftzj

`{gdafsd}fà~ yd{}fnfyd}fag doàj `{

fa yd{}aj{~efy~ wf}e jdne `}ej{ fa }ej

mjrjo`ylja} b >7= m{zg~ dam rdnnfaj~

b`{ ;> ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j~! Jdne mjrjo`yj{

wd~ nd}jg`{fsjm kv `{gdafsd}fà }vyj }`

juyo`{j }{jam~ fa yd{}fnfyd}fà dn{`~~

~zk~j}~ b mjrjo`yj{~! Wj mjlà~}{d}j

ej{j }ed} ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j y{`mzn}

mjrjo`ylja} f~ kjfag nd{{fjm `z} kv d

k{`dm {dagj `b `{gdafsd}fà }vyj~ dam

yd{}fnfyd}fà rd{fj~ g{jd}ov mjyjamfag

à }ej y{`mzn} }vyj/ mf~jd~j b`nz~/ dam

}vyj b `{gdafsd}fà jrdozd}jm! @z{ amfag~ ~zggj~} }ed}/ wefoj

}ej YMY l`mjo b`{ ["M dam jagdgfag od{gj yed{ldnjz}f,

ndo n`lydafj~ fa y{`mzn} mjrjo`ylja} ed~ kjja d hjv b`nz~

d{jd~ b`{ go`kdo ejdo}e/ `}ej{ oj~~ wjoo {jn`gafsjm mjrjo`yj{

}vyj~fanozmfag dndmjlfn{j~jd{ne fa~}f}z}fà~ dam kf`}jne,

aò`gv n`lydafj~d{j ldhfag ~fgafnda} nà}{fkz}fà~ }` }ej

odam~ndyj! Wj e`yj }ej~j md}d wfoo ~zyy`{} }ej jròz}fà dam

`y}flfsd}fà `b ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j ["M l`mjo~ fa }ej bz}z{j }`

kj}}j{ jagdgj }ej bzoo ~yjn}{zl `b ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j y{`mzn}

mjrjo`yj{~! Wefoj lzne y{`g{j~~ ed~ kjja ldmj/ lzne l`{j

w`{h f~ ~}foo {jtzf{jm }` ~}`y }ej ~zj{fag dam mjd}e b }ej l`{j

}eda 4 kfoofà yj`yoj djn}jm kv ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j~!

2 ]{`zfooj{ Y j} do! %;99;& M{zg mjrjo`ylja} b`{ ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j~8 d mjnfja} ld{hj} dam d yzkofn,ejdo}e yòfnv bdfoz{j! j Odanj} >:63 ;455,6=8Nèja C j} do! %;949& Mjrjo`ylja} `b dam Dnnj~~ }` Y{`mzn}~ b`{ Ajgojn}jm Mf~jd~j~! YO`^ @AJ :3 j49249!

7 N`llja}d{v à }ej Nèja ;949 ydyj{ dam }ej dz}e`{~ {jkz}}oj f~ drdfodkoj à }ej YO`^ @AJ wjk~f}j8 Dmdl~ Y %;944& j àg`fag mjkd}j `rj{["M `z}yz}! ]{`yFHD!aj}!

5 Nèja C j} do! %;949& Mjrjo`ylja} `b dam Dnnj~~ }` Y{ mzn}~ b`{ Ajgojn}jm Mf~jd~j~! YO`^ @AJ :3 j49249!

6 KRGE Go`kdo Ejdo}e Y{flj{/ drdfodkoj d}3 e}}y3www!krge!`{gKf`yed{ldnjz}fndo,^òz}fà~Go`kdo,Ejdo}e,Y{flj{!d~yu

49 KRGE %;997& Go`kdo Ejdo}e Y{flj{! KRGE %;996& Go`kdo Ejdo}e Y{flj{!


11/48

KF@ Rja}z{j~ b`{ Go`kdo Ejdo}e 7

ejdo}e n`llzaf}v! B`{ }ej yz{y`~j~ `b }ef~ ~}zmv/ ;> mf~jd~j~

wj{j fanozmjm/ bdoofag fa}` }e{jj k{`dm nd}jg`{fj~ d~ mj~n{fkjm fa

}ej lj}e`m~ ~jn}fà! j bzoo of~} `b mf~jd~j~ dam wej}ej{ m{zg~

dam`{ rdnnfaj~ wj{j fmja}fjm b`{ jdne mf~jd~j d{j of~}jm fa

]dkoj 4!

L`{j fab`{ld}fà a e`w mf~jd~j~ dam y{`mzn}~ wj{j fmja}fjm

dam nd}jg`{fsjm nda kj b`zam fa }ej lj}e`m~ ~jn}fà doàg wf}e

d }dkoj mj}dfofag wefne y{`mzn} }vyj~ wj{j fanozmjm b`{ jrdozd,

}fà b`{ jdne mf~jd~j %]dkoj 2&!

[J^ZO]^

]dkoj 4! Mf~jd~j~ dam Y{`mzn} ~ Fmja}fbfjm

MF^JD^J M[ZG^ RDNNFAJ^

KFG ]E[JJ

EFR 6 %Lfn{`kfnfmj~& =5

]zkj{nzo`~f~ =6 =:

Ldod{fd == ;>

@]EJ[ AJGOJN]JM ][@YFNDO MF^JD^J^

Kz{zof zonj{ ; ;Nedgd~ mf~jd~j 6 9

Mjagzj 44 4>

Bd~nfòfd~f~ = 4

ED] 49 4

Ojy{`~v A/D 4

Ojf~eldafd~f~ ;9 7

Ovlyed}fn fflod{fd~f~ ; ;

@ane`nj{nfd~f~ > ;

^nef~}`~`lfd~f~ = :

^]E3 E``hw`{l 9 ;

^]E3 D~nd{fd~f~ " ]{fnez{fd~f~ 4 9

]{dne`ld A/D =@]EJ[ FLY@[]DA] MF^JD^J^ @B Y@RJ[]V

Mfd{{ejdo mf~jd~j = A/D

Neòj{d A/D :

J]JN A/D 44

[`}drf{z~ A/D =

êfgjoo`~f~ A/D 7

]vye`fm bjrj{ A/D 2

Yajzl`n`nndo mf~jd~j A/D 4>

]ej ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j~ fanozmjm fa }ef~ ~}zmv d{j ~zlld{fsjm ej{j! Mf~jd~j~ d{j mfrfmjm fa}` }e{jj gjaj{do nd}jg`{fj~! ]ej azlkj{~ `b y{`mzn}~ fmja}fffljm

d{j of~}jm! ]e`~j y{`mzn} }vyj~ a`} {j~jd{nejm b`{ fanoz~fà d{j mj~fgad}jm kv a`} dyyofndkoj %A/D&8 ^]E


12/48

5 Mjrjo`yfag Ajw M{zg~ dam Rdnnfaj~ b`{ Ajgojn}jm Mf~jd~j~ `b }ej Y``{

Ajgojn}jm Mf~jd~j Yfyjofaj kv Mf~jd~j

Z~fag }ej n{f}j{fd mj~n{fkjm dk`rj dam z}ofajm fa l`{j mj}dfo

fa }ej lj}e`m~ ~jn}fà/ >7= m{zg~ dam rdnnfaj~ nz{{ja}ov fa

mjrjo`ylja} wj{j fmja}fjm b`{ ;> ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j~ }ed} mf~,

y{`y`{}fàd}jov djn} }ej mjrjo`yfag w`{om! Bfgz{j 4 ~zlld,

{fsj~ }ej mf~}{fkz}fà `b }ej~j y{`mzn}~ dn{`~~ }ej ;> mf~jd~j~!

D~ juyjn}jm/ m{zg~ %fanozmfag lfn{`kfnfmj~& dam rdnnfaj~ b`{

ldod{fd/ }zkj{nzo`~f~/ dam EFR %}ej kfg }e{jj& {jy{j~ja} }ej

od{gj~} y{`y`{}fà `b }ej yfyjofaj/ }`}dofag ;45 `z} `b >7= }`}do

y{`mzn}~ %:5*8 Bfgz{j 4&! Bjwj{ y{`mzn}~ d{j fa mjrjo`ylja}

b`{ `}ej{ ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j~/ ~zne d~ }e`~j ned{dn}j{fsjm d~

ajgojn}jm }{`yfndo mf~jd~j~ kv }ej W`{om Ejdo}e @{gdafsd}fà/

dam mfd{{ejd dam yajzlàfd/ wefne d{j ja junozmjm b{`l

ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j dadov~j~ kz} edrj d ~fgafnda} mf~y{`y`{}fà,

d}j jjn} à }ej w`{om~ y``{!

Ajgojn}jm Mf~jd~j Yfyjofaj kv Y{`mzn} ]vyj

dam Yed~j `b Mjrjo`ylja}

@b }ej >7= y{`mzn}~ fmja}fjm/ 47> y{`mzn}~ wj{j m{zg~ %=2*

`b doo y{`mzn}~& dam ;94 y{`mzn}~ wj{j rdnnfaj~ %:=* `b doo

y{`mzn}~& %Bfgz{j ;&! j mf~}{fkz}fà b m{zg~ dam rdnnfaj~

dn{`~~ }ej yed~j~ b mjrjo`ylja} mfj{ kv y{`mzn} }vyj!j m{zg mjrjo`ylja} yfyjofaj f~ ~edyjm lzne d~ w`zom kj

juyjn}jm dam mj~f{jm/ gfrja }ej ofhjofe``m b d}}{f}fà dn{`~~ }ej

mjrjo`ylja} yed~j~/ wf}e }ej ldc`{f}v b y{`mzn}~ fa }ej jd{ov

~}dgj~ dam }dyj{fag d} }ej od}j{ ~}dgj~ b nofafndo mjrjo`y,

lja}! Fa nà}{d~}/ }ej{j d{j {jod}frjov jrja azlkj{~ b rdnnfaj~

fa y{j,nofafndo }e{`zge yed~j FF nofafndo mjrjo`ylja}/ m{`yyfag

` àov d} yed~j FFF! Mfj{janj~ fa }ej rdnnfaj dam m{zg yfyj,

ofaj~ wfoo kj mf~nz~~jm fa l`{j mj}dfo fa ~zk~jtzja} ~jn}fà~!

Bfgz{j 4 @rj{doo [j~jd{ne dam Mjrjo`ylja} %["M&Yfyjofaj kv Mf~jd~j

]ej mf~jd~j adlj dam }`}do azlkj{ `b y{`mzn}~ n`rj{jm fa }ef~ ~}zmv d{j

~zlld{fsjm fa }ej Ljhh` yo`} ej{j! ]ej d{jd `b jdne {jn}dagoj fa }ej Ljhh`

yo`} f~ y{`y`{}fàdo }` }ej azlkj{ `b y{`mzn}~ b`{ }ed} mf~jd~j! [j~}{fn}fà~ à

m{zg~ `{ rdnnfaj~ jrdozd}jm b`{ jdne mf~jd~j d{j ~zlld{fsjm fa ]dkoj 2! ]ej }`}do

azlkj{ `b y{`mzn}~ fa jdne `b }ej }e{jj mf~jd~j nd}jg`{fj~ f~ of~}jm d} }ej }`y

`b }ej nòzla!

^]E3 D~nd{fd~f~ " ]{fnez{fd~f~ 4

]ej +Kfg ]e{jj+

Ovlyed}fn bfod{fd~f~ =

Mjagzj;=

Kz{zof Zonj{ =

Ojf~eldafd~f~;7

:9

^nef~}`~`lfd~f~6

@ane`nj{nfd~f~ :

Bd~nfòfd~f~ :

Nedgd~ Mf~jd~j

6

]{dne`ld =

492

@}ej{ Ajgojn}jm]{`yfndo Mf~jd~j~

@}ej{ Fly`{}da}Mf~jd~j~ `b Y`rj{}v

êfgjoo`~f~7

Neòj{d

]vye`fm Bjrj{2

Yajzl`n`nndo Mf~jd~j4>

[`}drf{z~=

J]JN44

Ldod{fd6=

EFR:7

]zkj{nzo`~f~27

;45

ED]44

Neòj{d:

Mfd{{ejdo Mf~jd~j=

Ojy{`~v 4

^]E3 E``hw`{l ;

Bfgz{j ; Mf~}{fkz}fà `b M{zg~ dam Rdnnfaj~ kv Yed~j`b Mjrjo`ylja}

Mf~n`rj{v Y{j,Nofafndo Yed~j F Yed~j FF Yed~j FFF9

49

;9

>9

=9

:9

29

79

59

4=

7:

:9

6

:=

=7

4542

:2

>:

M{zg

Rdnnfaj

Azlkj{`bY{`mzn}~

]ej }`}do azlkj{ b m{zg~ %fanozmfag EFR lfn{`kfnfmj~& dam rdnnfaj~ wj{j ~zlljm

b`{ jdne yed~j `b mjrjo`ylja}!


13/48


@RJ[RFJW @B AJGOJN]JM MF^JD^J

Y[@MZN] MJRJO@YJ[^

j >7= m{zg~ dam rdnnfaj~ fanozmjm fa }ef~ ~}zmv d{j fa

mjrjo`ylja} kv >=5 `{gdafsd}fà~ ~ydaafag k`}e }ej y{frd}j

dam yzkofn ~jn}`{~ d~ ~zlld{fsjm fa Bfgz{j >! Mjaf}fà~ b

`{gdafsd}fà }vyj~ z~jm }` nd}jg`{fsj mjrjo`yj{~ d{j y{`rfmjmfa }ej lj}e`m~ ~jn}fà dam wfoo kj mf~nz~~jm fa l`{j mj}dfo fa

~zk~jtzja} ~jn}fà~! Dndmjlfn{j~jd{ne fa~}f}z}fà~ dam kf`,

}jneaò`gv n`lydafj~ {jy{j~ja} }ej od{gj~} azlkj{ `b zaftzj

`{gdafsd}fà~ %Bfgz{j >&!

Yd{}aj{fag Dlàg Ajgojn}jm Mf~jd~j Y{`mzn}

Mjrjo`yj{~

Wefoj >=5 zaftzj `{gdafsd}fà~ wj{j fmja}fjm/ f} f~ gjaj{doov

zamj{~}``m }ed} y{`mzn} mjrjo`ylja} b`{ ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j~

Bfgz{j > Zaftzj Mjrjo`yj{~ kv ]vyj Yd{}fnfyd}fag faAjgojn}jm Mf~jd~j Y{`mzn} Mjrjo`ylja}

@{gdafsd}fà~ fmja}fffljm d~ yd{}fnfyd}fag fa }ej mjrjo`ylja} `b }ej >7= y{`mzn}~

fanozmjm fa }ef~ ~}zmv wj{j nd}jg`{fsjm kv `{gdafsd}fà }vyj! Ej{j/ }ej y{`y`{}fà

`b }ej }`}do >=5 zaftzj `{gdafsd}fà~ fmja}fffljm f~ y{j~ja}jm kv `{gdafsd}fà }vyj!

Bfgz{j = Zaftzj Mjrjo`yj{~ kv N`za}{v `{ [jgfà `bEjdmtzd{}j{~ Yd{}fnfyd}fag fa Ajgojn}jm Mf~jd~jY{`mzn} Mjrjo`ylja}

47%:*&

^`z}e Db{fnd @}ej{ Db{fnd

@}ej{ D~fd

Nefad

Jz{`yj

Zaf}jm ^}d}j~

4;6

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44:%>>*&

44%>*&

= %4*&

45%:*&

4=%=*&

42%:*&

Famfd

Cdyda7 %;*&

[z~~fd> %4*&

Dz~}{dofd/Ajw Sjdodam

@}ej{Dlj{fnd~

K{dsfo2 %;*&

5 %;*&

@{gdafsd}fà~ fmja}fffljm d~ yd{}fnfyd}fag fa }ej mjrjo`ylja} `b }ej >7= y{`mzn}~

fanozmjm fa }ef~ ~}zmv wj{j nd}jg`{fsjm kv n`za}{v `{ {jgfà `b ejdmtzd{}j{~! Ej{j/

}ej y{`y`{}fà `b }ej }`}do >=5 zaftzj mjrjo`yj{~ fmja}fffljm f~ y{j~ja}jm kv n`za,

}{v `{ {jgfà!

{d{jov `nnz{~ wf}efa d ~fagoj `{gdafsd}fà! j{jb`{j/ wj

mj}j{lfajm e`w ldav mjrjo`yj{~ wj{j d~~`nfd}jm wf}e jdne

ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j y{`mzn} fmja}fjm fa }ef~ ~}zmv kv ndonzod}fag

}ej drj{dgj azlkj{ `b zaftzj mjrjo`yj{~ d~~`nfd}jm wf}e jdne

y{`mzn}! @b }ej >7= y{`mzn}~ fa mjrjo`ylja}/ >6* wj{j b`zam

}` kj fa mjrjo`ylja} kv d ~fagoj `{gdafsd}fà wf}e a` yd{}aj{~

%md}d a`} ~e`wa&! j drj{dgj azlkj{ `b mjrjo`yj{~ wd~ ;!;

zaftzj mjrjo`yj{~ yj{ y{`mzn}! j drj{dgj azlkj{ b yd{}aj{~

rd{fjm of}}oj b`{ m{zg~ d~ n`lyd{jm }` rdnnfaj~ %;!4;!>& { yed~j

`b mjrjo`ylja} %4!6;!7& %md}d a`} ~e`wa&! j~j drj{dgj~ àov

{jjn} }ej azlkj{ b yd{}aj{~ d~~`nfd}jm wf}e y{`mzn}~ fa }ef~

~}zmv d} }ej }flj `b dadov~f~ dam m` a`} dnn`za} b`{ mjrjo`yj{~

we` ldv edrj yd{}fnfyd}jm fa mjrjo`ylja} d} jd{ofj{ ~}dgj~ kz}

d{j a` oàgj{ faròrjm!

;:%7*&

@}ej{ Aà,y{`bf}@}ej{ Famz~}{v

Kfg Yed{ld

YMY

G`rj{alja}

Kf`}jne

Dndmjlfn/[j~jd{neFa~}f}z}fà

4>2%>6*&

49=%>9*&

>7%44*&

;2%7*&

4>%=*&

7 %;*&


14/48


Ajgojn}jm Mf~jd~j Y{`mzn} Mjrjo`yj{~

kv N`za}{v

Ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j~ mf~y{`y`{}fàd}jov djn} }ej mjrjo`yfag

w`{om/ kz} m{zg dam rdnnfaj {j~jd{ne dam mjrjo`ylja} `z}~fmj

`b ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j~ }{dmf}fàdoov nnz{ fa }ej mjrjo`yjm w`{om!

j{jb`{j/ }ej n`za}{v { {jgfà b jdne b }ej >=5 zaftzjmjrjo`yj{~ ejdmtzd{}j{~ wd~ jrdozd}jm d~ d ~z{{`gd}j ljd,

~z{jlja} b }ej yd{}fnfyd}fà b mjrjo`yjm rj{~z~ mjrjo`yfag

n`za}{v `{gdafsd}fà~ fa y{`mzn} mjrjo`ylja}! j azlkj{ `b

zaftzj `{gdafsd}fà~ yd{}fnfyd}fag fa y{`mzn} mjrjo`ylja} b`{

ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j~ f~ ~zlld{fsjm kv n`za}{v `b ejdmtzd{}j{~

fa Bfgz{j =! Jz{`yjda `{gdafsd}fà~ yd{}fnfyd}fag fa ajgojn}jm

mf~jd~j m{zg mjrjo`ylja} d{j bz{}ej{ k{`hja m`wa kv n`za}{v

fa Bfgz{j :!

j ldc`{f}v b mjrjo`yj{~ yd{}fnfyd}fag fa ajgojn}jm mf~jd~jy{`mzn} mjrjo`ylja} wj{j kd~jm fa }ej Zaf}jm ^}d}j~/ Jz{`yj/

dam }ej{ mjrjo`yjm n`za}{fj~ %;=2 z} `b >=5 zaftzj mjrjo`y,

j{~/ { 74* b doo mjrjo`yj{~ fmja}fjm8 Bfgz{j =&! Wefoj }ej{j

wj{j ~`lj mjrjo`yj{~ b{`l K{dsfo/ Famfd/ Nefad/ [z~~fd/ dam

^`z}e Db{fndha`wa }` kj faa`rd}frj/ jlj{gfag ld{hj} n`za,

}{fj~/ }ej~j ldmj zy d ~ldoo lfa`{f}v b {gdafsd}fà~ fmja}fjm

fa }ef~ ~}zmv!

Jz{`yjda n`za}{v g`rj{alja}~ dam }ej Jz{`yjda N`llf~~fà

dnn`za} b`{ afaj b }ej }`y 4; yzkofn ~jn}`{ bzamj{~ b ajgojn}jmmf~jd~j ["M!44 j{jb`{j/ wj o``hjm d} }ej mf~}{fkz}fà `b

mjrjo`yj{~ dn{`~~ Jz{`yjda n`za}{fj~ fa l`{j mj}dfo %Bfgz{j :&!

j Zaf}jm Hfagm`l edm }ej od{gj~} azlkj{ `b mjrjo`yj{~ yd{,

}fnfyd}fag fa ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j y{`mzn} mjrjo`ylja} bòo`wjm

kv }ej Aj}ej{odam~/ ^wf}sj{odam/ Gj{ldav/ dam B{danj!

44 L`{da L j} do! %;944& Ajgojn}jm Mf~jd~j [j~jd{ne dam Mjrjo`ylja}3 F~ }ej Go`kdo Bfadanfdo N{f~f~ Nedagfag ["M0/ Yòfnv Nz{j~/ Dz~}{dofd

Bfgz{j : Zaftzj Mjrjo`yj{~ fa Jz{`yj kv N`za}{vYd{}fnfyd}fag fa Ajgojn}jm Mf~jd~j Y{`mzn}Mjrjo`ylja}

4:%4>*&

Gj{ldav

Kjogfzl;7

%;>*&

4>%44*&

: %=*&

4;%49*&

4>%44*&

Aj}ej{odam~

Zaf}jm Hfagm`l^ydfa

Mjal

4 %4*&

Jz{`yj %a`} ~yjnfbfjm& 4 %4*&

Ezagd{v

^wj

4 %4*&

Fnjodam

> %>*&

Y`{}zgdo

F}d

B{danj

= %>*&

F{jodamA`{wdv

^wf}sj{odam

: %=*&

: %=*&

> %>*&4 %4*&

4 %4*&

: %=*&

Dz~}{fd

@{gdafsd}fà~ fmja}fffljm d~ yd{}fnfyd}fag fa }ej mjrjo`ylja} `b y{`mzn}~ b`{

ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j~ ejdmtzd{}j{jm fa Jz{`yj wj{j n`za}jm kd~jm à n`za}{v `b

ejdmtzd{}j{~! Ej{j/ }ej y{`y`{}fà `b }ej }`}do 44: zaftzj mjrjo`yj{~ fmja}fffljm

d~ kjfag ejdmtzd{}j{jm fa Jz{`yj d{j y{j~ja}jm kv n`za}{v!


15/48


MJRJO@YJ[ YD[]FNFYD]F@A KV@[GDAFSD]F@A ]VYJ

B`{ }ej yz{y`~j~ `b }ef~ {jy`{}/ wj ne`~j }` b`nz~ à b`z{

mjrjo`yj{ nd}jg`{fj~3 dndmjlfn{j~jd{ne fa~}f}z}fà~/ y{`mzn}

mjrjo`ylja} yd{}aj{~efy~ %YMY~&/ kf`}jneaò`gv n`lydafj~/

dam od{gj yed{ldnjz}fndo n`lydafj~! ]dkoj ; y{`rfmj~ da`rj{rfjw b }ej ojrjo b yd{}fnfyd}fà b jdne `{gdafsd}fà }vyj

d~ ljd~z{jm kv }ej yj{nja}dgj `b y{`mzn}~ fa mjrjo`ylja} wf}e

d} ojd~} aj d~~`nfd}jm mjrjo`yj{ b }ed} }vyj!

Weja wj ndonzod}jm e`w ldav y{`mzn}~ fa mjrjo`ylja} edm d}

ojd~} àj dndmjlfn{j~jd{ne fa~}f}z}fà/ YMY/ `{ kf`}jneaò`gv

n`lydav yd{}fnfyd}fag fa mjrjo`ylja}/ ~flfod{ y{`y`{}fà~ `b

y{`mzn}~ fa mjrjo`ylja} b`{ ajgojn}jm

mf~jd~j~ wj{j fmja}fjm b`{ jdne `{gdafsd,

}fà }vyj/ wej}ej{ dadovsjm fa }ej dgg{j,gd}j %=9=>*& `{ ~jg{jgd}jm kv m{zg~ dam

rdnnfaj~ %>6=9* b`{ m{zg~ dam >6=2*

b`{ rdnnfaj~& %]dkoj ;&! Z~fag }ef~ ~dlj

dyy{`dne/ od{gj yed{ldnjz}fndo n`lydafj~

wj{j yd{}fnfyd}fag fa 47* `b y{`mzn}~ fa

mjrjo`ylja} wf}e o`wj{ yd{}fnfyd}fà fa

rdnnfaj~ d~ n`lyd{jm }` m{zg~ %49* rj{~z~

>;*/ {j~yjn}frjov&! j yd{}fnfyd}fà b

jdne {gdafsd}fà }vyj fa ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j

y{`mzn} mjrjo`ylja} f~ judlfajm fa l`{j

mj}dfo fa }ej ~zk~jtzja} ~jn}fà~!

j nz{{ja} dadov~f~ f~ a`} mj~fgajm }`

tzda}fbv `{ y{`rfmj tzdof}d}frj d~~j~~lja}

`b }ej ad}z{j b mjrjo`yj{ yd{}fnfyd}fà

fa ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j y{`mzn} mjrjo`ylja}/ ~zne d~ }ej ju}ja}

}` wefne jdne `{gdafsd}fà nà}{fkz}j~ làjv/ jlyo`vjj }flj/

yev~fndo {jdgja}~/ ha`w,e`w/ j}n! f~ f~ yd{}fnzod{ov }{zj fa }ej

nd~j `b y{`mzn}~ wf}e lzo}fyoj mjrjo`ylja} yd{}aj{~! Ej{j/ dam

b`{ }ej {jldfamj{ b }ef~ dadov~f~/ doo yd{}fnfyd}fà fa y{`mzn}

mjrjo`ylja} fa }ej nà}ju} `b d yd{}aj{~efy f~ d~~zljm jtzdo!

Wefoj }ef~ f~ da `rj{~flyofnd}fà/ f} y{`rfmj~ d ljnedaf~l }`

zamj{~}dam }ej ojrjo `b yd{}fnfyd}fà `b mfj{ja} `{gdafsd}fà

}vyj~ fa }j{l~ b azlkj{ b y{`mzn}~ d~ d y{`y`{}fà b doo

y{`mzn}~ fa mjrjo`ylja}!

]dkoj ;! Ojrjo `b Yd{}fnfyd}fà `b Mjrj o`yj{~ kv @{gdafsd }fà

Y[@MZN]^ WF]E D] OJD^] @AJ MJRJO@YJ[ @B ]EF^ ]VYJ

MJRJO@YJ[ ]VYJ ]@]DO Y[@MZN]^%* @B DOO Y[@MZN]^&

M[ZG^%* @B DOO M[ZG^&

RDNNFAJ^%* @B DOO RDNNFAJ^&

Dndmjlfn/[j~jd{ne Fa~}f}z}fà 42; %=>*& 26 %=9*& 6> %=2*&

YMY 4=6 %=9*& 79 %=4*& 76 %>6*&

Kf`}jne 4:> %=4*& 25 %>6*& 5: %=;*&

Kfg Yed{ld 2: %47*& == %;:*& ;4 %49*&

#A`}j3 }ej yj{nja}dgj~ wfoo a`} }`}do }` 499* d~ ~jrj{do mjrjo`yj{~ ldv kj faròrjm wf}e }ej ["M `b d zaftzj m{zg `{ rdnnfaj!


16/48

4; Mjrjo`yfag Ajw M{zg~ dam Rdnnfaj~ b`{ Ajgojn}jm Mf~jd~j~ `b }ej Y``{

Dndmjlfn/[j~jd{ne Fa~}f}z}fà~

Dndmjlfn[j~jd{ne fa~}f}z}fà~ ldmj zy }ej od{gj~} azlkj{

`b {gdafsd}fà~ yd{}fnfyd}fag fa ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j y{`mzn}

mjrjo`ylja} %4;6 `z} `b >=5 }`}do zaftzj `{gdafsd}fà~8 Bfgz{j

>&! jv yd{}fnfyd}jm fa }ej mjrjo`ylja} `b }ej g{jd}j~} azlkj{

`b y{`mzn}~ %42; `b >7= y{`mzn}~/ =>*8 ]dkoj ;& dam }ej g{jd},

j~} {dagj `b mf~jd~j~ wf}e y{`mzn}~ fa mjrjo`ylja} %;9 `b }ej

;> ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j~ fanozmjm fa }ef~ ~}zmv8 Bfgz{j 2& b dav

famfrfmzdo mjrjo`yj{ }vyj!

Dndmjlfn{j~jd{ne fa~}f}z}fà~ d{j yd{}fnfyd}fag fa }ej mjrjo,

`ylja} `b d g{jd}j{ azlkj{ `b rdnnfaj~ }eda m{zg~ %Bfgz{j 7

dam Bfgz{j 5&/ kz} }ejf{ yd{}fnfyd}fà dn{`~~ m{zg~/ rdnnfaj~/

dam yed~j~ `b mjrjo`ylja} wd~ od{gjov {jjn}frj `b }ej `rj{doo

yfyjofaj %Bfgz{j ;& dam {jod}frjov nà~f~}ja} dn{`~~ m{zg~/ rdn,

nfaj~/ dam yed~j~ `b mjrjo`ylja}/ {dagfag b{`l yd{}fnfyd}fà

fa ;4,:=* b y{`mzn}~ fa d gfrja yed~j %Bfgz{j 7 dam Bfgz{j

5&! Fa gjaj{do/ dndmjlfn{j~jd{ne fa~}f}z}fà~ d{j yd{}fnfyd}fag

fa l`{j mf~n`rj{v dam y{jnofafndo yed~j y{`mzn}~ wf}e oj~~j{

yd{}fnfyd}fà d~ y{`mzn} mjrjo`ylja} l`rj~ fa}` }ej nofafndo

yed~j~ b }j~}fag %Bfgz{j 7 dam Bfgz{j 5&!

D~ l`~} y{`mzn}~ fa mjrjo`ylja} b`{ ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j~ d{j

kjfag mjrjo`yjm kv yd{}aj{~efy~ `b lzo}fyoj `{gdafsd}fà~/ wj

aju} wda}jm }` d~~j~~ }ej ju}ja} }` wefne dndmjlfn{j~jd{ne

fa~}f}z}fà~ yd{}aj{ wf}e `}ej{ `{gdafsd}fà~! Wefoj wj n`zom

a`} d~~j~~ }ej ad}z{j b yd{}aj{~efy~ z~fag }ej nz{{ja} md}d~j}/

wj n`zom mj}j{lfaj }ej drj{dgj azlkj{ b yd{}aj{~ yd{}fnfyd},

fag fa }ej mjrjo`ylja} `b m{zg~ `{ rdnnfaj~ wf}e d} ojd~} àj

dndmjlfn{j~jd{ne fa~}f}z}fà mjrjo`yj{! j azlkj{ dam

y{`y`{}fà b doo y{`mzn}~ wf}e d} ojd~} aj dndmjlfn{j~jd{ne

fa~}f}z}fà mjrjo`yj{ wf}e sj{`/ àj/ }w`/ `{ }e{jjg{jd}j{ }eda

}e{jj yd{}aj{~ f~ ~zlld{fsjm fa Bfgz{j 6 kv y{`mzn} }vyj dam

Bfgz{j 49 kv yed~j `b mjrjo`ylja}!

@a drj{dgj/ y{`mzn}~ fa mjrjo`ylja} b`{ ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j~

wf}e d} ojd~} àj dndmjlfn{j~jd{ne fa~}f}z}fà mjrjo`yj{ edrj

l`{j yd{}aj{~ yj{ y{`mzn} }eda }ej ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j yfyjofaj

Bfgz{j 2 Dndmjlfn/[j~jd{ne Fa~}f}z}fà Yfyjofaj kvMf~jd~j

]ej mf~jd~j adlj dam }`}do azlkj{ `b y{`mzn}~ wf}e d} ojd~} àj dndmjlfn/

{j~jd{ne fa~}f}z}fà mjrjo`yj{ n`rj{jm fa }ef~ ~}zmv d{j ~zlld{fsjm fa }ej Ljhh`

yo`} ej{j! ]ej d{jd `b jdne {jn}dagoj fa }ej Ljhh` yo`} f~ y{`y`{}fàdo }` }ej

azlkj{ `b y{`mzn}~ b`{ }ed} mf~jd~j! [j~}{fn}fà~ à m{zg~ dam rdnnfaj~ jrdozd}jmb`{ jdne mf~jd~j d{j ~zlld{fsjm fa ]dkoj 2! ]ej }`}do azlkj{ `b y{`mzn}~ fa jdne

`b }ej }e{jj mf~jd~j nd}jg`{fj~ f~ of~}jm d} }ej }`y `b }ej nòzla!

^]E3 D~nd{fd~f~ " ]{fnez{fd~f~ 4

]ej +Kfg ]e{jj+

Ovlyed}fn bfod{fd~f~ >

ED]5

Kz{zof Zonj{=

Ojf~eldafd~f~4>

45

^nef~}`~`lfd~f~7

@ane`nj{nfd~f~ >

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17/48

KF@ Rja}z{j~ b`{ Go`kdo Ejdo}e 4>

d~ d weòj;!6 }`}do mjrjo`yj{~ yj{ y{`mzn} d~ n`lyd{jm }`

;!; b`{ }ej n`ly`~f}j yfyjofaj %Bfgz{j 68 Bfgz{j 49&! Do~`/ }ej

azlkj{ `b y{`mzn}~ fa mjrjo`ylja} wf}e da dndmjlfn{j~jd{ne

fa~}f}z}f a mjrjo`yj{ wf}e a` dmmf}fàdo yd{}aj{~ wd~ 46*

%>9 }`}do y{`mzn}~8 Bfgz{j 6& wefne f~ oj~~ }eda }ej >6* b }ej

ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j yfyjofaj d~ d weòj %4=2 }`}do y{`mzn}~&! Wefoj

}ej{j f~ j~~ja}fdoov a` mfj{janj fa }ej drj{dgj azlkj{ `{ mf~}{f,

kz}fà b mjrjo`yj{ azlkj{~ kv m{zg { rdnnfaj %Bfgz{j 6&/ }ej

azlkj{ b yd{}aj{~ yj{ y{`mzn} f~ efgej{ b`{ y{`mzn}~ fa od}j

~}dgj nofafndo mjrjo`ylja} }eda jd{ov ~}dgj y{`mzn}~ %Bfgz{j 49&!

j azlkj{ b yd{}aj{~ d~~`nfd}jm wf}e y{`mzn}~ fa mjrjo`y,

lja} wf}e d} ojd~} àj dndmjlfn{j~jd{ne fa~}f}z}fà mjrjo`yj{

{df~jm }ej tzj~}fà d~ }` wed} }vyj~ b `{gdafsd}fà~ dndmjlfn

{j~jd{ne fa~}f}z}fà~ d{j nòodk`{d}fag `{ yd{}aj{fag wf}e! B`{

jdne `b }ej 4>; y{`mzn}~ fa mjrjo`ylja} }ed} edrj d} ojd~} àj

dndmjlfn{j~jd{ne fa~}f}z}fà~ dam d} ojd~} àj dmmf}fàdo yd{},

aj{/ wj d~hjm wed} `{gdafsd}fà }vyj~ dav dmmf}fàdo yd{}aj{~

{jy{j~ja}jm! B`{ judlyoj/ fb d y{`mzn} fa mjrjo`ylja} kv da

dndmjlfn{j~jd{ne fa~}f}z}fà wd~ do~` yd{}aj{jm wf}e d YMY

dam d yed{ldnjz}fndo n`lydav/ }ed} y{`mzn} f~ n`za}jm d~ d nò,

odk`{d}fà kj}wjja da dndmjlfn {j~jd{ne fa~}f}z}fà dam d YMY

B fgz{j 7 Dndmjlfn/[j~jd{ne Fa~} f }z} fà Yd{ } fn fyd} fàfa M{zg Mjrj o`ylja} kv Yed~j


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`yj{ wd~ ~zlljm b`{ jdne yed~j `b mjrjo`ylja} fa }ej kd{ g{dye %ojb} V,duf~&!

]ej yj{nja}dgj `b m{zg~ fa }ej gfrja yed~j `b mjrjo`ylja} wf}e d} ojd~} àj

dndmjlfn mjrjo`yj{ {jod}frj }` }ej }`}do azlkj{ `b m{zg~ d} }ej famfnd}jm yed~j

wd~ ndonzod}jm dam y{j~ja}jm d~ d ofaj %{fge} V,duf~&!

B fgz{j 5 Dndmjlfn/[j~jd{ne Fa~} f }z} fà Yd{ } fn fyd} fàfa Rdnn faj Mjrj o`ylja} kv Ye d~j


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]ej }`}do azlkj{ `b rdnnfaj~ wf}e d} ojd~} àj dndmjlfn/{j~jd{ne fa~}f}z}fà

mjrjo`yj{ wd~ ~zlljm b`{ jdne yed~j `b mjrjo`ylja} fa }ej kd{ g{dye %ojb}

V,duf~&! ]ej yj{nja}dgj `b rdnnfaj~ fa }ej gfrja yed~j `b mjrjo`ylja} wf}e d}

ojd~} àj dndmjlfn mjrjo`yj{ {jod}frj }` }ej }`}do azlkj{ `b rdnnfaj~ d} }ej famf,

nd}jm yed~j wd~ ndonzod}jm dam y{j~ja}jm d~ d ofaj %{fge} V,duf~&!


18/48

4= ]ej Y{`mzn} Mjrjo`yj{ Odam~ndyj

Bfgz{j 6 Dndmjlfn/[j~jd{ne Fa~} f }z} fàNò odk`{d} fà~ kv Azlkj{ `b Yd{ }aj{~ damY{`mzn} ]vyj

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B`{ doo y{`mzn}~ wf}e d} ojd~} àj dndmjlfn{j~jd{ne fa~}f}z}fà mjrjo`yj{/ }ej

azlkj{ `b dmmf}fàdo mjrjo`yj{~ d~~`nfd}jm wf}e }ed} y{`mzn} wd~ n`za}jm! Jdne

kd{ g{dye ~jglja} f~ azlkj{ `b y{`mzn}~ wf}e }ej gfrja azlkj{ `b yd{}aj{~ b`{

doo y{`mzn}~/ m{zg~/ `{ rdnnfaj~ dam }ej y{`y`{}fà `b doo y{`mzn}~ %*& wf}e }ed}

azlkj{ `b yd{}aj{~! ]ej }`}do d} }ej }`y `b }ej nòzla f~ }ej }`}do azlkj{ `b y{`m,

zn}~ wf}e d} ojd~} àj dndmjlfn{j~jd{ne fa~}f}z}fà yd{}aj{! ]ej drj{dgj azlkj{

`b yd{}aj{~ yj{ y{`mzn} dn{`~~ doo y{`mzn}~/ m{zg~/ `{ rdnnfaj~ wf}e d} ojd~} àj

dndmjlfn{j~jd{ne fa~}f}z}fà yd{}aj{ f~ gfrja kjo`w }ej g{dye!

B fgz{j 49 Dndmjlfn/[j~jd{ne Fa~} f }z} fàNò odk`{d} fà kv Yed~j `b Y{`mzn}Mjrj o`ylja}

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B`{ doo y{`mzn}~ wf}e d} ojd~} àj dndmjlfn{j~jd{ne fa~}f}z}fà mjrjo`yj{/ }ej



doo y{`mzn}~ b`{ jdne yed~j `b mjrjo`ylja} dam }ej y{`y`{}fà `b doo y{`mzn}~

%*& wf}e }ed} azlkj{ `b yd{}aj{~! ]ej }`}do d} }ej }`y `b }ej nòzla f~ }ej }`}do

azlkj{ `b y{`mzn}~ wf}e d} ojd~} àj dndmjlfn{j~jd{ne fa~}f}z}fà yd{}aj{ d} }ej

gfrja yed~j! ]ej drj{dgj azlkj{ `b yd{}aj{~ yj{ y{`mzn} d} jdne yed~j wf}e d}

ojd~} àj dndmjlfn{j~jd{ne fa~}f}z}fà yd{}aj{ f~ gfrja kjo`w }ej g{dye!


19/48

KF@ Rja}z{j~ b`{ Go`kdo Ejdo}e 4:

%àj b }ej =7 y{`mzn}~ n`za}jm fa }ej kd{ odkjojm YMY& dam d

nòodk`{d}f a kj}wjja dam dndmjlfn{j~jd{ne fa~}f}z}fà dam d

yed{ldnjz}fndo n`lydav %àj b 45 y{`mzn}~ n`za}jm fa }ej kd{

odkjojm Kfg Yed{ld& fa Bfgz{j 44! j {j~zo}~ `b }ef~ dadov~f~

d{j y{j~ja}jm fa Bfgz{j 44!

Dndmjlfn{j~jd{ne fa~}f}z}fà~ yd{}fnfyd}jm fa nòodk`{d}f a~

wf}e doo }ej{ {gdafsd}fà }vyj~ b`{ ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j y{`mzn}

B fgz{j 44 We` f~ Yd{ }aj{ fag wf}e Dndmjlfn/[j~jd{ne Fa~} f }z} fà~0

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@}ej{

B`{ jdne `b }ej 4>; y{`mzn}~ fa mjrjo`ylja} }ed} edrj d} ojd~} àj dndmjlfn{j~jd{ne fa~}f}z}fà mjrjo`yj{ dam d} ojd~} àj dmmf}fàdo yd{}aj{/ f} wd~ mj}j{lfajm wej}ej{

}ej dmmf}fàdo yd{}aj{%~& fanozmjm d} ojd~} àj `b }ej bòo`wfag mjrjo`yj{ }vyj~3 `}ej{ dndmjlfn{j~jd{ne fa~}f}z}fà/ YMY/ kf`}jneaò`gv n`lydav/ od{gj yed{ldnjz}fndo

n`lydav/ `{ ~`lj `}ej{ }vyj `b `{gdafsd}fà! ]ej azlkj{ `b y{`mzn}~ dam }ej y{`y`{}fà `b doo y{`mzn}~/ m{zg~/ `{ rdnnfaj~ wf}e da dndmjlfn{j~jd{ne fa~}f}z}fà mjrjo`yj{

dam d} ojd~} àj `b }ej famfnd}jm `{gdafsd}fà }vyj~ d~ d yd{}aj{ d{j gfrja d} }ej jam `b jdne kd{!

mjrjo`ylja}/ fanozmfag }ej{ dndmjlfn{j~jd{ne fa~}f}z}fà~/

YMY~/ kf`}jneaò`gv n`lydafj~/ od{gj yed{ldnjz}fndo n`lyd,

afj~/ dam }ej{ {gdafsd}fà }vyj~ a`} fanozmjm fa }ef~ dadov,

~f~! D} ojd~} edob `b doo y{`cjn}~ edm d} ojd~} àj YMY yd{}aj{/

f{{j~yjn}frj `b y{`mzn} }vyj %Bfgz{j 44&! f~ wd~ a`} ~z{y{f~fag

d~ yd{}aj{~efy~ d{j ajnj~~d{v }` m{frj jd{ov ~}dgj mf~n`rj{fj~ fa

dndmjlfd }`wd{m y{`mzn} mjrjo`ylja}!


20/48

42 Mjrjo`yfag Ajw M{zg~ dam Rdnnfaj~ b`{ Ajgojn}jm Mf~jd~j~ `b }ej Y``{

Y{`mzn} Mjrjo`ylja} Yd{}aj{~efy~ %YMY~&

Do}e`zge }ej{j d{j d {jod}frjov ~ldoo azlkj{ `b YMY~ %;2

zaftzj `{gdafsd}fà~ fmja}fjm fa }ef~ ~}zmv&/ =9* `b y{`mzn}~

fa mjrjo`ylja} edrj d} ojd~} àj YMY mjrjo`yj{ %4=6 y{`mzn}~8

]dkoj ;&! Gfrja }ej jlyed~f~ à }ej YMY l`mjo b`{ ajw bzam,

fag b`{ ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j {j~jd{ne dam mjrjo`ylja} %["M& fa

}ej od~} 49 vjd{~/4; f} f~ fa}j{j~}fag }` a`}j }ed} l`{j }eda edob `b

}ej y{`mzn}~ fmja}fjm ej{j d{j kjfag mjrjo`yjm `z}~fmj `b }ef~

["M l`mjo!

YMY~ edrj y{`mzn}~ fa mjrjo`ylja} b`{ 42 `b }ej ;> mf~jd~j~

fanozmjm fa }ef~ ~}zmv %Bfgz{j 4;&! Wjoo `rj{ edob %24*& `b }ej

y{`mzn}~ wf}e YMY yd{}fnfyd}fà d{j fa mjrjo`ylja} b`{ EFR

%lfn{`kfnfmj~ dam rdnnfaj~ aov&/ ldod{fd/ dam }zkj{nzo`~f~!

YMY~ d{j yd{}fnfyd}fag fa }ej mjrjo`ylja} `b d g{jd}j{ azlkj{`b rdnnfaj~ }eda m{zg~ %Bfgz{j 4> dam Bfgz{j 4=&/ dam }ejf{ yd{,

}fnfyd}fà dn{`~~ m{zg~/ rdnnfaj~/ dam yed~j~ `b mjrjo`ylja} f~

od{gjov {jjn}frj `b }ej `rj{doo yfyjofaj %Bfgz{j ;& dam {jod}frjov

nà~f~}ja} dn{`~~ m{zg~/ rdnnfaj~/ dam yed~j~ `b mjrjo`ylja}/

{dagfag b{`l yd{}fnfyd}fà fa ;;,:7* `b y{`mzn}~ fa d gfrja

yed~j %Bfgz{j 4> dam Bfgz{j 4=&!

^z{y{f~fagov/ YMY~ d{j àov faròrjm fa 49 `b }ej ;> }`}do y{`m,

zn}~ fa yed~j FFF/ {jy{j~ja}fag yd{}fnfyd}fà fa =>* `b y{`mzn}~

d} }ef~ yed~j %Bfgz{j 4> dam Bfgz{j 4=&! Fb wj k{jdh yd{}fnfyd,}fà fa yed~j FFF y{`mzn}~ m`wa kv y{`mzn}~ }vyj/ YMY~ d{j

yd{}fnfyd}fag fa :7* b m{zg~ fa yed~j FFF mjrjo`ylja} %Bfgz{j

4>& kz} àov ;;* `b rdnnfaj~ fa yed~j FFF mjrjo`ylja} %Bfgz{j

4=&! Kjndz~j b }ej juyja~j b yed~j FFF nofafndo }{fdo~ dam }ej

jlyed~f~ à yzkofn,y{frd}j ~ed{fag `b adanfdo {f~h b`~}j{jm kv

}ej YMY l`mjo/ wj w`zom edrj juyjn}jm ajd{ov doo }ej yed~j FFF

}{fdo~ }` faròrj d YMY!

D~ }ej YMY l`mjo f~ mj~fgajm b`{ b`~}j{ yd{}aj{~efy/ yd{}fnz,

od{ov kj}wjja }ej yzkofn dam y{frd}j ~jn}`{~/ wj aju} wda}jm}` d~~j~~ }ej ju}ja} }` wefne YMY~ yd{}aj{jm wf}e `}ej{

`{gdafsd}fà~ à }ej y{`mzn}~ fmja}fjm fa }ef~ ~}zmv! Wefoj

wj n`zom a`} d~~j~~ }ej ad}z{j `b }ej~j yd{}aj{~efy~/ wj n`zom

mj}j{lfaj }ej drj{dgj azlkj{ `b yd{}aj{~ yd{}fnfyd}fag fa }ej

B fgz{j 4; Y{`mzn} Mjrj o`ylja} Yd{ }aj{~efy %YMY&Yfyj o faj kv Mf~jd~j

Ojy{`~v 4

]ej +Kfg ]e{jj+

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Mfd{{ejdo Mf~jd~j ;

]ej mf~jd~j adlj dam }`}do azlkj{ `b y{`mzn}~ wf}e d} ojd~} àj YMY mjrjo`yj{

n`rj{jm fa }ef~ ~}zmv d{j ~zlld{fsjm fa }ej Ljhh` yo`} ej{j! ]ej d{jd `b jdne

{jn}dagoj fa }ej Ljhh` yo`} f~ y{`y`{}fàdo }` }ej azlkj{ `b y{`mzn}~ b`{ }ed} mf~,

jd~j! [j~}{fn}fà~ à m{zg~ `{ rdnnfaj~ jrdozd}jm b`{ jdne mf~jd~j d{j ~zlld{fsjm

fa ]dkoj 4! ]ej }`}do azlkj{ `b y{`mzn}~ fa jdne `b }ej }e{jj mf~jd~j nd}jg`{fj~ f~of~}jm d} }ej }`y `b }ej nòzla!

4; G{dnj N %;949& Y{`mzn} Mjrjo`ylja} Yd{}aj{~efy~ %YMY^&3 Oj~~à~ b{`l YMYM~ j~}dkof~ejm }` mjrjo`y ajw ejdo}e }jneaò`gfj~ b`{ ajgojn}jmmf~jd~j~/ Mjyd{}lja} b`{ Fa}j{ad}fàdo Mjrjo`ylja}/ ZH8 Z^DFM %;996 [jy`{} }` Nàg{j~~3 N``{mfad}j ^}{d}jgv }` Dnnjoj{d}j Mjrjo`ylja} `bRdnnfaj~ b`{ Fabjn}f`z~ Mf~jd~j~/ Z^D!


21/48


mjrjo`ylja} `b m{zg~ `{ rdnnfaj~ wf}e d} ojd~} àj YMY mjrjo,

`yj{! j azlkj{ dam y{`y`{}fà `b doo y{`mzn}~ wf}e d} ojd~}

àj YMY mjrjo`yj{ wf}e sj{`/ àj/ }w`/ `{ }e{jjg{jd}j{ }eda

}e{jj yd{}aj{~ f~ ~zlld{fsjm fa Bfgz{j 4: kv y{`mzn} }vyj dam

Bfgz{j 42 kv yed~j `b mjrjo`ylja}!


wf}e d} ojd~} àj YMY mjrjo`yj{ edrj l`{j yd{}aj{~ yj{ y{`mzn}

}eda }ej ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j yfyjofaj d~ d weòj>!4 }`}do mjrjo,

`yj{~ yj{ y{`mzn} d~ n`lyd{jm }` ;!; b`{ }ej n`ly`~f}j yfyjofaj

%Bfgz{j 4:8 Bfgz{j 42&! Do~`/ YMY~ edrj rf{}zdoov a` y{`mzn}~ fa

mjrjo`ylja} wf}e a` dmmf}fàdo mjrjo`ylja} yd{}aj{~ %Bfgz{j

4:& d~ n`lyd{jm }` >6* b }ej ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j yfyjofaj d~ d

weòj! j{j f~ of}}oj rd{fd}fà fa }ej azlkj{ `b nòodk`{d}`{~

yd{}fnfyd}fag fa y{`mzn}~ wf}e d} ojd~} àj YMY mjrjo`yj{ kv

m{zg~/ rdnnfaj~/ { kv yed~j/ do}e`zge }ej drj{dgj azlkj{ b

yd{}aj{~ fan{jd~j~ ~ofge}ov fa }ej od}j nofafndo ~}dgj~ b mjrjo`y,

lja} %Bfgz{j 42&!

YMY~/ k`}e kv mj~fga dam fa }ej md}d y{j~ja}jm ej{j/ z~j yd{},

aj{fag d~ yd{} b }ejf{ n`{j l`mjo b`{ ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j ["M!

j{jb`{j/ b`{ }e`~j y{`mzn}~ wf}e d} ojd~} àj YMY mjrjo`yj{/

wj d~hjm wefne }vyj~ `b `{gdafsd}fà~ YMY~ wj{j nòodk`{d}fag

wf}e! B`{ jdne `b }ej 4=; y{`mzn}~ fa mjrjo`ylja} }ed} edrj

B fgz{j 4> Y{`mzn} Mjrj o`ylja} Yd{ }aj{~efy %YMY&Yd{ } fn fyd} fà fa M{zg Mjrj o`ylja} kv Yed~j


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]ej }`}do azlkj{ `b m{zg~ wf}e d} ojd~} àj YMY mjrjo`yj{ wd~ ~zlljm b`{ jdne

yed~j `b mjrjo`ylja} fa }ej kd{ g{dye %ojb} V,duf~&! ]ej yj{nja}dgj `b m{zg~ fa }ej

gfrja yed~j `b mjrjo`ylja} wf}e d} ojd~} àj YMY {jod}frj }` }ej }`}do azlkj{ `b

m{zg~ d} }ej famfnd}jm yed~j wd~ ndonzod}jm dam y{j~ja}jm d~ d ofaj %{fge} V,duf~&!

B fgz{j 4= Y{`mzn} Mjrj o`ylja} Yd{ }aj{~efy %YMY&Yd{ } fn fyd} fà fa Rdnn faj Mjrj o`ylja} kvYed~j


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Azlkj{`bY{`mzn}~


]ej }`}do azlkj{ `b rdnnfaj~ wf}e d} ojd~} àj YMY mjrjo`yj{ wd~ ~zlljm b`{

jdne yed~j `b mjrjo`ylja} fa }ej kd{ g{dye %ojb} V,duf~&! ]ej yj{nja}dgj `b rdn,

nfaj~ fa }ej gfrja yed~j `b mjrjo`ylja} wf}e d} ojd~} àj YMY {jod}frj }` }ej }`}do

azlkj{ `b rdnnfaj~ d} }ej famfnd}jm yed~j wd~ ndonzod}jm dam y{j~ja}jm d~ d ofaj

%{fge} V,duf~&!


22/48


Bfgz{j 4: Y{`mzn} Mjrj o`ylja} Yd{ }aj{~efy %YMY&Nò odk`{d} fà~ kv Azlkj{ `b Yd{ }aj{~ damY{`mzn} ]vyj

DooY{mzn}~

]`}do . `b Y{`mzn}~

M{zg~Rdnnfaj~

>!4 >!9 >!4

9*

;9*

=9*

29*

59*

499*

>( Yd{}aj{~

; Yd{}aj{~

4 Yd{}aj{

A` Yd{}aj{~


4=6 79 76

=9 %;7*& 47 %;=*& ;> %;6*&

:> %>2*& ;7 %>6*& ;2 %>>*&

=6 %>>*& ;> %>>*& ;2 %>>*&

7 %:*& > %=*& = %:*&

B`{ doo y{`mzn}~ wf}e d} ojd~} àj YMY mjrjo`yj{/ }ej azlkj{ `b dmmf}fàdo mjrjo,

`yj{~ d~~`nfd}jm wf}e }ed} y{`mzn} wd~ n`za}jm! Jdne kd{ g{dye ~jglja} f~

azlkj{ `b y{`mzn}~ wf}e }ej gfrja azlkj{ `b yd{}aj{~ b`{ doo y{`mzn}~/ m{zg~/ `{

rdnnfaj~ dam }ej y{`y`{}fà `b doo y{`mzn}~ %*& wf}e }ed} azlkj{ `b yd{}aj{~! ]ej

}`}do d} }ej }`y `b }ej nòzla f~ }ej }`}do azlkj{ `b y{`mzn}~ wf}e d} ojd~} àj YMY

yd{}aj{! ]ej drj{dgj azlkj{ `b mjrjo`yj{~ yj{ y{`mzn} dn{`~~ doo y{`mzn}~/ m{zg~/

`{ rdnnfaj~ wf}e d} ojd~} àj YMY yd{}aj{ f~ gfrja kjo`w }ej g{dye!

B fgz{j 42 Y{`mzn} Mjrj o`ylja} Yd{ }aj{~efy %YMY&Nò odk`{d} fà~ kv Yed~j `b Y{`mzn}Mjrj o`ylja}

DooY{mzn}~

]`}do . `b Y{`mzn}~

Mf~nrj{v

Y{j,Nofafndo

Yed~jF

Yed~jFF

Yed~jFFF

>!4 >!9 >!9 >!4 >!> >!=

9*

;9*

=9*

29*

59*

499*

>( Yd{}aj{~

; Yd{}aj{~

4 Yd{}aj{

A` Yd{}aj{~


4;= =: ;5 ;= ;> 5

4:* 44* 44* 4>* >9* 4>*

=>* =7* :7* >5*

;2*

4>*

=9* =9* 45* :9* >:* 7:*

;* ;*

4=* 6*

B`{ doo y{`mzn}~ wf}e d} ojd~} àj YMY mjrjo`yj{/ }ej azlkj{ `b dmmf}fàdo mjrjo,

`yj{~ d~~`nfd}jm wf}e }ed} y{`mzn} wd~ n`za}jm! Jdne kd{ g{dye ~jglja} f~ azl,

kj{ b y{`mzn}~ wf}e }ej gfrja azlkj{ b yd{}aj{~ b`{ doo y{`mzn}~ b`{ jdne yed~j b

mjrjo`ylja} dam }ej y{`y`{}fà `b doo y{`mzn}~ %*& wf}e }ed} azlkj{ `b yd{}aj{~!

]ej }`}do d} }ej }`y `b }ej nòzla f~ }ej }`}do azlkj{ `b y{`mzn}~ wf}e d} ojd~} àj

YMY yd{}aj{ d} }ej gfrja yed~j! ]ej drj{dgj azlkj{ `b mjrjo`yj{~ yj{ y{`mzn} d}

jdne yed~j wf}e d} ojd~} àj YMY yd{}aj{ f~ gfrja kjo`w }ej g{dye!


23/48


d} ojd~} àj YMY dam d} ojd~} àj dmmf}fàdo yd{}aj{/ wj mj}j{,

lfajm wed} `{gdafsd}fà }vyj~ dav dmmf}fàdo yd{}aj{~ {jy{j,

~ja}jm! j {j~zo}~ d{j y{j~ja}jm fa Bfgz{j 47!

YMY~ yd{}aj{jm wf}e }ej bzoo {dagj `b `{gdafsd}fà }vyj~ judl,fajm fa }ef~ ~}zmv/ fanozmfag `}ej{ YMY~/ dndmjlfn{j~jd{ne

fa~}f}z}fà~/ kf`}jneaò`gv n`lydafj~/ yed{ldnjz}fndo n`lyd,

afj~/ dam `}ej{~! YMY~ nòodk`{d}jm }` }ej g{jd}j~} ju}ja} wf}e

dndmjlfn{j~jd{ne fa~}f}z}fà~ b`{ k`}e m{zg~ dam rdnnfaj~!

Nòodk`{d}fà wf}e kf`}jneaò`gv dam yed{ldnjz}fndo n`lyd,

afj~ mfj{jm b`{ m{zg~ d~ n`lyd{jm }` rdnnfaj~! Kf`}jneaò`gv

n`lydafj~ wj{j nòodk`{d}fag wf}e YMY~ à =2* `b YMY rdn,

nfaj y{`cjn}~ kz} aov ;4* b YMY m{zg y{`mzn}~ %Bfgz{j 47&!

Fa nà}{d~}/ yed{ldnjz}fndo n`lydafj~ wj{j nòodk`{d}fag wf}e

YMY~ à >2* `b YMY m{zg y{`cjn}~ dam àov 2* `b YMY rdnnfaj

y{`cjn}~ %Bfgz{j 47&!

B fgz{j 47 We` f~ Yd{ }aj{ fag wf}e Y{`mzn} Mjrj o`ylja} Yd{ }aj{~efy~ %YMY~&0

9 49 ;9 >9 =9 :9 29 79 59

76 %:>*&

;> %4:*&

:4 %>=*&

>9 %;9*&

:2 %>5*&

>5 %:=*&

49 %4=*&

4: %;4*&

;: %>2*&

46 %;7*&

=4 %:;*&

4> %42*&

>2 %=2*&

: %2*&

>7 %=7*&

Dndmjlfn/[j~jd{ne Fa~}f}z}fà

@}ej{ YMY

Kf`}jne

Kfg Yed{ld

@}ej{

. `b Y{`mzn}~ %* `b Doo Y{`mzn}~&

Rdnnfaj

Y{`cjn}~

M{zg

Y{`cjn}~

]`}doY{`cjn}~

B`{ jdne `b }ej 4=; y{`mzn}~ fa mjrjo`ylja} }ed} edrj d} ojd~} àj YMY mjrjo`yj{ dam d} ojd~} àj dmmf}fàdo yd{}aj{/ f} wd~ mj}j{lfajm wej}ej{ }ej dmmf}fàdo yd{}aj{%~&

fanozmjm d} ojd~} àj `b }ej bòo`wfag mjrjo`yj{ }vyj~3 `}ej{ YMY/ dndmjlfn{j~jd{ne fa~}f}z}fà/ kf`}jneaò`gv n`lydav/ od{gj yed{ldnjz}fndo n`lydav/ `{ ~`lj `}ej{ }vyj

`b `{gdafsd}fà! ]ej azlkj{ `b y{`mzn}~ dam }ej y{`y`{}fà `b doo y{`mzn}~/ m{zg~/ `{ rdnnfaj~ wf}e d YMY mjrjo`yj{ dam d} ojd~} àj `b }ej famfnd}jm `{gdafsd}fà }vyj~ d~

d yd{}aj{!


24/48

;9 Mjrjo`yfag Ajw M{zg~ dam Rdnnfaj~ b`{ Ajgojn}jm Mf~jd~j~ `b }ej Y``{

B fgz{j 45 Kf`}jneaò`gv N`lydav Y fyj o faj kv Mf~jd~j

Ovlyed}fn bfod{fd~f~ 4

]ej +Kfg ]e{jj+

ED]>

Kz{zof Zonj{ 4

Ojf~eldafd~f~4>

;5

^nef~}`~`lfd~f~ 4

>:



êfgjoo`~f~>

Neòj{d:

Yajzl`n`nndoMf~jd~j

:

[`}drf{z~;

J]JN:

Ldod{fd=>

EFR4=

]zkj{nzo`~f~>>

69

]vye`fm Bjrj{=

Mfd{{ejdo Mf~jd~j=

Mjagzj42

]ej mf~jd~j adlj dam }`}do azlkj{ `b y{`mzn}~ wf}e d} ojd~} àj kf`,

}jne mjrjo`yj{ n`rj{jm fa }ef~ ~}zmv d{j ~zlld{fsjm fa }ej Ljhh` yo`}

ej{j! ]ej d{jd `b jdne {jn}dagoj fa }ej Ljhh` yo`} f~ y{`y`{}fàdo }` }ej

azlkj{ `b y{`mzn}~ b`{ }ed} mf~jd~j! [j~}{fn}fà~ à m{zg~ dam rdnnfja~

jrdozd}jm b`{ jdne mf~jd~j d{j ~zlld{fsjm fa ]dkoj 4! ]ej }`}do azlkj{

`b y{`mzn}~ fa jdne `b }ej }e{jj mf~jd~j nd}jg`{fj~ f~ of~}jm d} }ej }`y `b

}ej nòzla!

Kf`}jneaò`gv N`lydafj~

Kf`}jnea o`gv n`lydafj~ ldhj zy }ej ~jnàm od{gj~} azlkj{

`b {gdafsd}fà~ yd{}fnfyd}fag fa ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j y{`mzn}

mjrjo`ylja} %49= `z} `b >=5 }`}do zaftzj `{gdafsd}fà~8 Bfgz{j

>&! j~j n`lydafj~ yd{}fnfyd}jm fa }ej mjrjo`ylja} b 4:> b

>7= y{`mzn}~ %=4*8 ]dkoj ;& dam 42 `b }ej ;> ajgojn}jm mf~,

jd~j~ fanozmjm fa }ef~ ~}zmv %Bfgz{j 45&! Zaofhj }ej dndmjlfn

{j~jd{ne fa~}f}z}fà~ dam YMY~ do{jdmv y{òjm/ }ej ajgojn}jm

}{`yfndo mf~jd~j wf}e }ej od{gj~} azlkj{ b y{`mzn}~ fa mjrjo,

`ylja} wf}e d} ojd~} àj kf`}jneaò`gv n`lydav yd{}aj{ wd~

mjagzj/ wf}e 42 y{`mzn}~ %Bfgz{j 45&!

Kf`}jnea o`gv n`lydafj~ yd{}fnfyd}jm fa }ej mjrjo`ylja}

`b d g{jd}j{ azlkj{ b rdnnfaj~ }eda m{zg~ dam }ejf{ yd}}j{a

`b yd{}fnfyd}fà rd{fj~ g{jd}ov kv y{`mzn} }vyj %Bfgz{j 46 dam

Bfgz{j ;9&!

Yd{}fnfyd}fà fa m{zg mjrjo`ylja} wd~ g{jd}j~} fa }ej mf~n`rj{v

dam y{j,nofafndo yed~j~ wf}e ;6 dam >9 y{`mzn}~/ {jy{j~ja},

fag yd{}fnfyd}fà fa >6 dam 29* b doo m{zg~ d} }e`~j yed~j~

%Bfgz{j 46&/ {j~yjn}frjov! Fa }ej y{j,nofafndo ~}dgj fa yd{}fnzod{/

kf`}jneaò`gv n`lydav yd{}fnfyd}fà wd~ efgej{ }eda dav

`}ej{ mjrjo`yj{ }vyj %Bfgz{j 46&! j efge ojrjo `b yd{}fnfyd}fà

fa y{j,nofafndo ~}dgj y{`cjn}~ f~ fa}j{j~}fag/ d~ }ef~ f~ gjaj{doov

nà~fmj{jm }ej rdoojv b mjd}e fa ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j y{`mzn}

mjrjo`ylja}! Kf`}jneaò`gv n`lydav yd{}fnfyd}fà f~ ~zk,

~}da}fdoov o`wj{ b`{ y{`mzn}~ fa }ej od}j{ nofafndo ~}dgj~ b m{zg

mjrjo`ylja} %Bfgz{j 46&!

Fa nà}{d~}/ kf`}jneaò`gv n`lydav yd{}fnfyd}fà fa rdnnfaj

mjrjo`ylja} f~ efge dn{`~~ y{`mzn}~ fa mf~n`rj{v }e{`zge

yed~j FF `b mjrjo`ylja}/ {dagfag b{`l yd{}fnfyd}fà fa >6,:4*

`b doo rdnnfaj~ d} }ej~j yed~j~ b mjrjo`ylja} %Bfgz{j 46 dam

Bfgz{j ;9&! j efge ojrjo b kf`}jneaò`gv n`lydav yd{}fnfyd,

}fà }e{`zge yed~j FF f~ ~z{y{f~fag d~ yed~j FF jndnv }{fdo~

d{j juyja~frj!

D~ kf`}jneaò`gv n`lydav yd{}fnfyd}fà mfj{jm ~zk~}da}fdoov

dn{`~~ m{zg~/ rdnnfaj~/ dam yed~j~ b mjrjo`ylja}/ wj wda}jm

}` zamj{~}dam fb }ej ju}ja} `b nòodk`{d}fà~ `b kf`}jneaò`gv

n`lydafj~ mfj{jm dn{`~~ }ej~j yd{dlj}j{~! Wefoj wj n`zom a`}

d~~j~~ }ej ad}z{j `b }ej~j yd{}aj{~efy~/ wj n`zom mj}j{lfaj }ej


25/48

KF@ Rja}z{j~ b`{ Go`kdo Ejdo}e ;4

drj{dgj azlkj{ `b yd{}aj{~ yd{}fnfyd}fag fa }ej mjrjo`ylja}

`b m{zg~ `{ rdnnfaj~ wf}e d} ojd~} àj kf`}jneaò`gv n`lydav

mjrjo`yj{! j azlkj{ dam y{`y`{}fà `b doo y{`mzn}~ wf}e d}

ojd~} àj kf`}jneaò`gv n`lydav mjrjo`yj{ wf}e sj{`/ àj/ }w`/

`{ }e{jjg{jd}j{ }eda }e{jj yd{}aj{~ f~ ~zlld{fsjm fa Bfgz{j ;4

kv y{`mzn} }vyj dam Bfgz{j ;; kv yed~j `b mjrjo`ylja}!


wf}e d} ojd~} àj kf`}jneaò`gv n`lydav mjrjo`yj{ edm }ej

~dlj azlkj{ b mjrjo`yj{~ yj{ y{`mzn} d~ }ej ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j

yfyjofaj d~ d weòj/ ;!> }`}do mjrjo`yj{~ yj{ y{`mzn} d~ n`l,

yd{jm }` ;!; b`{ }ej n`ly`~f}j yfyjofaj %Bfgz{j ;48 Bfgz{j ;;&!

Fa}j{j~}fagov/ }ej drj{dgj azlkj{ `b mjrjo`yj{~ yj{ y{`mzn}

mfj{jm kv m{zg~ dam rdnnfaj~! Kf`}jneaò`gv n`lydafj~

edm bjwj{ yd{}aj{~ yj{ y{`mzn}~ b`{ m{zg~/ wf}e da drj{dgj b

;!9 mjrjo`yj{~ yj{ y{`mzn} %Bfgz{j ;4&/ ofhjov {jjn}fag }ej

od{gj azlkj{ b mf~n`rj{v dam y{j,nofafndo ~}dgj y{`cjn}~ wf}e

kf`}jneaò`gv n`lydav yd{}aj{~ wej{j }ej~j n`lydafj~ d{j

ha`wa }` junjo! Fa Bfgz{j ;;/ }ej mf~}{fkz}fà `b y{`mzn}~ wf}e

mfj{ja} azlkj{~ `b yd{}aj{~ ~zyy`{}~ }ef~ }ej`{v/ wej{j ajd{ov

edob b doo mf~n`rj{v dam y{j,nofafndo ~}dgj y{`mzn}~ edrj a`

dmmf}fàdo yd{}aj{~ d~ n`lyd{jm }` y{`mzn}~ fa yed~j F { FF `b

mjrjo`ylja} wej{j oj~~ }eda àj tzd{}j{ `b y{`mzn}~ edrj a`

dmmf}fàdo yd{}aj{~!

B fgz{j 46 Kf`}jneaò`gv N`lydav Yd{ } fn fyd} fà faM{zg Mjrj o`ylja} kv Yed~j


49

;9

>9

=9

>9

>=

;9*

49*

;9*

>9*

=9*

:9*

29*

>6*

29*

46* 4=*

;;*

Yj{nja}dgj

`bDooM{zg~

Azlkj{`bY{`mzn}~


;6

]ej }`}do azlkj{ `b m{zg~ wf}e d} ojd~} àj kf`}jneaò`gv n`lydav

mjrjo`yj{ wd~ ~zlljm b`{ jdne yed~j `b mjrjo`ylja} fa }ej kd{ g{dye

%ojb} V,duf~&! ]ej yj{nja}dgj `b m{zg~ fa }ej gfrja yed~j `b mjrjo`ylja}

wf}e d} ojd~} àj kf`}jneaò`gv n`lydav {jod}frj }` }ej }`}do azlkj{

`b m{zg~ d} }ej famfnd}jm yed~j wd~ ndonzod}jm dam y{j~ja}jm d~ d ofaj

%{fge} V,duf~&!

B fgz{j ;9 Kf`}jneaò`gv N`lydav Yd{ } fn fyd} fà faRdnnfaj Mjrj o`ylja} kv Yed~j


49

;9

>9

=9

;=

;4

;=

4

9*

49*

;9*

>9*

=9*

:9*

29*

=>* =>*

>6*

44*

:4*

Yj{nja}dgj

`bDooRdnnfaj~

Azlkj{`bY{`mzn}~


4:

]ej }`}do azlkj{ `b rdnnfaj~ wf}e d} ojd~} àj kf`}jneaò`gv n`lydav

mjrjo`yj{ wd~ ~zlljm b`{ jdne yed~j `b mjrjo`ylja} fa }ej kd{ g{dye

%ojb} V,duf~&! ]ej yj{nja}dgj `b rdnnfaj~ fa }ej gfrja yed~j `b mjrjo`y,

lja} wf}e d} ojd~} àj kf`}jneaò`gv n`lydav {jod}frj }` }ej }`}do azl,

kj{ `b rdnnfaj~ d} }ej famfnd}jm yed~j wd~ ndonzod}jm dam y{j~ja}jm d~ d

ofaj %{fge} V,duf~&!


26/48

;; ]ej Y{`mzn} Mjrjo`yj{ Odam~ndyj

Bfgz{j ;4 Kf`}jneaò`gv N`lydav Nò odk`{d} fà~ kvAzlkj{ `b Yd{ }aj{~ dam Y{` mzn} ]vyj

4:> 25 52

;5 %45*& 6 %4>*& ;9 %;>*&

;5 %45*&

49 %4:*&

45 %;4*&

>= %;*&

4> %46*&

;4 %;=*&

2> %=4*& >2 %:>*& ;7 %>4*&

DooY{mzn}~

]`}do . `b Y{`mzn}~

M{zg~Rdnnfaj~

;!> ;!9 ;!2

9*

;9*

=9*

29*

59*

499*

>( Yd{}aj{~

; Yd{}aj{~

4 Yd{}aj{

A` Yd{}aj{~


B`{ doo y{`mzn}~ wf}e d} ojd~} aj kf`}jne mjrjo`yj{/ }ej azlkj{ b dmmf,

}fàdo mjrjo`yj{~ d~~`nfd}jm wf}e }ed} y{`mzn} wd~ n`za}jm! Jdne kd{

g{dye ~jglja} f~ azlkj{ `b y{`mzn}~ wf}e }ej gfrja azlkj{ `b yd{}aj{~

b`{ doo y{`mzn}~/ m{zg~/ { rdnnfaj~ dam }ej y{`y`{}fà b doo y{`mzn}~ %*&

wf}e }ed} azlkj{ `b yd{}aj{~! ]ej }`}do d} }ej }`y `b }ej nòzla f~ }ej

}`}do azlkj{ `b y{`mzn}~ wf}e d} ojd~} àj kf`}jne yd{}aj{! ]ej drj{dgj

azlkj{ `b mjrjo`yj{~ yj{ y{`mzn} dn{`~~ doo y{`mzn}~/ m{zg~/ `{ rdnnfaj~

wf}e d} ojd~} àj kf`}jne yd{}aj{ f~ gfrja kjo`w }ej g{dye!

B fgz{j ;; Kf`}jneaò`gv N`lydav Nò odk`{d} fà~ kvYed~j `b Y{`mzn} Mjrj o`ylja}

DooY{mzn}~

]`}do . `b Y{`mzn}~

Mf~nrj{v

Y{j,Nofafndo

Yed~jF

Yed~jFF

Yed~jFFF

;!> ;!= 4!6 ;!: >!9 ;!9

9*

;9*

=9*

29*

59*

499*

>( Yd{}aj{~

; Yd{}aj{~

4 Yd{}aj{

A` Yd{}aj{~


4:> == := ;= ;5 >

45* 42* 2* 47* =2* >>*

45* ;9*

46*

;6*

7*

;;* 42*

;=*

>>* ;4* 27*

=4* =5* :;*

;4* ;:*

B`{ doo y{`mzn}~ wf}e d} ojd~} àj kf`}jne mjrjo`yj{/ }ej azlkj{ b dmmf,

}fàdo mjrjo`yj{~ d~~`nfd}jm wf}e }ed} y{`mzn} wd~ n`za}jm! Jdne kd{

g{dye ~jglja} f~ azlkj{ `b y{`mzn}~ wf}e }ej gfrja azlkj{ `b yd{}aj{~

b`{ doo y{`mzn}~ b`{ jdne yed~j `b mjrjo`ylja} dam }ej y{`y`{}fà `b doo

y{`mzn}~ %*& wf}e }ed} azlkj{ `b yd{}aj{~! ]ej }`}do d} }ej }`y `b }ej

nòzla f~ }ej }`}do azlkj{ `b y{`mzn}~ wf}e d} ojd~} àj kf`}jne yd{}aj{

d} }ej gfrja yed~j! ]ej drj{dgj azlkj{ `b mjrjo`yj{~ yj{ y{`mzn} d}

jdne yed~j wf}e d} ojd~} àj kf`}jne yd{}aj{ f~ gfrja kjo`w }ej g{dye!


27/48

KF@ Rja}z{j~ b`{ Go`kdo Ejdo}e ;>

Fa nà}{d~}/ rdnnfaj~ fa mjrjo`ylja} wf}e d} ojd~} àj kf`}jne,

aò`gv n`lydav yd{}aj{ drj{dgjm ;!2 mjrjo`yj{~ yj{ y{`mzn}

%Bfgz{j ;4&! f~ ldv {jjn} }ej efge ojrjo b yd{}fnfyd}fà b

kf`}jneaò`gv n`lydafj~ fa rdnnfaj~ d~ dmrdanjm d~ yed~j FF

`b mjrjo`ylja}/ dgdfa {jjn}jm fa }ej mjn{jd~jm y{`y`{}fà `b

y{`mzn}~ wf}e sj{` `{ àov àj dmmf}fàdo yd{}aj{ fa yed~j~ F

dam FF `b mjrjo`ylja} d~ n`lyd{jm }` }ej mf~n`rj{v dam y{j,

nofafndo ~}dgj~ %Bfgz{j ;;&! Od}j ~}dgj nofafndo }{fdo~ d{j ju}{jljov

juyja~frj dam a`} gjaj{doov nà~fmj{jm }ej ~}{jag}e `b ~ldoo

n`lydafj~/ }ej{jb`{j f} f~ o`gfndo }ed} fan{jd~jm yd{}aj{fag

w`zom kj ajnj~~d{v b`{ kf`}jneaò gv n`lydafj~ }` yd{}fnfyd}j

fa }ej mjrjo`ylja} `b y{`mzn}~ d} }ej~j yed~j~ `b mjrjo`ylja}!

B`{ }e`~j y{`mzn}~ wf}e d} ojd~} àj kf`}jneaò`gv n`lydav

mjrjo`yj{/ wj mj}j{lfajm wefne }vyj~ `b `{gdafsd}fà~ wf}e

wefne kf`}jneaò`gv n`lydafj~ wj{j yd{}aj{fag `{ nòodk`{d},

fag! B`{ jdne `b }ej 69 y{`mzn}~ fa mjrjo`ylja} }ed} edm d}

ojd~} àj kf`}jneaò`gv n`lydav mjrjo`yj{ dam d} ojd~} àj

dmmf}fàdo yd{}aj{/ wj mj}j{lfajm }ej `{gdafsd}fà }vyj~ dav

dmmf}fàdo yd{}aj{~ {jy{j~ja}jm! j {j~zo}~ d{j y{j~ja}jm fa

Bfgz{j ;>!

Kf`}jneaò`gv n`lydafj~ d{j yd{}aj{fag }` }ej g{jd}j~} ju}ja}

wf}e dndmjlfn{j~jd{ne fa~}f}z}f a~ dam YMY~! @b y{`cjn}~ wf}e

d} ojd~} àj kf`}jneaò`gv n`lydav mjrjo`yj{/ >> dam >:* `b

y{`cjn}~ do~` edrj d} ojd~} àj dndmjlfn{j~jd{ne fa~}f}z}fà `{

YMY yd{}aj{/ {j~yjn}frjov %Bfgz{j ;>&! Fa}j{j~}fagov/ kf`}jneaò,

`gv n`lydafj~ d{j nòodk`{d}fag wf}e `}ej{ kf`}jneaò`gv n`l,

ydafj~/ yd{}fnzod{ov a }ejf{ rdnnfaj y{`cjn}~/ kz} }ejv yd{}aj{

rj{v fab{jtzja}ov wf}e od{gj yed{ldnjz}fndo n`lydafj~!

B fgz{j ;> We` f~ Yd{ }aj{ fag wf}e K f`}jneaò`gv N`lydafj~0

9 49 ;9 >9 =9 :9 29

=7 %>>*&

:4 %>:*&

45 %4>*&

6 %2*&

>7 %;2*&

47 %;:*&

4: %;;*&

> %=*&

2 %6*&

4> %46*&

>9 %>:*&

>2 %=;*&

4: %45*&

> %=*&

;= %;5*&

. `b Y{`mzn}~ %* `b Doo Y{`mzn}~&

Rdnnfaj

Y{`cjn}~

M{zg

Y{`cjn}~

]`}doY{`cjn}~

Dndmjlfn/[j~jd{ne Fa~}f}z}fà

YMY

@}ej{ Kf`}jne

Kfg Yed{ld

@}ej{

B`{ jdne `b }ej 69 y{`mzn}~ fa mjrjo`ylja} }ed} edrj d} ojd~} àj kf`}jne mjrjo`yj{ dam d} ojd~} àj dmmf}fàdo yd{}aj{ f} wd~ mj}j{lfajm fb }ej dmmf,

}fàdo yd{}aj{%~& fanozmjm d} ojd~} aj `b }ej bòo`wfag mjrjo`yj{ }vyj~3 `}ej{ kf`}jne dndmjlfn/{j~jd{ne fa~}f}z}fà YMY od{gj yed{ldnjz}fndo n`lydav

`{ ~`lj `}ej{ }vyj `b `{gdafsd}fà! ]ej azlkj{ `b y{`mzn}~ dam }ej y{`y`{}fà `b doo y{`mzn}~ m{zg~ `{ rdnnfaj~ wf}e d kf`}jne mjrjo`yj{ dam d} ojd~}

àj `b }ej famfnd}jm `{gdafsd}fà }vyj~ d~ d yd{}aj{!


28/48

;= Mjrjo`yfag Ajw M{zg~ dam Rdnnfaj~ b`{ Ajgojn}jm Mf~jd~j~ `b }ej Y``{

B fgz{j ;= Od{gj Yed{ldnjz} fnd o N`lydav Y fyj o faj kvMf~jd~j

Mjagzj2

]{dne`ld 4

]ej +Kfg ]e{jj+

ED]

;

Ojf~eldafd~f~;

49

47



@ane`nj{nfd~f~;

Nedgd~ Mf~jd~j=

Yajzl`n`nndoMf~jd~j

=

[`}drf{z~4

J]JN4

Ldod{fd4>

EFR=

]zkj{nzo`~f~;4

>5

]vye`fm Bjrj{;

Mfd{{ejdo Mf~jd~j;

Mfd{{ejdo Mf~jd~j;

]ej mf~jd~j adlj dam }`}do azlkj{ `b y{`mzn}~ wf}e d} ojd~} àj od{gj yed{ld,

njz}fndo n`lydav mjrjo`yj{ n`rj{jm fa }ef~ ~}zmv d{j ~zlld{fsjm fa }ej Ljhh`

yo`} ej{j! ]ej d{jd `b jdne {jn}dagoj fa }ej Ljhh` yo`} f~ y{`y`{}fàdo }` }ej

azlkj{ `b y{`mzn}~ b`{ }ed} mf~jd~j! [j~}{fn}fà~ à m{zg~ dam rdnnfaj~ jrdoz,d}jm b`{ jdne mf~jd~j d{j ~zlld{fsjm fa ]dkoj 2! ]ej }`}do azlkj{ `b y{`mzn}~ fa

jdne `b }ej }e{jj mf~jd~j nd}jg`{fj~ f~ of~}jm d} }ej }`y `b }ej nòzla!

Od{gj Yed{ldnjz}fndo N`lydafj~

j{j d{j d {jod}frjov ~ldoo azlkj{ `b lzo}f,ad}fàdo/ yed{ld,

njz}fndo n`lydafj~/ {jbj{{jm }` d~ od{gj yed{ldnjz}fndo n`lyd,

afj~ `{ kfg yed{ld! Fa }ef~ ~}zmv/ 4> `b }ej~j n`lydafj~ wj{j

fmja}fjm d~ yd{}fnfyd}fag fa ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j y{`mzn} mjrjo`y,

lja}/ dnn`za}fag b`{ 4> `b }ej >=5 }`}do zaftzj `{gdafsd}fà~

fanozmjm %Bfgz{j >&! jv yd{}fnfyd}j fa }ej mjrjo`ylja} b

2: `b >7= y{`mzn}~ %47*8 ]dkoj ;& dam 4= `b }ej ;> ajgojn}jm

mf~jd~j~ fanozmjm fa }ef~ ~}zmv %Bfgz{j ;=&!

D~ wf}e }ej }ej{ mjrjo`yj{ }vyj~ y{òjm fa }ef~ ~}zmv/ }ej

od{gj~} y{`y`{}fà b y{`mzn}~ wf}e d} ojd~} aj yed{ldnjz}f,

ndo n`lydav mjrjo`yj{ wj{j m{zg~ dam rdnnfaj~ b`{ }ej kfg

}e{jj/ EFR/ }zkj{nzo`~f~/ dam ldod{fd{jy{j~ja}fag >5 `b 2:

y{`mzn}~ %Bfgz{j ;=&! B`{ dndmjlfn{j~jd{ne fa~}f}z}f a~/ YMY~/

dam kf`}jneaò`gv n`lydafj~/ ldod{fd y{`mzn}~ dnn`za}jm

b`{ }ej od{gj~} n`lyàja} b y{`mzn}~ b`{ }ej~j }e{jj mf~jd~j~

%Bfgz{j 28 Bfgz{j 4;8 Bfgz{j 45&! Fa nà}{d~}/ od{gj yed{ldnjz}f,

ndo n`lydafj~ y{`mzn}~ fa mjrjo`ylja} b`{ }zkj{nzo`~f~ ldmj

zy }ej od{gj~} y{`y`{}fà b doo kfg }e{jj y{`mzn}~/ ;4 z} b

>5 }`}do y{`mzn}~ %Bfgz{j ;=&! D~ k~j{rjm b`{ kf`}jneaò`gv

n`lydafj~/ mjagzj y{`mzn}~ dnn`za}jm b`{ }ej od{gj~} y{`y`{,

}fà b `}ej{ ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j y{`mzn}~ wf}e yed{ldnjz}fndo

n`lydav yd{}fnfyd}fà %Bfgz{j ;=&!

Fa nà}{d~} }` }ej }ej{ mjrjo`yj{ }vyj~ y{òjm fa }ef~ ~}zmv/

od{gj yed{ldnjz}fndo n`lydafj~ d{j yd{}fnfyd}fag fa }ej mjrjo,

`ylja} b l`{j m{zg~ }eda rdnnfaj~! Od{gj yed{ldnjz}fndo

n`lydafj~ d{j yd{}fnfyd}fag fa }ej mjrjo`ylja} b :: m{zg~ dam

;4 rdnnfaj~ %Bfgz{j ;: dam Bfgz{j ;2&/ dnn`za}fag b`{ yd{}fnfyd,

}fà fa >; dam 49* b doo m{zg~ dam rdnnfaj~ fa mjrjo`ylja} b`{

ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j~/ {j~yjn}frjov %]dkoj ;&!

j od{gj~} azlkj{ b od{gj yed{ldnjz}fndo famz~}{v y{`cjn}~/

fa }j{l~ `b dk~òz}j y{`cjn} azlkj{~/ wj{j mf~n`rj{v ~}dgj m{zg

y{`cjn}~/ wf}e ;> y{`cjn}~ dnn`za}fag b`{ >4* yd{}fnfyd}fà fa

m{zg y{`cjn}~ d} }ef~ yed~j rj{doo %Bfgz{j ;:&! Yd{}fnfyd}fà d}

}ef~ yed~j f~ ofhjov }ej {j~zo} b n`lydafj~ ~ed{fag n`ly`zam

ofk{d{fj~ b`{ jd{ov ~}dgj ~n{jjafag y{`cjn}~ b`{ d rd{fj}v `b

ajgojn}jm mf~jd~j~! Mj~yf}j }ej efge azlkj{ `b mf~n`rj{v ~}dgj

m{zg y{`mzn}~ wf}e od{gj{ yed{ldnjz}fndo n`lydav yd{}fnf,

yd}fà/ yed{ldnjz}fndo yd{}fnfyd}fà wd~ o`wj~} fa }ej y{j,

nofafndo ~}dgj %= y{`cjn}~/ 5* yd{}fnfyd}fà fa doo m{zg y{`cjn}~


29/48

KF@ Rja}z{j~ b`{ Go`kdo Ejdo}e ;:

d} }ef~ yed~j& {df~fag }ej tzj~}fà d~ }` we` f~ yd{}fnfyd}fag

fa }ej bòo`w,zy }` jd{ov ~}dgj m{zg ~n{jjafag y{`cjn}~! Od{gj

yed{ldnjz}fndo n`lydav yd{}fnfyd}fà wd~ :9/ >>/ dam ;4* fa

}ej mjrjo`ylja} b m{zg~ fa yed~j~ F/ FF/ dam FFF/ {j~yjn}frjov

%Bfgz{j ;:&! D~ yed{ldnjz}fndo n`lydafj~ edrj ju}ja~frj juyj{,

}f~j fa nofafndo mjrjo`ylja}/ f} f~ o`gfndo }ed} }ejv yd{}fnfyd}j fa d

~fsjdkoj y`{}fà b y{`cjn}~ fa }ej~j yed~j~ b mjrjo`ylja}!

Fa nà}{d~}/ yd{}fnfyd}fà `b od{gj yed{ldnjz}fndo n`lydafj~ fa

rdnnfaj mjrjo`ylja} wd~ {jod}frjov o`w dn{`~~ }ej jd{ov yed~j~

`b mjrjo`ylja} %:,7* fa mf~n`rj{v }e{`zge yed~j F& %Bfgz{j

;2&! Yed{ldnjz}fndo n`lydav yd{}fnfyd}fà wd~ ~zk~}da}fdoov

efgej{ b`{ yed~j FF dam FFF rdnnfaj~/ wf}e yd{}fnfyd}fà fa 46 dam

>>* `b rdnnfaj~ fa mjrjo`ylja} d} }e`~j ~}dgj~/ {j~yjn}frjov!

Wj aju} wda}jm }` zamj{~}dam }ej ju}ja} }` wefne y{`mzn}~ fa

mjrjo`ylja} wf}e d} ojd~} àj yed{ldnjz}fndo famz~}{v yd{}aj{

do~` edm dmmf}fàdo nòodk`{d}`{~! j azlkj{ dam y{`y`{}fà

`b doo y{`mzn}~ wf}e d} ojd~} àj od{gj yed{ldnjz}fndo n`lydav

mjrjo`yj{ wf}e sj{`/ àj/ }w`/ `{ }e{jjg{jd}j{ }eda }e{jj yd{},

aj{~ f~ ~zlld{fsjm fa Bfgz{j ;7 dam Bfgz{j ;5!

D~ od{gj yed{ldnjz}fndo n`lydafj~ edrj nà~fmj{dkoj ndyf}do

{jod}frj }` `}ej{ `{gdafsd}fà }vyj~ jrdozd}jm ej{j/ wj evy`}e,

j~fsjm od{gj yed{ldnjz}fndo n`lydafj~ w`zom yd{}aj{ }` d oj~~j{

ju}ja} }eda }ej{ mjrjo`yj{ }vyj~! Y{`mzn}~ fa mjrjo`ylja}

wf}e d} ojd~} àj od{gj yed{ldnjz}fndo n`lydav mjrjo`yj{ edm

d ~flfod{ azlkj{ b mjrjo`yj{~ yj{ y{`mzn} d~ }ej ajgojn}jm

mf~jd~j yfyjofaj d~ d weòj/ wf}e da drj{dgj `b ;!> mjrjo`yj{~

B fgz{j ;: Od{gj Yed{ldnjz} fnd o N`lydav Yd{ } fn fyd} fàfa M{zg Mjrj o`ylja} kv Yed~j


49

;9

>9

=9

=

5

2

>

9*

49*

;9*

>9*

=9*

:9*

29*

>4*

5*

:9*

;4*

>>*

Yj{nja}dgj

`bDooM{zg~

Azlkj{`bY{`mzn}~


;>

]ej }`}do azlkj{ `b m{zg~ wf}e d} ojd~} àj od{gj yed{ldnjz}fndo n`lydav mjrjo,

`yj{ wd~ ~zlljm b`{ jdne yed~j `b mjrjo`ylja} fa }ej kd{ g{dye %ojb} V,duf~&!

]ej yj{nja}dgj `b m{zg~ fa }ej gfrja yed~j `b mjrjo`ylja} wf}e d} ojd~} àj od{gj

yed{ldnjz}fndo n`lydav {jod}frj }` }ej }`}do azlkj{ `b m{zg~ d} }ej famfnd}jm

yed~j wd~ ndonzod}jm dam y{j~ja}jm d~ d ofaj %{fge} V,duf~&!

B fgz{j ;2 Od{gj Yed{ldnjz} fnd o N`lydav Yd{ } fn fyd} fàfa Rdnn faj Mjrj o`ylja} kv Ye d~j


49

;9

>9

=9

>=

6

>

9*

49*

;9*

>9*

=9*

:9*

29*

2* :*7*

>>*

46*

Yj{nja}dgj

`bDooRdnnfaj~

Azlkj{`bY{`mzn}~


;

]ej }`}do azlkj{ `b rdnnfaj~ wf}e d} ojd~} àj od{gj yed{ldnjz}fndo n`lydav

mjrjo`yj{ wd~ ~zlljm b`{ jdne yed~j `b mjrjo`ylja} fa }ej kd{ g{dye %ojb}

V,duf~&! ]ej yj{nja}dgj `b rdnnfaj~ fa }ej gfrja yed~j `b mjrjo`ylja} wf}e d}

ojd~} àj od{gj yed{ldnjz}fndo n`lydav {jod}frj }` }ej }`}do azlkj{ `b rdnnfaj~ d}

}ej famfnd}jm yed~j wd~ ndonzod}jm dam y{j~ja}jm d~ d ofaj %{fge} V,duf~&!


30/48

;2 ]ej Y{`mzn} Mjrjo`yj{ Odam~ndyj

Bfgz{j ;7 Od{gj Yed{ldnjz} fnd o N`lydavNò odk`{d} fà~ kv Azlkj{ `b Yd{ }aj{~ damY{`mzn} ]vyj

DooY{mzn}~

]`}do . `b Y{`mzn}~

M{zg~Rdnnfaj~

;!> ;!> ;!=

2: == ;4

2 %6*& = %6*& ; %49*&

4> %;9*& 5 %45*& : %;=*&

>9 %=2*& ;= %::*& 2 %;6*&

42 %;:*& 5 %45*& 5 %>5*&

9*

;9*

=9*

29*

59*

499*

>( Yd{}aj{~

; Yd{}aj{~

4 Yd{}aj{

A` Yd{}aj{~


B`{ doo y{`mzn}~ wf}e d} ojd~} àj od{gj yed{ldnjz}fndo n`lydav mjrjo`yj{/ }ej



doo y{`mzn}~/ m{zg~/ `{ rdnnfaj~ dam }ej y{`y`{}fà `b doo y{`mzn}~ %*& wf}e }ed}

azlkj{ `b yd{}aj{~! ]ej }`}do d} }ej }`y `b }ej nòzla f~ }ej }`}do azlkj{ `b

y{`mzn}~ wf}e d} ojd~} àj yed{ldnjz}fndo n`lydav yd{}aj{! ]ej drj{dgj azlkj{

`b mjrjo`yj{~ yj{ y{`mzn} dn{`~~ doo y{`mzn}~/ m{zg~/ `{ rdnnfaj~ wf}e d} ojd~} àj

yed{ldnjz}fndo n`lydav yd{}aj{ f~ gfrja kjo`w }ej g{dye!

B fgz{j ;5 Od{gj Yed{ldnjz} fnd o N`lydavNò odk`{d} fà~ kv Yed~j `b Y{`mzn}Mjrj o`ylja}

DooY{mzn}~

]`}do . `b Y{`mzn}~

Mf~nrj{v

Y{j,Nofafndo

Yed~jF

Yed~jFF

Yed~jFFF

;!> ;!: 4!6 ;!> 4!7 >!>

9*

;9*

=9*

29*

59*

499*

>( Yd{}aj{~

; Yd{}aj{~

4 Yd{}aj{

A` Yd{}aj{~


2: ;: 7 4; 4: 2

6* 4;*

4=*

47*

4>*

47*

;9* ;=* ;:* 47*

=2* :;* :7* ;:* =7* :9*

;:* 4;* ;6* >>*

=9* 47*

B`{ doo y{`mzn}~ wf}e d} ojd~} àj od{gj yed{ldnjz}fndo n`lydav mjrjo`yj{/ }ej



doo y{`mzn}~ b`{ jdne yed~j `b mjrjo`ylja} dam }ej y{`y`{}fà `b doo y{`mzn}~ %*&

wf}e }ed} azlkj{ `b yd{}aj{~!

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